Senior Division 1999.

Agriculture, Entomology and Herpetology Section

Aide, M.T., Taylor Burke, and Jason Taylor. Department of Agriculture, Southeast Missouri State University. NUTRIENT UPTAKE IN IRRIGATED POTATOES IN SOUTHEAST MISSOURI. The nutrient uptake patterns of N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, and B were determined for potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.), during the growing season of 1998 in southeast Missouri. The variety "Atlantic" was planted to establish 4.5 plants [ha.sup.-1] and N, P, and K preplant fertilization involved 336 kg potash, 560 kg (5-20-20) and 168 lbs (18-48-0) fertilizer. Two side-dress applications of (34-0-0) were also performed at 20 and 40 days after planting. Tissue testing at selected intervals showed that tubers were the greater nutrient reservoir and that internal reallocation to the tubers was an important process. Baseline nutrient levels were determined to assess evalutation of tissue tests for local growers.

Aide, M.T., L. Heberlie, and P. Statler. Department of Geosciences, Southeast Missouri State University. SOIL GENESIS INVOLVING FELSIC SAPROLITE MATERIALS IN THE ST. FRANCOIS MOUNTAINS OF MISSOURI. Saprolite implies the isovolumtric weathering of rock to produce a clayey enriched soil horizon that retains evidence of the original rock structure. Two soils sites are located on Mudlick Mountain, a felsic peak having a rock composed of orthoclase phenocrysts in fine-grained mass composed of quartz, othoclase, plagioclase and magnetite. Soil texture is silty in the eluvial horizons and clayey in the illuvial horizons. The saprolite has a sandy clay texture in the fine earth fraction. The low bulk density of the saprolite is evidently attributed to the leaching of Si, Al, Ca and Mg. The rare earth elements suggest that a loess mantle was an important parent material. The high Fe content of the host rock is expressed as weather Fe oxides, largely associated with the clay separate. The eluvial horizons show vermicul ite, hydrous mica and kaolinite, while the illuvial and Cr horizons are dominated by kaolinite.

Aide, M.T., L. Heberlie, and P. Statler. Department of Geosciences, Southeast Missouri State University. PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE EFFECTS OF CONTROLLED BURNING ON SOIL PROPERTIES AND SOIL EROSION POTENTIAL. The practice of controlled burning on forested, mountainous regions is being investigated to determine the resultant changes in forest soils and their rates of erosion. Additionally, liming was performed to determine if this practice could abate soil erosion and encourage the growth of desired plant species. Preliminary results suggest that soil structure is affected by burning and that the reduced vegetative cover may lead to higher rates of soil loss The living rootmat within the A1 horizon of these soils serves to protect the soil structure and results in lower rates of erosion. The practice of liming alters the soil structure, but its effects on erosion are not yet conclusive.

Cowell, J.L., and F. Worman. Department of Agriculture, Central Missouri State University. ACCURACY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF WEANING WEIGHT EXPECTED PROGENY DIFFERENCES IN PREDICTING WEANING WEIGHTS OF PUREBRED SIMMENTAL CALVES. Research was conducted to determine if the geographic location and related environment where a calf is raised affect the accuracy of the weaning weight expected progeny difference (EPD) of the calf, its sire, and its dam as a predictor of actual weaning weight. This was one attempt at examining the need for regional EPDs. This study focused on two geographically and environmentally different states, Montana and Texas. Two purebred Simmental bulls were selected from the American Simmental Association (ASA) herd book. The calf data were collected from the ASA animal files representing every birth contemporary group that had a calf sired by the two selected bulls. T tests were used to analyze the relationship of each calf's weaning weight with the weaning weight EPD of itself, its sire, and its dam, and the average weaning weight of the remainder of the group. ANOVA was used to determine the difference in the calf's actual weaning weight above or below the average weaning weight for each bull by state and for each state for both bulls. Many of the EPDs overestimated or underestimated the weaning weights, but few were significantly different. Considering the factors of few significant differences, small sample size and high variability of the standard deviation in weaning weight for this particular sample, the EPDs appeared to be adequate predictors in the majority of cases. Therefore, the need to develop regional EPDs for the Simmental breed was not demonstrated.

Cramer, D.R., F. Worman and T. Moore. Department of Agriculture, Central Missouri State University. THE EFFECTS OF SEED WEIGHT ON INITIAL GROWTH IN Pisum sativum L. The effect of seed size on the initial growth rate of the English garden pea, Pisum sativum L., was examined. A total of 1,140 seeds was randomly selected from a 453.6g sample and weighed. The selected seed were categorized by comparing the mean weight to the standard deviation. Small seeds were 1.5-2.5 standard deviations less than the mean. Medium seeds were within 0.5 of a standard deviation in either direction from the mean. Large seeds were between 1.5-2.5 standard deviations greater than the mean. Seeds were planted 2.54cm deep in perlite using a random complete block statistical array. Flats were placed within a mist system and the seeds allowed to grow for ten days. Seedlings were removed from the perlite and growth above the cotyledons was used in determining an average fresh weight for each treatment. Minimal dry weight was determined by repeatedly microwaving and weighing the treatment until there was no change between successive weighings. A one-way ANOVA comparing seed size to fresh weigh was significant (df = 32, F = 55.54, and p[less than]0.001). A one-way ANOVA comparing seed size to dry weight was also significant (df = 32, F = 72.14, and p[less than]0.001). A two-sample t test revealed that in both fresh and dry weights, seedlings from large seeds were significantly heavier than seedlings from medium seeds, which, in turn, were significantly heavier than seedlings from small seeds. Based on the results of this study, seed size plays a significant role in the initial growth rate of Pisum sativum L.

Dunn, D., G. Stevens, M. Aide, B. Burger and L. LaGrand. Delta Station (Portageville) and Department of Agriculture, Southeast Missouri State Univeristy. THE PARTITIONING OF ZINC IN THREE RICE VARIETIES. A field design involving three rice varieties and two zinc treatments at two pH treatments demonstrated that the rice varieties (Drew, Cypress, and Kaybonnet) were not highly affected by the zinc treatments even though the soil pH and DPTA test for zinc suggested a Zn deficiency. In the variety 'Cypress' foliar applied zinc promoted the number of seed per panicle for the no-lime treatment. Otherwise the seed number per panicle, tillering and yields for these three varieties were not significantly different. Tissue testing demonstrated the Zn levels were not particularly deficient. It is suggested that the rise in soil pH because of anoxic soil conditions influenced by flooding released P and Zn to liable states.

Lall, P and F.D. Worman. Department of Agriculture, Central Missouri State University. AN ANALYSIS OF THE TRADE POTENTIAL IN THE STATE OF MISSOURI - A LOCATION QUOTIENT APPROACH. Location quotients were used to analyse the trade potential of specific non-governmental economic activites in the state of Missouri using county level one- and two-digits SIC data over the period 1991 and 1996. The methodology involves comparing the income generated from specific economic activities in each county with the average of the state. Results show that the export potential was greatest in the counties of Reynold (12.72) and Iron (12.52) followed by Shelby (1.53) and St. Louis (1.46). Improvement in potential was greater in Reynold County and lowest in Randolph County. The mining (0.46) and manufacturing (0.05) sectors showed the greatest improvement in trade potential with the wholesale and finance sectors showing modest improvement. The Agriculture sector showed a decline in trade potential.

Pulis, M.A, F.D. Worman. Department of Agriculture, Central Missouri State University. A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF FERTILIZATION ON BERMUDAGRASS (Cynodon dactylon L.) ESTABLISHMENT, QUALITY, AND YIELD. Missouri has approximately 95 percent of the pastures growing the cool-season grass tall fescue. Tall fescue is the predominant grass grown in North Central Missouri for year round grazing. Many problems are associated with the endophyte that develops in over 90 percent of the tall fescue grown. Bernudagrass is a very important warm-season forage grass to many cattle producers in the southern half of the United States. Through newly advanced plant breeding methods the adaptation of new cultivars, that are more winter hardy, are becoming available. Previous research has proven that bermudagrass can survive in North Central Missouri. This study was conducted to see the effect of fertilization on establishment rate, forage quality, and dry matter yield in the establishment year. Plots were planted wit h bermudagrass varieties Tufcote, OK74x12-6, and Guymon. Plots were divided into half, and one half was fertilized to the recommended rate and other half received no fertilizer applications. Tufcote reached 100 percent establishment the quickest (p[less than]0.05) followed by OK74x12-6 and Guymon. No significant difference (p[less than]0.05) was found between the fertilized and the control for establishment rate. Tufcote and OK74x12-6 both had the highest average protein content of 10.3 percent followed by Guymon with 10.0 percent. Tufcote had the highest yield (p[less than]0.05) with 3.28 tons per acre, followed by OK74xl2-6 with 2.77 tons per acre, and Guymon yielded 1.77 tons per acre. There was a significant difference (p[less than]0.05) in yields between fertilized and the control. The results are encouraging for the potential that bermudagrass will become an important forage for Missouri cattle producers in the future.

