Printer Friendly
The Free Library
21,419,933 articles and books
Member login
User name  
Password 
 
Join us Forgot password?

Selected bibliography.

Background Papers

Ahlburg, Dennis, and Eric Jensen. 1996. "Economics of the Commercial Sex Industry in Developing Countries."

Ainsworth, Martha, and Innocent Semali. 1997. "Socioeconomic Correlates of Adult Deaths in Tanzania."

Bexhu, Natalie. 1996. "Les Effets du Sida SIDA Syndrome d'immunodeficience acquise, French for AIDS, see there  sur L'Economie Familiale en C6te d'Ivoire : Analyse empirique de Involution involution /in·vo·lu·tion/ (in?vo-loo´shun)
1. a rolling or turning inward.

2. a retrograde change of the body or of an organ, as the retrograde changes in size of the female genital organs after delivery.
 de la consommation des menages touches en Cote d'Ivoire."

Biggs, Tyler, and Manju Kedia Shah. 1996. "The Impact of the AIDS Epidemic on African Firms."

Dayton, Julia. 1996. "World Bank AIDS Interventions: Ex-ante and Ex-post Evaluation."

Deheneffe, Jean-Claude, Michel Carael, and Amadou Am´a`dou

n. 1. A spongy, combustible substance, prepared from fungus (Boletus and Polyporus) which grows on old trees; German tinder; punk.
 Noumbissi. 1996. "Socioeconomic Determinants of Sexual Behaviour and Condom Use: Analysis of WHO/GPA Surveys."

Filmer, Deon. 1997. "Socioeconomic Correlates of Risky Behavior: Results from the Demographic and Health Surveys."

Janjaroen, Wattana. 1996. "The Economic Impact of AIDS on Households in Thailand."

Jones, Christine, and Allechi M'bet. 1996. "Does Structural Adjustment Cause AIDS: One More Look at the Link between Adjustment, Growth, and Poverty."

Kremer, Michael. 1996a. "AIDS: The Economic Rationale for Public Intervention."

--. 1996b. "Optimal Subsidies for AIDS Prevention."

Menon, Rekha, Maria J. Wawer, Joseph K. Konde-Lule, Nelson K. Sewankambo, and Chuanjun Li. 1996a. "The Impact of Adult Mortality on Households in Rakai District, Uganda."

--. 1996b. "The Socioeconomic Correlates of HIV HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), either of two closely related retroviruses that invade T-helper lymphocytes and are responsible for AIDS. There are two types of HIV: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is responsible for the vast majority of AIDS in the United States.  Infection among Household Heads in Rakai District, Uganda."

Mills, Anne, and Charlotte Watts. 1996. "Cost-Effectiveness of HIV Prevention and the Role of Government."

Morris, Martina. 1996. "Sexual Networks: What Is Their Relevance to Modeling the Spread of HIV?"

Over, Mead. 1997. "Societal Determinants of Urban HIV Infection: An Exploratory Cross-country Regression Analysis In statistics, a mathematical method of modeling the relationships among three or more variables. It is used to predict the value of one variable given the values of the others. For example, a model might estimate sales based on age and gender. ."

Perriens, Joseph H. 1996. "Treatment of HIV Infection."

Pyne, Hnin H. 1997. "National and International Responses to the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in Developing Countries."

Riehman, Kara. 1996. "Drug Use and AIDS in Developing Countries: Issues for Policy Consideration."

Saba, J., and J. Perriens. 1996. "Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV."

Shepard, Donald S., Justine Agness-Soumahoro, Richard N. Bail, Charles S. M. Cameron, Antonio, C. C. Campino, Roberto F. Iunes, Jose Antonio Izazola, Tiecoura Kone, Sukhontha Kongsin, Phare Mujinja, Jeffrey Prottas, Jorge Saavedra, Adele Silue, Laksami Suebsang, Paula Tibandebage, and Samuel Wangwe. 1996. "Expenditures on HIV/AIDS: Levels and Determinants, Lessons from Five Countries."

Stover, John. 1997. "The Future Demographic Impact of AIDS: What Do We Know?"

Van Vliet, Carina Carina (kərē`nə) [Lat.,=the keel], southern constellation, representing the keel of the ancient constellation Argo Navis, or Ship of the Argonauts. Carina contains Canopus, the second brightest star in the sky. , King Holmes, Burton Singer, and Dik Habbema. 1997. "Effectiveness of HIV Prevention Strategies under Alternative Epidemiological Scenarios: Evaluation with the STDSIM Model."

Bibliography

Adler, Michael, Susan Fosrer, John Richens, and Hazel Slavin. 1996. "Sexually Transmitted Infections: Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment." Overseas Development Administration Health and Population Occasional Paper. Overseas Development Administration, London.

Ad Hoc Committee ad hoc committee A committee formed with the purpose of addressing a specific issue or issues, which theoretically is disbanded once its raison d'etre is finished  on Health Research Relating to Future Intervention Options. 1996. Investing in Health Research and Development. Geneva Geneva, canton and city, Switzerland
Geneva (jənē`və), Fr. Genève, canton (1990 pop. 373,019), 109 sq mi (282 sq km), SW Switzerland, surrounding the southwest tip of the Lake of Geneva.
: World Health Organization.

Agha, Sohail. 1997. "Sexual Activity and Condom Use in Lusaka, Zambia." PSI Research Division Working Paper 6. Population Services International Population Services International (PSI): PSI is a nonprofit organization based in Washington, D.C. that uses private sector funding to address the health problems of low-income and vulnerable populations in 60 developing countries [1]. , Washington, D.C.

Ahituv, Avner, V. Joseph Hotz, and Thomas Philipson. 1995. "The Responsiveness of the Demand for Condoms to the Local Prevalence of AIDS." Journal of Human Resources 31(4): 869-97.

AIDS Analysis Africa. 1996. "Vaginal Microbicides: How Do You Kick-Start a Global Market?" Vol. 6 (5): 1.

AIDSCAP/Family Health International, Harvard School of Public Health The Harvard School of Public Health is (colloquially, HSPH) is one of the professional graduate schools of Harvard University. Located in Longwood Area of the Boston, Massachusetts neighborhood of Mission Hill, next to Harvard Medical School and Cambridge, Massachusetts, , and UNAIDS UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS . 1996. "The Status and Trends of the Global HIV/AIDS Pandemic pandemic /pan·dem·ic/ (pan-dem´ik)
1. a widespread epidemic of a disease.

2. widely epidemic.


pan·dem·ic
adj.
Epidemic over a wide geographic area.

n.
." Final Report of a Satellite Symposium of the Eleventh International Conference on AIDS, Vancouver, B.C., Canada. July 7-12. Family Health International.

Ainsworth, Martha, and Godlike god·like  
adj.
Resembling or of the nature of a god or God; divine.



godlike
 Koda. 1993. "The Impact of Adult Deaths from AIDS and Other Causes on School Enrollment in Tanzania." Paper presented at the annual meetings of the Population Association of America. Cincinnati, Ohio. April 1-3.

Ainsworth, Martha, and Mead Over. 1994a. "AIDS and African Development." World Bank Research Observer 9 (2): 203-40.

--. 1994b. "The Economic Impact of AIDS on Africa." In Max Essex, Souleymane Mboup, Phillis J. Kanki, and Mbowa R. Kalengayi, eds., AIDS in Africa. New York New York, state, United States
New York, Middle Atlantic state of the United States. It is bordered by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic Ocean (E), New Jersey and Pennsylvania (S), Lakes Erie and Ontario and the Canadian province of
: Raven Press.

Allard, R. 1989. "Beliefs about AIDS as Determinants of Preventive Practices and of Support for Coercive Measures." American Journal of Public Health 79 (4): 448-52.

Allen, Susan, A. Serufilira, J. Bongaarts, P. Van de Perre, F. Nsengumuremyi, C. Lindan, M. Carael, W. Wolf, T. Coates, and S. Hulley. 1992a. "Confidential HIV Testing and Condom Promotion in Africa." Journal of the American Medical Association JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association is an international peer-reviewed general medical journal, published 48 times per year by the American Medical Association. JAMA is the most widely circulated medical journal in the world.  268 (23): 3338-44.

Allen, Susan, J. Tice, P. Van de Perre, and others. 1992b. "Effects of Serotesting with Counseling on Condom Use and Seroconversion seroconversion /se·ro·con·ver·sion/ (-con-ver´zhun) the change of a seronegative test from negative to positive, indicating the development of antibodies in response to immunization or infection.  among HIV Discordant Couples in Africa. British Medical Journal The British Medical Journal, or BMJ, is one of the most popular and widely-read peer-reviewed general medical journals in the world.[2] It is published by the BMJ Publishing Group Ltd (owned by the British Medical Association), whose other  304: 1605-09.

Allen, Susan, C. Lindan, A. Serufilira, P. Van de Perre, A. C. Rundle, F. Nsengumuremyi, M. Carael, J. Schwalbe, and S. Hulley. 1991. "Human Immunodeficiency Virus human immunodeficiency virus
n.
HIV.


Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
A transmissible retrovirus that causes AIDS in humans.
 Infection in Urban Rwanda: Demographic and Behavioral Correlates in a Representative Sample of Childbearing Women." Journal of the American Medical Association 266 (12): 1657-63.

Allen, Susan, A. Serufilira, V. Gruber, and others. 1993. "Pregnancy and Contraception Use among Urban Rwandan Women after HIV Testing and Counseling." American Journal of Public Health 705-10.

Anderson, Roy M. 1996. "The Spread of HIV and Sexual Mixing Patterns." In Jonathan Mann and Daniel Tarantola, eds., AIDS in the World II: Global Dimensions, Social Roots, and Responses. The Global AIDS Policy Coalition. New York: Oxford University Press.

Anderson, Roy M., and R. M. May. 1988. "Epidemiological Parameters of HIV Transmission." Nature 333 (6173): 514-19.

Anderson, Roy M., S. Gupta, and W. Ng. 1990. "The Significance of Sexual Partner Contact Networks for the Transmission Dynamics of HIV." Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency immune deficiency
n.
See immunodeficiency.
 Syndromes 3 (4): 417--29.

Anderson, Roy M., B. Schwartlander, F. McCutchan, and D. Hu. 1996. "Implications of Genetic Variability in HIV for Epidemiology and Public Health." Lancet 347 (9018): 1778.

Anderson, Roy M., R. M. May, M. C. Boily, G. P. Garnett, J. T. Rowley. 1991. "The Spread of HIV-1 in Africa: Sexual Contact Patterns and the Predicted Demographic Impact of AIDS." Nature 352 (6336): 581-89.

Andriamahenina, Ramamonjisoa. 1995. "Enquete Epidemiologique sur Infection a VIH VIH Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana (Spanish: Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
VIH Virus d'Immuno-Deficience Humaine (French: HIV)
VIH Vancouver Island Helicopter
VIH Virtual Intelligent Hosting
 et la Syphilis dans les Villes d'Antananarivo, de Toliary et de Toamasina (Mai-Aout 1995)." Laboratoire National de Reference MST/SIDS, Madagascar/Futures Group International, Madagascar.

Aral, S. O., and T. A. Peterman Pe´ter`man

n. 1. A fisherman; - so called after the apostle Peter.
. 1996. "Measuring Outcomes of Behavioral Interventions for STD/HIV Prevention." International Journal of STD (Subscriber Trunk Dialing) Long distance dialing outside of the U.S. that does not require operator intervention. STD prefix codes are required and billing is based on call units, which are a fixed amount of money in the currency of that country.  and AIDS 7 (suppl. 2): 30-38.

Archavanitkul, Kritaya, and P. Guest. 1994. "Migration and the Commercial Sex Sector in Thailand." Health Transition Review, 4 (suppl.): 273-95.

Arias, R., and Luis Serven. 1997. "Measuring Aid Flows: A New Approach." Working paper. World Bank, Policy Research Department, Washington, D.C.

Arrow, K. J. 1963. "Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care." American Economic Review 53 (5): 941-73.

Asiimwe-Okiror, Godwil, Alex A. Opio, Joshua Musinguzi, Elizabeth Madraa, George Tembo, and Michel Carael. 1997. "Change in Sexual Behaviour and Decline in HIV Infection among Young Pregnant Women in Urban Uganda." Forthcoming in AIDS.

Asiimwe-Okiror, Godwil, J. Musinguzi, George Tembo, Alex Opio, Elizabeth Madraa, B. Biryahwaho, S. Okware, C. Byabamazima, and P. Turyguma. 1995. "Declining Trends in HIV Infection in Rural Areas in Uganda." Abstract WeC206. Ninth International Conference on AIDS and STDs in Africa, Kampala, Uganda. December 10-14.

Bagenda, D., F. Mmiro., F. Mirembe., C. Nakabito., D. Mugenyi, and L. Kukasa. 1995. "HIV-1 Prevalence Rates in Women Attending Antenatal an·te·na·tal
adj.
See prenatal.



antenatal

before parturition. Called also prenatal, antepartal.
 Clinics in Kampala, Uganda." Abstract M0COI6. Ninth International Conference on AIDS and STDs in Africa, Kampala, Uganda. December 10-14.

Baggaley, R., P. Godfrey-Faussett, R. Msiska, D. Chilangwa, E. Chitu, J. Porter, and M. Kelly. 1994. "Impact of HIV Infection on Zambian Businesses." British Medical Journal 309 (6968): 1549-50.

