Rural social equity and school housed public libraries.Abstract: An examination of the potential of the school housed public library to address information and library needs of rural people by using technology whilst also providing a centre for social and cultural development. Edited version of a paper presented at the Alia (SA) 1997 Country Conference Suggested approaches to equitable library and information service to nonmetropolitan areas have often narrowly focused on technological solutions. While technology is capable of rapid information transfer, it does not address the cultural and social aspects vital to the life of small communities. Is there a means to respond to the information and library needs of rural residents by utilising modern technology, while also providing a centre for social and cultural development? This paper discusses the relevance of the school housed public library in Canada, and the success of such mergers in rural South Australia South Australia, state (1991 pop. 1,236,623), 380,070 sq mi (984,381 sq km), S central Australia. It is bounded on the S by the Indian Ocean. Kangaroo Island and many smaller islands off the south coast are included in the state. . Rural life in Canada To discuss rural library service in Canada it is necessary to remind ourselves that the concept of rural life as remote, peaceful and agrarian has radically changed, and with it, the library and information needs of people living a rural existence. Statistics Canada's Census of population classifies a settlement of 1000 or more population as `urban' and the remaining population as `rural'. In 1851, 87 per cent of the Canadian population was designated as rural. This changed rapidly with the migration of people to cities and towns, and most especially, in recent times, to suburbs. By 1922 the rural population had become the minority. Today only 23 per cent of the total population is rural.[1] Rural was once taken to be synonymous with synonymous with adjective equivalent to, the same as, identical to, similar to, identified with, equal to, tantamount to, interchangeable with, one and the same as farming. The portion of the rural population made up by farmers is now less than 15 per cent.[2] Since 1945 the country's population has sorted itself into a tripartite TRIPARTITE. Consisting of three parts, as a deed tripartite, between A of the first part, B of the second part, and C of the third part. settlement structure: one third of Canada's population resides in the three major metropolitan areas of Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver, another third resides in medium and small metro areas This article is about the music production team. For the article about population centers, see metropolitan area. Metro Area are a Brooklyn-based dance music production team composed of Morgan Geist and Darshan Jesrani. -- the `fringe metro' or `ruburbs', and the remaining third, the principal focus of this paper, is spread across Canada's vast nonmetropolitan hinterland.[3] Social changes have accompanied this population shift, and some of these changes have been negative in nature. Vavrek has observed (about the American rural situation) that complex socioeconomic issues sometimes hide the realities of country life which may include poverty, abuse, low educational attainment Educational attainment is a term commonly used by statisticans to refer to the highest degree of education an individual has completed.[1] The US Census Bureau Glossary defines educational attainment as "the highest level of education completed in terms of the , malnourishment mal·nour·ish·ment n. Malnutrition. and poor medical care. He notes that, unfortunately, an idyllic, romantic view of `life in the country' has sometimes been both a hindrance hin·drance n. 1. a. The act of hindering. b. The condition of being hindered. 2. One that hinders; an impediment. See Synonyms at obstacle. and counterproductive coun·ter·pro·duc·tive adj. Tending to hinder rather than serve one's purpose: "Violation of the court order would be counterproductive" Philip H. Lee. to finding practical solutions for problems.[4] In Canada, unemployment is higher in rural and small town areas than in city areas. Lowest family incomes are found in towns of 1000-30,000 population. Among the other indicators of well being, it has been found that there are lower education levels in rural and small town Canada, as well as lower literacy and numeracy numeracy Mathematical literacy Neurology The ability to understand mathematical concepts, perform calculations and interpret and use statistical information. Cf Acalculia. skills. This is important in so far as `education level represents one indicator of development or the capacity to participate in the `knowledge intensive' growth sectors'.