Robert Keyserlingk, Cardinal McGuigan and the demise of the Ensign.

This is the third of three articles by Peter McGuigan on his uncle, James McGuigan, Canada's first English-language Cardinal and Archbishop of Toronto, 1935-1974--Editor

In post-war Canada, the religious press served the French Catholic majority well. However, for the more than 25 percent of Catholics who spoke English, service was not so good. (1) Both the Canadian Register of Toronto and the Catholic Record of London had national audiences, but the secular press took little notice of them. In Britain and the United States, however, The Tablet and America were well-respected national Catholic weeklies.

Keyserlingk and the Cardinal

Robert W. Keyserlingk, Canadian manager of British United Press in Montreal, had visited the Vatican in 1946 and was impressed by Pius XII's encyclical Summi Pontificatus, calling upon the faithful to unfurl the ensign of Christ. When he returned to Montreal, Keyserlingk met Archbishop Joseph Charbonneau, who urged him to do a survey of Catholic papers across the Dominion. Charbonneau then took the report to the next national meeting of the hierarchy where it was apparently received with interest. The Archbishop then challenged Keyserlingk to merge the existing weeklies and form a national Catholic journal. (2)

Meanwhile, Cardinal James McGuigan of Toronto had been "very impressed" by certain lay-run British newspapers during the summer of 1943. So when Keyserlingk made his proposal, the Cardinal was not averse to the idea. (3) Yet this attempt to create an English Catholic weekly was doomed.

On the level of personal backgrounds, there were significant differences between the two principal actors. Keyserlingk was a refugee who had arrived from Russia two decades earlier; he had converted to Catholicism only recently. Graduating from the University of British Columbia, he spoke French and English as well as German and Russian. The B.U.P. manager had rejected the ideals of his noble Balto-German family, but he had not really oriented himself toward his newly adopted country. Instead, he had served overseas with the United Press in Nazi Germany and toured ruined Europe after the War. (4)

McGuigan, on the other hand, was a third-generation Canadian whose family had been Catholic for centuries. They had fled Ireland just before the Great Famine in the 1840s. The Cardinal, who was born in Prince Edward Island and who had held ecclesiastical posts in Edmonton and Regina, had experienced the recent rise of Irish Catholics to dominance within the English-speaking Church.

Another factor was that, at a less personal level, the Cardinal needed to control things within his Archdiocese. He had run a very successful high-school campaign in 1944. Now with his city being overwhelmed by postwar immigration, much more brick and mortar work was needed. (6) How could he run his campaigns if he could not turn the front page of the Register into an advertisement for the various projects and take several other pages to reinforce the theme? Initially, however, Keyserlingk's idea caught the Cardinal's attention; so he cooperated in the attempt to establish a lay-run Ensign from outside Toronto.

Merger

The Register's headline of October 9, 1948 read, "Canadian Register In Merger With Ensign." The Canadian Register would merge with the venerable Catholic Record, of London, ON and the Northwest Review of Winnipeg. Together, they would form a national weekly, the Ensign which Keyserlingk would publish in Montreal. The article explained that the Ontario-based Canadian Register was the leading English Catholic weekly. Also, the Canadian Catholic Extension Society (Extension) published it chiefly to help establish the Church, especially in the Canadian North and West.

Keyserlingk expected that the new paper would have a circulation of at least 100,000, double the Extension's exposure, thereby further attracting more money to the internal missionary society. By using the Register's old printing plant in Kingston and its Toronto office to access the biggest English-speaking city in Canada, he hastened the setup. The Register's editor, Henry Somerville, would manage Toronto under the general direction of Keyserlingk in Montreal.

Keyserlingk had approached Archbishop Joseph Charbonneau with the plan in early 1948, and subsequently Charbonneau arranged a meeting with his Toronto counterpart, Cardinal McGuigan. But matters took an immediate wrong direction. On March 2, 1948, following the meeting, McGuigan wrote Keyserlingk that he had decided to keep the Ontario Register independent. (6) Among other things, the Cardinal was concerned about having an official organ for Extension. This society had been very important when he was Archbishop of Regina (1930-1935), for it had helped him to save the credit of the Canadian Church when he was faced with declaring his drought-stricken see bankrupt. (7)