Bankole, Akinrinola, and Charles F. Westoff. 1995. "Childbearing Attitudes and Intentions." DHS DHS Department of Homeland Security (USA)
DHS Department of Human Services
DHS Department of Health Services
DHS Demographic and Health Surveys
DHS Dirhams (Morocco national currency) 
 Comparative Studies 17. Calverton, Md.: Macro International.

Barnett, Tony, and Piers Blaikie. 1992. AIDS in Africa: Its Present and Future Impact. New York: Guilford Press.

Barnum, Howard, and Joseph Kutzin. 1993. "Hospital Costs and Efficiency." In Public Hospitals in Developing Countries: Resource Use, Cost, Financing. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Johns Hopkins University, mainly at Baltimore, Md. Johns Hopkins in 1867 had a group of his associates incorporated as the trustees of a university and a hospital, endowing each with $3.5 million. Daniel C.  Press.

Barongo, L. R., M. W. Borgdorff, F. F. Mosha, A. Nicoll, H. Grosskurth, K. P. Senkoro, J. N. Newell, J. Changalucha, A. H. Klokke, J. Z. Killewo, J. P. Velema, R. J. Hayes, D. T. Dunn, L. A. S. Muller, and J. B. Rugemalila. 1992. "The Epidemiology of HIV-1 Infection in Urban Areas, Roadside Settlements: Villages in Mwanza Region, Tanzania." AIDS 6 (12): 1521-28.

Bastos, F. I. 1995. Ruina e reconstruccao: AIDS e Drogas Injetaveis na Cena Contemporanea. Brazil: Relume re·lume  
tr.v. re·lumed, re·lum·ing, re·lumes
To make bright or clear again; illuminate again.



[re- + (il)lume.]
 Dumara.

Beal, R. W., M. Bontinck, and L. Fransen, eds. 1992. "Safe Blood in Developing Countries: A Report of the EEC's Expert Meeting." EEC EEC: see European Economic Community.  AIDS Task Force, Brussels.

Becker, Gary S. 1981. A Treatise on the Family. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press The Harvard University Press is a publishing house, a division of Harvard University, that is highly respected in academic publishing. It was established on January 13, 1913. In 2005, it published 220 new titles. .

Beegle, Kathleen. 1996. "The Impact of Prime-Age Adult Mortality on Labor Supply." Michigan State University Michigan State University, at East Lansing; land-grant and state supported; coeducational; chartered 1855. It opened in 1857 as Michigan Agricultural College, the first state agricultural college. , East Lansing.

Behets, Frieda, Ramamonjisoa Andriamahenina, Jocelyne Andriamiadana, John May, and Andry Rasamindrakotroka. 1996. "High Syphilis and Low but Rising HIV Seroprevalence Rates seroprevalence rates (sir´ōprev´-lns),
n.
 in Madagascar." Lancet347 (9004): 831.

Bernstein, Robert S., David C. Sokal, Steven T. Seitz, Bertran Auvert, John Stover, and Warren Naamara. 1997. "Simulating the Control of a Heterosexual HIV Epidemic in a Severely Affected East African City." Forthcoming in Interfaces.

Berstein, C. A., J. G. Rabkin, and H. Wolland. 1990. "Medical and Dental Students' Attitudes about the AIDS Epidemic." Academic Medicine 65 (7): 458-60.

Bertozzi, Stefano. 1995. "Global Challenge of AIDS: Ten Years of HIV/AIDS Research." In Y. Shiokawa and T. Kitamura, eds., Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on AIDS/International Conference on STD. Yokohama. August 7-12, 1994. Tokyo: Kodansha.

Besley, Timothy, and Ravi Kanbur. 1988. "The Principles of Targeting." University of Warwick In the 1960s and 1970s, Warwick had a reputation as a politically radical institution.[3] More recently, the University has been seen as a favoured institution of the British New Labour government. , Development Economic Research Centre, Department of Economics, Coventry, U.K.

Bhave G., C. P. Lindan, E. S. Hudes, and others. 1995. "Impact of an Intervention on HIV, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Condom Use among Sex Workers in Bombay, India." AIDS9 (suppl. 1): S21-30.

Biggar, R. J., P. G. Miotti, T. E. Taha, L. Mtimavalye, R. Broadhead, A. Justesen, F. Yellin, G. Liomba, W. Miley, D. Waters, J. D. Chiphangwi, and J. Goedert. 1996. "Perinatal Intervention Trial in Africa: Effect of a Birth Canal Cleansing Intervention To Prevent HIV Transmission." Lancet 347 (9016):1647-50.

Birdsall, Nancy. 1988. "Economic Approaches to Population Growth." In Hollis Chenery and T. N. Srinivasan Thirukodikaval Nilakanta "T. N." Srinivasan (b. 1933) is the Samuel C. Park, Jr. Professor of Economics at Yale University. He was formerly chairman of the department of economics at Yale University. , eds., Handbook of Development Economics. Vol. 1. New York: North-Holland.

Birungi, Harriet, and Susan Reynolds Whyte. 1993. "Injections, Control and Community Needs in Ugandan Health Care." In M. Bloem and I. Wolffers, eds., The Impact of Injections on Daily Medical Practice. Amsterdam: Free University Press.

Birungi, Harriet, Delius Asiimwe, and Susan Reynolds Whyte. 1994. "Injection Use and Practices in Uganda." WHO/DAP/94.18. World Health Organization, Action Programme on Essential Drugs, Geneva.

Blix, O., and L. Gronbladh, 1988. "AIDS and IV Heroin Addicts: The Preventive Effect of Methadone Maintenance in Sweden." Paper presented at the Fourth International Conference on AIDS, Stockholm, Sweden. June 12-16.

Bloom, David E., and Peter Godwin, eds. 1997. The Economics of HIV and AIDS: The Case of South and South East Asia. Delhi: Oxford University Press.

Bloom, David E., and Ajay S. Mahal. 1997. "The AIDS Epidemic and Economic Policy Analysis." In David E. Bloom David E. Bloom is an economist and demographer. He is currently the Clarence James Gamble Professor of Economics and Demography at the Harvard School of Public Health and director of its Program on the Global Demography of Aging.  and Peter Godwin, eds., The Economics of HIV and AIDS: The Case of South and South East Asia. Delhi: Oxford University Press.

Bloom, David E., Tim Brown, Paul Gertler, and Werasit Sittitrai. Forthcoming. "Employment and Earnings of Commercial Sex Workers."

Bobadilla, Jose Luis, Julio Frenk, Rafael Lozano, Tomas Frejka, and Claudio Stern. 1993. "The Epidemiologic Transition and Health Priorities." In Dean T. Jamison, W. Henry Mosley, Anthony R. Measham, and Jose" Luis Bobadilla, eds., Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. New York: Oxford University Press.

Bolduc, Denis, Bernard Fortin, and Marc-Andre" Fournier. 1996. "The Impact of Incentive Policies on the Practice Location of Doctors: A Multinomial Profit Analysis." Journal of Labor Economics The Journal of Labor Economics, published by the University of Chicago Press presents international research examining issues affecting the economy as well as social and private behavior.  14 (October): 703-32.

Bongaarts, John. 1996. "Global Trends in AIDS Mortality." Population and Development Review 22 (1): 21-45.

Bongaarts, John, P. Reining, Peter Way, and Francis Conant. 1989. "The Relationship between Male Circumcision and HIV Infection in African Populations." AIDS 3 (6):373-77.

Bourdeaux, Richard. 1996. "HIV Ravages Drug-Torn Town in Belarus." Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times

Morning daily newspaper. Established in 1881, it was purchased and incorporated in 1884 by Harrison Gray Otis (1837–1917) under The Times-Mirror Co. (the hyphen was later dropped from the name).
, Sept. 29, 1996, p. Al.

Brandt, Allan M. 1987. No Magic Bullet (jargon) magic bullet - (Or "silver bullet" from vampire legends) A term widely used in software engineering for a supposed quick, simple cure for some problem. E.g. "There's no silver bullet for this problem". : A Social History of Venereal Disease venereal disease (vənēr`ēəl): see sexually transmitted disease.  in the United States since 1880. New York: Oxford University Press.

Brown, David. 1997. "U.S. Advocates Triple Therapy To Fight AIDS." Washington Post, June 19, p. Al.

Brown, Tim, and Werasit Sittitrai. 1995. The Impact of HIV on Children in Thailand. Research Report 16, Program on AIDS. Bangkok: Red Cross Society.

Brown, Tim, and Peter Xenos. 1994. AIDS in Asia: The Gathering Storm. Asia Pacific Issues 16, Program on Population. Honolulu: East-West Center.

Brown, Tim, Werasit Sittitrai, Suphak Vanichseni, and Usa Thisgaborn. 1994. "The Recent Epidemiology of HIV and AIDS in Thailand." AIDS 8 (suppl. 2): S131--41.

Bulatao, Rodolfo A. 1991. "The Bulatao Approach: Projecting the Demographic Impact of the HIV Epidemic Using Standard Parameters." In United Nations and World Health Organization, The AIDS Epidemic and Its Demographic Consequences. New York: United Nations.

Bulterys, M., A. Chao, P. Habimana, A. Dushimimana, P. Nawrocki, and A. Saah. 1994. "Incident HIV-1 Infection in a Cohort of Young Women in Butare, Rwanda." AIDS 8 (11): 1585-91.

Burr, Chandler. 1997. "The AIDS Exception: Privacy vs. Public Health--The Case for Reinstating Traditional Rules for Fighting Epidemics." Atlantic Monthly (June).

Buve", S. D. Foster, C. Mbwili, E. Mungo, N. Tollenare, and M. Zeko. 1994. "Mortality among Female Nurses in the Face of the AIDS Epidemic: A Pilot Study in Zambia." AIDS 8 (3): 396.

Buwembo, Joachim. 1995. "Uganda Government Media Move To Lift Ban on Condom Ads." The East African, March 6--12.

Caldwell, John C, and Pat Caldwell. 1993. "The Nature and Limits of the Sub-Saharan African AIDS Epidemic: Evidence from Geographic and Other Patterns." Population and Development Review 19 (4): 817-48.

--. 1996. "The African AIDS Epidemic." Scientific American 274 (3): 62-68.

Caldwell, John C, Pat Caldwell, and I. O. Orubuloye. 1989. "The Social Context of AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa." Population and Development Review (2): 185-234.

Carael, Michel. 1995. "Sexual Behaviour." Chapter 4 of John Cleland and Benoit Ferry, eds., Sexual Behaviour and AIDS in the Developing World. London: Taylor & Francis.

CARE (Cooperative for American Relief to Everywhere) and ODA ODA - Open Document Architecture (formerly Office Document Architecture).  (Overseas Development Administration). 1994. "Refugee Inflow into Ngara and Karagwe Districts, Kagera Region, Tanzania: Environmental Impact Assessment." Environmental Resources Management Report. ODA, London.

Carr, Jean K., Narongrid Sirisopana, Kalyanee Torugsa, Achara Jugsudee, Thippawan Supapongse, Cheodchai Chuenchirra, Sorachai Nitayaphan, Pricha Singharaj, and John G. McNeil. 1994. "Incidence of HIV-1 Infection among Young Men in Thailand." Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 7: 1270--75.

Carrin, G., J. Perrot, and F. Sergent. 1994. "Influence of Financial Participation by the Population on the Demand for Health: An Analytical Tool for Countries in Greatest Need." WHO, Macroeconomics, Health and Development series. Geneva.

Carswell, J. W, and Lloyd G. Howells. 1989. "Prevalence of HIV-1 in East African Lorry Drivers." AIDS 3 (11): 759-61.

Chakraborty, A. K., S. Jana, A. Das, L. Khodakevich, M. S. Chakraborty, N. K. Pal. 1994. "Community-based Survey of STD/HIV Infection among Commercial Sex Workers in Calcutta (India). Part I. Some Social Features of Commercial Sex Workers." Journal of Communicable Diseases 26 (3): 161-67.

Chawla, Mukesh. 1993. "Physician Moonlighting in Egypt." Ph.D. diss. Boston University, Department of Economics, Boston, Mass.

--. 1997. "Dual-Job Holdings by Public Sector Physicians in India." Working paper. Data for Decision Making. Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Population and International Health, Boston, Mass.

Chela che·la  
n. pl. che·lae
A pincerlike claw of a crustacean or arachnid, such as a lobster, crab, or scorpion.



[New Latin ch
, C. M., Roland Msiska, Anna Martin, M. Sichone, B. Mwiinga, C. B. Yamba, S. Anderson, E. Van Praag. 1994. "Cost and Impact of Home-based Care for People Living with HIV/AIDS in Zambia." Unpublished report. World Health Organization, Global Programme on AIDS, Geneva.

Chen, Shaohua, Gaurav Datt, and Martin Ravallion. 1994. "Is Poverty Increasing in the Developing World?" Review of Income and Wealth series 40 (4, December): 359--76.

Chequar, Pedro. 1997. "Implications of Anti-retroviral Treatments--Brazil." Paper presented at the Informal Consultation on the Implications of Antiretroviral Treatments." World Health Organization, Geneva. April 29-30.

Ch'ien, J. 1994. "Street Surveys on Drug Users' Behaviour and Peer Counselling for Preventive Education and Crisis Intervention crisis intervention Psychiatry The counseling of a person suffering from a stressful life event–eg, AIDS, cancer, death, divorce, by providing mental and moral support. See Hotline. ." Abstract PC0473. Paper presented at the Tenth International Conference on AIDS, Yokohama. August 14-17.

Chin, James. 1990. "Public Health Surveillance of AIDS and HIV Infections." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 68 (5): 529-36.