Wilson, M.A., V.A. Khan and C. Stevens. Department of Agriculture, Southeast Missouri State University and George Washington Carver Experiment Station, Tuskegee University. INFLUENCE OF AGRI-GRO ON YIELD OF TOMATOES AND ONIONS. The experiment was conducted in a Split-split plot design in 1998 to determine the effects of three rates of Agri-Gro fertilizer on the yield of 'Celebrity' tomatoes and 'Vidalia' onions. Tomatoes were transplanted on May 15, 1998 from one month old seedlings grown in the greenhouse and onions were planted April 20, 1998. Agri-Gro fertilizer was applied at the three different growth stages. Both total and marketable yield of tomatoes showed that increase of yield over the control was achieved at the highest dose rate. Onion data showed that the highest rate both onion bulbs and shoot weight were highest. However, the number of onion bulbs showed a different pattern, the smallest number of bulbs were achieved at the highest rate of chemical compared to the other doses.

Atmospheric Science Section

Chambers, M.D. and A.R. Lupo. Department of Soil and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia. THE CLIMATOLOGY OF HEAVY SNOWFALL EVENTS IN NORTHWEST MISSOURI: A DYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE. The arrival of heavy snowfalls presents a difficult forecasting challenge for Northwest Missouri (NWMO), where such events can occur frequently during the cold season. This study utilizes a dense station observation network which covers NWMO and part of Central Missouri. The region encompasses much of the county warning area of the NWSFO in Pleasant Hill, MO. This study of heavy snowfall dynamics focuses on snowfall events which resulted in 6 inches of total accumulation or more at a minimum of one observation station. The surface and 500 hPa charts were analyzed for each snowfall event, as well as the relevant dynamics at other levels, and these events are then categorized based on the snow amounts and the synoptic characteristics of the 500 hPa and surface patterns. To date, four compo-ite synoptic-scale flows have been associated with heavy snowfall in NWMO. They are: 1) the southwest low, 2) the deepening low, 3) northwest flow, and 4) the progressive trough. Further work is ongoing to determine in some detail the forcing mechanisms that lead to these mesoscale-type snowfalls and their "parental" synopticscale features. For example, a Q-vector analysis shows that "northwest flow" systems are associated with upper-level dynamic forcing, while a "southwest-type" storm is associated with both upper air dynamics and a layer of strong and deep warm air and moisture advection.

Johnson, Grant and Anthony R. Lupo, Department of Soil and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia. THE EFFECT OF EL NINO ON HURRICANE INTENSITY IN THE ATLANTIC BASIN. The investigation of El Nino's effect on hurricane activity has long been a popular topic of study It is well accepted that El Nino events significantly reduce the number of huricanes in the Atlanic Basin. Various atmospheric and oceanic parameters necessary for hurricane development hecome significantly altered during an El Nino event, leading to the suppression easterly wave development and growth, thereby reducing the yearly total of named storms. However, the effect of the El Nino/La Nina cycle on hurricane intensity is not as straightforward. Studies addressing this aspect of hurricane intensity have captured far less attention than the more generalized subject of the connection between hurricane occurrence and El Nino This study examines the intensity (measured as wind speed and central pressure) of every hurricane over a 60 year (1938-98) time frame. These data are then compared with the occurrence of El Nino/La Nifia events as defined using the Japan Meteorological Association (JMA) index. Not surprisingly, during an El Nino year the intensity of Atlantic hurricanes were found to be weaker than during a neutral year or a La Nifia year. This study also examines the interannual variation in hurricane intensity by season, and by genesis region (i.e. Atlantic Basin, Caribbean, and Gulf of Mexico). Finally, an investigation of longer term variations in hurricane intensity will be examined to see if there are any relationships to other long-term oscillations, such as the north Pacific Oscillation, which have recently been shown to reinforce or weaken El Nino/La Nina-induced teleconnection patterns.

Lupo, Anthony R. Department of Soil and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Missouri Columbia. A POSSIBLE ROLE FOR SMALLER SCALE DISTURBANCES IN LARGESCALE RIDGE DECAY Comparatively few published studies have examined the decay period of synoptic or planetary-scale phenomena. Previous studies of blocking anticyclone lifecycles have shown that boundary layer friction was one of the primary forcing mechanisms in the decay process. Also, synoptic-scale dynamics associated with a properly phased upstream transient has been shown to play an equally prominent role in block decay. One of these studies examined the life cycle, including the decay phase, of a rare blocking event that occurred over the North American continent during the 1980 spring season. The authors showed, using both Suteliffe-type and Potential Vorticity (PV) diagnostics, that forcing associated with an upstream surface cyclone contributed to the decay of this block. While the authors show and describe a small-scale potential vorticity feature that develops within the block, they fail to adequately elucidate the role that this feature played in block decay. It will be shown here that a small-scale potential vorticity maximum that intensified within the block also contributed to its imminent decay. Further, a mesoscale convective system (MCS) developed over the southern plains region on 27 May 1998. This resulted in a mesoscale conv ectively-generated vortex (MCV) that persisted as a coherent structure for nearly 60 hours between 28 and 30 May 1998 and produced a spectacular picture in the GOES-8 visible image the morning of the 28th. Finally, it will be shown that this MCS event was instrumental in the breakdown of a larger-scale ridge over this region by a similar mechanism to that of the block studied above.

Rayburn, C.C. and A.R. Lupo. Department of Soil and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia. A CLIMATOLOGY OF HEAVY SNOWFALL EVENTS IN NORTHWEST MISSOURI. Heavy snowfall events are phenomena that can occur frequently during the winter season in Missouri. The occurrence of these events can have adverse impacts on the public, disrupting transit and commerce. The research in this study comprises a climatology of heavy snowfall events over Northwest Missouri. Climatobogical data was analyzed to find treads in snowfall occurrences and its variability in relation in El Niiio and Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Data have been analyzed over the period beginning with the 1949-50 snowfall season and ending with the 1997-98 season. Snowfall occurences were categorized as moderate (3.0-5.9 inches), heavy (6.0-9.9 inches). and extreme ([greater than]10.0 inches). A single snowfall event was defined as a continuous snowfall occurring in association with a larger-scale feature. Regression analysis has shown that there is a slight downward trend in annual snowfall occurence over the last fifty years. However, examination of trends ac ross each category offers more insight. While there has been a significant downward trend in extreme events, the decline is less profound in the heavy category. There is no significant trend observed in the moderate category. Analysis comparing the occurence of ENSO and its relation to heavy snowfall events was performed. It has been found that while there was no difference in the mean number of extreme events per year for any category, there were more moderate events during La Nina years compared to Neutral and El Nino years. Also, there were more moderate + heavy events in La Nina and Neutral years than in El Nino years.

Wiedemnann, Jason M. and Anthony R. Lupo. Department of Soil and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Misouri Columbia. A 15-YEAR GLOBAL CLIMATOLOGY OF BLOCKING ANTICYCLONES. Blocking anticyclones are large scale phenomena which have long been of interest to the meteorology community. In order to thoroughly understand global season and inter-annual variations of blocking anticyclone occurrences and characteristics, as well as long-term climate trends, a study of adequate length for both hemispheres must be conducted. Until recently, a long-term comprehensive climatology of blocking anticyclones in the Southern Hemisphere had not been developed. In addition to the development of a 15-year up to date climatology of the Southern Hemisphere, a Northern Hemispheric counterpart will be presented so that global climate trends can be compared and evaluated. In this study, blocking anticyclones are defined as quasi-stationary, positive anomalies in the 500 hPa geopotential height fields that persist for five days or l onger. Using the NCEP reanalyses archived at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), an extensive 15-year global climatology extending from January 1982 through December 1997 was completed. The results demonstrate that in the Southern Hemisphere the Australia-New Zealand region and the Pacific west of South America are preferred regions of blocking activity. The Indian Ocean southeast of South Africa and the South Atlantic are regions of minor blocking activity. In the Northern Hemisphere, preferred blocking regions were located over the eastern Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean and western Russia. Several characteristics including intensity, duration and seasonal oscillations for both hemispheresa are included.

Zacher, C.A. AERO Research. COINCIDENT SUN PILLAR AND PERLUCIDUS CLOUD OPTICS UNDER THE MIDNIGHT SUN, ANCHORAGE, AK. During the 1998 midsummer season some intriguing subartic Alaskan sunset observations were made - only 7 days after solstice (28 June) between the hours of approximately 2100-2300 local time, a sunset context with very low (but still positive) angle of solar elevation. This condition of constant illumination is commonly known as the "midnight sun". Visual scanning of the cloud column provided a surprising scene, vertically integrating very different optical signatures attributable to different cloud types. Developing "within" sunset-tinted copper clouds of the perlucidus variety (stratiform) appeared the reflective flare of a diffuse, broadened sun pillar of nearly the same yellow color. This co-location was striking and on first appearance, problematic due to the discrepant temperature-state of phase characteristics. It is possible these observations were site sensitive, being obtained from a structure providing the viewing position from a special elevated situation 10 floors aloft and blocking out flare from the solar disc itself. Eventually lower clouds dissipated revealing the true spectral characteristic of each cloud type, and from these a number of implications arise and interesting inferences develop.