[5] Indeed, the statistics show that in terms of job creation, rural areas are falling further behind their city cousins. This is related not only to farm closures, but the scaling down and closure of goods producing industries situated in rural settings. While crime rates are higher in urban areas, the era of the unlocked front door has long since disappeared in small communities. The spread of urban populations into nonmetro fringe areas fringe area n. A zone just outside of the range of a broadcasting station in which signals are weakened and distorted. often carries urban problems and attitudes with it. Problems associated with drugs, child and spousal abuse are commonly reported. It is no longer appropriate to necessarily think `remote' when discussing `rural'. Because of technological developments such as television and telecommunications, rural areas in some ways have become more like cities. In other ways, however, they remain cut off and deprived of services routinely expected by city dwellers. Drukenbrod, for example, in writing about rural residents' access to health information concluded that certain characteristics of rural areas ... make them susceptible to a paucity pau·ci·ty n. 1. Smallness of number; fewness. 2. Scarcity; dearth: a paucity of natural resources. of current, timely medical and health information. These characteristics include a dispersed population, aging population, high unemployment, low income, hazardous occupations, low education level, poorly maintained infrastructure and conservativeness that resists rapid change[6] This nicely encapsulates the situation, which of course, is much broader than a lack of medical and health information. Vavrek, in his study assessing the information needs of rural Americans, found that `There is a gap between the daily information needs of rural residents and the ability of the (rural) library to satisfy those needs'?[7] Library and information needs of rural residents What are these needs? The literature on rural life and on librarianship points to the need for * access to all forms of current information * support for literacy programs * support for lifelong learning Lifelong learning is the concept that "It's never too soon or too late for learning", a philosophy that has taken root in a whole host of different organisations. Lifelong learning is attitudinal; that one can and should be open to new ideas, decisions, skills or behaviors. * career and employment information * programming for children and young adults * support for small business and farming Social equity refers to the fair and evenhanded e·ven·hand·ed adj. Showing no partiality; fair. e  ven·hand treatment of all
peoples and sections of society. Many varieties of inequality have been
identified. Native peoples, women, racial and linguistic minorities,
people with disabilities, and others have been shown to face barriers in
their access to jobs, housing, education, health services health services Managed care The benefits covered under a health contract and other
resources. Another -- perhaps more subtle -- form of social inequity is
the unequal distribution of resources, services and programs to
populations living outside metropolitan areas. Rural libraries tend to
have more limited budgets because of small tax bases. The result is
small collections serving populations spread over larger areas. In
addition, the majority of rural residents do not have access to what is
commonly called `basic library services'.[8] On the other hand,
when a rural library does exist, it is an important, or even sole,
source of information and culture in a small community.
What can be done? What can be done to provide equitable service? As might be anticipated, most commentators have seized on the technological solution. The information highway and its related technology is put forth as the answer. Senkivitch and Wolfram wolfram: see tungsten. assert that Instead of widening the rift between metropolitan and rural library users, the new telecommunications technologies could bridge the distance, providing more equalised adj. 1. p. p. os> of equalise; same as equalized. access to the wealth of human knowledge to rural library communities.[9] Hudson and Parker in their paper, `Information gaps in rural America'[10] have developed a list of indirect socioeconomic benefits of telecommunications. These include improving the quality and accessibility of education and other social services social services Noun, pl welfare services provided by local authorities or a state agency for people with particular social needs social services npl → servicios mpl sociales ; improving productivity, efficiency, and the quality of services at a reduction of costs, and fostering a sense of community and strengthening of cultural identity. Others are not so sanguine sanguine /san·guine/ (sang´gwin) 1. plethoric. 2. ardent or hopeful. san·guine adj. 1. Of a healthy, reddish color; ruddy. 2. with respect to the latter benefit. Kenneth Wilkinson, for example, suggests that while technology has the potential to solve some social and economic problems in remote areas, it may also serve as the final blow to rural areas struggling to retain a sense of identity and community. He warns that such places may become an anonymous nodes on the information highway.