Choi, Kyung-Hee, and Thomas J. Coates. 1994. "Prevention of HIV Infection." AIDS 8 (10): 1371-89.

Choopanya, K., A. Vanichseni, D. C. Desjarlais, K. Plangsringarm, W. Sonchai, M. Carballo, P. Friedmann, and S. R. Friedman. 1991. "Risk Factors and HIV Seropositivity Seropositivity is the presence of a certain antibody in a blood sample. A patient with seropositivity for a particular antigen or agent is termed seropositive.  among Injecting Drug Users in Bangkok." AIDS5 (12): 1509-13.

Cleland, John, and Benoit Ferry, eds. 1995. Sexual Behaviour and AIDS in the Developing World. London: Taylor & Francis.

Clemente, M., C. Ferreros, and M. E. L. Fernandes. 1996. "The Brazilian Condom Market: Positive Effects of Social Marketing." Abstract No. Tu.D.2887. Paper read at the Eleventh International Conference on AIDS, Vancouver, B.C, Canada. July 7-12.

Cohen cohen
 or kohen

(Hebrew: “priest”) Jewish priest descended from Zadok (a descendant of Aaron), priest at the First Temple of Jerusalem. The biblical priesthood was hereditary and male.
, Myron S., Gail E. Henderson, Pat Aiello, and Heyi Zheng. 1996. "Successful Eradication of Sexually Transmitted Diseases in the People's Republic of China: Implications for the 21st Century." Journal of Infectious Diseases 174 (suppl. 2): S223-29.

Cohen, Myron S., Irving F. Hoffman, Rachel A. Royce, Peter Kazembe, John R. Dyer, Celine Costello Daly, Dick Zimba, Pietro L. Vernazza, Martin Maida, Susan A. Fiscus, Joseph J. Eron, Jr., and the AIDSCAP Malawi Research Group. 1997. "Reduction of Concentration of HIV-1 in Semen after Treatment of Urethritis Urethritis Definition

Urethritis is an inflammation of the urethra that is usually caused by an infection.
Description

The urethra is the canal that moves urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.
: Implications for Prevention of Sexual Transmission of HIV-1." Lancet 349 (9069): 1868-73.

Coleman, Susan, Mary Lyn Gaffield, Frederic Robin, Goussou Koudou lazare, Rebecca Dillingham, and Carol Squire-Diomande. 1996. "PSI Research Report Summary: Cote d'Ivoire Condom KAP Survey, June. 1995. " Population Services International, Washington, D.C.

Collins, D., J. Quick, S. Musau, and D. Kraushaar. 1996. "Health Financing Reform in Kenya: The Fall and Rise of Cost Sharing, 1989-94." Stubbs Monograph Series 1. Boston: Management Sciences for Health.

Conant, Francis. 1995. "Regional HIV Prevalence and Ritual Circumcision in Africa." Health Transition Review 5 (I): 108-12.

Connor, E. M., R. S. Sperling, R. Gelker, P. Kiselev, G. Scott, M. J. O'Sullivan, R. Van Dyke, M. Bey, W. Shearer, and R. L. Jacobson. 1994. "Reduction of Maternal-Infant Transmission maternal-infant transmission Epidemiology Transmission of a pathogen from mom to infant. See Vertical transmission. Cf Horizontal transmission.  of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 with Zidovudine zidovudine /zi·do·vu·dine/ (zi-do´vu-den) a synthetic nucleoside (thymidine) analogue that inhibits replication of some retroviruses, including the human immunodeficiency virus; used in the treatment of HIV infection and AIDS.  Treatment." New England Journal of Medicine The New England Journal of Medicine (New Engl J Med or NEJM) is an English-language peer-reviewed medical journal published by the Massachusetts Medical Society. It is one of the most popular and widely-read peer-reviewed general medical journals in the world.  331 (18): 1173-80.

Cuddington, John T. 1993. "Modeling the Macroeconomic mac·ro·ec·o·nom·ics  
n. (used with a sing. verb)
The study of the overall aspects and workings of a national economy, such as income, output, and the interrelationship among diverse economic sectors.
 Effects of AIDS with an Application to Tanzania." World Bank Economic Review 7 (2): 173-89.

Curtis, S. L., and Katherine Neitzel. 1996. "Contraceptive Knowledge, Use and Sources." DHS Comparative Studies 19. Calverton, Md.: Macro International.

Dabis, F., P. Msellati, P. Lepage, M. L. Newell, C. Peckham, and P. van de Perre. 1993. "Estimating the Rate of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV." A report of the Workshop on Methodological Issues, Ghent, Belgium. February 17-20. AIDS 7(8): 1139-48.

Dallabetta, Gina, Marie Laga, and Peter Lamptey, eds. 1996. Control of Sexually Transmitted Diseases: A Handbook for the Design and Management of Programs. Arlington, Va.: AIDSCAP/FHI.

Dallabetta, G. A., P. G. Miotti, J. D. Chiphangwi, A. J. Saah, G. Liomba, N. Odaka, F. Sungani, and D. R. Hoover. 1993. "High Socioeconomic Status Is a Risk Factor for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Infection but Not for Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Women in Malawi: Implications for HIV-1 Control." Journal of Infectious Diseases 167 (1): 36-42.

Dames and Moore. 1996. "Environmental Impact Assessment for Chad." Report. Washington, D.C.

De Cock, Kevin. 1993. "TB and HIV: An Overview." Excerpts from speech at the 1993 International AIDS Conference Education, networking and the promotion of best practice are essential to enhancing the response to HIV/AIDS. IAS conferences provide opportunities to share experience, and increase the knowledge and expertise of professionals working in HIV/AIDS.  in Berlin, reproduced in "TB and HIV." SIDALERTE27, October (suppl).

De Cock, Kevin M., and Francoise Brun-Vezinet. 1996. "HIV-2 Infection: Current Knowledge and Uncertainties." Chapter 12 of Mann and Tarantola, eds., AIDS in the World II: Global Dimensions, Social Roots, and Responses. The Global AIDS Policy Coalition. New York: Oxford University Press.

De Gruttola, Victor, George R. Seage III, Kenneth H. Mayer, and C. Robert Horsburgh, Jr. 1989. "Infectiousness of HIV between Male Homosexual Partners. " Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 42 (9): 849-56.

Deininger, Klaus, and Lyn Squire. 1996. "A New Data Set Measuring Income Inequality." World Bank Economic Review 10 (3): 565-91.

Demographic and Health Surveys, final reports, various countries and years.

De Muylder, X., and J. J. Amy. 1993. "Caesarean Section Rates in an African Country." Paediatric Adj. 1. paediatric - of or relating to the medical care of children; "pediatric dentist"
pediatric
 Perinatal Epidemiology 7 (3): 234-44.

Des Jarlais, D. C, S. Friedman, K. Choopanya, S. Vanichseni, and T. Ward. 1992. "International Epidemiology of HIV and AIDS among Injecting Drug Users." AIDS6 (10): 1053-68.

Des Jarlais, D. C, H. Hagan, S. R. Friedmann, P. Friedmann, D. Goldberg, M. Frischer, S. Green, K. Tunving, B. Ljungberg, A. Wodak, M. Ross, D. Purchase, M. Millson, and T. Meyers. 1995. "Maintaining Low HIV Seroprevalence seroprevalence Immunology The proportion of a population that is seropositive–ie, has been exposed to a particular pathogen or immunogen; the seropositivity of a population is calculated as the number of individuals who produce a particular antibody divided  in Populations of Injecting Drug Users." Journal of the American Medical Association 27'4 (15): 1226-31.

Deschampes, M., J. W. Pape, A. Hafner, and others. 1996. "Hererosexual Transmission of HIV in Haiti. Annals of Internal Medicine Annals of Internal Medicine (Ann Intern Med) is an academic medical journal published by the American College of Physicians (ACP). It publishes research articles and reviews in the area of internal medicine. Its current editor is Harold C. Sox.  125: 324--30.

de Vincenzi, Isabelle, and T. Mertens. 1994. "Male Circumcision: A Role in HIV prevention?" AIDS 8 (2): 153-60.

DKT DKT Das Kaufmännische Talent (German)
DKT Digital Key Telephone
DKT Decatherm
DKT Dhankuta (Nepal) 
 International. 1992. "1991 Contraceptive Social Marketing Statistics." Washington, D.C., June. Unpublished data.

--. 1993. "1992 Contraceptive Social Marketing Statistics." Washington, D.C., August. Unpublished data.

--. 1994. "1993 Contraceptive Social Marketing Statistics." Washington, D.C., July. Unpublished data.

--. 1995. "1994 Contraceptive Social Marketing Statistics." Washington, D.C., July. Unpublished data.

--. 1996. "1995 Contraceptive Social Marketing Statistics." Washington, D.C., August. Unpublished data.

--. 1997. New Breakthroughs in Social Marketing: DKT International 1996-97 Progress Report. Washington, D.C.

--. n.d. How Social Marketing Changes Lives: The Stories Behind the Statistics. Washington, D.C.

Dolin, P. J., M. C. Raviglione, and A. Kochi. 1993. "Estimates of Future Global Morbidity and Mortality Morbidity and Mortality can refer to:
  • Morbidity & Mortality, a term used in medicine
  • Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, a medical publication
See also
  • Morbidity, a medical term
  • Mortality, a medical term
." Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) is a weekly epidemiological digest for the United States published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The 5 June 1981 issue of the MMWR published the cases of five men in what turned out to be the first report of AIDS.  42 (49). Summarized in HIV and TB 2, January-March 1994.

Dunn, D. T., M. L. Newell, A. E. Ades, and C. S. Peckham 1992. "Risk of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Transmission through Breastfeeding." Lancet340 (8819): 585-88.

Elias, C, and L. Heise. 1994. "Challenges for the Development of the Female-Controlled Vaginal Microbicides." AIDS 8: 1-9.

Ellis, Randall, Moneer Alam, and Indrani Gupta. 1997. "Health Insurance in India This article or section needs copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone and/or spelling.
You can assist by [ editing it] now.
: Prognosis and Prospectus." Boston University, Boston, Mass.

Esparza, Jose, William L. Heyward, and Saladin Osmanov. 1996. "HIV Vaccine HIV vaccine AIDS As of mid-2005, there is no viable anti-HIV vaccine. See AIDS.  Development: From Basic Research to Human Trials." AIDS 10 (suppl. A):S123-32.

Ettiegne-Traore, V., P. D. Ghys, M. O. Diallo, and others. 1996. "HIV Seroincidence and STD Prevalence during an Intervention Study among Female Sex Workers in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire: Preliminary Findings." Abstract Mo.C. 442. Eleventh International Conference on AIDS, Vancouver, B.C., Canada. July 7-12.

European Commission. 1995a. Safe Blood in Developing Countries: The Lessons from Uganda. Edited by Rex Winsbury. Development Studies and Research. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.

--. 1995b. "Safe Blood in Developing Countries: Principles and Organisation." Development Studies and Research. Written and edited by C. Gerard, D. Sondag-Thull, E. J. Watson-Williams, and L. Fransen. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.

--. 1997. Considering HIV/AIDS in Development Assistance: A Toolkit. Produced for the EC under contract B7.5046/94/06: Study of the Impact on the Social and Economic Development of Developing Countries. Brussels.

European Study Group on Heterosexual Transmission of HIV. 1992. "Comparison of Female to Male and Male to Female Transmission of HIV in 563 Stable Couples." British Medical Journal 304: 809-13.

Expert Group of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. 1997. "Implications of HIV Variability for Transmission: Scientific and Policy Issues." AIDS 11 (4): 1-15.

Farwell, Byron. 1989. Armies of the Raj: From Mutiny to Independence, 1858-1947. New York: Norton.

Feachem, Richard. 1995. Valuing the Past, Investing in the Future. Evaluation of the National HIV/AIDS Strategy, 1993-94 to 1995-96. AIDS/Communicable Diseases Branch, Commonwealth Department of Human Services and Health, Australia. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.

Ferreira, Luisa, and L. Goodhart. 1995. "Incomes, Inequality and Poverty Alleviation in Tanzania, 1993." World Bank, Africa Technical Family, Human Development Division, Washington, D.C.

Ferry, Benoit. 1995. "Risk Factors Related to HIV Transmission: Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Alcohol Consumption and Medically-Related Injections." In John Cleland and Benoit Ferry, eds., Sexual Behaviour and AIDS in the Developing World. London: Taylor & Francis.

Fitzsimmons, David. 1996. "International AIDS Vaccine Initiative A public-private partnership dedicated to producing a preventive vaccine against HIV infection, suitable for use in the most affected developing countries. To date, no such vaccine exists but scientific consensus suggests that its development is feasible.  Launched." International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Report 1 (summer): 7.

Floyd, Katherine, and Charles F. Gilks. 1996. "Impact of, and Response to, the HIV Epidemic at Kenyata National Hospital, Nairobi." Report 1 (April). Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine The Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), England, was founded on 12 November 1898, by a donation from Sir Alfred Lewis Jones, a Liverpool Shipowner. The donation of £350 created the first school of its kind. .

--. 1997. "Cost and Financing Aspects of Providing Anti-retroviral Therapy: A Background Paper." Paper presented at the Informal Consultation on the Implications of Antiretroviral Treatments, World Health Organization, Geneva. April 29-30.