Zacher, C.A., AERO Research and G.V. Rao, H.J. Summer and C.E. Graves, Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Saint Louis University. MONITORING COMPONENTS OF THE DIURNAL POTENTIAL GRADIENT FROM ELECTRIC FIELD MILL DATA. Data has been collected from an Electric Field Mill (EFM) in operation on the roof of Macelwane Hall, St. Louis University since 1996. The data was subjected to analysis of the diurnal variation. A hypothesis was proposed that the diurnal variation of field intensity shows one minimum and one maximum per 24-hour period. The field intensity data were stratified into clear and overcast days based on the surface meteorological METAR data. Days with precipitation were eliminated and similarly days with partial cloudiness were not considered. Electrical field intensity for 24 hours for the average clear days were plotted against Universal Time Coordinated (UTC). The clear day minimum was reached just before 10:00 UTC and a maximum at 14:00 UTC. Individual peaks and valleys show the data fo r the overcast days with a more complicated picture. Instead of a pronounced minimum several local maxima and minima were indicated in the morning. Similarly, the afternoon observations exhibited many irregular peaks and valleys. The 24 hour variation of field intensity at St. Louis pertaining to the clear and overcast days will be related to similar work at other locations. A Fourier decomposition will be made of the observed intensity data, spectral analysis to clarify and to bring out the amplitude-periodicity distribution. Such a decomposition will reveal the importance of various Fourier components in the 24-hourly variation of the electrical field intensity at St. Louis on clear and overcast days. It will also enable an estimation of the amplitudes of the diurnal and semidiurnal components.

Biology Section

Andersen, M.L. Department of Biology, Rockhurst College. RELATION OF CELL DENSITY IN LIMB CHONDROGENIC BLASTEMATA TO CLEAVAGE OF MUSCLE BLASTEMATA IN Xenopus. In this study I examined the cell morphology, cell density, and mitotic activity in the prechondrogenic blastemata of the hind limb bud and compared it to the initiation of blastemata cleavage into individual muscles. Serial cross sections of the hind limb buds of Xenopus from stages 49 through 55 were prepared using hematoxylia and eosin or iron hernatoxylin and fast green stains. I determined mitotic activity and cell densities, expressed on a scale of 1 to 10, in the various blastemata. From stage 49 to stage 52 cell density decreases from 10 to 4 in the future femoral region, and muscle blastemata become recognizable. At state 54 cell density varies from 4 in the regions of the future long bones to 7 in future joint regions. Specific muscles are observed at this stage. Appearance of muscle blastemata is correlated with a decrease in cell density wi thin the adjacent prechondrogenic blastemata.

Malewski, D. and D. Feir. Department of Biology, Saint Louis University. ANTIBODIES TO SIX STRAINS OF BORRELIA SP. SPIROCHETES IN MISSOURI DOGS. Dog sera from veterinarians in Kansas City, St. Louis, Springfield, Fulton, Hannibal, Cape Girardeau, and Lake of the Ozarks areas in Missouri were tested for the presence of Ig-G antibodies to Borrelia sp. spirochetes, the causative agents of Lyme disease. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assays were performed on the sera using Sigma No. A-6042 rabbit anti-dog alkaline phosphatase conjugate and Sigma No. 104-40 para-nitrophenyl phosphate substrate. The following strains of spirochetes were tested with the dog sera: Borrelia burgdoferi: B31, CT21504, N40, JMNT, and CA8; Borrelia afzelli: P/Ju. A regional difference in response was shown by CA8, but not by other strains. There were also some differences in the response of dog sera to different strains of spirochetes. The data for these differences will be presented.

Raveill, J.A. Department of Biology, Central Missouri State University. ONE SPECIES OR TWO? AN EXAMPLE FROM THE GENIUS Desmodium (FABACEAE). The genetic distinction between two co-occurring congeneric species will be examined. The species status of two taxa of Desmodium, D. paniculaturn (L.) DC. and D. perplexurn Schubert, has been controversial. The differences between the two are limited to a pair of vegetative features, leaflet dimensions and pubescence. Furthermore, the species occupy nearly the same geographical range and have similar ecological requirements resulting in the two taxa often occuring in mixed-species stands. The taxa could represent either genetically isolated species that have experienced only modest morphological and ecological differentiation or they could be alternate manifestations of the same gene pool with the critical vegetative traits having simple genetic control. Genetic differentiation was examined at locations where the two species co-occurred using allozymes as genetic marker s. Results indicated that neither hypothesis accurately reflected the relationship of co-occurring populations of these two taxa. Co-occurring populations of the two taxa were not more genetically similar than any population pair taken at random and conspecific populations were no more similar than interspecific populations. Founder effects combined with the high levels of selfing that were documented would account for the observations.

Biomedicine/Biotechology Division

Gordon, A.R., M. Abmed, S.A. Butler, and M. Sneed. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sonthwest Missouri State University. TAXIS RESPONSE AS AN INDICATOR OF PHYSIOLOGICAL AGE IN AGING Drosophila melanogaster. A number of instrinsic factors have been individually monitored in aging organisms in attempts to identify common mechanisms of biological aging. However, the rate of aging, as measured by maximum life span, remains multifactorial. Unidentified genetic differences in longevity genes, for which genetic selection is neutral, are usually present in aging populations in which these measurements are made. When correlations among defined factors thought to be related to longevity and life span are found, the measured parameter may not be easily separated from those of undefined factors that also determine the rate of aging. Thus, aging populations become increasingly different with respect to physiological age even though they may be the same calendar age. Also, in common model systems of aging such as Drosoph ila melanogaster a monitoring of age-related changes usually requires the sacrifice of the aging organism. Sacrifice precludes an optimal correlation of biochemical measurements to physiological age as determined by the maximum life span. In our study, quantitative methods for measuring age-related declines in phototaxis and geotnxis are presented along with recommendations relating to adult immobilization, recovery times, photoperiod, and culture conditions. Taxis-active 40 and 50 day old adults show a higher 50% survival age and maximum life span than taxis-inactive adults. A significant difference in mortality is observed within three days after testing. We suggest that taxis response in calendar age-defined populations of Drosophila may provide a non-lethal indicator of physiological age, longevity, or impending mortality prior to other age-related measurements that require organism sacrifice.

Gordon, J.M., S. Reid, R. Bandalan, L. Creamer, and A. Garner. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Southwest Missouri State University. EFFECT OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES ON CONNEXIN 43 EXPRESSION IN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS. This study examined the effect of inflammatory cytokines on Connexin 43 (Cx43) expression in calf pulmonary artery endothelial cells (CPA 47). Inflammatory cytokines released during inflammation and burn injury lead to increased vascular permeability and extravasation of fluld into the interstitial space. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) is one cytokine released from platelets and other cells that is known to increase endotheial permeability by altering cell shape and causing the formation of intercellular gaps. Small intracellular pores in endothelial cells may also open in the presence of 5-HT Cx43 is a major connexin found in endothelial cells and is found in connexons, transmembrane gap junctions that allow the diffusion of small molecules between cells. The presence of Cx43 on CPA 47 end othelial cells was confirmed through immunocyto-chemistry and Western Blot analysis. The effects of 5-HT on Cx43 expression in these cells sugest changes in localization of Cx43 in mitotic and non-mitotic cells. Alteration of cell shape by 5-HT, being explored with phase contrast and epifluorescent microscopy, snggests that this cytokine has a role in gap junction localization and membrane separation.

Chemistry Section

Nave, J., K. High and S. Petrich. Drury College. NMR APPLICATION WITHIN A MULTI-STEP SYNTHESIS DURING AN UNDERGRADUATE ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LABORATORY In a traditional organic chemistry lecture and laboratory, the NMR is solely utilized as an instrument of characterization in identitying unknown organic compounds. In updating our laboratory experiments, we wanted to get back to the idea of using the laboratory as a setting where knowledge is applied to a more realistic situation. The NMR is the instrument of choice in following organic synthetic transformations. It clearly shows the changes and similarities in structures of the starting material and product. With this in mind, the assignment of hydrogens (carbons) to absorbances takes on new meaning. The students are expected to anticipate which peaks will change, disappear or appear during each transformation step. Solvent effects are also experienced as solvents change due to solubility changes. The synthesis takes several weeks to complete and characterize th e products. The reactions begin with a Diels-Alder reaction between 3-sulfolene and maleic anhydride, followed by hydrolysis of the anhydride and completed with esterfication of the diacid.

Readnour, M., S. Shipley and C. Chittenden. Chemistry Department, Southeast Missouri State University. DETERMINATION OF THE STABILITY CONSTANTS FOR FORMATION OF COMPLEX IONS BETWEEN LEAD (II) AND FLUORIDE IONS. A study was conducted to determine the stability constants for the formation of complex ions between lead (II) and fluoride ions. A fluoride specific ion electrode was used in conjunction with a voltmeter to measure the concentrations of free fluoride in the solutions. The relationship between the voltage and logarithm of molality of fluoride ion was first determined by making potential measurements on solutions containing potassium nitrate and potassium fluoride of known concentrations. Potential measurements were then made on solutions containing known concentrations of lead nitrate, potassium fluoride and potassium nitrate to determine the amount of lead (II) that is complexed by fluoride ions. Measurements were made at two different ionic strengths, 0.24 m and 1.00 m. It was found that two equilibr ium processes occur between lead (II) and fluoride ions. For an ionic strength of 0.24 m, the values of the equilibrium constants were found to be [K.sub.1]=68 and [K.sub.2]=38. For an ionic strength of 1.00 m, the values were [K.sub.1]=27 and [K.sub.2]=7.4.

