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Rural women's perspective: protecting women's intellectual property rights.


The world is changing for smallholder Noun 1. smallholder - a person owning or renting a smallholding
Britain, Great Britain, U.K., UK, United Kingdom, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland - a monarchy in northwestern Europe occupying most of the British Isles; divided into England and
 farmers in Africa, especially women. Global trade regulations are leading to monopoly control of seeds, crop and plant genetic resources through an expanding system of patents over living organisms. For staple food crops, at issue are both genetically modified seeds and plants. engineered by inserting genes from non-elated species into their genetic makeup, and varieties created from more conventional crossbreeding crossbreeding /cross·breed·ing/ (-bred-ing) hybridization; the mating of organisms of different strains or species.

crossbreeding

hybridization; the mating of organisms of different strains or species, e.g.
 methods. Promoted by the World Trade Organisation (WTO See World Trade Organization. ) with support from many industrialised Adj. 1. industrialised - made industrial; converted to industrialism; "industrialized areas"
industrialized

industrial - having highly developed industries; "the industrial revolution"; "an industrial nation"
 nations led by the United States, the Trade related Intellectual Property Rights agreement popularly known as TRIPs, permits individuals and corporations to claim exclusive rights over life forms, genes. Micro-organisms and micro-processes by which they perform their functions. In fact, the WTO actually requires its member countries to patent plants as an integral part of the global trade and market-based framework it obliges them to follow.

This is a radical break from the customary practice of centuries in which people exchanged, saved and used their seeds and crop materials as resources that belong to the entire community. The situation is complicated by the fact that other international agreements are at odds with TRIPs policies. For example the UN's Convention on Biological Diversity The Convention on Biological Diversity, known informally as the Rio Treaty, is an international treaty that was adopted at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992.  (CBD (Component Based Development) Building applications with components (objects). See component software.

CBD - component based development
) and the Food and Agricultural Organisation's (FAO FAO,
n See Food and Agriculture Organization.
) International undertaking on Plant Genetic Resources both uphold the principle that plant genetic resources belong to humankind's common heritage and should stay within the public domain. These conventions do not have enforcement mechanism the WTO does. Thus, WTO policies predominate in the conflict over public and private control of plant and agriculture genetic resources.

Individuals and corporations are claiming monopoly rights over resources and traditional knowledge that indigenous farmers particularly women, have developed and used for generations. For, example, patents have been issued on varieties of African sweet potatoes, millet, rice, melons, sorghum, and cassava cassava (kəsä`və) or manioc (măn`ēŏk), name for many species of the genus Manihot of the family Euphorbiaceae (spurge family). .

In grappling with the question of their agricultural and biological heritage, Africans have made clear positions in favour of protecting communities' rights over their resources. The African Group of Ministers at the 1999 WTO Third Ministerial in Seattle took the lead in opposing the patenting of life in any of its forms.

Seed are the basis of agricultural production and livelihood systems, along with land and water. Agriculture represents a sizeable portion of the GDP GDP (guanosine diphosphate): see guanine.  of most industrialised countries. The top ten seed companies currently control 30% of the world's US$23 billion commercial seed market. The monopolies they are enjoying through patent protection are far reaching. Breeders are patenting entire species. The patent extends to any plant in which the gene is inserted. Not only do farmers have to pay higher prices for patented seeds but also they are prevented from reusing the seed. TRIPs will legalise and expand this trend to developing countries.

If TRIPs is not revised, developing countries will have to pay a premium on their own biological diversity and they will see their seed markets overtaken by Transnational corporations (TNCs) and abusive patents. This will be at the expense of untapped or unrecognised breeding potential among their own scientific and rural communities. In a resolution of August 2001 the UN Sub Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights pointed out the dire consequences on the human rights to food, health and self-determination if the TRIPs Agreement is implemented in its current form. Reminding governments of the primacy of human rights obligations over economic policies and programmes the resolution states that there are "apparent conflicts between the IPR regime embodied in the TRIPs Agreement, on the one hand, and the international human rights law, on the other". It stressed that IPR have to serve public benefits before personal ones, by taking fully into account existing state obligations under internation al human rights instruments.

Mary Wandia is the Advocacy officer of the African Women's Development and Communication Network (FEMNET)

Intellectuels de la Femme rurale: Protection des perspectives de Droits.

Mary Wandia

Le monde est en mutation pour des petits fermiers proprietaires africains, surtout Sur`tout´

n. 1. A man's coat to be worn over his other garments; an overcoat, especially when long, and fitting closely like a body coat.

Noun 1.
 les femmes. Des reglementations du commerce mondial Mondial can refer to:
  • Mondial (amusement ride manufacturer), a Dutch manufacturer of amusement rides.
  • Mondial (motorcyle manufacturer), an Italian motorcycle manufacturer.
 conduisent au monopole mon·o·pole  
n.
A magnetic monopole.



monopole  

The minimal region for which lines of force, as from an electric or magnetic field, either all enter or all leave the region.
 du controle des semences, des plantes et des ressources genetiques de plantes a travers un systeme etendu de licences sur les organismes vivants. Pour des commodites de premiere necessite, le debat porte sur les semences genetiquement modifiees et les plantes, cause par l'insertion de nouveaux genes dans une espece genetique particuliere, ainsi que des varietes creees par des methodes hybrides plus conventionnelles.