Ford, K., D. N. Wirawan, P. Fajans, P. Meliawan, K. MacDonald, and L. Thorpe. 1996. "Behavioral Interventions for Reduction of Sexually Transmitted Disease/HIV Transmission among Female Commercial Sex Workers and Clients in Bali, Indonesia." AIDS 10: 213-22.

Foster, Susan, Peter Godrey-Faussett, and John Porter. 1997. "Modelling the Economic Benefits of Tuberculosis Preventive Therapy for People with HIV: The Example of Zambia." AIDS 11: 919-25.

Fox L. J., P. E. Bailey, K. L. Clarke-Martinez, and others. 1988. "Prevention of Transmission of HIV in Africa: Effectiveness of Condom Promotion and Health Education among Prostitutes." Lancet 15: 887-90.

Futures Group International. 1995a. "SOMARC Peru's PIEL Condoms Soar to the Top of the Market." SOMARC [Social Marketing for Change] Highlights 3 (July): 1-2-.

--1995b. "Working with Religious Opposition in Africa." SOMARC [Social Marketing for Change] Highlights 3 (July): 1-2.

Garbus, L. 1996. "The UN Response." In Jonathan Mann and Daniel Tarantola, eds., AIDS in the World II: Global Dimensions, Social Roots, and Responses. The Global AIDS Policy Coalition. New York: Oxford University Press.

Garnett, Geoff P., and Roy M. Anderson. 1995. "Strategies for Limiting the Spread of HIV in Developing Countries: Conclusions Based on Studies of the Transmission Dynamics of the Virus." Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology 9 (5): 500-13.

Garrett, Laurie. 1994. The Coming Plague: Newly Emerging Diseases in a World Out of Balance. New York: Penguin.

Gerard, Christine, Daniele Sondag-Thull, Edward-John Watson-Williams, and Lieve Fransen. 1995. Safe Blood in Developing Countries: Principles and Organisation. Brussels: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.

Gertler, Paul, and Jacques van der Gaag. 1990. The Willingness To Pay Willingness to pay (WTP) generally refers to the value of a good to a person as what they are willing to pay, sacrifice or exchange for it. See also
  • Becker-DeGroot-Marschak method
 for Medical Care: Evidence from Two Developing Countries. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Gertler, Paul, and Jeffrey Hammer. 1997. "Strategies for Pricing Publicly Provided Health Care Services." World Bank, Policy Research Department, Washington, D.C.

Gilson, L., R. Mkanje, H. Grosskurth, J. Picard, P. Mayaud, J. Todd, D. Mabey, and R. Hayes. 1996. "Cost-Effectiveness of Improved STD Treatment Services as a Preventive Intervention against HIV in Mwanza Region, Tanzania." Abstract Mo.C. 444. Paper read at the Eleventh International Conference on AIDS, Vancouver, B.C., Canada. July 7-12. Johns Hopkins School of Public Health.

Giraud, Patrick. 1992. "Economic Impact of HIV/AIDS on the Transport Sector: Development of an Assessment Methodology." Consultation on Economic Implications of HIV/AIDS, U.N. Development Programme, Bangalore, India. May 25-28.

Gluck, Michael, and Eric Rosenthal. 1995. The Effectiveness of AIDS Prevention Efforts. Washington, D.C: Office of Technology Assessment.

Gold, David. 1996. "Progresss in AIDS Vaccine AIDS vaccine A hypothetical vaccine intended to either prevent HIV infection or ensure that those infected will not fall victim to AIDS; the most promising vaccine is that using a naked DNA plasmid, reported by Letwin et al in 20/10/00 Science; as of early 2001,  Development." International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Report 1 (summer): 4--5.

Golz, J. 1993. "Current Experiences with Methadone methadone (mĕth`ədōn', –dŏn'), synthetic narcotic similar in effect to morphine. Synthesized in Germany, it came into clinical use after World War II. It is sometimes used as an analgesic and to suppress the cough reflex.  in the Treatment of Injection Drug Users with HIV Infection in Germany." Abstract WS-D12-6. Paper presented at the Ninth International Conference on AIDS, Berlin. June 6-11.

Graham, Ron. 1990. "One African's Tragedy Focuses Attention on AIDS." New York Times, April 1, section 2, p. 35.

Greenberg, Jerome. 1972. "Venereal Disease in the Armed Forces. Medical Clinics of North America 56 (5): 1087-1100.

Grosskurth, H., F. Mosha., J. Todd., E. Mwijarubi, A. Klokke, K. Senkoro, P. Mayaud, J. Changalucha, A. Nicoll, G. Ka-Gina, J. Newell, K. Mugeye, D. Mabey, and R. Hayes. 1995a. "Impact of Improved Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases on HIV Infection in Rural Tanzania: Randomised Adj. 1. randomised - set up or distributed in a deliberately random way
randomized

irregular - contrary to rule or accepted order or general practice; "irregular hiring practices"
 Controlled Trial." Lancet 346 (8974): 530-36.

Grosskurth, H., F. Mosha, J. Todd, K. Senkoro, J. Newell, A. Klokke, J. Changalucha, B. West, P. Mayaud, A. Gavyole, R. Gabone, D. Mabey, and R.

Hayes. 1995b. "A Community Trial of the Impact of Improved Sexually Transmitted Disease sexually transmitted disease (STD) or venereal disease, term for infections acquired mainly through sexual contact. Five diseases were traditionally known as venereal diseases: gonorrhea, syphilis, and the less common granuloma inguinale, : The HIV Epidemic in Rural Tanzania--Baseline Survey Results." AIDS 9 (8): 927-34.

Gupta, Indrani, Phane Mujinja, and Mead Over. Forthcoming. "Distribution of Poverty and Mortality in the Presence of AIDS Epidemic in Kagera, Tanzania." Working paper. World Bank, Policy Research Department, Washington, D.C.

Hammer, Jeffrey. 1997. "Economic Analysis for Health Projects." World Bank Research Observer 12 (1): 47-71.

Hampton, Janie. 1991. Meeting AIDS with Compassion: AIDS Care and Prevention in Agomanya, Ghana. Strategies for Hope 4. London: ActionAid, in assoc. with AMREF AMREF African Medical & Research Foundation, Inc.  and World in Need.

Hassig, Susan E., Joseph Perriens, Ekungola Baende, Mbindule Kahotwa, K. Bishagara, and N. Kinkela. 1990. "An Analysis of the Economic Impact of HIV Infection among Patients at Mama Yemo Hospital, Kinshasa, Zaire." AIDS A: 883-87.

Hatty, Suzanne E. 1993. "Australia." In Nanette J. Davis, ed., Prostitution: An International Handbook on Trends, Problems, and Policies. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.

Haverkos, Harry W., and Robert J. Battjes. 1992. "Female-to-Male Transmission of HIV." Journal of the American MedicalAssociation 268 (14): 1855-56.

Hersh, B. S., F. Popovici, R. C. Apetrei, L. Zolotusca, N. Beldescu, A. Calomfirescu, Z. Jezek, M. J. Oxtoby, A. Gromyko, and D. L. Heymann. 1991. "Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, see AIDS.  in Romania." Lancet 338 (8768): 645-49.

Hethcote, Herbert W. 1976. "Qualitative Analyses of Communicable Disease communicable disease
n.
A disease that is transmitted through direct contact with an infected individual or indirectly through a vector. Also called contagious disease.
 Models." Mathematical Biosciences!^. 335-36.

Hethcote, Herbert W., and James A. Yorke. 1984. Gonorrhea gonorrhea (gŏnərē`ə), common infectious disease caused by a bacterium (Neisseria gonorrhoeae), involving chiefly the mucous membranes of the genitourinary tract.  Transmission Dynamics and Control. Lecture Notes in Biomathematics bi·o·math·e·mat·ics  
n. (used with a sing. verb)
The application of mathematical principles to biological processes.



bi
 56. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Hien, N. T. 1995. "Drug Use and HIV Infection in Viet Nam." Report of the WHO Drug Injecting Project Planning Meeting, Phase II. Bangkok, Thailand.

"Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City, formerly Saigon, city (1997 pop. 5,250,000), on the right bank of the Saigon River, a tributary of the Dong Nai, Vietnam.  Worries about Its Shooting Booths." 1996. AIDS Analysis Asia! (5): 1.

Holtgrave, David R., Noreen L. Quails, James W. Curran, Ronald O. Valdiserri, Mary E. Guinan, and William C. Parra. 1995. "An Overview of the Effectiveness and Efficiency of HIV Prevention Programs." Public Health Reports WO (2): 134-45.

Holtgrave, David R., Noreen L. Quails, and John D. Graham John D. Graham (1886 – 1961) was a Russian-born American Modernist / figurative painter.

He was born Ivan Gratianovitch Dombrowski in Kiev, Ukraine. He moved to New York in 1920.
. 1996. "Economic Evaluation of HIV Prevention Programs." Annual Review of Public Health 17: 467-88.

Hook, E. W. Ill, R. O. Cannon, A. J. Nahmias, F. F. Lee, C. H. Campbell, Jr., D. Glasser, and T. C. Quinn. 1992. "Herpes Simplex Virus Herpes simplex virus
A virus that can cause fever and blistering on the skin, mucous membranes, or genitalia.

Mentioned in: Conjunctivitis


herpes simplex virus
 Infection as a Risk Factor for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Heterosexuals. Journal of Infectious Diseases 165 (2): 251-55.

Human Rights Watch/Asia. 1995. Rape for Profit: Trafficking of Nepali Girls and Women to India's Brothels. New York: Human Rights Watch.

Hunter, Susan, and John Williamson. Forthcoming. "Developing Strategies and Policies for USAID USAID United States Agency for International Development
USAID Agencia de los Estados Unidos para el Desarrollo Internacional (Spanish) 
 Interventions for Support of HIV/AIDS Infected and Affected Children." U.S. Agency for International Development. Washington, D.C.

Hurley, Susan F., Damien J. Jolley, and John M. Kaldor. 1997. "Effectiveness of Needle-Exchange Programmes for Prevention of HIV Infection." Lancet 349 (9068): 1797-1800.

Ingham, Roger. 1995. "AIDS: Knowledge, Awareness and Attitudes." In John Cleland and Benoit Ferry, eds., Sexual Behaviour and AIDS in the Developing World. London: Taylor & Francis.

Institute of Medicine. 1985. New Vaccine Development: Establishing Priorities. Vol. 1. Washington, D.C: National Press Academy.

IAVI IAVI International AIDS Vaccine Initiative  (International AIDS Vaccine Initiative). 1996. "A View from Uganda: An Interview with Dr. Edward Mbidde." International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Report 1 (summer): 3.

IAVR (International AIDS Vaccine Research). 1997a. "IAVI Launches Scientific Program." International AIDS Vaccine Research Report! (1): 1--3.

--. 1997b. "Studying AIDS Vaccines in Thailand: An Interview with Natth Bhamarapravati." International AIDS Vaccine Research Report! (1): 4-5.

Ismail, Rokiah. 1996. "Changing Pattern of HIV Infection as Seen at the University of Malaya The University of Malaya (or Universiti Malaya in Malay; commonly abbreviated as UM) is the oldest university in Malaysia, and is situated on a 750 acre (3.0 km²) campus in southwest Kuala Lumpur, the capital city.  Medical Center." Eleventh International Conference on AIDS. Abstract Mo.C. 1502. Vancouver, B.C., Canada. July 7-12. University of Malaysia, Department of Medicine, Kuala Lumpur.

Izazola-Licea, Jos^ A. 1996. "AIDS: The State of the Art: A Review Based on the Eleventh International Conference on AIDS, Vancouver, B.C., Canada. July 7-12. Fundacion Mexicana Para La Salud, A.C, Mexico.

Jackson, D., J. Rakwar, B. Richardson, and others. 1997. "Decreased Incidence of Sexually Transmitted Diseases among Trucking Company Workers in Kenya: Results of a Behaviour Risk-Reduction Programme." AIDS 11:903-909.

Jacquez, J. A., J. S. Koopman, Carl P. Simon, and Ira M. Longini, Jr. 1994. "Role of the Primary Infection in Epidemics of HIV Infection in Gay Cohorts." AIDS 7(11): 1169-84.

Jain, Manoj K., T. Jacob John, and Gerald T. Keusch. 1994. "Epidemiology of HIV and AIDS in India." AIDS8 (suppl. 2):S61-75.

Jalal, Fasli, Hadi M. Abednego, Tonny Sadjimin, and Michael J. Linnan. 1994. "HIV and AIDS in Indonesia." AIDS 8 (suppl. 2): S91-94.

James, Estelle. 1982. "The Nonprofit Sector in International Perspective: The Case of Sri Lanka." Journal Of Economic Literature 053 (123): 99-129.

Janz, Nancy K., Marc A. Zimmerman, Patricia A. Wren, Barbara A. Israel, Nicholas Freudenberg, and Rosalind J. Carter. 1996. "Evaluation of 37 AIDS Prevention Projects: Successful Approaches and Barriers to Program Effectiveness." Health Education Quarterly 23 (1): 80-97.

Johnston, Margaret. 1996. "Why an HIV Vaccine is Scientifically Possible." International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Report 1 (summer): 1.

Jones, Clair. 1997. "Current Costs of HIV/AIDS-Malawi: A Case Study." Business Exchange on AIDS and Development [BEAD], meeting notes. London, March 14.

Jones, Gavin W., Endang Sulistyaningsih, and Terence H. Hull. 1994. "Prosritution in Indonesia." ANU Anu (ā`n), ancient sky god of Sumerian origin, worshiped in Babylonian religion.  Working Paper 52. Department of Demography, Research School of Social Sciences, Canberra, Australia.