Whittington, K., L. Eisinger, S. Petrich and K.G. High. Department of Chemistry, Drury College. GC/MS AND RODIUM (II) CRABOXYLATE CATALYZED CYCLOPROPANATION IN UNDERGRADUATE ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LABORATORY. Cyclopropanes and cyclopropanation reactions have been part of the undergraduate organic chemistry lecture and laboratory curriculum for decades. In addition to this, cyclopropanes have been used as pesticides and precursors in the synthesis of many industrially useful materials. Unfortunately, most students experience with the synthesis of these compounds is limited or non-existent. The technology of making cyclopropanes has clearly progressed far beyond the undergraduate laboratory curriculum. To deal with this situation, we have developed an experiment that utilizes GC/MS analysis in the synthesis of cyclopropanes and by products resulting from the reaction of ethyldiazo acetate and 1-octene. This reaction uses methylene chloride as a solvent and [Rh.sub.2][(OAc).sub.4] as a catalyst. Under the conditions used, diethl fumarate and diethyl maleate are generated with the expected cyclopropanes. Because GC/MS is used as the primary method of analysis, separation is not necessary. Because of this, the reaction can be performed on a small scale in a relatively short time.

Computer Science Section

Naugler, D.R. Department of Computer Science, Southeast Missouri State University. THE INTERNET CONSIDERED DANGEROUS. The recent rapid development of the Internet and the World Wide Web is changing the way many look at computer technology and software development, creating a demand for web applications, changing who is developing applications, and changing the knowledge and attitudes of undergraduates, especially those in computer related fields. The resulting challenges for computer science and software engineering educators are examined in the light of what we know about how students learn programming and software development. In particular, the potential dangers to undergraduate education are indicated.

Wang, Y. Department of Computer Science, Southwest Missouri State University. A FLAW IN A TIMESTAMP-BASED PROTOCOL FOR CONCURRENT ATOMIC TRANSACTIONS. Serializability is a crucial point for handling concurrent atomic transactions in the design of an operating system. A number of methods to ensure serializabiliry, such as locking protocols and timestamp-based protocols have been introduced. Dr. Abraham Silberschatz and Dr. Peter Galvin discussed a timestamp-based protocol in "Operating System Concepts", a classic textbook for a course in operating systems, which is widely used by various colleges and universities for the computer science major. However, we find that there is a flaw in the given protocol so that it may not be able to ensure serializabihty of concurrent atomic transactions or may even generate incorrect results. In this paper, we analyze the given protocol, discuss the flaw in the protocol, and finally give a modification of the protocol so that it can ensure serializability of concurrent atomic transactions.

Conservation Section

Aldridge, R.D. and B.C. Unterreiner. Department of Biology, Saint Louis University. GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN THE OCCURENCE OF MATING BEHAVIOR AND ANDROGEN LEVELS IN THE RATTLESNAKE Crotalus viridis. The western rattlesnake Crotalus viridis the most widely distributed rattlesnake in the western United States. The range extends from Mexico to Canada and from the Great Plains to the Pacific Coast. The mating season of C. viridis occurs the spring and summer in some regions and in the summer only in others. Ernst (1992) implied that the season of mating may be correlated with latitude. The object of this study is to compare mating behavior, male-male combat (reproductive behavior), and hypertrophy of the sexual segment of the kidney (SSK) in two geographic regions at roughly same latitude (ca. 36{+[degrees]}N). Two geographic regions were compared, snakes primarily from New Mexico (C. v. viridis) and snakes from the southern half of Califonia (C. v. helleri and C. vc. oreganus). The seasonal onset and course of sp ermatogenesis was similar in the two populations. The seasonal occurrence of the reproductive behaviors and hypertrophy of the SSK differed dramatically. In C. v. helleri and C. vc. oreganus two peaks of behavior and hypertrophy of the SSK occurred, one in the spring and a second in the summer, whereas in C. v. viridis the reproductive behavior and development of the SSK occurred only in the summer. Since the SSK is hypertrophied in response to androgens, the reproductive behaviors are correlated with elevated plasma androgen levels.

Carrel, J.E. Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia. PRESERVING RARE SPIDERS IN FLORIDA SCRUB. The xeric, upland scrub in central Florida has recently been recognized as a major "hot spot" for endemic plant and animal species in the world. Now there is a race to preserve scrub ecosystems from development. Since 1987, I have annually studied four species of spiders that are considered rare, threatened, or endangered in large part because they are restricted to scrub that is periodically disturbed by fire. Three species of wolf spiders (family Lycosidae) are doing well at my permanent study sites, which were burned 10 years ago. Their densities have been relatively stable in the last 4 years. However, populations of the red widow (Lactrodectus bishopi) have declined almost a thousand-fold to [less than]0.5 females/ha. I suspect an unidentifed insect that is a specialized parasite on spider eggs may be causing high mortality of red widow spiders, but not of wolf spiders.

Cogan, D.R. and J.L. Butler. Department of Biology, Central Missouri State University. EFFECT OF THE EXOTIC LEAFY SPURGE (Euphorbia esula L.) ON NATIVE PLANT SPECIES DIVERSITY IN A NORTHERN MIXED GRASS PRAIRIE. This study was conducted in Theodore Roosevelt National Park, North Dakota. Five grassland, ten shrubland, and six woodland community types were identified in 1997 using methods prepared by The Nature Conservancy (TNC) for the National Vegetation Mapping Pogram. Because the invasion of the Park is a relatively recent phenomenon, historical species richness for 17 communities was estimated from studies conducted prior to 1985. A similarity matrix using species presence was calculated among 1997 sampled communities for both infested and non-infested communities and pre-1985 sampled communities. Percent foliar cover was used to calculate Shannon Diversity Indices for infested and non-infested communities sampled in 1997. Similarity values averaged 82%, 74%, and 75% between 1997 and pre-1985 communities f or grassland, shrubland, and woodland communities, respectively. When leafy spurge comprised 25-50% of the total foliar cover (moderately infested), mean similarity values decreased to 38%, 56%, and 54% in the grassland, shrubland, and woodland types, respectively. A similar pattern was observed when 1997 sampled communities moderately infested with leafy spurge were compared to pre-1985 sampled communities. Similarity values among 1997 sampled non-infested communities and heavily infested communities ([greater than]50% cover of leafy spurge) averaged 35%, 47%, and 64% for grassland, shrubland, and woodland types, respectively. Decreases in similarity and diversity values reflect a combination of the local extinction of infrequent species and a reduction in frequency and cover for the common species.

Eckdahl, Todd T., Lizzie Nelson, Sabrina Schwery, and Bryan Gasper. Department of Biology, Missouri Western State College. MOLECULAR PHLOGEOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF SCULPINS FROM MISSOURI WATERSHEDS. Morphometric measurements of Missouri sculpin populations have previously been used to suggest distributions of two species, Cottus bairdi and Cottus hypselurus. The reliability of those conclusions were tested in the current study using two molecular genetic analyses. Fifty fish from five separate populations were subjected to nuclear DNA PCR analysis using Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers. This method yielded genetic fingerprints which were used to generate an estimated phylogeny of the populations in the form of a phylogenetic tree. The same fish were studied using primers directed at mitochondrial gene sequences followed by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. This method also yield a phylogentic tree upon computer analysis of the data. Although the two methods are independen t measures of genetic diversity in the populations studies, they resulted in the same conclusions. These conclusions are different from those derived from morphological data, and support the species assignment of Pearson Creek sculpins as different from those found in Clear Creek and the Little Black, Meramec, and Niangua Rivers. The results of the current study serve to illustrate the molecular genetic analysis of native populations.

Engineering Section

Cox, N.R. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Missouri-Rolla. A PROCEDURE FOR ALLOCATING POWER-PROCESSING CIRCUTRY IN CURVED, MULTI-FACETED SOLAR ARRAYS. As the cost of photovoltaic (solar) cells continues to drop, there are likely to be more applications in which cells are used in a less-than optimum configuration. One such configuration is a curved multi-faceted array that might be incorporated as a building facade or as the outer surface of a solar-powered vehicle. In this work, a procedure is developed for determining how the advantage of having many facets is offset by the need for more power-processing circuits. The procedure begins with a prediction of the total energy and power availability as the number facets is increased. A computer simulation is used to determine the effects of cell orientation and losses due to soiled surfaces, reflection and atmospheric absorption. A second simulation determines the electrical losses, size, weight, and cost of the power-processing c ircuits, as a function of the required power level. It is found that for fixed structures, the number of circuits (and facets) is limited only by capital outlay and maintenance issues. However, in the case of a vehicle, a point of diminishing returns may be reached, due to size, weight and efficiency restrictions

Varma, V.K. Deparment of Engineering Technology, Missouri Western State College. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR A 55,000 SQUARE FT. CONCRETE FRAME BUILDING: A STUDY IN STRUCTURAL SYSTEM EVALUATION. Designing an optimum building structural system is a complex task. The case study involving the design of a multimedia classroom building on the campus of Missouri Western State College is described. This paper also addresses procedure for selection of project-specific criteria that can be used to focus the search for and evaluation of viable structural systems alternatives. A critical analysis is provided for designers of complex projects to void selection of stuctural systems alternatives. A critical analysis is provided for designers of complex projects to avoid selection of structural systems purely on the basis of perceptions or personal experiences. Advantages of conceptual selection proccss are discussed with reference to design and construction of Missouri Western's multimedia classroom building.