[11] Technological advance is undoubtedly inevitable, but it may come with a price. Vavrek, as well, cautions that the community information centre will not occupy the critical epicentre epicentre Point on the surface of the Earth that is directly above the source (or focus) of an earthquake. There the effects of the earthquake usually are most severe. See also seismology. of the town's support if data services appear to come from a hole in the sky ... cautionary signs should be placed along the information highways of rural and small towns, reminding those who are involved that the dynamics of technology, which have the opportunity to reduce the cost of operating in rural space, must be organised to sustain community development.[12] The alternative threatens to be solitary households dispersed throughout the countryside as `galactic ga·lac·tic adj. 1. Relating to milk. 2. Promoting the flow of milk. galactic 1. pertaining to milk. 2. galactagogue. cities.' Vavrek concludes that `while it may reach these galactic citizens, they exist without a sense of community or belonging.' He indicates that library leadership is needed to deal with this situation, but this is a problem. The most important factor limiting the present and future development of rural and small town information services See Information Systems. , says Vavrek, is the lack of academically trained staff."[13] A survey has shown that only about 21 per cent of the fulltime librarians in areas of 25,000 or less have a masters degree or equivalent, and in communities of fewer than 2,500 people, only four per cent.[14] Role of the school housed public library Is there a way to provide modern library service that both responds to the information needs of rural residents, acts as a social and developmental centre, and is staffed by well educated, knowledgeable professionals? The school housed public library may be a natural fit. What is a school housed public library? A school housed public library is the combination of a school and public library, normally based in school premises, managed by agreement between two or more separate authorities, and providing equitable access to facilities, services, and the collection to users from the school and from the community. Other names used for school housed public libraries are joint use or combination libraries, and in Australia the preferred term is school community libraries. I will use all four terms interchangeably in common with the above definition. School housed public libraries have a history going back over 100 years. One example, in New Hampshire New Hampshire, one of the New England states of the NE United States. It is bordered by Massachusetts (S), Vermont, with the Connecticut R. forming the boundary (W), the Canadian province of Quebec (NW), and Maine and a short strip of the Atlantic Ocean (E). , has run continuously since 1906. They are found in the United States United States, officially United States of America, republic (2005 est. pop. 295,734,000), 3,539,227 sq mi (9,166,598 sq km), North America. The United States is the world's third largest country in population and the fourth largest country in area. , Australia, New Zealand New Zealand (zē`lənd), island country (2005 est. pop. 4,035,000), 104,454 sq mi (270,534 sq km), in the S Pacific Ocean, over 1,000 mi (1,600 km) SE of Australia. The capital is Wellington; the largest city and leading port is Auckland. , Europe, and elsewhere. The largest number is probably to be found in Canada. Joint use libraries have considerable immediate appeal and promise. Some see a saving in building costs, with one facility serving two functions. Others look to greater efficiencies due to less duplication of collections, reduction in staffing and rationalisation Noun 1. rationalisation - (psychiatry) a defense mechanism by which your true motivation is concealed by explaining your actions and feelings in a way that is not threatening rationalization of services. Still others tend to emphasise the enhanced use of existing public facilities, with the library being just one aspect of the opening up of the school to the public, along with the gymnasium art and crafts and sports facilities See:
Whatever arguments are made for combining facilities, perhaps the most persuasive reason for doing so is because they are seen as the best, or perhaps only, solution to a situation in which there is no reasonable expectation that funding will be found to support separate school and public libraries. That is, the school housed public library is seen as the most viable response to a particular situation. This often describes rural situations, and research has shown that these are the settings in which school housed public libraries are most successful.