Kahn, James G. 1996. "The Cost-Effectiveness of HIV Prevention Targeting: How Much More Bang for the Buck?" American Journal of Public Health 86 (12): 1709-12.

Kamali, A., J. F. Kengeya-Kayondo, S. S. Malamba, A. J. Nunn, J. A. Seeley, H. U. Wagner, and D. W. Mulder. 1992. "Orphans and HIV-1 Infection in a Rural Population Cohort in S.W. Uganda." Poster presented at the Eighth International Conference on AIDS, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. July 19--24. Poster Abstracts, vol. 2, PoD5159.

Kambou, G., S. Devarajan, and M. Over. 1992. "The Economic Impact of AIDS in an African Country: Simulations with a General Equilibrium Model of Cameroon." Journal of African Economies 1 (1): 109-30.

Kamenga, M., R. W. Ryder, M. Jingu, and others. 1991. "Evidence of Marked Sexual Behavior sexual behavior A person's sexual practices–ie, whether he/she engages in heterosexual or homosexual activity. See Sex life, Sexual life.  Change Associated with Low HIV-1 Seroconversion in 149 Married Couples with Discordant HIV Serostatus: Experience at an HIV Counseling Center." AIDS 5: 61-67.

Kang, Lai-Yi. 1995. "Economic Growth and Urbanisation in China Leads to an Increase in STDs." AIDS Analysis Asia! (5): 14-15.

Kaplan, J. E., K. K. Holmes, H. W. Jaffe, H. Masur, and K. M. De Cock. 1996. "Preventing Opportunistic Infections in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-infected Persons: Implications for the Developing World." American Journal of Tropical Medicine tropical medicine, study, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of certain diseases prevalent in the tropics. The warmth and humidity of the tropics and the often unsanitary conditions under which so many people in those areas live contribute to the development and  and Hygiene 55: 1-11.

Killewo, J., L. Dahlgren, and A. Sandstrom. 1994. "Socio-geographical Patterns of HIV-1 Transmission in Kagera Region, Tanzania." Social Science and Medicine 38 (1): 129-34.

Killewo, J., K. Nyamuryekunge, A. Sandstron, U. Bredberg-Raden, S. Wall, F. Mhalu, and G. Biberfeld. 1990. "Prevalence of HIV Infection in Kagera Region of Tanzania: Population-based Study." AIDS 4 (November): 1081-85

Kin, F. 1995. "Injecting Drug Use among Heroin Users in Malaysia: Summary of Research Findings." Report of the WHO Drug Injecting Project Planning Meeting, Phase II. Bangkok, Thailand.

Kirby, Douglas, Lynn Short, Janet Collins, Deborah Rugg, Lloyd Kolbe, Marion Howard, Brent Miller, Freya Sonenstein, and Laurie S. Zabin. 1994. "School-Based Programs To Reduce Sexual Risk Behaviors: A Review of Effectiveness." Public Health Reports 109 (3): 339.

Kitahata, M. M., T. D. Koepsell, R. A. Deyo, C. L. Maxwell, W. T. Doge, and E. H. Wagner. 1996. "Physicians' Experience with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome as a Factor in Patients' Survival." New England Journal of Medicine 334 (11): 701-706.

Kogan, Rick. 1990. "Final Crusade." Chicago Tribune, April 3, section 5, p. 7.

Konde-Lule, Joseph K., Maria J. Wawer, F. Nalugoda, Ronald H. Gray, and Rekha Menon. 1997. "HIV Infection in Rural Households, Rakai District, Uganda." Preliminary draft presented at the IUSSP IUSSP International Union for the Scientific Study of Population  [International Union for the Scientific Study of Population] Conference on the Socio-Demographic Impact of AIDS in Africa, Durban, South Africa. February 3-6.

Krueger, L. E., R. W. Wood, P. H. Diehr, and C. L. Maxwell. 1990. "Poverty and HIV: Seropositivity: The Poor Are More Likely To Be Infected." AIDS 4 (8): 811-14.

Kunanusont, Chaiyos. 1997. "National Anti-retroviral Program: Thailand Experience." Paper presented at the Informal Consultation on Implications of Antiretroviral Treatments, World Health Organization, Geneva. April 29-30.

Laga, M., M. Alary a·la·ry  
adj.
Variant of alar.

Adj. 1. alary - having or resembling wings
aliform, wing-shaped, alar

biological science, biology - the science that studies living organisms
, N. Nzila, A. T. Manoka, M. Tuiiza, F. Behets, J. Goeman, M. St. Louis, and P. Piot. 1994. "Condom Promotion, Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment and Declining Incidence of HIV-1 Infection in Female Zairian Sex Workers." Lancet 344 (8917): 246-48.

Laga, M., A. Manoka, M. Kivuvu, B. Malele, M. Tuliza, N. Nzila, J. Groeman, F. Behets, V. Batter, and M. Alary. 1993. "Non-ulcerative Sexually Transmitted Diseases as Risk Factors for HIV-1 Transmission in Women: Results from a Cohort Study." AIDS 7 (1): 95-102.

Lamptey, Peter, and Peter Piot, eds. 1990. The Handbook for AIDS Prevention in Africa. Durham, N.C.: Family Health International.

Laumann, Edward O., Christopher M. Masi, and Ezra W. Zuckerman. 1997. "Circumcision in the United States: Prevalence, Prophylactic Effects, and Sexual Practice." Journal of the American Medical Association 277 (13): 1052-57.

Lavy, Victor, and John M. Quigley. 1993. "Willingness To Pay for the Quality and Intensity of Medical Care: Low-Income Households in Ghana." LSMS LSMS Living Standards Measurement Survey
LSMS Louisiana State Medical Society
LSMS Local Service Management System
LSMS Locally-Self-consistent Multiple-Scattering
LSMS Line-Strip Multibeam System
LSMS Lnp Service Management System
 94. World Bank, Policy Research Department, Poverty and Human Resources Division, Washington, D.C.

Laws, Margaret. 1996. "International Funding of Global AIDS Strategy: Official Development Assistance." In Jonathan Mann and Daniel Tarantola, eds., AIDS in the World II: Global Dimensions, Social Roots, and Responses. The Global Policy Coalition. New York: Oxford University Press.

Lazzarin, A., A. Saracco, M. Musicco, and A. Nicolosi. 1991. "Man-to-Woman Sexual Transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus." Archives of Internal Medicine The Archives of Internal Medicine is a bi-monthly international peer-reviewed professional medical journal published by the American Medical Association. Archives of Internal Medicine  151 (12): 2411-16.

Lee, S. S, W. W. Lim, and S. H. Lee. 1993. "Epidemiology of HIV Infection in Hong Kong: Analysis of the First 300 Cases." Abstract PO-C08-2780. Paper presented at the Ninth International Conference on AIDS, Berlin. June 6-11.

Leiner, Marvin. 1994. "AIDS: Cuba's Effort to Contain." In Sexual Politics in Cuba: Machismo machismo

Exaggerated pride in masculinity, perceived as power, often coupled with a minimal sense of responsibility and disregard of consequences. In machismo there is supreme valuation of characteristics culturally associated with the masculine and a denigration of
, Homosexuality and AIDS. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.

Levine, W. C, G. Higueras, R. Revollo, and others. 1996. "Rapid Decline in Sexually Transmitted Disease Prevalence among Brothel-based Sex Workers in La Paz, Bolivia: The Experience of Proyecto Contra SIDA, 1992-1995." Abstract Mo.C. 441. Eleventh International Conference on AIDS, Vancouver, B.C., Canada. July 7-12.

Libonatti, O., E. Lima, A. Peruga, R. Gonzalez, F. Zacarias, and M. Weissenbacher. 1993. "Role of Drug Injection in the Spread of HIV in Argentina and Brazil." International fournal of STD and AIDS 4 (3): 135-41.

Linden, Eugene. 1996. "The Exploding Cities of the Developing World." Foreign Affairs 75 (1): 52-65.

Lockheed, Marlaine E., Adriaan M. Verspoor, Deborah Bloch, Pierre Englebert, Bruce Fuller, Elizabeth King, John Middleton, Vicente Paqueo, Alastair Rodd, Ralph Romain, and Michel Welmond. 1991. Improving Primary Education in Developing Countries. New York: Oxford University Press.

Low-Beer, Daniel, and Seth Berkley. 1996. "HIV." In Christopher J. L. Murray and Allan D. Lopez, eds., Health Dimensions of Sex and Reproduction: The Global Burden of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, HIV, Maternal Conditions, Prenatal Disorders and Congenital Anomalies. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Lowenthal, Nancy, Angela Chimwaza, Saifuddin Ahmed, and Judith Timyan. 1995. "Malawi Contraceptive Consumer Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Survey, June-July, 1995." Population Services International, Washington, D.C.

Lurie, Peter, and Ernest Drucker. 1997. "An Opportunity Lost: HIV Infections Associated with Lack of a National Needle-Exchange Program in the U.S.A." Lancet 349 (9052): 604-608.

Lurie, Peter, M. Fernandes, V. Hughes, E. Arevalo, E. Hudes, A. Reingold, N. Hearst, and the Instituto Adolfo Lutz Study Group. 1995. "Socioeconomic Status and Risk of HIV-1, Syphilis and Hepatitis B Hepatitis B Definition

Hepatitis B is a potentially serious form of liver inflammation due to infection by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It occurs in both rapidly developing (acute) and long-lasting (chronic) forms, and is one of the most common chronic
 Infection among Sex Workers in Sao Paulo State, Brazil." AIDS 9 (suppl. 1): S31-37.

Lurie, Peter, A. L. Reingold, B. Bowser, D. Chen, J. Foley, J. Guydish, J. G. Kahn, S. Lane, and J. Sorensen. 1993. The Public Health Impact of Needle Exchange Programs in the United States and Abroad. Vol. 1. San Francisco, Calif.: University of California The University of California has a combined student body of more than 191,000 students, over 1,340,000 living alumni, and a combined systemwide and campus endowment of just over $7.3 billion (8th largest in the United States). .

Lwihula, George. 1994. "Variability in Saving and Assistance Behaviour in Households across Ethnic Groups in Kagera Region, Tanzania: A Focus Group Study." University of Dar es Salaam The University of Dar es Salaam is a university in the Tanzanian city of Dar es Salaam. The university was born out of a decision taken in 1970 to split the then University of East Africa into three independent universities; Makerere University (Uganda), University of Nairobi , Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, Institute of Public Health, Department of Behavioural Sciences.

Maharjan, S., J. A. Peak, S. Rana, and N. Crofts. 1994. "Declining Risk for HIV among IDUs in Kathmandu: Impact of a Harm Reduction Program." Abstract 561C. Paper presented at the Tenth International Conference on AIDS, Yokohama, Japan. August 14-17. Lifesaving and Lifegiving Society, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Mann, Jonathan, and Daniel Tarantola, eds. 1996. AIDS in the World II: Global Dimensions, Social Roots, and Responses. Global AIDS Policy Coalition. New York: Oxford University Press.

Mann, Jonathan, D. Tarantola, and T. W. Netter. 1992. AIDS in the World. The Global AIDS Policy Coalition. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Mann, Jonathan, H. Francis, T. C. Quinn, K. Bila, P. K. Asila, N. Bosenge, N. Nzilambi, L. Jansegers, P. Piot, K. Ruti, and J. W. Curran. 1986. "HIV Seroprevalence among Hospital Workers in Kinshasa, Zaire: Lack of Association with Occupational Exposure." Journal of the American Medical Association 256 (22): 3099-102.

Mansergh, G., A. Haddix, R. Steketee, P. Nieburg, D. Hu, R. J. Simonds, and M. Rogers. 1996. "Cost-Effectiveness of Short-Course Zidovudine To Prevent Perinatal HIV Type 1 Infection in Sub-Saharan African Developing Country Setting." Journal of the American Medical Association 2776 (2): 139-45.

Martin, Anna L., Eric Van Praag, and Roland Msiska. 1996. "An African Model of Home-based Care: Zambia." In Jonathan Mann and Daniel Tarantola, eds. AIDS in the World II: Global Dimensions, Social Roots, and Responses. The Global AIDS Policy Coalition. New York: Oxford University Press.

Mastro, Timothy D., and Isabelle de Vincenzi. 1996. "Probabilities of Sexual HIV-1 Transmission." AIDS 10 (suppl. A): S72-82.

Mastro, Timothy D., Glen A. Satten, Taweesak Nopkesorn, Suebpong Sangkharomya, and Ira M. Longini, Jr. 1994. "Probability of Female-to-Male Transmission of HIV-1 in Thailand" Lancet 343 (8891): 204-07.

Mauskopf, J. A., J. E. Paul, D. S. Wichman, A. D. White, and H. H. Tilson. 1996. "Economic Impact of Treatment of HIV-Positive Pregnant Women and Their Newborns with Zidovudine: Implications for HIV Screening." Journal of the American Medical Association 276 (2): 132.

May, M. M., and R. M. Anderson. 1987. "Transmission Dynamics of HIV Infection." Nature 326: 137-42.

Mazzullo, J., S. Wroblewski, R. Rudd, and P. Fairchild. 1990. "Influencing Choices of Medical Students to HIV-related careers." Abstract no. S.D.910. Sixth International AIDS Conference, San Francisco. June 20-24.