Geography Section

Diggs, David M. Department of Geography, Central Missouri State University. DEVELOPING AN URBAN GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM PILOT PROJECT. Geographic Information System (GIS) courses are offered at most geography departments around the country. In addition, GIS has become integrated across the geography curriculum. The importance of GIS in geography and other disciplines has heightened the importance of providing students with practical real-worid experience. This paper discusses the development proccss, benefits, and costs of conducting a small community pilot GIS project for educational and local government purposes. During the fall 1998 semester sixteen students in a GIS course participated in the development of a pilot GIS for the City of Warrensburg, Missouri. ER Mapper digital image processing software and ArcView GIS were used to construct the numerous coverages included in the GIS. Costs were kept to a minimum by using readily available and inexpensive data sources. Students found the project to ha ve strong learning and practical applications. Future pilot GIS projects should require local governments to provide minimul funds to ensure local government "commitment" to the results of a pilot GIS.

Goudge, T.L. Department of Geography, Northwest Missouri State University. THE SOUTH CHIPS IN: A GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF MAJOR COLLEGE GOLF. Much work has been conducted in the field of sport geography regarding male involvement in athletics. In particular, college football and basketball have extensive literature. However, at this time, little work has been conducted regarding the geography of men's or women's golf at the collegiate level. The purpose of this study was to collect and analyze NCAA Division I golf roster data in order to conduct the geographical analysis of golf. This required a study of the origin (hometown/high school) and destination (college) of the elite players. The golf roster data was collected from the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), participating sports information officers and team World Wide Web sites. It was then geocoded in order to be aggregated to city, state, and regional levels of geography. This geocoded data was in turn mapped to examine the resulting spa tial distribution to determine if variation in levels of involvement intensity exist. Regions of high per capita involvement were found in the midwest and upper Great Plains states. In addition, women's teams relied more heavily on foreign players than their male counterparts. The results were then compare with perceptual golf regions as identified in the popular literature in an attempt to quantity vernacular regions.

Hunter, Andrew and James Hipple. Department of Geography, University of Missouri-Columbia. AUTOCORRELATION OF ERRORS IN MISSOURI POPULATION PROJECTIONS. The objective of this study is to analyze past population projections of Missouri counties in order to determine if some regions in the state tended to consistently be under or over projected. The goal is to determine the extent to which error values tended to cluster spatially. Data from two Missouri reports were collected that projected county population totals for 1980 and data from three reports were obtained that projected county population for 1990. This information is coupled with data from the 1980 and 1990 U.S. Census' to determine a residual error value for each county projection. Spatial autocorrelation statistics, such as Moran's I and the G family of statistics, are used on the residual errors of the values of the sets of projections. The research output regarding the clustering of residual error terms can be used to set up controls for future p opulation projections which tale into account areas that are historically under or over projected.

Geology/Geophysics Section

Brady, T., S. Cardimona, N. Anderson. Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Missouri-Rolla. USING GROUND PENETRATING RADAR AND THE ELECTROMAGNETIC METHOD TO IMAGE SUBSURFACE TANKS IN LEE SUMMIT, MISSOURI. A proposed expansion of the intersection of highways 291 and 150 in Lee Summit, Missouri necessitated that a gas station be demolished and have the site cleaned. A shallow site characterization survey using both Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and the GEM 300 was designed to detect buried tanks and any possible contamination associated with such tanks. The use of both the GPR and electromagnetic method increases the likelihood of detecting subsurface anomalies. The location of the existing tanks are displayed in the GPR profiles and contoured EM maps.

Ciftci, E., R.D. Hagni. Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Missouri-Rolla, B. Yalcinalp. Department of Geological Engineering, Black Sea Technical University, Turkey. OKTAMIS GOLD AND SILVER-BEARING VEIN-TYPE MINERALIZATION, AN EXAMPLE TO THE EPITHERMAL VEIN SYSTEMS FROM EASTERN PONTID TECTONIC BELT, TURKEY. Oktamis (Ordu) vein-type mineralization is hosted by Upper Cretaceous daciticandesitic volcanics of the southern zone of the Eastern Pontids in Turkey. The mineralization appears to be associated with the fault zones with NE-SW strikes, and it exhibits a mineral paragenesis of pyrite-sphalerite-zinkenite-stibnite-gold. The high-grade gold veins do not contain siginficant pyrite. Pyrite is the major metallic mineral in the alteration zones of the surrounding host rock. Gold occurs as mostly electrum and to a lesser extent bogdanovite. The occurrence of gold associated with Sb-bearing species, especially zinkenite. Siver has two major occurrences, one is with gold forming the electrum, up to 9 wt.% and the other with antimony, lead and sulfur in zinkenite up to 0.5 wt.%. Barite and quartz are the most common gangue phases. Barite dominates in the high-grade ore zones. Mineralization temperatures determined from barite crystals fall in the range of 160-190[degrees]C. Fire assay results from the high grade and low-grade ores yielded 31 and 15 ppm gold, 96 and 700 ppm silver, respectively. Supported by UMR and Nigde University in Turkey.

De La Rue, S.R. and F.E. Oboh-Ikuenobe. Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Missouri-Rolla. BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC AND PALEOENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE OF EOCENE-OLIGOCENE PALYNOMORPHS FROM A DEEP BATHYAL ENVIRONMENT, COTE D'IVOIRE-GHANA TRANSFORM MARGIN. The Eocene-Oligocene global event of decreasing temperature and biodiversity followed a middle Eocene maximum tropical expansion. A detailed palynological study of Eocenc-Oligocene biosiliceous, sub-CCD sediments from ODP Leg 159 (Hole 959D) is being undertaken, primarily for sporomorph content, although sporomorph:dinocyst ratios are bemg observed. Eocene sporomorph diversity reflects a tropical to subtropical paleo-environment related to dense, continental vegetation cover dominated by angiosperms. Sporomorph of various coastal palms, mangroves, ferns, and hardwoods, along with abundant fungal spores, were introduced by fluvial, current, and wind action from the West African landmass into the deep bathyal environment. Periodically, low sporomorph :dinocyst ratios indicate upwelling events. Situated on the slope of the Deep Ivorian Basin, the study's paleobathymetry and tectonic setting provide a unique opportunity to reconstruct terrestrial: marine interactions, paleoceanic circulation patterns, and nutrient upwellings. Supported partially by US Science Support Program.

Esker D. L., N.L. Anderson. Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Missouri-Rolla. USING GEOPHYSICS TO SOLVE A MYSTERIOUS WATER PROBLEM BENEATH HIGHWAY I-44 NEAR LEBANON. Various surveys have been conducted in the hope of determining the cause of a distressed section of interstate highway I-44 near Lebanon. The distressed section is a regional high point that lies beneath the BNSF railroad overpass. The clay soil beneath the road surface is extemely saturated with water such that it undermines the foundation of the road. In September 1998, The Missouri Highway and Transportation Department conducted a subsurface soil survey that produced interesting but inconclusive results. Then in September of 98, the University of Missouri's Department of Geology and Geophysics conducted a ground penetrating radar survey along the road surface. The survey was able to locate several anomalous features that illustrated the extent of the damage beneath the road surface. Following up on the GPR survey, MODOT dril led into the road surface to give direct ground truth of the GPR findings.

Hagni, R.D., P. Shivdasam. Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Missouri-Rolla. PETROGRAPHY AND CATHODOLUMINESCENCE MICROSCOPY OF FENITES ASSOCIATED WITH CARBONATITE-RELATED FLUORSPAR DEPOSITS AT OKORUSU, NORTH-CENTRAL NAMIBIA. Late Precambran (1000-570 Ma) Namibian Damara Sedimentary Series rocks at Okorusu in north-central Namibia have experienced intense fenitization associated with the intrusion of an alkaline igneous-carbonatite complex of probable Cretaceous age. The fenites, which from the host rocks for the important commercial fluorite deposits at the Okorian mines, vary in their chemical composition, mineralogy, and petrographic texture. The most common fenites are green sodic fenites that have resulted from complete fenitization of original quartzites, marbles, and metaconglomerates. Where metaquartzites have been fenitized, they consist of fine-grained aegirine-augite, calcite, magnetite, and minor apatite. Fenitization of marbles resulted in much coarser grained sodic fenites with abundant calcite, apatite, aegirine-augite, and phlogopite. Potassic fenites are brown, very fine-grained, much more locallized, and commonly associated with fluorite mineralization. They typically consist of fine-grained calcite, geothite, fluorite, and potash feldspar. Cathodoluminescence microscopy provides an excellent technique to examine the character of the fenites, because of the intense cathodoluminescence shown by calcite, apatite, fluorite, and potash feldspar. Supported by a National Science Foundation international travel grant and a Society of Economic Geologists research grant.

Hickman, S., S. Cardimona, and N. Anderson. Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Missouri-Rolla. USING OFF-SET ARRAYS FOR COMPLEX RESISTIVITY SURVEYING TO INCREASE DEPTH PENETRATION WHILE MAINTAINING HORIZONTAL RESOLUTION. Normally when we run a complex resistivity survey, we use a dipole-dipole array. When we move the array we take the first receiver and move it one a-spacing (space between two receivers) past the last receiver. The problem with this array is that in order to increase depth of penetration, we lose horizontal resolution. In order to resolve this problem we ran in effect two separate surveys at the same time off-set by half an a-spacing. In doing this we doubled our depth of penetration while maintaining the same horizontal resolution. Although each recorded point is vertical farther apart, the resolution should not suffer that much since each reading is an average of the total travel path. We were able to show that an area without any anomalies gives us two almost identical pr ofiles that gives us a third similar combined profile. We also show that when anomalies are present they are better defined on a combined profile than on either of the two single profiles. We find that this dual-array is useful in increasing our depth of penetration while maintaining horizontal resolution.