Despite Toronto's decision, Keyserlingk went ahead and, with the help of episcopal approval and money, arranged to purchase the Canadian Register's Montreal edition as well as the Catholic Record and the Northwest Review. They would form the basis of the Ensign that was to publish on October 30, 1948. On September 5, however, during a meeting at McGuigan's residence, the bishops of Ontario and Montreal agreed to revisit the proposed merger. First, they decided to undertake an independent appraisal of the new enterprise. (8) Hence, five days later, Keyserlingk received a telegram from Somerville, who asked the publisher to delay the arrangements for printing the Ensign until after Saturday afternoon, September 13, when there would be a further episcopal meeting in Kingston. Due to the short lead time, Keyserlingk immediately called Somerville, who arranged for him to meet McGuigan the next day. (9)

A tentative agreement resulted. The Ensign gained all the remaining Catholic Registers, those in Kingston, Hamilton, Peterborough, Ottawa, Pembroke, and Alexandria as well as Nelson, British Columbia. Now The Ensign also received the Toronto edition, which had the largest circulation, in a city where 65% of the advertising firms in English Canada had offices. (10) The apparent reason for the change in policy on the part of the Cardinal was the selling of the Montreal Register to the Ensign. This would have cost the Register group almost 40% of its circulation of 50,000. (11)

The editorial page of the Ensign of October 30, 1948, used as a masthead part of Pius XII's Summi Pontificatus (Supreme Pontificate):

   "Can there be anything nobler than to unfurl the 'Ensign
   of the King' before those who have followed and still follow a
   false standard and to win back to the victorious banner of the
   Cross those who have abandoned it."

In his editorial, Keyserlingk went on to talk about the "bitter conflict" between Christianity and Marxism for mastery. He promised that his paper would "manifest truth and expose error to the limit of its ability." He said that the paper would be "general in' scope, unofficial in nature, and Catholic in faith and aim." The publisher also said that his paper "would present national and world news in a Christian perspective," and "that people of all classes will want to read" it. (12)

Despite the first issue having eight pages of Quebec and eight pages of Ontario news, Cardinal McGuigan was most disappointed. Sixty percent of the cover-page stories were from outside Canada. As well, most of the articles talked of the "Reds." In contrast, the Register used to lead with Canadian stories, and fill in with foreign stories. For example, in its issue announcing the merger, the Register had a major piece on that event and one on McGuigan's Holy Hour at Maple Leaf Gardens. There were smaller pieces from Lourdes, Vatican City, Washington, and LaPaz, Bolivia. Only one front-page story was about the Communists. (13) In comparison, the Ensign appeared to be an anti-Communist journal. In this respect, Keyserlingk's paper resembled the Tablet, which also emphasised the Marxist threat more than the Register. But then, Keyserlingk had implied that there would be a stress on national and international news. Now he delivered it, yet the cardinal was not pleased.

The Cardinal changes his mind

On November 11, 1948, McGuigan wrote the Archbishop of Ottawa, Alexandre Vachon. First, the cardinal said he doubted that Extension should be without an official voice. He went on to deplore the "evident secular tone" of the new paper produced by this "worthy Catholic" who he said had an eye for national advertising "which he cannot secure for what is called a Church paper." Finally, McGuigan complained that the bishops had "no real voice;" so he questioned whether the Ensign would "go all out on the school question or any other vital Catholic interest?" (14)

An analysis of the letter shows the cardinal not fully revealing himself. First, even after the separation of the two papers, the Ensign continued to carry Extension. Obviously, McGuigan did not want to lose the extra exposure, even if he did not favour the paper.

Secondly, on announcement of the union, Somerville had written, "The financial success ... depends on the Ensign receiving national advertising ... on a scale never received by a Catholic paper in Canada." (15) It seemed a more secular approach would have to be tried. Whether Keyserlingk's approach was correct, with an anti-Communist attitude criticised as extreme even in the Cold War (16) and a bias toward stories from eastern Europe, was another thing.

Thirdly, the Ensign did go all out on vital Catholic interests such as the B.C. School Question and getting Bishop Fulton Sheen's "Life is Worth Living " on the CBC. Despite this, the cardinal really wanted the Register back to have local control for desperately needed building projects. Now McGuigan claimed that his people did not want the new paper. Vachon replied, predicting (correctly as it turned out) that the Ensign would "not appeal to our average Catholic people ... and it ... will lose its subscribers gradually." (17)

Cardinal McGuigan, Keyserlingk, and Bishop Gerald Berry of Peterborough, who had been working on the merger for as long as anyone, held a meeting in December 1948. "Some things were cleared up," wrote Berry. The Ensign itself had made an effort to improve. For example, in the issue of November 6, 68.8% of the stories had been secular and 31.2% religious, while on December 11, the paper was only 53.5% secular and 46.5% religious. Writing to Keyserlingk on January 4, 1949, McGuigan admitted that "there was a great improvement from the first issue." He added ominously, however, that "it may well be that ... there is room for another type of paper more in accordance with the traditional Catholic paper...." Also, His Eminence added that he recognized the printing problem at the Kingston plant that forced the publisher to use the Kingston Whig Standard's press. He assumed the publisher would speak to Archbishop Anthony O'Sullivan of Kingston concerning this inability to print the Ensign's larger pages. (18)