McBrier, Page. 1995. "Children's-Health: Giving AIDS a Human Face." Inter Press Service Inter Press Service (abbreviated: IPS) is a global news agency. Its main focus is the production of independent news and analysis about events and processes affecting economic, social and political development. , Unicef Feature 00153, UGA UGA

opal codon, one of the three stop codons.
, September.

McCoy, Clyde B., Shenghan Lai, Lisa R. Metsch, Xueren Wang, Cong Li, Ming Yang, and Li Yulong. 1997. "No Pain No Gain: Establishing the Kunming, China, Drug Rehabilitation Center." Journal of Drug Issues 27 (1): 73-85.

Metzger, David. 1997. "Drug Abuse Treatment as AIDS Prevention." In NIH "Not invented here." See digispeak.

NIH - The United States National Institutes of Health.
 Consensus Development Conference, Interventions to Prevent HIV Risk Behaviors: Program and Abstracts. Bethesda, Md.: National Institutes of Health.

Miller, Norman, and Rodger Yeager. 1995. "By Virtue of Their Occupation, Soldiers and Sailors Are at Greater Risk" AIDS Analysis Africa 5 (6): 8-9.

Mills, Anne, Jonathan Broomberg, John Lavis, and Neil Soderlund. 1993. "The Costs of HIV/AIDS Prevention Strategies in Developing Countries." World Health Organization, Global Programme on AIDS, GPA/DIR/93.2, Geneva.

Minon, Jeffrey A., and Jeffrey Zwiebel. 1995. "The Economic Case against Drug Prohibition." Journal of Economic Perspectives 9 (2): 175-92.

Moffitt, Robert. 1991. "The Use of Selection Modeling To Evaluate AIDS Interventions with Observational Data." In National Research Council, Evaluating HIV AIDS Prevention Programs. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press.

Moore, M., E. Tukwasiibwe, E. Marum, and others. 1993. "Impact of HIV Counseling and Testing in Uganda." Eleventh International Conference on AIDS. Abstract WS-C16-4. Vancouver, B.C., Canada. July 7-12.

Moore, Richard D., and John G. Bartlett. 1996. "Combination Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV Infection: An Economic Perspective." PharmacoEconomics 10 (2): 109-13.

Morris, Martina, Chai Podhisita, Maria J. Wawer, and Mark S. Handcock. 1996. "Bridge Populations in the Spread of HIV/AIDS." AIDS 10: 1265-71.

Morrow, Richard, Robert Colebunders, and James Chin. 1989. "Interactions of HIV infection with Endemic Tropical Diseases." AIDS 3 (suppl): S79-87.

Moses, Stephen, Janet Bradley, Nico Nagelkerke, Allan Ronald, J. O. Ndinya-Achola, and Francis A. Plummer. 1990. "Geographical Patterns of Male Circumcision Practices in Africa: Association with HIV Seroprevalence." International Journal of Epidemiology 19 (3): 693-97.

Moses, Stephen, F. A. Plummer., J. E. Bradley., J. O. Ndinya-Achola., N. J. D. Nagelkerke, and A. R. Ronald. 1995. "Male Circumcision and the AIDS Epidemic in Africa. Health Transition Review 5 (1): 100-103.

Moses, Stephen, F. A. Plummer, E. N. Ngugi, N. J. Nagelkerke, Ao Anzala, and Jo Ndinya-Achola. 1991. "Controlling HIV in Africa: Effectiveness and Cost of an Intervention in a High Frequency STD Transmitter Core Group." AIDS 5 (4): 407-11.

Msamanga, G., E. Urassa, D. Spiegelman, E. Hertzmark, S. Kapiga, D. J. Hunter, and W. W. Fawzi. 1996. "Socioeconomic Status and Prevalence of HIV Infection among Pregnant Women in Dar Es Salaam Dar es Salaam

Largest city (pop., 1995 est.: 1,747,000), capital, and major port of Tanzania. Founded in 1862 by the sultan of Zanzibar, it came under the German East Africa Co. in 1887.
, Tanzania." Abstract TuC2464. Eleventh International Conference on AIDS, Vancouver, B.C., Canada. July 7-12. Muhimbili University, College of Health Sciences, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania.

Mulder, Daan. 1996. "Disease Progression and Mortality Following HIV-1 Infection." In Jonathan Mann and Daniel Tarantola, eds., AIDS in the World II: Global Dimensions, Social Roots, and Responses. The Global AIDS Policy Coalition. New York: Oxford University Press.

Mulder, Daan, Andrew Nunn, Anatoli Kamali, and Jane Kengeya-Kayondo. 1995. "Decreasing HIV-1 Seroprevalence in Young Adults in a Rural Uganda Cohort." British Medical Journal 311 (30): 833-36.

Murray, Christopher J. L., and Allan D. Lopez. 1996. "The Global Burden of Disease." Global Burden of Disease and Injury Series, vol. 1. WHO, Harvard School of Public Health, World Bank. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Mwabu, Germano M., Martha Ainsworth, and Andrew Nyamete. 1993. "Quality of Medical Care and Choice of Medical Treatment in Kenya: An Empirical Analysis." Journal of Human Resources 28 (4): 838-62.

Mwizarubi, B. K., C. L. Mwaijonga, and O. Laukamm-Josten. 1992. "HIV/AIDS Education and Condom Promotion for Truck Drivers, Their Assistants, and Sex Partners in Tanzania." Paper presented at the

Global Programme on AIDS, Effective Approaches to AIDS Prevention, Geneva. May 26-29. African Medical and Research Foundation, Dar-cs-Salaam, Tanzania.

National Research Council. 1989. AIDS: Sexual Behavior and Intravenous Drug Use intravenous drug use Intravenous drug abuse The habitual IV injection of drugs of abuse Epidemiology In the US ± 2.5 million–population ± 235 million have used IVDs Infections Pyogenic–eg, endocarditis, pneumonia, sepsis Common agents . Washington, D.C: National Academy Press.

--. 1991. Evaluating AIDS Prevention Programs. Edited by Susan L. Coyle, Robert F. Boruch, and Charles F. Turner. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

--. 1996. Preventing and Mitigating AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

Nelson, Kenrad, David Celentano, Sakol Eiumtrakol, D. R. Hoover, C. Beyrer, S. Suprasert, S. Kuntolbutra, and C. Khamboonruang. 1996. "Changes in Sexual Behavior and Decline in HIV Infection among Young Men in Thailand." New England Journal of Medicine 335 (5): 297-303.

"NGOs Flout flout  
v. flout·ed, flout·ing, flouts

v.tr.
To show contempt for; scorn: flout a law; behavior that flouted convention. See Usage Note at flaunt.

v.intr.
 AIDS Control Policy." 1994. The Telegraph (India), Metropolitan section, September 8.

Ngugi, E. N., F. A. Plummer, J. N. Simonson, D. W. Cameron, M. Bosire, P. Waiyaki, A. R. Ronald, J. O. Ndinya-Achola. 1988. "Prevention of Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Africa: Effectiveness of Condom Promotion and Health Education among Prostitutes." Lancet! (8616): 887-90.

Nicoll, Angus, D. Bennett, M. Catchpole CATCHPOLE, officer. A name formerly given to a sheriff's deputy, or to a constable, or other officer whose duty it is to arrest persons. He was a sort of serjeant. The word is not now in use as an official designation. Minshew ad verb. , B. Evans, O.N. Gill, J. Mortimer, P. Mortimer, and K. Paine. 1996. "HIV, AIDS, and Sexually Transmitted Infections: Global Epidemiology, Impact, and Prevention." Health and Population Occasional Paper. Overseas Development Administration, London.

Nolan, Peter. 1993. "Economic Reform, Poverty and Migration in China." Economic and Political Weekly 28 (26): 1369-77.

Nold, A. 1978. "The Infectee Number at Equilibrium for a Communicable Disease." Mathematical Biosciences AG: 131-38.

Normand, J., D. Vlahov, and L. E. Moses, eds. 1995. Preventing HIV Transmission: The Role of Sterile Needles and Bleach. A Report of the Panel on Needle Exchange and Bleach Distribution Programs, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press.

Oakley, A., D. Fullerton, and J. Holland. 1995. "Behavioural Interventions for HIV/AIDS Prevention." AIDS 3 (5): 479-86.

OECD OECD: see Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.  (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development). 1995. "Trends in International Migration: Continuous Reporting System on Migration." Annual Report 1994. Paris.

Ong, Jin Hui. 1993. "Singapore." In Nanette E. Davis, ed., Prostitution: An International Handbook on Trends, Problems and Policies. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.

ONUSIDA ONUSIDA Programme Commun des Nations Unies sur le VIH/SIDA  (UNAIDS). 1997. Diagnostico Epidemia VIHISIDA International y Nacional. Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.

Oppenheimer, Edna. 1995. "Drugs and HIV/AIDS in Myanmar: Land of the 'First Inhabitants of the World.'" AIDS Analysis Asia 1 (4): 5-6.

Osmanov, Saladin. 1996. "Implications of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Variability for Transmission: Scientific and Policy Issues." Expert Group of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. UNAIDS, Geneva.

Ou, C. Y, Y. Takebe, B. G. Weniger, C. C. Luo, M. L. Kalish, W. Auwanit, S. Yamazaki, H. D. Gayle, N. L. Young, and G. Schochetman. 1993. "Independent Introduction of Two Major HIV-1 Genotypes into Distinct High-Risk Populations in Thailand." Lancet 341 (8854):1171-74; errata er·ra·ta  
n.
Plural of erratum.
 corrected in 342 (8865): 250.

Over, Mead. 1992. "The Macroeconomic Impact of AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa." AFTPN Technical Working Paper 3. World Bank, Africa Technical Department, Population, Health, and Nutrition Division, Washington, D.C.

--. 1997. "The Public Interest in a Private Disease: Why Should the Government Play a Role in STD Control?" In K. K. Holmes, P. F. Sparling spar·ling  
n.
1. The common European smelt (Osperus eperlanus).

2. A young or immature herring.



[Middle English sperlinge, from Old French esperlinge,
, P-A Mardh, S. M. Lemon, W. E. Stamm, and J. W. Wasserheit, eds., Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 3d ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Over, Mead, and Godlike Koda. Forthcoming. "Average Cost of Survivor Assistance Programs in Kagera, Tanzania." Working paper. World Bank, Policy Research Department, Washington, D.C.

Over, Mead, and Peter Piot. 1993. "HIV Infection and Sexually Transmitted Diseases." In Dean T. Jamison, W. Henry Mosley, Anthony R. Measham, and Jose Luis Bobadilla, eds., Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. New York: Oxford University Press.

--. 1996. "Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Developing Countries: Public Health Importance and Priorities for Resource Allocation resource allocation Managed care The constellation of activities and decisions which form the basis for prioritizing health care needs ." Journal of Infectious Diseases 174 (suppl. 2): SI62-75.

Over, Mead, Phare Mujinja, Daniel Dorsainvil, and Indrani Gupta. Forthcoming. "Impact of Adult Death on Household Expenditures in Kagera, Tanzania." Working paper. World Bank, Policy Research Department, Washington, D.C.

Over, Mead, M. Randall, P. Ellis, Joyce H. Huber, and Orville Solon Solon, Athenian statesman
Solon (sō`lən), c.639–c.559 B.C., Athenian statesman, lawgiver, and reformer. He was also a poet, and some of his patriotic verse in the Ionic dialect is extant. At some time (perhaps c.600 B.C.
. 1992. "The Consequences of Adult Ill-Health." In Richard A. Feachem, Tord Kjellstrom, Christopher J. L. Murray, Mead Over, and Margaret A. Phillips, eds., The Health of Adults in the Developing World. New York: Oxford University Press.

Padian, N. S., S. C. Shiboski, and N. P. Jewell. 1991. "Female-to-Male Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus." Journal of the American Medical Association 266 (12): 1664-67.

Padian, N. S., T. R. O'Brien, Y. Chang, S. Glass, and D. P. Francis. 1993. "Prevention of Heterosexual Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus through Couple Counseling." AIDS 6 (9): 1043^8.

Pal, S. C, S. Sarkar Sarkar could mean:
  • Government in Urdu/Persian/Hindi. Colloquially in India, it is a Metonymy for the incumbent government. The Persian wordSarkar is derived from two words; 'Sar' meaning Head and 'Kar' meaning Work.
, T. N. B. Naik, P. K. Singh, S. I. Tuchi, A. S. Lai, and S. P. Tripathy. 1990. "Explosive Epidemic of HIV Infection in North Eastern States of India, Manipur and Nagaland." CARC CARC Canadian Arctic Resources Committee
CARC Chemical Agent Resistant Coating
CARC Canadian Agri-Food Research Council
CARC Claim Adjustment Reason Code
CARC Civil Aviation Regulatory Commission (Jordan) 
 3: 2-6.

Panos Institute. 1989. AIDS and the Third World. Philadelphia: New Society Publishers.

Parker, Richard G. 1996. "Historic Overview of Brazil's AIDS Programs and Review of the World Bank AIDS Project." Family Health International/AIDSCAP, Arlington, Va.

Pauw, J., J. Ferrie, and R. R. Villegas. 1996. "Controlled HIV/AIDS-related Health Education Programme in Managua, Nicaragua." AIDS 10: 537-544.

Peak, A. S., Rana, S. H. Maharjan, and N. Crofts. 1994. "An Indigenous Harm Reduction Programme for IDUs in a Developing Country, Nepal." Abstract PD0508. Paper presented at the Tenth International Conference on AIDS, Yokohama, Japan. August 14-17. Lifesaving and Lifegiving Society, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Peng, Xizhe. 1994. "Recent Trends in China's Population and Their Implications." CP 30. London School of Economics The School is a member of the Russell Group, the European University Association, Association of Commonwealth Universities, the Community of European Management Schools and International Companies, The Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs as well as the Golden , Suntory-Toyota International Centre for Economics and Related Disciplines. London.