[16] The South Australian experience If one wants to examine a rural situation -- a really rural situation -- there is none better than South Australia. One of only six states making up the Commonwealth of Australia Commonwealth of Australia: see Australia. , South Australia is a large keystone shaped land mass on the south central coast. It is a place of contrasts. Wheat farms and rolling plains stretch between ranges and sheep grazing grazing, n See irregular feeding. grazing 1. actions of herbivorous animals eating growing pasture or cereal crop. 2. area of pasture or cereal crop to be used as standing feed. See also pasture. land. South Australia produces the country's finest wines in the rich vineyard areas. However, the state is far from uniformly fertile. The Great Victoria Desert looms in from the northeast, the Simpson Desert Simpson Desert, c.50,000 sq mi (130,000 sq km), barren region of central Australia, predominantly in the southeastern portion of the Northern Territory, extending S into Queensland and E into South Australia. from the northwest, and the bleak and treeless Nullarbor plain Nullarbor Plain Vast limestone plateau, southern Australia. It lies along the south coast of western South Australia and eastern Western Australia, extending north from the Great Australian Bight to the Great Victoria Desert. crowds in from the west. South Australia is the driest state in the driest continent in the world. The aridity of the state has made settlement and farming difficult and has resulted in the growth of very small, much dispersed rural townships. South Australia has an area of 984,377 square kilometres Square kilometre (U.S. spelling: square kilometer), symbol km², is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of surface area, the square metre, one of the SI derived units. 1 km² is equal to:
tr.v. pop·u·lat·ed, pop·u·lat·ing, pop·u·lates 1. To supply with inhabitants, as by colonization; people. 2. by fewer than two or three thousand people, linked by gravel roads A gravel road is a type of unpaved road surfaced with gravel that has been brought to the site from a quarry or stream bed. They are common in less-developed nations, and also in the rural areas of developed nations such as Canada and the United States. or narrow hard top highways. South Australia is unique in another way, as well. It is the world's laboratory for experimentation with school housed public libraries. It is the only place in which an official politically mandated plan of rural library provision based on school housed public libraries has been pursued on a statewide basis.[17] Since 1977, South Australia has established 49 such libraries. I have made five extended field trips there -- the most recent being 1997 -- on which the following description is based Accomplishments in South Australia South Australia's pattern of dispersed, small rural settlements was not conducive to the development of a strong public library system Indeed, such a system did not develop. Instead, country areas were poorly served by a limited and archaic system of mechanics institutes and a postal book exchange. Most of the rural townships were simply too small to support a public library and they were even less likely to bear the double burden of a public library and a school library. In an innovative attempt to right the situation, the state government in 1977 commenced targeting settlements of 3000 or less for school community libraries. In the subsequent 20 years, South Australia has developed a system of joint use libraries that delivers service to 100,000 people in rural areas. In the South Australia configuration, the school community library is generally situated in a high school, an area school (combination of primary and secondary) or in some cases, a primary school. Each library has a separate, external entrance for the public. The size of facilities varies greatly. Most are at least two classrooms in size. Some are larger, a few smaller. The state government, through the Libraries Board, provides a subsidy to all public libraries on a per capita [Latin, By the heads or polls.] A term used in the Descent and Distribution of the estate of one who dies without a will. It means to share and share alike according to the number of individuals. basis, with remaining costs being met by local government authorities. In the case of rural school community libraries, the state government contribution comes from two sources. The Department for Education and Children's Services provides and maintains the library facility, the teacher librarian, some additional staff time determined by school population size, and a materials stock appropriate for student use. The Libraries Board provides support for materials for public use on a per capita basis adjusted upward on a sliding scale slid·ing scale n. A scale in which indicated prices, taxes, or wages vary in accordance with another factor, as wages with the cost-of-living index or medical charges with a patient's income. as populations decrease. The local government authorities, which usually serve populations of less than 3000, contribute a minimum financial amount determined annually by the Libraries Board, based on a minimum $3500 per 1000, or part thereof, of the population in the council area.[18] The libraries are staffed by a teacher librarian assisted by a library assistant. Teacher librarians in all South Australian schools must have teacher qualifications such as a BEd or a BA or a Graduate Diploma A Graduate Diploma is generally a postgraduate qualification. Australia