Since the Register's plant could not handle the Ensign, and the costs of printing at the Kingston Whig Standard were high, Keyserlingk decided to make other arrangements. By January 15, 1949 he had an agreement with the Oblate Press in Ottawa. Also, since the records of the Register were in such an "appalling state of disorder," the two journals had not completed the merger. (19) This helped the Cardinal to escape from his dilemma. With the Kingston plant free, he could print the Register there. Kingston, Hamilton and London, the other largest English-speaking dioceses in Ontario, soon agreed to join him. Significantly, however, Montreal, Ottawa, and Winnipeg were among the missing.

On January 24, O'Sullivan wrote his priests, "Owing to technical difficulties in producing a tabloid like THE ENSIGN at our Kingston plant", the printing would move to Ottawa after February 28. He added that "the Bishops are anxious to avoid the least appearance of a rift between them and THE ENSIGN," adding that if our people "can afford to do so, they should take both papers." In another letter the next day to Bishop Berry, O'Sullivan admitted that the specific reason for the revival of the Register was to meet diocesan needs. (20)

Given the choice of either a true national paper or a series of locals, the latter had won.

Who was to blame?

Keyserlingk blamed Henry Somerville, the Toronto Register editor, for the separation, apparently not daring to cite the Cardinal. The latter had been using his editor to see if the Register should be resurrected. As far as the Montreal publisher was concerned, Somerville had been working for the Register's revival while in the employ of the Ensign. (21) The reason Keyserlingk did not attack Cardinal McGuigan was that he hoped for reconciliation, even though McGuigan had already banned the Ensign in Toronto churches. (22) So much for O'Sullivan's moderation.

As 1949 passed, hope of reconciliation appeared. On November 10, "a resolution was passed at the annual meeting of the Canadian bishops congratulating The Ensign on its first anniversary, praying that it may continue its excellent work and wishing it well." McGuigan was present. (23) But the handwriting was on the wall and there was much discouragement at The Ensign. The deficit as of December 31, 1949, was $124,514; by the end of 1951, it had doubled to $252,363 (24)

During 1950 Keyserlingk had canvassed Montreal, Ottawa and some smaller cities for subscriptions. In January 1951 he expanded into the Register's territory, namely Hamilton. This caused trouble, because his canvasser had not obtained permission from Bishop Joseph Ryan. Keyserlingk was forced to apologize, saying the canvasser would be severely chastised. Ryan sent the apology to McGuigan.

A letter sent to Bishop Ryan of Hamilton by His Eminence on January shows how much McGuigan's relations with the publisher had deteriorated. Starting with an apparent compliment, the cardinal said, "Mr. Keyserlingk is a most tenacious, industrious and enterprising gentleman," adding that "The Canadian Register must live on." Then becoming emotional, he described Keyserlingk as "ruthless," and argued that he was "not under an English-speaking Bishop and nobody in Montreal cares about the thing. As a matter of fact, he has used communistic techniques ... to divide the bishops."

McGuigan added that Keyserlingk had already spent over $200,000 he received from the Archbishop of Montreal and other prelates, adding that he had a complete list of stockholders before him. It showed that the big stockholders were the parishes of Montreal. The Cardinal concluded that "Catholic Church Extension Society and the Catholic Church in Ontario cannot do without the 'Canadian Register.'" (25)

Four days later the Archbishop of Toronto again wrote the Bishop of Hamilton after receiving Keyserlingk's apology. The publisher was now said to be "deceitful and crooked in every way." McGuigan added that the publisher "is having great financial difficulty with his paper, "and that the "true subscription list is about 40 to 45 thousand." He also said that Keyserlingk "is making love to me and Mr. Somerville in the most obsequious fashion which only renders him more contemptible to me." In a less emotional tone, the Cardinal also admitted that "The Ensign is doing some good," but he stil criticized it: "although it has greatly improved since the beginning, how can it be considered a good Catholic family paper?" (26)