Jenkerson, Caili B. Department of Geosciences, Southeast Missouri State University. CLASSIFICATION OF RANGELAND ARIDISOLS USING INFRARED FIELD SPECTROSCOPY The use of satellite imagery to survey surfaces for environmental and land management research has been hindered by the lack of adequate spectral resolution for distinguishing between closely related soils. High resolution field spectroscopy was examined as a tool for soil survey. Succes in this application would save much of the time required for completing physical classifications and provide a first step in evaluating the capabilities of high resolution satellite systems. Samples of known soils with genetic and morphologic similarities were measured using a PIMA II field spectrometer to characterize their spectral reflectance in the mid-inflared region (1300 to 2500 nanometers). Several methods of comparison were applied to detemine which aspects of the resulting spectral curves were most diagnostic of soil type. The best proccdure accounted for all as pects of the curves, detailing the breadth, depth and slope of each spectral feature. Testing for presence and similarity of typical features in the spectral curves improved the likelihood of classifying soils correctly, but the low success rate in identifying aridisols in the test area rendered even the best method inadequate.

Keller, A.E., R.C. Laudon, and J.E. Vandike. Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Missouri-Rolla. HYDROLOGIC STUDY AND DYE TRACE STUDY OF WELCH SPRING, MISSOURI. The purpose of this study is to delineate the recharge area of Welch Spring, a heavily karsted region in Shannon County, south central Missouri. Previous dye trace studies of Welch Spring indicate that the spring's recharge area lies to the north and northwest of the spring. Our initial dye trace results indicate that recharge is also from the northeast. Additional dye will be injected into the Upper Meramec River drainage basin and South Ashley Creek area in order to further define the recharge area for Welch Spring. Fluorescein and rhodamine WT dyes were injected into four losing stream locations. Eleven different locations are presently being monitored using activated charcoal "bugs." The bugs are analyzed at the Missouri Department of Natural Resources using a spectrofluorometer. Additonal objectives are (1) to determine rates of s ubsurface flow in karsted terrains and (2) to determine whether there is any cross-basin transfer of water in the Current river basin. Through this and similar studies, we hope to gain insight into the complex issues associated with subsurface fluid flow in all karsted terrains.

Kim, C.W. and D.J. Wronkiewicz. Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Missouri-Rolla. INCORPORATION OF RADIONUCLIDES IN THE ALTERATION PHASES OF SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL. Rapid alteration rates may be expected for spent nuclear fuel exposed to groundwater under oxidizing conditions. Experimental studies examining the alteration of [U0.sub.2] and spent nuclear fuel under conditions which simulate those of the proposed nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain have shown that the alteration products are primarily [U.sup.6+] phases. The incorporation of spent fuel fission products (e.g., Sr. Cs, Mo, Se, Tc, I) and actinide elements (e.g., Np, Pu, Am) into the structure of [U.sup.6+] phases will impact upon the release of the radionuclides into the environment. A series of tests were done to determine the incorporation of [Ce.sup.4+] and [Nd.sup.3+] (surrogates for [Pu.sup.4+] and [Am.sup.3+] respectively) into dehydrated schoepite ([UO.sub.3].0.8-l.[0H.sub.2]O). These experiments were conducted at 90[+ or -]2[degrees]C. Analyses of both the leachant solution, and solid phase reaction products that were dissolved in a nitric acid solution were performed by ICP-MS. Results indicated that 0.22 ppm of Ce and between 6.8 to 16 ppm of Nd out of the initial Ce (2.10 ppm) and Nd (286 ppm) solutions, respectively were incorporated into dehydrated schoepite after 35 days.

Leo, P. Christine, Robert C. Laudon and David J. Barr. Department of Geology and Geophysics and Department of Geological Engineering, University of Missouri-Rolla. AN ANALYSIS OF A REMOTELY SENSED CIRCULAR FEATURE CENTERED ON LAKE SPRING, MISSOURI. Circular features on aerial images of central Missouri have long been noted and variously interpreted as basement highs, ring intrusions, and/or layered mafic intrusions. To date, no comprehensive analysis has been made. For this study, a circular feature visible on an existing satellite image was enhanced using ERDAS Imagine. Geologic, gravity, magnetic, basement topographic and structural maps were then overlaid as annotation layers. Core data, including samples from two holes not previously available, were analyzed to determine basement rock composition. Preliminary macroscopic and thin section analysis show compositions of gabbro and syenite at depths [greater than]200 feet below the top of the Precambrian in contrast to the overlying and surrounding rhyolitic terrain. Analysis of overlays show the observed feature clearly corresponding to gravity and magnetic highs of 20 mgals and 800 gammas, respectively. The results obtained indicate the image anomaly is related to a compositinal difference in the Precambrian rocks, and not to a structural high.

Lippincoft, T.A., S.J. Cardimona, N.L. Anderson. Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Missouri-Rolla. D.W. Lambert, Geotechnology, Inc. GEOPHYSICAL PAVEMENT ANALYSIS WITH GROUND-PENETRATING RADAR. In July of 1998, the Department of Geology and Geophysics of the University of Missouri-Rolla (UMR) acquired ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data over pavement in the Kehrs Mill Estates of Clarkson Valley, Missouri. Two Horn antennas, mounted off the rear of a truck, were used to image about three miles of unreinforced concrete-paved roads within the subdivision. The purpose of the survey was to evaluate possible deficiencies in pavement thickness and to identity location at which subgrade materials had washed out creating the potential for settlement of the overlying pavement. Two sections of road were found to have pavement thicknesses thinner than the specified 6 inch minimum. GPR reflections were identified representing top of pavement, base of pavement, and the base of the subgrade. The base-of-pa vement reflector is typically strong and continuous where the concrete is coupled against solid underlying subgrade material, however, the reflector is disruped and associated with diffraction where washout has occurred.

Manuel, O. Department of Chemistry University of Missouri-Rolla. PROTON CAPTURE ON [N.sup.14] GENERATES EXCESS [N.sup.15] IN THE SOLAR WIND. The early Apollo missions to the moon and the recent Galileo probe of Jupiter revealed values of the [N.sup.15]/[N.sup.14] ratio in the solar wind that increased over geologic time and strange isotopic abundances of xenon in Jupiter. The first observation could not be deciphered until the second confirmed that diffusion inside the Sun enriches lighter elements at the solar surface. Thus, the [H.sup.1] + [N.sup.14] [greater than] [O.sup.15] [greater than] [N.sup.15] [+.sup.B+] [+.sup.v] reaction outside the solar core causes a temporal increase in the [N.sup.15]/[N.sup.14] ratio in the solar wind. Solar flares disrupt such fusion reactions, leading to an inverse correlation between the solar neutrino flux and sunspot number, and dredge up nitrogen with lower [N.sup.15]/[N.sup.14] values.

Messenger, Tad and R.L. Ethington. Department of Geological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia. CONODONTS AND SEDIMENTOLOGY OF THE GASCONADE FORMATION (LOWER ORDOVICIAN) IN SOUTH-CENTRAL MISSOURI. Samples from new roadcuts in the Gasconade Formation along Highway 54 north of Camdenton, Missouri, were collected for lithologic study and for recovery of conodonts. Less than half of the 42 samples collected for conodont studies were productive, and only 163 elements were obtained. The conodonts are well-preserved, and have CAI of 1+ indicating exposure to paleotemperatures of no more than about 90[degrees]C. All of the Gasconade exposed in the roadcuts is in the middle Ibexian Rossodus manitouensis Zone. Study of hand specimens and thin-sections of the dolostones and cherts suggests that the Gasconade was deposited under intertidal conditions in a shallow sea, and that the rocks have undergone at least two episodes of diagenesis.

Rey, K.D. and E.J. Mantei. Department of Geography; Geology and Planning, Southwest Missouri State University. HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN ALLUVIAL SEDIMENTS ADJACENT TO A DADE COUNTY, MISSOURI LANDFILL. The purpose of this study was to determine if heavy metals were entering Wetzel Branch from a nearby closed landfill. The very fine sand fraction of 60 sediment samples was analyzed for silver (Ag), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrophotometry (ICP-AES) and a single nitric acid extraction. Experimental methods were shown to be reproducible with no significant difference. A "t" test was used to compare each of the statistical mean metal concentrations in the control, samples 1-30 collected above the landfill, with that in samples 31-60 collected adjacent to and downstream from the landfill. A significant difference was indicated for Cd, Cr, Ni, and Zn on the 99.9% confidence level and for Pb and Ag on the 90% and 95% confidence level, respectively. The values show that these metals are being released into Wetzel Branch at levels which may affect the aquatic environment.

Rucker, B.A. and D.J. Wronkiewicz. Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Missouri-Rolla. AN INVESTIGATION OF LEAD AND OTHER HEAVY METAL CONTAMINANTS NEAR THE BUICK LEAD RECYCLING SMELTER, IRON COUNTY MISSOURI. The Buick facility began operation as a primary lead-zinc ore smelter in 1968, and has since converted to a lead recycling facility in 1988 Soil contamination has been found to be present in nearby soil due to airborne particulates from the smelter stack. Previous studies have shown metal contamination to be restricted to the top few inches of the soil profile. Four new cores have been taken along the N40W transect line from the smelter stack. Samples were taken from one or two inch sections of the cores with the outer portions removed to eliminate smearing effects caused by the coring tool. The samples were crushed, and total metal ICP analysis was performed on an acid digested portion of the sample which had passed through an eighty micron sieve. Sampling methods were similar to those used in the earlier studies and will thus allow our results to be compared to previous findings. This will result in a complete history of contaminant c oncentrations and migration over the past thirty years. Preliminary results have shown the concentrations of lead, cadmium, copper, cobalt and phosphorous to be significantly enriched in the upper, organic (Oh) soil horizon. Antimony, zinc, and nickel also display an initial decrease in concentration, but concentrations then rise slightly after five to six inches depth. Iron shows a steady increase with depth. The previous studies also show the highest concentrations in the Oh layer, but the slight increase at depth has not previously been reported.