Postgraduate diplomas offered in Australia are typical of those offered in England, Wales, and Ireland. in Education. Some will have a specialist teacher librarianship qualification. Today, small communities have direct access to well developed, current collections, and more. It is the wide variety of services and the access to professional guidance which is the truest measure of accomplishment. Services What can a housewife in Coomandook (pop 1904), a fisherman in Kingston (pop 2623), a five year old in Burra Not to be confused with Burray. Burra (Old Norse: Barrey [1]) is the collective name for two of the Shetland Islands, West (pop. 753) and East Burra (pop. 66), which are connected by bridge to one another, and to the Shetland Mainland via Trondra. (pop 2859), or users in the other rural communities expect to find in their school community library? Students, teachers and the public benefit from an enhanced collection, especially with respect to nonfiction and reference materials. Strong collections of children's materials are evident in all the libraries, and storytelling Storytelling Aesop semi-legendary fabulist of ancient Greece. [Gk. Lit.: Harvey, 10] Münchäusen Baron traveler grossly embellishes his experiences. [Ger. Lit. sessions for elementary school elementary school: see school. students and visiting kindergarten groups are a regular feature. A range of services are offered to the elderly. Visits and loans are made to hostels, senior citizens clubs and the housebound house·bound adj. Confined to one's home, as by illness. politically correct Politically sensitive adjective . Many libraries provide bulk loans to child play groups. For tiny, remote communities, depots or books deposits with rotating collections are established. A common feature in most libraries is a career information section, where clippings reference and instructional materials, and government information is kept on file. This section of the library also incorporates the school's career information for students. The combined resources make this a useful area for both school and public users. Many libraries have developed extensive local library programs. Funding is obtained from various sources to cover the microfilming of early local newspapers. As well, interviews with senior citizens are often conducted, recorded and built into kits by the students and members of the local historical society. These kits are a valuable part of the library collection, and are used extensively in the classroom and by public library patrons. On my field trips, I encountered many people in remote locations pursuing programs of continuing education continuing education: see adult education. continuing education or adult education Any form of learning provided for adults. In the U.S. the University of Wisconsin was the first academic institution to offer such programs (1904). and external studies. Extensive use was reported of the library collections, and of the interlibrary loan Interlibrary loan (abbreviated ILL, and sometimes called interloan, document delivery, or document supply etc.) is a service whereby a user of one library can borrow books, videos, DVDs, sound recordings, microfilms, or receive photocopies of and document delivery services. I interviewed students pursing both masters and doctoral degrees by these methods. They were enthusiastic about the assistance which they were receiving. One of the most impressive changes which I have witnessed in recent years has been the incorporation of state of the art communications technology Noun 1. communications technology - the activity of designing and constructing and maintaining communication systems engineering, technology - the practical application of science to commerce or industry into the operation of the libraries. Rural schools and libraries in South Australia used to be relatively isolated, separated from each other and from the capital by the `tyranny of distance'. They are now in instant and continuous communication with each other by means of fax machines and electronic networks. One such system Plain, is the cornerstone of this system. Plain (Public Libraries Automated Information Network) is a computer and support system linking 137 public libraries (including 49 school community libraries) in South Australia. It provides centralised Adj. 1. centralised - drawn toward a center or brought under the control of a central authority; "centralized control of emergency relief efforts"; "centralized government" centralized , automated selection, ordering, cataloguing, acquisition and interlibrary loan services. Through Plain, access, equity and cost effectiveness have been maximised to provide benefits to the whole community, regardless of location. It allows citizens, by means of the latest technology, to draw upon all of the state's resources. In particular, Plain gives small country libraries access to the large metro collections, including that of the State Library. The result is equitable and fast access to nearly 2.6 million library items by 1.5 million people. A gardener in Lameroo (pop 1309), for