Perriens, Joseph, Kenneth Hill, Nicholas Prescott, and Chaiyos Kunanusont. 1997. "Health Gains from Antiretroviral Therapy." Geneva: UNAIDS.

Philipson, Tomas J., and Richard A. Posner. 1993. Private Choices and Public Health: The AIDS Epidemic in an Economic Perspective. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Phoolcharoen, Wiput, and Seri Phongphit. 1996. "HIV Prevention Works Report: Case Study Thailand." Paper presented at the Eleventh International Conference on AIDS, Vancouver, B.C., Canada. July 7-12.

Pickering, Helen, and H. A. Wilkins. 1993. "Do Unmarried Women in African Towns Have To Sell Sex, or Is It a Matter of Choice?" Health Transition Review 3 (suppl.): 17-27.

Pickering, Helen, M. Quigley, J. Pepin, and others. 1993. "The Effects of Post-Test Counseling on Condom Use among Prostitutes in The Gambia." AIDS 7: 271-73.

Pinkerton, Steven D., and Paul R. Abramson. 1996. "Implications of Increased Infectivity in Early-Stage HIV Infection." Evaluation Review 20 (5): 516-40.

--. 1997. "Effectiveness of Condoms in Preventing HIV Transmission." Social Science and Medicine 44 (9): 1303-12.

Piot, Peter. 1994. "Differences between African and Western Patterns of Heterosexual Transmission." In A. Nicolosi, ed., HIV Epidemiology: Models and Methods. New York: Rowen row·en  
n. New England
A second crop, as of hay, in a season.



[Middle English rowein, from Anglo-Norman rewain, variant of Old French regain : re-, re- +
 Press.

Pitayanon, Sumalee, Sukontha Kongsin, and Wattana Janjaroen. 1997. "The Economic Impact of HIV/ AIDS Mortality on Households in Thailand." In David Bloom and Peter Godwin, eds., The Economies of HIV and AIDS: The Case of South and South East Asia, Delhi: Oxford University Press.

Plange, Nii-K. 1990. "Report on Prostitution in Fiji." University of the South Pacific USP is owned by the governments of 12 Pacific Island countries: the Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Niue, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu. , Department of Sociology Noun 1. department of sociology - the academic department responsible for teaching and research in sociology
sociology department

academic department - a division of a school that is responsible for a given subject
, Suva, Fiji.

Plummer, Francis A., Stephen Moses, and Jackoniah O. Ndinya-Achola. 1991. "Factors Affecting Female-to-Male Transmission of HIV-1: Implications of Transmission Dynamics for Prevention." In Lincoln Chen, Jaime Sepulveda Amor, and Sheldon Segal, eds., AIDS and Women s Reproductive Health. New York: Plenum Press.

Pokrovsky, V. V., I. V. Savchenko, N. N. Ladnaya, and others. 1996. "HIV Infection Surveillance in Russia in 1987-1995 (Statistics)." Russia AIDS Centre, Moscow.

Porapakkham, Yaowarat, Somjai Pramarnpol, Supatra Athibhoddhi, and Richard Bernhard. 1996. "The Evolution of HIV/AIDS Policy in Thailand: 1984-1994." AIDSCAP Policy Working Paper Series WP5. Family Health International, Washington, D.C.

Poshyachinda, V. 1993. "Drug Injecting and HIV Infection among the Population of Drug Users in Asia." Bulletin on Narcotics 45 (1): 877-90.

Prescott, Nicholas. 1997. "Setting Priorities for Government Involvement with Antiretrovirals." Paper presented at the Informal Consultation on The Implications of Antiretroviral Treatments, World Health Organization, Geneva. April 29-30. World Bank, East Asia and Pacific Department, Human Resources Operations Division.

Prescott, Nicholas, Chaiyos Kunanusont, W. Phoolcharoen, W. Rojanapitayakorn, Joseph Perriens, and D. Boonyuen. 1996. "Formulating Rational Use of Antiretrovirals in Thailand." Abstract Mo.B. 533. Paper presented at the Eleventh International Conference on AIDS, Vancouver, B.C., Canada. July 7-12. Ministry of Public Health, Department of CDC See Control Data, century date change and Back Orifice.

CDC - Control Data Corporation
, AIDS Division, Bangkok, Thailand.

Putnam, Robert. 1993. "The Prosperous Community--Social Capital and Public Life." American Prospect 13: 35-42.

Putnam, Robert, R. Leonardi, and R. Nanetti. 1993. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Quinn, T. C, R. O. Gannon, D. Glasser, S. L. Groseclose, W. S. Brathwaite, A. S. Fauci, and E. W. Hook 3d. 1990. "The Association of Syphilis with the Risk of HIV Infection in Patients Attending STD Clinics." Archives of Internal Medicine 150 (6): 1297-1302.

Quinn, T. C, A. Ruff, and N. Halsey. 1994. "Special Considerations for Developing Nations." In P. A. Pizzo and C. M. Wilfert, eds., Pediatric AIDS pediatric AIDS AIDS acquired HIV perinatally or by 'vertical'–maternal-infant transmission; children with PAIDS may become symptomatic–lymphoid interstitial pneumonia, encephalopathy, recurrent bacterial infection, Candida : The Challenge of HIV Infection in Infants, Children and Adolescents. Baltimore, Md.: Williams and Wilkins.

Radhakrishna, R., K. Subbarao, with S. Indrakant and C. Ravi. 1997. "India's Public Distribution System: A National and International Perspective." World Bank, South Asia Country Department 2 (Agriculture and Warer Operations), Washington, D.C.

Reeler, Anne V. 1990. "Injections: A Fatal Attraction?" Social Science and Medicine 31 (10): 111 9--25.

Refeno, Germain, Victor Rabeza, Gora Mboup, and Juan Schoemaker. 1994. Madagascar: Enquete Nationale Demographique et Sanitaire 1992. Antananarivo, Madagascar: Centre National de Recherches sur l'Environnement, Ministere de la Recherche Appliquee au Developpement, and Calverton, Md.: Macro International, Inc.

Reggy, Atieno, R. J. Simonds, and Martha Rogers. 1997. "Preventing Perinatal HIV Transmission." AIDS 11 (suppl. A): S61-67.

Rezza, G., C. Oliva, and H. Sasse. 1988. "Preventing AIDS among Italian Drug Addicts: Evaluation of Treatment Programs and Informative Strategies." Paper presented at the Fourth International Conference on AIDS, Stockholm, Sweden. June 12-16.

Robbins, A., and P. Freeman. 1988. "Obstacles to Developing Vaccines for the Third World." Scientific American 259 (5): 126-33.

Robinson, Noah Jamie, Daan W. Mulder, Bertran Auvert, and Richard J. Hayes. 1997. "Proportion of HIV Infections Attributable to Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases in a Rural Ugandan Population: Simulation Model Estimates." International Journal of Epidemiology 26 (1): 180-89.

Rojanapithayakorn, Wiwat, and Robert Hanenberg. 1996. "The 100% Condom Program in Thailand." AIDS 10 (I): 1-7.

Rowley, Janet, Roy Anderson, and T. W. Ng. 1990. "Reducing the Spread of HIV Infection in Sub-Saharan Africa: Some Demographic and Economic Implications." AIDS4 (1): 47-56.

Ryder, Robert, V. Batter, M. Nsuami, and others. 1991. "Fertility Rates in 238 HIV-1 Seropositive seropositive /se·ro·pos·i·tive/ (-poz´i-tiv) showing positive results on serological examination; showing a high level of antibody.

se·ro·pos·i·tive
adj.
 Women in Zaire Followed for 3 Years Post-Partum." AIDS 5: 1521-27.

Ryder, Robert W., Mibandumba Ndilu, Susan E. Hassig, Munkolenkole Kamenga, D. Sequeira, M. Kashamuka, H. Francis, F. Behets, R. L. Colebunders, and A. Dopagne. 1990. "Heterosexual Transmission of HIV-1 among Employees and Their Spouses at Two Large Businesses in Zaire." AIDS 4 (8): 725-32.

Sarkar, Swarup, Anindya Chatterjee, Clyde B. McCoy, Abu S. Adbui-Quader, Lisa R. Metsch, and Robert S. Anwyf. 1996. "Drug Use and HIV among Youth in Manipur, India." In Clyde B. McCoy, Lisa R. Metsch, and James A. Inciardi, eds. Intervening with Drug-Involved Youth. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage.

Sarkar, Swarup, N. Das, Panda, T. N. Naik, K. Sarkar, B. C. Singh, J. M. Ralte, S. M. Aier, and S. P. Tripathy. 1993. "Rapid Spread of HIV among Injecting Drug Users in North-Eastern States of India." Bulletin on Narcotics 45 (1): 91-105.

Sato, Paul. 1996. "Sentinel HIV Surveillance HIV surveillance Epidemiology The identification and monitoring of HIV-infected persons through a regional or national database. See HIV reporting. ." In Jonathan Mann, and Daniel Tarantola, eds., AIDS in the World II: Global Dimensions, Social Roots, and Responses. The Global AIDS Policy Coalition. New York: Oxford University Press.

Sauerborn, R., P. Berman, and A. Nougtara. 1996. "Age Bias, but No Gender Bias, in the Intra-Household Resource Allocation for Health Care in Rural Burkina Faso." Health Transition Review: The Cultural, Social And Behavioural Determinants of Health 6 (2): 131--45.

Scheper-Hughes, Nancy. 1993. "AIDS, Public Health, and Human Rights in Cuba Human rights in Cuba are a subject of much debate. While Cuba is a signatory to the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights and its constitution has a section outlining the "fundamental rights, duties and guarantees" of the Cuban people, [1] ." Lancet 342 (8877): 965-67.

Sepulveda, Jaime. 1992. "Prevention through Information and Education: Experience from Mexico." In Jaime Sepulveda, Harvey Fineberg, and Jonathan Mann, eds. AIDS Prevention through Education: A World View. New York: Oxford University Press.

Serwadda, David, Maria J. Wawer, Stanley D. Musgrave, Nelson K. Sewankambo, Jonathan E. Kaplan, and Ronald H. Gray. 1992. "HIV Risk Factors in Three Geographic Strata of Rural Rakai District, Uganda." AIDS6 (9): 983-89.

Serwadda, David, M. Wawer, N. Sewankambo, R. H. Gray, C-J. Li, R. Kelly, and T. Lutalo. 1995. "Trends in HIV Incidence and Prevalence in Rakai District, Uganda." Abstract MoC085. Ninth International Conference on AIDS and STDs in Africa, Kampala, Uganda. December 10-14. Institute of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.

Shaeffer, Sheldon. 1995. "Impact on Education." In The Impact of HIV on Children in Thailand. Program on AIDS, Research Report 16. Bangkok: Thai Red Cross Society Thai Red Cross Society was founded in 1893 and it has headquarters in Bangkok.
  • Thai Red Cross Society Profile
  • Official Red Cross Web Site
  • Thailand Red Cross
.

Siegel, Joanna E., Milton C. Weinstein, and Harvey V. Fineberg Harvey Fineberg is President of the Institute of Medicine. He served as Provost of Harvard University from 1997 to 2001, following thirteen years as Dean of the Harvard School of Public Health. . 1991. "Bleach Programs for Preventing AIDS among IV Drug Users: Modeling the Impact of HIV Prevalence." American Journal of Public Health 81 (10): 1273-79.

"Signs of Change as Taboo Subjects Get Air Time in Information Campaign. Country Profile: Pakistan." 1996. AIDS Analysis Asia! (3): 14-15.

Simonsen, J. N., D. Cameron, M. Gakinya, Jo Ndinya-Achola, L. J. D'Costa, P. Karasira, M. Cheang, A. R. Ronald, P. Piot, and F. A. Plummer. 1988. "Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection among Men with Sexually Transmitted Diseases." New England foumal of Medicine. 319: 274-78.

Singh, Sujata. 1995. "Three Year Stint at Sonagachi." All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health, Calcutta. August.

Sittitrai, Werasit. 1994. "Nongovernmental Organization and Community Responses to HIV/AIDS in Asia and the Pacific." AIDS 8 (suppl. 2): S199-206.

Smith, James, and Alan Whiteside. 1995. "The Socio-Economic Impact of HIV/AIDS on Zambian Businesses: Report for the BEAD [Business Exchange on AIDS and Development Group] and CDC." Commonwealth Development Corporation, London.

SOMARC (Social Marketing for Change), Office of Public Relations public relations, activities and policies used to create public interest in a person, idea, product, institution, or business establishment. By its nature, public relations is devoted to serving particular interests by presenting them to the public in the most . 1996. "Crisis Communications Lessons Learned: Case Study of Niger and the Philippines." SOMARC Occasional Paper 20. Futures Group International, Washington, D.C.

Span, Paula. 1996. "Needle Exchanges Inject Controversy in AIDS Prevention." Washington Post, July 16, p. Al.

"Sri Lankan Condom Sales Higher but Not High Enough, Say AIDS Workers." 1996. AIDS Analysis Asia! (6): 15.