Ryckman, D.A. and P.E. Albertson. Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Missouri-Rolla. SURVEY OF ALLUVIAL SOILS AT FORT LEONARD WOOD. Our purpose was to describe the soil character of the selected alluvial teraces on Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri. The survey sites were located along The Big Piney River and Roubidoux Creek. The specific intent was to determine correlation to the allostratigraphic framework. The soil work provided geomorphic content for ongoing archaeological investigations. The sites were investigated by trenching and selective sampling of subsurface units. Recorded characteristics for each profile included: Munsell color; texture; lithology and soil structure. The stratigraphy of the terraces consisted of a basal course-grained, sand and gravel substratum overlain with a fine-grained, sand and silt topstratum. The terraces investigated are the result of lateral then vertical accretion of sediments during high flowage. This conclusion is based on 1) the elevation of the terraces i n reference to the surface of the present day stream, 2) the stratigraphic sequence, and 3) the degree of pedogenesis which has taken place at each site. Independent age-dating of the soils indicated that the terraces formed 4000 to 5000 years before present. Therefore, the results of the soil work and radiometric dates validated the existing alluvial framework.

Ryckman, D.A. and J.P. Hogan. Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Missouri-Rolla. AVON DIATRMES: KIMBERLITE, ALNOITE or LAMPROPHYRE? Potassic, ultramafic intrusive rocks cropout over an area[sim]50 [km.sup.2] in Ste. Genevieve County, MO. Previous work has left their classification uncertain. However, new field and thin section studies suggest the Avon rocks are kimberlite. The Avon kimberlites are characterized by: 1) porphyritic texture typically consisting of two generations of olivine; macrocrystic and groundmass and two generations of philogopite; macrocrystic and groundmass; 2) alteration of primary phases to serpentine and calcite; 3) low weight percent Si[O.sub.2]; typically [less than]40%, and 4) emplacement by means of volatile charged explosive intrusion. The Avon rocks comprise a complete diatremaceous injection suite (DIS) including; 1) hypabyssal rocks; locality #24; 2) diatreme facies rocks; locations #10, #26 and #29; 3) precursor dikes; localities #30 and #33 and; 4) volcanic- clastic deposits; locality #26. (All #'s after Kidwell, 1947). Modal mineralogy, texture and bulk composition confine the Avon rocks to the rock-type; kimberlite, e.g. see Clement et al. 1983. A model of emplacement integrating all Avon rock-types is presented.

Schroer, A.M, R.C. Laudon, and P.A. Schenewerk. Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Missouri-Rolla. A THREE-DIMENSIONAL SEISMIC INTERPRETATION OF A THRUST TRIANGLE ZONE. SUBLETTE COUNTY, WYOMING. The leading edge of the western over-thrust belt is one of the most complex structural areas of North America. The recent development of three-dimensional seismic has greatly enhanced industry's ability to interpret such areas. Landmark Graphics 3-D seismic software and data covering approximately 92 square miles in southwestern Wyoming have recently been donated to the department of Geology and Geophysics at the University of Missouri-Rolla. The department has acquired two Silicon Graphics Octane R10,000 workstations that are dedicated to 3-D seismic interpretation. The study in progess will integrate well logs with 3-D seismic to provide a three-dimensional structural and statigraphic interpretation for drilling and reservoir characterization of several fields in a complex triangle zone near the lea ding edge of the western overthrust belt in southwestern Wyoming.

Shivdasan, P., R.D. Hagni. Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Missouri-Rolla. FLUID INCLUSION STUDY OF CARBONATITE RELATED FLUORSPAR AT OKORUSU, NORTH-CENTRAL NAMIBIA. The fluorite deposit of Okorusu, located in north-central Namibia, is the largest fluorite deposit in Namibia. It is one of the few productive fluorite deposits in the world recognized to be associated with a carbonatite intrusion. The ores are characterized by massive purple and green replacement fluorites, and by large crystals deposited in vugs. The fluorite crystals contain abundant fluid inclusions that are both primary and secondary. Homogenization temperatures have been determined for the vug filling fluorite crystals, separated into inner, middle and outer layers of deposition. The results indicate a temperature range of 151-132[degrees]C. Salinity measurements for the same inclusions indicated less than 5% NaCl equivalent. The results of this study of fluorite at Okorusu compare closely with fluid inclusion temperature s and salinities found for fluorite crystals at Amba Dongar, India. The detailed study of the composition of the fluids and measurement of more temperatures can aid in the comparison of the genesis of this fluorspar deposit with the deposit inAmba Dongar, India which is also productive and carbonatite related. Supported by Society of Economic Geologists' grant.

Smith, C. and G.J. Cwick. Department of Geosciences, Southeast Missouri State University. USING LANDSAT TM DATA TO IDENTIFY AND MAP DISTINCT ROCK FORMATIONS IN WYOMING BASED ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITION DIFFERENCES. An area in the Wind River Basin of Wyoming having a variety of rock outcrops was selected to see if they could be delineated and mapped using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery. Several digital processing techniques including band ratioing, spatial filtering and principal components analysis were employed on visible and near-IR bands to distinguish rock limits. Resultant images were used to derive supervised and unsupervised classification maps showing features having different spectral reflectance properties thought to represent formations with unique chemical composition. These products were then compared to geologic maps for tentative identification and correspondence with known outcrops. Preliminary results show that the TM data were very useful for denoting particular rock types, especially carb onate varieties in this area.

Stallings, M.D. and J.P. Hogan. Geology and Geophysics Department, University of Missouri-Rolla. FORMATION OF MAFIC SCHLIEEREN IN A-TYPE GRANITES: AN EXAMPLE FROM THE GRANITEVILLE GRANITITE OF SOUTHEASTERN MiSSOURI. Biotite in the A-type Graniteville Granite was locally concentrated during aplite formation, resulting in schlieren. The intrinsically low [H.sub.2]O, FeO, and MgO contents of A-type granites inhibit early crystallization of biotite. This is reflected by the interstitial nature, low modal abundance (5-15%), and dispersion of biotite as observed in typical Graniteville Granite. However, locally, biotite is concentrated in schlieren which are spatially associated with late-stage aplite and pegmatite dikes suggesting a genetic relationship. We propose the following as one mechanism for schlieren formation in A-type granites: 1) early crystallization of predominantly quartz and feldspar forms a crystalline framework with interstitial melt enriched biotite components; 2) rupturing of the framework form s fractures; 3) residual liquid fills the fractures to form aplites and pegmatites; 4) fracture-filling liquids crystallize biotite early, 5) continued ascent segregates remaining liquid from biotite, 6) loss of melt triggers fracture collapse trapping biotite along the trace to form schlieren.

Stinchcomb, Bruce L. Geology Department, St. Louis Community College at Florissant Valley. PRIMITIVE DEVONIAN PLANT OCCURRENCE SOUTH OF ST. LOUIS. Extensive excavations for highway 21 in Jefferson County to accomodate exurban sprawl has exposed a considerable sequence of Paleozoic strata representative of the northeastern Ozark (Crystal) escarpment. Shales of the Late Devonian Grassy Creek Formation exposed by these excavations yielded an abundance of compressions of primitive plants including what are believed to be psilophytes, primitive leafless land plants. Associated with these are also clusters of filainentous organisms, possibly filamentous cyanobacteria and large spore-like fossils, possibly Sporangites. These plants accompany other Devonian plant fossils found over the Ozark Uplift which might represent examples of early land vegetation which grew associated with the Ozark Uplift. This occurrence also examplifies the potential of current highway and other construction to expose previously unknown geologic and paleontologic features in Missouri and elsewhere.

Webb, D.J., N.L. Anderson, M.L. Shoemaker. Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Missouri-Rolla. GROUND-PENETRATING RADAR INVESTIGATION OF ABANDONDED MINING SHAFTS. University of Missouri-Rolla conducted a ground-penetrating radar investigation in Joplin, Missouri for the Missouri Department of Transportation to identify and locate abandoned mine (lead/zinc) access and ventilation shafts in areas that were overlain by surficial chat. The Transportation Department viewed locating these shafts as necessary in assisting with route selection for the proposed interstate. The University acquired a total of 15,000 lineal meters of radar data using a GSSI SIR-8 unit equiped with a 500 MHz monostatic antenna. Ground-penetrating radar proved to be a suitable geophysical tool for the location and characterization of the abandoned mine shafts.

