SOCOM creates new hub for fighting war on terror.

The U.S. Special Operations Command has reorganized its headquarters at MacDill Air Force Base, Fla., in order to fulfill a new leadership role in the war on terrorism.

The core of the reorganization is the Center for Special Operations, explained SOCOM'S chief, Army Gen. Bryan D. Brown.

The center "is a joint and interagency directorate that has responsibility for all war on terrorism-related operational issues," Brown told National Defense in an e-mail interview.

"We are working toward a structure that allows SOCOM to serve as a standing joint task force headquarters, offering an in-place capability for seamless planning and execution of operations that span the spectrum of conflict," he said.

"Essentially, [the center] serves as SOCOM's 'war-fighting' hub," Brown said. "Free of administrative functions, the center's sole responsibility is for planning, supporting and executing special operations in the war on terrorism."

Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld directed SOCOM take the lead in planning and leading future U.S. counter-terror operations, rather than merely supporting other combatant commands, as it has in the past.

Since 2001, special operators have played major roles, first in Afghanistan and then in Iraq.

"You hunted Scuds, pinpointed high-value targets, secured oil fields, established landing strips in the desert ... When we were unable to get our forces into Iraq From the north, special operations forces mobilized the Kurdish Peshmerga ... and helped unravel the northern front with amazing speed," Rumsfeld said at the change of command ceremony at MacDill in September, when Brown took over SOCOM.

In December, special operators participated in Saddam's capture at a remote farm near Tikrit.

Despite the prominent role played by SOF troops in Afghanistan and Iraq, the overall campaigns have been planned and managed, thus far, by the U.S. Central Command, which also is based at MacDill.

Now, the commander of SOCOM, for the first time, will execute specified operations, when directed by the defense secretary to do so, Brown said.

The new center gives SOCOM the ability to plan and run such operations, Brown explained, The center functions much like a joint task force, which the geographic combatant commands have used for years to coordinate their operations.

Headed by a major general, "the center reviews global strategies, develops courses of action and makes operational recommendations for force employment through SOCOM's commander to the chairman of the joint chiefs of staff and the secretary of defense," Brown said. "The center can plan, direct, monitor and assess combat operations directed against selected targets anywhere on the globe."

Specifically, Brown said, the center "is working on increasing the cross flow of information between multiple agencies and the Department of Defense in support of the war on terrorism."

The center employs a Web-based collaborative-planning environment, or CPE, Brown explained. The CPE links planners and decision makers from the office of the defense secretary, joint staff, intelligence community, geographic combatant commands, military services, the departments of State, Justice, Treasury and Energy, as well as SOCOM.

"CPE facilitates simultaneous planning and sharing of products," Brown said. "SOCOM has been directed to coordinate, organize and institute a collaborative-planning architecture that enables a time-sensitive planning process."

SOCOM uses several information-technology tools to facilitate planning and sharing of information, Brown said. For example, the Center for Special Operations includes a Joint Operations Center, which "has greatly enhanced the capability of headquarters to monitor--and when necessary to command and control--operations in the global war on terrorism," he noted.

To help coordinate the CSO'S efforts, SOCOM recently created an Interagency Executive Council, Brown said. Chaired by the center's deputy director, the council "serves as a vehicle for key interagency leaders to address command issues, exchange information and create an environment for feedback in support of the war on terrorism."

The JOC uses Web-based information systems, combined with real-time blue-force tracking, to locate friendly forces and obtain imagery, and video from unmanned aerial vehicles.

The JOC also employs the Defense Collaborative Tool Suite to enable real-time, simultaneous coordination with geographic commanders, joint staff, agencies and others around the world, he said. The DCTS includes voice and video conferencing, document and application sharing, instant messaging and whiteboards.

Together, WIC and DCTS enable up to 50 partners to use audio and video conferencing, chat, program sharing, file transfer and file storage, Brown noted. SOCOM's DCTS Dashboard currently has more than 450 individual user accounts from combatant commands, services, components and interagency planning partners, he said.

Another facility, the Special Operations Joint Interagency Collaboration Center, was established in December 2001. Unlike major national intelligence organizations, the SOJICC handles short turn-around products in response to SOF priorities, Brown explained.

"What makes SOJICC unique is that it allows IT engineers, intelligence analysts and special operations officers---working in concert--to integrate and use advanced software tools tailored to SOF mission sets," Brown said.

SOJICC has a "dual-hatted nature," he explained. Like Lockheed Martin's Advanced Development Program, Brown said, SOJICC is a 'Skunk Works,' a secretive effort to produce innovative designs quickly and efficiently. It also is a data-mining Facility.

SOJICC already has been used extensively in Afghanistan and Iraq to support SOF and other missions. "SOJICC has successfully integrated complex data streams from the CIA, Defense Intelligence Agency and National Security Agency," Brown revealed. "Additionally, thanks to collaboration on other efforts, SOJICC has data from most of the national laboratories and the Joint Warfare Analysis Center."