example, who wants to read articies on pesticides can tap into Salinet, the State Library's database of its reference and research collection. A user in far off northern Andamooka (pop 650) can access current health information by means of electronic links available through Plain as part of the Public Libraries Community Health Project and State Health Community Access Centre. Students and other users are able to obtain current news of all kinds via full text files from The Advertiser, South Australia's major newspaper, as well as selected interstate and international newspapers. Counclinet, another database on Plain, provides local council minutes and discussion papers. Plain also maintains a video and film catalogue, booking and circulation system for all the state's media resources. Interlibrary loans of all kinds -- books, journals, articles, and audiovisual material -- are much in demand and are efficiently dealt with. Requests go out through Plain and are directed to the nearest library holding the volume requested. Loans are forwarded to the requesting library by Australia Post
Australia Post is trading name of the Australian Postal Corporation, the postal service with a monopoly in small letter mail Australia. Business Delivery Service. Requests made on a Monday or Tuesday are generally received by Friday, These services and resources are well appreciated. An average of 52 per cent of rural populations served by school community libraries are registered members of them, and registration percentages of over 60 per cent are common. The essential element The school housed public libraries of South Australia seem to provide many of the essentials required for a successful rural library service: a local location, a strong collection, convenient opening hours opening hours open npl → heures fpl d'ouverture opening hours open npl → Öffnungszeiten pl , a suite of relevant and useful services (notably those serving employment, business, and health concerns), and access to modern electronic communications. However, there is another element present which is absolutely essential for success. It is necessary to return to Vavrek's warning that `the community information centre will not occupy the critical epicentre of the town's support if data services appear to come from a hole in the sky'.[19] Vavrek is obviously calling for an organiser, an interpreter, an educator, a promoter and a communicator. Someone who will act to discover the community's needs, will tailor services to meet these needs, who will explain and market these services to the community. This clearly describes the role of the most important component of the school community library: the teacher librarian. It is the teacher librarian who must bring the enterprise to life. This is a difficult role. Not only must the teacher librarian become an integral part of the school's educational program they must also function as effective public librarians, concerned with public service, programs and outreach. A decision to `stay at home', to remain isolated in the library, is sure to result in unfulfilled potential for the library in its community. The teacher librarian, in turn, is aided by supports which have been put in place to assist them. A formula is in place by which teacher librarians in school community libraries receive the assistance of a community library assistant, partly paid for by the town council, which allows the library to remain open during holidays and vacation periods, after hours Adv. 1. after hours - not during regular hours; "he often worked after hours" and on weekends. The community assistants who manage the library during these intervals, are often involved with outreach activities as well. In other words Adv. 1. in other words - otherwise stated; "in other words, we are broke" put differently , they provide vital support with respect to the public library side of the arrangement. In addition, training. sessions designed to familiarise teacher librarians with the methods and techniques of running a community library service are given, as well as programs of continuing education and professional development. In summary the school community libraries of South Australia play a decisive role in modern rural life in that state. Jack McCall Jack McCall (also known as "Crooked Nose" Jack) (born in the early 1850s in Jefferson County, Kentucky – died March 1, 1877 in Yankton, Dakota Territory), killed James "Wild Bill" Hickok, shooting him from behind, an act that among admirers of Hickok and students of , in his book The small town survival guide: help for changing the economic future of your town[20] makes reference to a Michigan state study of the future of rural areas. The head of the study, Lee Iacocca Lido Anthony "Lee" Iacocca (born October 15, 1924) is an American industrialist most commonly known for his revival of the Chrysler brand in the 1980s when he was the CEO. Among the most widely recognized businessmen in the world, he was a passionate advocate of U.S. , (of Ford Motor fame) concluded that there were only three choices possible for rural areas 