Ssengonzi, Robert, Martina Morris, Nelson Sewandambo, Maria Wawer, and David Serwadda. 1995. "Economic Status and Sexual Networks in Rakai District, Uganda." Abstract WeC259. Ninth International Conference on AIDS and STDs in Africa, Kampala, Uganda. December 10--14. Uganda Virus Research, Entebbe, Uganda.

Stanecki, Karen A., and Peter O. Way. 1997. "The Demographic Impacts of AIDS--Perspectives from the World Population Profile: 1996." IPC (1) (InterProcess Communication) The exchange of data between one program and another either within the same computer or over a network. It implies a protocol that guarantees a response to a request.  Staff Paper 86. International Programs Center, Population Division, U.S. Bureau of the Census Noun 1. Bureau of the Census - the bureau of the Commerce Department responsible for taking the census; provides demographic information and analyses about the population of the United States
Census Bureau
. Washington, D.C.

Stewart, Graeme. 1997. "Compliance with Antiretroviral Therapy." Paper presented at the Informal Consultation on the Implications of Antiretroviral Treatments, World Health Organization, Geneva. April 20-30.

Stimson, Gerry V. 1993. "The Global Diffusion of Injecting Drug Use: Implications for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection." Bulletin on Narcotics 45 (1): 3-17.

--. 1994. "Reconstruction of Sub regional Diffusion of HIV Infection among Injecting Drug Users in Southeast Asia: Implications for Early Intervention." AIDS 8 (11): 1630-32.

--. 1996. "Drug Injecting and the Spread of HIV Infection in South-East Asia." In L. Sherr, J. Catalan, and B. Hedge, eds. The Impacts of AIDS: Psychological and Social Aspects of HIV Infection. Reading, U.K.: Harwood Academic.

Stoneburner, Rand L., and Carballo, Manuel. 1997. "An Assessment of Emerging Patterns of HIV Incidence in Uganda and Other East African Countries." Final report of consultation. Family Health International, AJDS AJDS Australian Jewish Democratic Society  Control and Prevention Project. International Centre for Migration and Health, Geneva.

Stover, John, and Peter O. Way. 1995. "The Impact of Interventions on Reducing the Spread of HIV in Africa: Computer Simulation Applications." African Journal of Medical Practice 2 (4): 110-20.

Strauss, John, and Duncan Thomas. 1995. "Human Resources: Empirical Modeling of Household and Family." In Jere Behrman and T. N. Srinivasan, eds., Handbook of Development Economics. Vol. 3A. New York: North-Holland.

Subbarao, Kalanidhi, Aniruddha Bonnerjee, Jeanine Braithwaite, Soniya Carvalho, Rene Ezemenari, Carol Graham, and Alan Thompson. 1996. "Social Assistance and Poverty-targeted Programs: Lessons from Cross-Country Experience." World Bank, Poverty and Social Policy Department, Washington, D.C.

Taha, T. E., J. K. Canner, J. D. Chiphangwi, and others. 1996. "Reported Condom Use Is Not Associated with Incidence of Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Malawi." AIDS 10: 207-12.

Tan, Michael L., and Manuel M. Dayrit. 1994. "HIV/ AIDS in the Philippines." AIDS 8 (suppl. 2): S125-30.

Tchupo, J. P., J. Timyan, C. Miken, J. G. Ouango, and S. Watts. 1996. "PSI Research Report Summary: Burkina Faso Condom KAP Survey, April. 1995." Population Services International, Washington, D.C.

Tembo, George, Hany Friesan, Godwil Asiimwe-Okiror, Rita Moser, Warren Naamara, Nathan Bakyaita, and Joshua Musinguzi. 1994. "Bed Occupancy Due to HIV/AIDS in an Urban Hospital Medical Ward in Uganda." AIDS 8: 1169-71.

Temmerman, M., S. Moses, D. Kiragu, and others. 1990. "Impact of Single Session Post-Partum Counseling of HIV Infected Women on Their Subsequent Reproductive Behavior." AIDS Care 2: 247-52.

Thomas, James C, and Myra J. Tucker. 1996. "The Development and Use of the Concept of a Sexually Transmitted Disease Core." Journal of Infectious Diseases 174 (suppl. 2): S134-43.

Thongthai, Varachi, and Philip Guest. 1995. "Thai Sexual Attitudes and Behaviour: Results from a Recent National Survey." Paper presented at the conference Gender and Sexuality in Modern Thailand. Australian National University, Canberra. July.

Titmuss, Richard. 1972. The Gift Relationship: From Human Blood to Social Policy. New York: Vintage Books.

Tokars, J. I., R. Markus, D. H. Culver, S. A. Schable, P. S. McKibben, and C. I. Bandea. 1993. "Surveillance of HIV Infection and Zidovudine Use among Health Care Workers after Occupational Exposure to HIV-infected Blood." Annals of Internal Medicine 118 (12): 913-19.

Townsend, R. 1994. "Risk and Insurance in Village India." Econometrica 62: 539-91.

UNAIDS. 1996a. "HIV and Infant Feeding: An Interim Statement." Geneva.

--. 1996b. "HIV/AIDS: The Global Epidemic." Fact Sheet. Geneva. December.

--. 1996c. "The HIV/AIDS Situation in Mid-1996: Global and Regional Highlights." Paper presented at the Eleventh International Conference on AIDS, Vancouver, B.C., Canada. July 7-12.

--. 1996d. "UNAIDS Fact Sheet, Mid-1996" Geneva.

--. 1997. The Impact of HIV and Sexual Health Education on the Sexual Behaviour of Young People: A Review (Updated). Joint United Nations Programme on AIDS. Geneva.

UNAIDS/Country Support. 1996. "Reported AIDS Cases as of 31 December 1995." World Health Organization/Global Programme on AIDS, February 1. Geneva.

United Nations. 1993. Urban and Rural Areas by Sex and Age: The 1992 Revision. New York: United Nations, Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, Population Division.

--. 1995. "International Migration Policies, 1995." Poster. New York: United Nations Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, Population Division.

U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1996. "World Population Profile 1996, with a Special Chapter Focusing on Adolescent Fertility in the Developing World." U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

--. 1997. "Recent HIV Seroprevalence Levels by Country: January, 1997." Research Note 23. Health Studies Branch, International Programs Center, Population Division. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Washington, D.C.

U.S. Bureau of the Census (database). 1997. "HIV/AIDS Surveillance Database." Version 1.1, Release 0. Population Division, International Programs Center, Washington, D.C.

U.S. GAO (General Accounting Office). 1993. Needle Exchange Programs: Research Suggests Promise as an AIDS Prevention Strategy (GAP/HRD-93-60). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Valdiserri, Ronald O., David W. Lyter, Laura C. Leviton, Catherine M. Callahan, Lawrence A. Kingsley, and Charles R. Rinaldo. 1989. "AIDS Prevention in Homosexual and Bisexual Men: Results of a Randomized Trial Evaluating Two Risk Reduction Interventions." AIDS 3 (1): 21-26.

Van Dam, C. J., G. A. Dallabetta, and P. Piot. 1997. "Prevention and Control of Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Developing Countries." In K. K. Holmes, P. F. Sparling, W. E. Stamm, P. Piot, J. Wasserheit, and Per-Anders Mardh, eds., Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 3d ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.

van Praag, Eric, E. Katabira, S. Anderson, E. Ngugi, and D. Koy. 1996. "Can HIV/AIDS Care Initiatives Be Part of Integrated Care? Lessons from Developing Countries." Abstract Th.B.400. Paper presented at the Eleventh International Conference on AIDS, Vancouver, B.C., Canada. July 7-12. World Health Organization, Geneva.

Van der Gaag, J. 1995. Private and Public Initiatives: Working Together for Health and Education. Directions in Development series. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.

van de Walle, Dominique, and Kimberly Nead, eds. 1995. Public Spending and the Poor: Theory and Evidence. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.

Van der Ploeg, Catharina P. B., Carina Van Vliet, Sake J. De Vlas, Jackoniah O. Ndinya-Achola, Lieve Fransen, Gerrit Van Oortmarssen, and J. Dik F. Habbema. 1997. "STDSIM: A Microsimulation Model for Decision Support in STD Control." Erasmus University, Centre for Decision Sciences in Tropical Disease Control, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Forthcoming in Interfaces.

Vlahov, David. 1997. "Role of Needle Exchange Programs in AIDS Prevention." In NIH Consensus Conference, Interventions to Prevent HIV Risk Behaviors: Program and Abstracts. Bethesda, Md.: National Institutes of Health.

Wawer, M. J., C. Podhisita, U. Kanugungsukkasem, A. Pramualratana, and R. McNamara. 1996a. "Origins and Working Conditions of Female Sex Workers in Urban Thailand: Consequences of Social Context for HIV Transmission." Social Science and Medicine 42 (3): 453-62.

Wawer, M., N. K. Sewankambo, R. H. Gray, and others. 1996b. "Community-based Trial of Mass STD Treatment for HIV Control, Rakai, Uganda: Preliminary Data on STD Declines." Abstract Mo.C.443. Eleventh International Conference on AIDS, Vancouver, Canada. July 7-12. Columbia University, Center for Population and Family Health, New York.

Weisbrod, Burton. 1977. The Voluntary Non-Profit Sector. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books.

Weniger, Bruce G., and Seth Berkley. 1996. "The Evolving HIV/AIDS Pandemic." In Jonathan Mann and Daniel Tarantola, eds., AIDS in the World II: Global Dimensions, Social Roots, and Response. The Global AIDS Policy Coalition. New York: Oxford University Press.

Weniger, Bruce G., K. Limpakarnjanarat, K. Ungchusak, S. Thanprasertsuk, K. Choopanya, S. Vanichseni, T. Uneklabh, P. Thongcharoen, and C. Wasi. 1991. "The Epidemiology of HIV Infection and AIDS in Thailand." AIDS 5 (suppl. 2): S71-85; erratum [Latin, Error.] The term used in the Latin formula for the assignment of mistakes made in a case.

After reviewing a case, if a judge decides that there was no error, he or she indicates so by replying, "In nollo est erratum
 in AIDS 1993 7(1): 147.

WHO (World Health Organization). 1996. Investing in Health Research and Development, Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on Health Research Relating to Future Intervention Options. Geneva.

WHO/EC Collaborating Centre on AIDS. 1996a. "HIV/AIDS Surveillance in Europe," First Quarterly Report 49 (March). Saint-Maurice, France.

--. 1996b. "HIV/AIDS Surveillance in Europe," Second Quarterly Report 50 (June), Saint-Maurice, France.

WHO/GPA. 1995. "Global Prevalence and Incidence of Selected Curable cur·a·ble
adj.
Capable of being cured or healed.
 Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Overview and Estimates." WHO/GPA/STD/95.1. Geneva.

WHO, Program on Substance Abuse. 1994. "Multi-City Study on Drug Injecting and Risk of HIV Infection." A report prepared on behalf of the WHO International Collaborative Group. Geneva.

Wirawan, D. N., P. Fajans, and K. Ford. 1993. "AIDS and STDs: Risk Behaviour Patterns among Female Sex Workers in Bali, Indonesia." AIDS Care 5 (3): 289-303.

Wong, K. H., S. S. Lee, and W. L. Lim. 1993. "HIV Surveillance among Drug Users in Hong Kong." Paper presented at the Ninth International Conference on AIDS, Berlin. June 6-11.

World Bank. 1993a. "Staff Appraisal Report: Brazil AIDS and STD Control Project." Report 11734 BR. World Bank, Country Department I, Human Resources Division, Washington, D.C.

--. 1993b. Tanzania AIDS Assessment and Planning Study. World Bank Country Study. Washington, D.C.

--. 1993c. World Development Report 1993: Investing in Health. New York: Oxford University Press.

--. 1996a. "AIDS Prevention and Mitigation in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Strategy for Africa." Report 15569. World Bank, Africa Region, Technical Department, Human Resources and Poverty Division, Washington, D.C.

--. 1996b. "Tanzania--The Challenge of Reforms: Growth, Incomes, and Welfare." 3 vols. Vol. 1: Main Report. Africa Region, Eastern Africa Department, Country Operations Division. Washington, D.C.

--. 1997a. World Development Report 1997. New York: Oxford University Press.

--. 1997b. World Development Indicators 1997. Washington, D.C.

Wyatt, H. V. 1993. "Injections, Infections, and Sterility." In M. Bloem and I. Wolffers, eds., The Impact of Injections on Daily Medical Practice. Amsterdam: Free University Press.

Yeager, Rodger, and Craig Hendrix. 1997. "Global Survey of Military HIV/AIDS Policies and Programs." Civil-Military Alliance Newsletter 3 (1): 1-8.

Yu, Elena S. H., Qiyi Xie, Konglai Zhang, Ping Lu, and Lillian L. Chan. 1996. "HIV Infection and AIDS in China, 1985 through 1994." American Journal of Public Health 86 (8): 1116-22.

Zheng, Xiwan. 1996. "HIV/AIDS Epidemic in China." In HIV/AIDS in China, no. 4: 11-12. World Bank, Asia Technical Department, AIDS in Asia Unit, Washington, D.C.
COPYRIGHT 1997 The World Bank
No portion of this article can be reproduced without the express written permission from the copyright holder.
Copyright 1997 Gale, Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

 Reader Opinion

Title:

Comment:



 

Article Details
Printer friendly Cite/link Email Feedback
Publication:Confronting AIDS: Public Priorities In a Global Epidemic
Date:Oct 1, 1997
Words:11757
Previous Article:Statistical appendix.
Topics:

Terms of use | Copyright © 2013 Farlex, Inc. | Feedback | For webmasters | Submit articles