As its missions expand, SOCOM is receiving a significant budget increase--a 35 percent boost in fiscal year 2004, pushing its annual budget to $4.6 billion. It has been authorized to add 5,100 troops during the next five years to the current level of 47,000 active-duty and reserve personnel.

The additional personnel will include two Navy SEAL teams, an aviation battalion, a psychological operations company, a civil affairs company, and a reserve civil affairs battalion, Brown told a U.S. Senate panel.

He warned, however, that special operations forces cannot grow quickly. "SOF cannot be mass produced," he said. "The service members who volunteered for SOF in September 2001 and successfully completed the arduous selection and training regimen are just now entering the deployable force."

Efforts are being made, meanwhile, to stretch SOF forces by sharing tasks with conventional forces that have similar capability, Brown said. Examples include training foreign combat forces, de-mining training, combat search and rescue, and tactical air-traffic control in airfields seized by U.S. assault units.

The responsibility for training troops in the former Soviet Republic of Georgia was transferred recently from the 10th Special Forces Group to the Marines. Brown said.

"Critical missions may have a 'core' SOF manning, with security, intelligence, communications and service support provided by the nearest available conventional forces," he said. SOF could be deployed with Marine or Army light infantry elements for base and perimeter security, and conventional service support and air support.

Weapons Procurement

Instrumental to SOCOM's success, Brown said, has been its acquisition authority, which is independent from the military services and less hampered by bureaucracies.

"The Special Operations Acquisition and Logistics Center was exceptionally adaptive during Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom," Brown said. "Advanced technology systems were fielded in as little as seven days, with most delivered to combat forces in less than six months."

Among the technologies were man-portable decontamination equipment, small UAVs, laser markers, remote sensors, tactical local area networks, force-protection gear, environmental protective clothing, body armor, pickup trucks, coalition video teleconferencing technology, leaflet delivery systems and blue-force tracking systems.

SOCOM's acquisition program currently is being realigned to focus more on the war on terrorism, Brown said. "We know we must press forward by eliminating some of our legacy systems and leverage saved resources to invest in the future," he said.

Among the systems that SOCOM is developing currently are the CV-22 Osprey tilt-rotor aircraft, the MX aircraft (to supplement the command's C-130 cargo airplanes) and the Advanced Seal Delivery System.

"We will refocus development on the individual as a platform," Brown said. "We need to develop enhanced protection, armor, night vision, lightweight sustainment systems and better weaponry.

"Power has been--and continues to be--a major problem for SOF," Brown said. "After-action reports from every recent deployment indicated that often one third of the weight carried into combat is batteries. We need to address this critical need."

U.S. Special Operations Command: A Snapshot

The U.S. Special Operations command includes:

* U.S. Army Special Operations Command. ASOC, based at Fort Bragg N.C., is made up of Special Forces, Rangers, special operations helicopters, civil affairs and psychological operations units.

* Naval Special Warfare Command. Located in Coronado, Calif., NAVSPECWARCOM consists of Navy Sea, Air and Land (SEAL) teams, SEAL Delivery Vehicle Teams and Special Boat Squadrons and Units.

* U.S. Air Force Special Operations Command. AFSOC, headquartered at Hurlburt Field, Fla., provides highly specialized, rapidly deployable fixed and rotary-wing aircraft, including transports, gun ships and "Commando Solo" platforms for airborne radio and television broadcasts for psychological operations. These aircraft, EC-130s, also are called "weapons of mass persuasion"

* Joint Special Operations Command. JSOC, also situated at Fort Bragg, has representatives from all SOCOM commands. It is designed to study special operations requirements and techniques, ensure interoperability and equipment standardization; plan and conduct joint special operations exercises and training and develop joint special operations tactics. Although SOCOM won't talk about it, JSOC also is widely reported to be the command that conducts U.S. covert counter-terrorism operations. Its units are said to include the 1st Special Forces Detachment--Delta, SEAL Team Six and the 24th Special Tactics Squadron.

* U.S. Marine Detachment. A detachment of 81 Marines and five Navy medics have been deployed to the SEAL base at Coronado. The detachment's mission is to work with SEAL teams in conducting special reconnaissance operations and direct-action strikes. (related story p.20)

RELATED ARTICLE: From buck private to chief of SOCOM.

Gen. Bryan "Doug" Brown--who became head of the US. Special Operations Command in September--joined the Army as a private in 1967.

Once he completed Airborne School and the Special Forces Qualifications Course, he began his special operations career as a Green Beret sergeant on a Special Forces A Team.

After a tour in Vietnam, Brown attended officer candidate school. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant and returned to Vietnam as a helicopter pilot.

Since then, Brown said, he has commanded at all levels, including three companies, two battalions and the U.S. military's only special operations aviation brigade. He also headed the Joint Special Operations Command and the U.S. Army Special Operations Command.

In addition to Vietnam, Brown's combat experience includes the 1983 invasion of Grenada as a member of the JSOC. During the 1991 Persian Gulf War, he commanded a battalion of the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment.

From 1994 to 1996, Brown was assistant division commander (maneuver) of the 1st Infantry Division.--Harold Kennedy