1 Get poor 2 Get moving 3 Get smart One smart choice may be to consider combining the school and public library into a powerful, critical epicentre for rural development. References [1] Bollman, R and Briggs, B Rural and small town Canada: an overview in R Bollman ed Rural and small town Canada Toronto, Thompson 1993 p6 [2] ibid p8 [3] Ehrensaft, P and Beeman, J Distance and diversity in nonmetropolitan economics in R Bollman ed Rural and small town Canada Toronto, Thompson Educational Publishing 1993 p192 [4] Vavrek, B Rural and small libraries: providers for lifelong learning [online] accessed 13 May 1996 http://www.ed.gov/pubs/PLLICon95/ librry.htm/ [5] Bollman op cit Op Cit Opere Citato (Latin: In the Work Mentioned) p17-42 [6] Drukenbrod, E Rural residents and health information Rural libraries 1 1993 p47 [7] Vavrek, B Assessing the information needs of rural Americans Clarion PA, College of Library Science, Center for the Study of Rural Librarianship, Clarion University 1990 p2 [8] Hales, J Testimony to the open forum White House Conference on Library and Information Services Rural libraries 15(2) 1991 p14 [9] Senkevitch, J and Wolfram, D Equalizing access to electronic networked resources: a model for rural libraries in the United States Library trends 42 (4) 1994 p661 [10] Hudson, H and Parker, E Information gaps in rural America: telecommunications policies for rural development Telecommunications policy 14(3) 1990 p196 [11] Wilkinson, K Social forces shaping the future of rural America Paper presented at the meeting of the Information Futures Institute, Clarion, PA 1992 [12] Vavrek, B Rural libraries and community development Wilson library bulletin Wilson Library Bulletin was a professional journal published for librarians from 1914 to 1995 by the H. W. Wilson Company, Bronx. NY. It began as "The Wilson Bulletin" and published occasionally. January 1995 p44 [13] ibid p42 [14] Chute chute 1. a device used to restrain large animals especially cattle and horses. It is a small stall into which the animal is encouraged to walk. The head is fixed, in cattle by a head bail, the back is closed and the animal can then be examined or treated. , A Public libraries in the United States: 1992 (US Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement) Washington DC, US Government Printing Office 1994 p29 [15] Amey, L Combining libraries: the Canadian and Australian experience Metuchen NJ, Scarecrow Scarecrow goes to Wizard of Oz to get brains. [Am. Lit.: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz] See : Ignorance Scarecrow can’t live up to his name. [Am. Lit.: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz; Am. Press 1987 [16] ibid p58- 60 [17] Bundy, A Widened horizons: the rural school community libraries of South Australia Adelaide, Auslib Press 1997 [18] Allen, Y An information highway to the future: South Australia's public library and information network [Adelaide], Chief Librarians' Association of South Australia 1994 p11 [19] Vavrek, B Rural and small libraries: providers for lifelong learning [online) accessed 13 May 1996 http://www.ed.gov/pubs/PLLICon95/ librry.htm/ [20] McCall, J The small town survival guide: help for changing the economic future of your town New York New York, state, United States New York, Middle Atlantic state of the United States. It is bordered by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic Ocean (E), New Jersey and Pennsylvania (S), Lakes Erie and Ontario and the Canadian province of , Morrow 1993 p17 Larry Amey BSc BEd MEd MSLS MSLS Master of Science in Library Science MSLS Maine Society of Land Surveyors (Augusta, ME) MSLS Multi-Service Launch System MSLS Medical School Lab Surge MSLS Multiple Single Levels of Security MSLS Master of Science in Legal Studies PhD is Professor, School of Library and Information Studies, Dalhousie University Dalhousie University (dălhou`zē), at Halifax, N.S., Canada; nonsectarian; coeducational; founded 1818 by the 9th earl of Dalhousie. Except for a few years between 1838 and 1845, Dalhousie did not function as a university until 1863. Canada. His publications include Education for teacher librarians in Canada- a national study and Combining libraries: the Canadian and Australian experience, as well as numerous articles. He has spent considerable time in Australia In mainland Australia, the keeping of standard time is divided into three time zones: eastern (UTC+10), central () and western (UTC+8). There are also some areas using an unofficial "central western" zone (). Most Australian external territories also observe different time zones. examining the development of joint use libraries, particularly in rural South Australia. In the second half of 1997 he was Visiting Professor in Library and Information Management at the University of South Australia. Address: Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Nova Scotia (nō`və skō`shə) [Lat.,=new Scotland], province (2001 pop. 908,007), 21,425 sq mi (55,491 sq km), E Canada. Geography Canada fax 00111 902 494 2451 amey@ac.dal.ca |
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