Encourages par l'Organisation Mondiale du Commerce (OMC) avec le soutien de plusleurs nations industrialisees et sous a direction des Etats Unis, la convention des Droits de Propriete Intellectuelle du Commerce connue de facon populaire comme DPIC DPIC Death Penalty Information Center
DPIC Drug and Poison Information Center
DPIC Design Professionals Insurance Company
DPIC Double Pole Iron Clad Switch
, permet aux individus et aux societes de reclamer des droits exclusifs sur des formes (language, music) Formes - An object-oriented language for music composition and synthesis, written in VLISP.

["Formes: Composition and Scheduling of Processes", X. Rodet & P. Cointe, Computer Music J 8(3):32-50 (Fall 1984)].
 de vie, les genes, les micro-organismes et les micro-processus par lesquels us executent leurs fonctions. En realite, I'OMC exige de ses pays membres le droit de licence sur leurs plantes en tant que partie integrale du commerce mondial et de a structure de marche qu'il les oblige de suivre.

Ceci constitue une rupture radicale de la pratique pra·tique  
n.
Clearance granted to a ship to proceed into port after compliance with health regulations or quarantine.



[French, from Old French practique, from Medieval Latin
 coutumiere de longue date selon laquelle les personnes echangeaient, sauvegardaient et utilisaient le materiel de culture comme des ressources qui appartenaient a communaute entiere. Le fait que les autres conventions internationales vont l'encontre des politiques des DPIC complique a situation. A titre titre

titer.
 d'exemple, la Convention des Nations Unies sur la Diversite Biologique (CDB) et l'Effort sur les Ressources Genetiques des Cultures de a FAO (Food and Agricultural Organisation) soutiennent toutes les deux le principe que les ressources genetiques de plantes appartiennent l'heritage humanitaire et devrait demeurer propriete publique. Ces conventions ne disposent pas de mecanismes de mise en oeuvre au meme titre que l'OMC. Ainsi les politiques de l'OMC dominent dans les conflits relatifs au controle public et prive des ressources genetiques d'agriculture et des cultures.

Des individus et des societes detiennent le monopole sur des ressources et la connaissance traditionnelle que des individus fermiers, surtout les femmes, ont developpe dé·vel·op·pé  
n.
A ballet movement in which one leg is raised to the knee of the supporting leg and fully extended.



[French, from past participle of développer, to develop; see develop.]
 et utilise depuis des generations. A titre d'exemple, des licences ont ete delivres sur des varietes de produits africains tels que la patate douce a. 1. Sweet; pleasant.
2. Sober; prudent; sedate; modest.
And this is a douce, honest man.
- Sir W. Scott.
, le millet, le riz, le melon, le sorgho, et le manioc manioc: see cassava. .

En se debattant avec la question de leur heritage agricole et biologique, les africains se sont clairement prononces en faveur de la protection des droits des communautes sur leurs ressources. Lors de la [3.sup.eme] reunion de Ministres en 1999 Seattle, le groupe de ministres africains a ete le premier s'opposer attribution de licences sur les diverses formes de la vie.

Les semences, la terre et l'eau constituent la base de la production, et des moyens de vivre de source agricole. L'agriculture represente une portion considerable du PIB de plusieurs pays industrialises. Les dix premieres compagnies de semences controlent actuellement 30% des 23 milliards de dollars du marche de semences commercial. Les monopoles dont ils jouissent travers la protection de licences ont de graves consequences. Les eleveurs disposent des licences pour des especes entieres. La licence s'etend sur toute plante dans laquelle le gene est insere. Les fermiers doivent, non seulement payer beaucoup beau·coup   also boo·coo or boo·koo Chiefly Southern U.S.
adj.
Many; much: beaucoup money.

n. pl.
 plus cher pour des semences protegees par une licence, mais aussi eviter de les reutiliser. Les DPIC legaliseront cette tendance et l'etendront sur les pays en developpement.

Si les DPIC ne sont pas revises, les pays en developpement devront payer une prime sur leur propre diversite biologique et voir leur marches de semences envahis par les Societes Transnationales (CT) et des licences abusives. Et ceci aux depens de leur potentiel d'elevage non exploite et non reconnu parmi leur propres communautes scientifiques et rurales.

Dans une resolution d'Aout 2001, le Sous Comite sur la Promotion et a Protection de Droits Humains a souligne que si la Convention DPIC est mise en oeuvre dans sa forme forme (form) pl. formes   [Fr.] form.

forme fruste  (froost) pl. formes frustes   an atypical, especially a mild or incomplete, form, as of a disease.
 actuelle, il y aurait de lourdes consequences de droits humains sur a nourriture, a sante et la determination de soi. Rappelant aux gouvernements a primaute des obligations de droits humains sur les politiques et programmes economiques, la resolution stipule qu'il y a , d'une part, "des conflits apparents entre le regime des RPI materialise dans la Convention des DPIC, et de lautre, la Loi Internationale sur les Droits Humains". Elle met l'accent sur le fait que RPI doivent servir les interets publics avant les interets personnels, en tenant pleinement compte des contraintes des etats sous les instruments de droits humains internationaux.

Mary Wandia est Chargee du Plaidoyor au Reseau ré·seau or re·seau  
n. pl. réseaus or réseaux
1. A net or mesh foundation for lace.

2. Astronomy
 de Developpement et de Communications do la Femme Africaine. (FEMNET)
COPYRIGHT 2002 African Women's Development and Communication Network (FEMNET)
No portion of this article can be reproduced without the express written permission from the copyright holder.
Copyright 2002, Gale Group. All rights reserved. Gale Group is a Thomson Corporation Company.

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Author:Wandia, Mary
Publication:Femnet News
Geographic Code:00WOR
Date:Jan 1, 2002
Words:1412
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