Wronkiewicz, D.J. Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Missouri-Rolla. THE ROLE OF NATURAL ANALOGUES IN EVALUATING THE LONG-TERM CORROSION BEHAVIOR OF NUCLEAR WASTE FORMS. Model based predictions of long-term alteration trends for nuclear waste forms are often limited by insufficient thermodynamic and kinetic databases. Studies of geologic analogue materials can provide information for these long-term alteration trends provided that a mechanistic correlation can be made between the alteration processs in analogue versus short-term laboratory based systems. Experiments using elevated temperatures and high solid surface area/leachant volume ratios have been used in laboratory tests to accelerate the reaction rates of surrogate nuclear waste form materials. The first set of experiments were conducted using [UO.sub.2] pellets (a surrogate for spent nuclear fuel) that were exposed to dripping silicate groundwater, at 90[degrees]C, for a period of over 12 years. The observed paragenetic reaction tre nd; [UO.sub.2][greater than] uranyl oxide hydrates [greater than] uranlyl silicates [greater than] uranyl alkali + alkaline earth silicates, is identical to that observed in surficial weathering zones of natural uraninite deposits. The second set of experiments used borosilicate glass disks (a surrogate for high-level nuclear waste glass) that were exposed to condensed steam at 200[degrees]C and 16 atmospheres of pressure, for periods of up to two years. The observed trend; unalterred glass [greater than] smectite [greater than] Nachabazite [greater than] analcime + phillipsite [greater than] K-feldspar [greater than] illite [greater than] albite + tobermorite, is similar to that formed following the deposition of volcanogenic glass in saline-alkaline lakes. The correlations observed between the paragenesis of altered [UO.sub.2] and borosilicate glass with those of naturally occurring uraninite and volcanic glasses, respectively, provides a credible link betwen short-term laboratory tests and geologic analogu e studies. Supported by, the U.S. Department of Energy.

Physics Section

Benofy, L.P. and B.C. Fore. Department of Physics, Saint Louis University. THE ELECTRIC POLARIZABILITY OF THE PROTON. If the proton is a composite structure, whose constituent parts have different charges, then it will be polarized when placed in an electric field. Its polarizability is calculated on the basis of a couple of different quark models. The effects of proton structure on the lowest energy levels of the hydrogen atom are estimated.

Cobb, Michael L. Department of Physics, Southeast Missouri State University. STUDENT CENTERED ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORY. Faced with increasing light pollution from a growing campus and the problems associated with transporting delicate astronomical equipment, the Physics department at Southeast Missouri State University decided to construct a student centered astronmical observatory where students could have easy access to permanently mounted and aligned telescopes in support of our service level astronomy course and for our majors engaged in undergraduate research. Funding for the project was provided by our alumni (80%) and through college foundation funds (20%). This paper will outline the design trade offs considered to develop the site with special attention paid to computer controlled telescopes with remotely controlled CCD cameras. Plans are being developed to make the site accessible through a web based browser.

Gibbons, P.C., A.P. McMahon and J.F. Wiegers. Department of Physics, Washington University. AN ELECTRICITY COURSE FOR ELEMENTARY AND MIDDLE SCHOOL TEACHERS. We will discuss both the national and state science standards that touch on professional development for elementary and middle school teachers. Then we will describe a physics course (Education 6001 -Hands-on Science: Electricity and Magnetism) that we believe meets these standards. Our presentation will include a description of: a. course expectations and requirements, b. hands-on curriculum materials used, c. activities that establish participants' pre-scientific conceptions of electricity, d. observations that are made by participants about electrical circuits, and e. strategies and activities for creating analogies that account for the observations, lead to the scientific model of current, and enable teacherss to read a physics text with understanding. We will conclude with examples from teachers' journals that provide insight into their efforts to g ain understanding. Supported by HHMI 71195-502005.

Kapoor, Yogendra M. Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Lincoln University, Schmidt, Paul W. and Randall Rice, University of Missouri-Columbia. ANALYSIS OF SMALL ANGLE X-RAY SCATTERING DATA OF SOLIDS WITH MULTIPLE LENGTH SCALE STRUCTURE. We have developed a method, which is being used to analyze the small angle x-ray scattering data measured on various aggregate samples, which have structures on at least two different length scales. These length scales are larger than the diameters of individual atoms or small molecules but still are too small to be resolved easily in an ordinary optical microscope. The solid samples are considered to be made up of randomly oriented, independently scattering system of primary particles. Using the new technique based on this method, the small angle x-ray scattering data from a commercial carbon black, a commercial preciptated silica, a silica xerogel and some soots obtained by combustion of methane, are analyzed. This analysis is used to study the structural prope rties of these materials.

Science Education Section

Boone, Steven R. Department of Chemistry and Physics, Central Missouri State University. STUDENT PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT. Raising the standards expected of students outside the classroom through participation in professional development opportunities was instituted in two chemistry courses. Both General Chemistry I and Advanced Inorganic Chemistry students were required to attend and provide evidence for participation in activities related to their degree program. A point system based on the time a student spent at an activity and the level of participation was used to assess this component of the overall course grade. Since students in the General Chemistry course represent a wide range of degree programs, a meeting was arranged by the student with the instructor to discuss a professional development plan relevant to the student's field of study and course progress. Opportunities for professional development were posted on a web page linked to the course syllabus and announcements were made periodically thr ough Email. Students found opportunities to interact with professionals in their chosen career field, and began building an important career networking base. Others found difficulties with solutions to problems in the context of various societal pressures, and that the right answer to a problem is not always the best answer.

Boone, Steven R. and L. Vincent Edmondson. Department of Chemistry and Physics and Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Central Missouri State University. CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT: MATHEMATICAL MODELING IN THE SCIENCES. A senior/graduate-level course in mathematical modeling was developed and taught during the Spring 1998 semester. The course was designed to attract students from all areas in the hard sciences in an attempt to present opportunities for interdisciplinary collaboration. Course content included both deterministic and stochastic models from various scientific fields, computer science issues in modeling, individual modeling projects, and ethics in modeling. Although the actual audience was more homogenous than originally desired, group projects completed spanned a reasonable range of scientific disciplines. These projects included a model of recall operations at an Air Force base, a model simulating ambulance response and availability, and a seismic wave attenuation model in the New Madrid, MO region. Supported by grants from CMSU Office of Extended Campus and CMSU Faculty Senate Professional Enhancement Committee.

Forawi, S.A. Department of Curriculum and Instruction, Central Missouri State University. STUDENTS' CONCEPTIONS OF THE NATURE OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE: INSTRUCTIONAL IMPLICATIONS. The purpose of this study was to examine the teachers' conceptions of the nature of scientific knowledge and their use of inquiry teaching instruction on students' conceptions of the nature of scientific knowledge. The National Science Education Standards (1996) among other initiatives considered the nature of scientific knowledge and inquiry teaching instruction as essential elements for science education reform. Four high school biology teachers and 158 of their tenth grade students were administered the Nature of Scientific Knowledge Scale (NSKS) instrument. The Instructional Strategies Identification Form (ISIF) was used to determine the teachers' instructional strategies. The ANOVA measure revealed a high significant difference [F(l, 158) = 3.79 (p[less than]0.05)] of students' scores when taught by teachers with adequate conceptions of the nature of scientific knowledge and who used inquiry teaching strategy.

Hathaway, B.A. Department of Chemistry, Southeast Missouri State University. NITRATIONS OF ALKYL-AND HALOBENZENES: TWO EXPERIMENTS WHICH HELP STUDENTS RECOGNIZE SIZE, STERIC, AND ELECTRONIC EFFECTS IN ELECTROPHILIC AROMATIC SUBSTITUTION. Many organic lab texts include an experiment in which tolune, ethylbenzene, isoproplbeazene, and t-butylbenzene are nitrated, and the proportion of ortho, meta, and para products are compared. I have expanded this experiment to include the propyl, butyl, isobutyl, secbutyl, and cyclohexylbenzene. These additional compounds show students that it is not just the number of carbons in the group, but how they are bonded together, that influences the relative percentages of the nitro products formed. When the halobenzenes are nitrated, the relative amount of para product observed is F [greater than] C1 = I [greater than] Br. This shows that, for halogens, electronic properties are more important than size until I is reached, when steric factors come back into play.

Ritter, D. Department of Chemistry, Southeast Missouri State University. CREATION AND USE OF WEB-BASED SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS FOR PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY LABORATORY. Because each of the students is doing a different experiment in a typical physical chemistry laboratory it is not possible to conduct detailed pre-lab meetings to discuss a given experiment. However, supplementary material beyond what is in the laboratory textbook is needed by each student to prepare for their physical chemistry laboratory experiment. Information such as solution preparations, safety precautions, and instrument instructions will deviate from those in the standardized textbook. A set of web pages has been created to make this information readily available to students.

Rodgers, M.L. Chemistry Department, Southeast Missouri State University. WEB-BASED STRATEGIES TO FACILITATE COMMUNITY IN A UNIVERSITY CHEMISTRY COURSE. The World Wide Web. has won favor among students faced with assignments involving research outside of class. Many instructors have developed Web-sites to post course materials and promote asynchronous learning. Universities have embarked on ambitious programs to offer courses and indeed, entire degree programs, via the Web. Advantages of a Web-based approach include the promotion of asynchronous learning, and the extension of an institition's courses and programs to new markets. However, some educators warn that Web-enabled course delivery will adversely affect higher education, because student-to-student social connections may not develop in support of collaborative learning. Many fear that students working in Web-based isolation will be ill-prepared to participate in the modem workplace, with its emphasis on teams and quality circles. Web-based strategies to build community, originally developed for corporate intranets, produced a 100% increase in course-rela ted e-mail traffic and a significant increase in student-student collaboration on the first homework assignment in an Introductory Chemistry Course.