Ensign gains support

Perhaps Bishop Ryan did not fully agree with McGuigan, for later that year he allowed Keyserlingk's canvassers back into his diocese, as did John Cody Bishop of London. It seems the Cardinal's empire was eroding from the west. This encroachment showed at the bishops' meeting in Ottawa during January 1952. When the issue of the Ensign came up, McGuigan "seemed very much disturbed and led the discussion throughout." (27) No wonder. By this time Keyserlingk had behind him most of the English-speaking bishops and the major French bishops, including those of Montreal and Quebec City. Also, not only had Cody allowed the Ensign to canvass, but now he had switched his allegianceto it. Thus, the Cardinal's influence was reduced to just three dioceses, Toronto, Kingston, and, less certainly, Hamilton. Also irritating was that the apostolic delegate, Ildebrando Antoniutti, quietly supported Keyserlingk. (28)

It may well be that no one outside the Ensign office, including its most supportive bishops and probably McGuigan, knew how desperate its financial situation had become. Keyserlingk was overworked trying to keep the paper afloat; so he was not able to spend enough time on the content of the paper. The debt continued to grow without apparent limit. Therefore, Keyserlingk's friends proposed that the bishops subsidize the paper with $40,000 a year for five years to keep him at his real job and to cut the debt. Emile Dubois, a big Hamilton G.M. dealer, developed a plan. (29) He had previously visited Cardinal McGuigan. Basing his opinion on the Ensign's brief to the bishops' meeting in January, he argued that the paper could not survive without a subsidy. The Cardinal's answer was that this was beyond the capacity of the English-speaking Catholics to carry, even the Bishops and laity combined. (30)

The Ensign struggled on, cutting staff, including its Ottawa representative, and moving to "more compact" quarters. The big day was April 7, 1952, when the fate of the paper would be decided depending on whether sufficient pledges came in. The bishops, however, had pledged the minimum proposed by the Dubois Plan; so the paper would continue on a year-by-year basis.

The death of Henry Somerville on February 20, 1953, raised the hope that things might change in Toronto. Since the Ensign, in another desperate economy move, had now laid off its editor, John Thompson, Keyserlingk hoped the Register would hire him. Bishop Berry saw McGuigan on this and the Cardinal suggested that he was willing to consider this idea. But Thompson was not hired. (31)

Conditions continued to deteriorate as the subscription base slowly eroded. The next year Keyserlingk and Dubois arranged to see McGuigan. Writing His Eminence on June 23, 1954, after the meeting, the publisher pointed out the incongruity of selling American church weeklies at Toronto churches, while the Canadian Ensign could not be. Also, he talked of an official at Eaton's refusing an advertisement, saying: "If the Cardinal's own paper considers you as being not in its class, who am I to argue against it."

Continuing, the publisher pointed out further that the Register's recent front-page story of the installation of Bishop Benjamin Webster in Peterborough had nothing to do with general opinion-forming, which was where the Ensign took over. Finally, Keyserlingk noted he had abandoned his career to create "a weapon which I thought would be valuable for the Church," adding that his savings were depleted and his wife's health was suffering. (32)

Cardinal McGuigan's reply was cold and formal. He rejected "firmly and emphatically, but with the greatest charity and without the slightest personal feeling, the blame of certain business difficulties which both of you seem ... to lay at my door." He added, finally, "I sincerely ... beg God to bless you in your work and especially to restore your good wife to perfect heath." (33)

From newspaper to magazine

Despite this final rejection, Keyserlingk did not abandon his project. Instead, he developed the idea of using a news magazine format for the paper. It would reduce the cost of production up to 25%. As well, columns such as Father Lord's, carried by diocesan papers, would disappear. In other words, the content would revert even closer to that of the Tablet or America with their more international emphasis, while the form would resemble Time or Newsweek. Keyserlingk estimated it would take at least a year to make the changeover, (34) and again convinced most of the bishops to stay with him. Unfortunately, by this time the United Church Observer, with a run of 300,000, had been launched, increasing competition for advertising.

Although there were still two years left in the Dubois Plan, the bishops came up with a new financing plan, and finally considered whether they should ease Keyserlingk out. They did not. The new plan was called "Christ the King Cultural Foundation." London Bishop John Cody was appointed president and he revealed the plan on May 13, 1955. (35) Its chief function was to support the Ensign, but the foundation also gave scholarships to Catholic colleges, such as McGuigan's alma mater, St. Dunstan's in Charlottetown.

The bishops projected that the Ensign would lose $73,000 in 1956. Also the circulation had fallen to only 42,000, while to break even the paper needed 75,000 subscribers. The obvious hole was Toronto, where there were only 3,000 sales. (36) Since Montreal originally had 18,000 Register subscribers, it seemed that Toronto with almost three times as many English-speaking Catholics should have had 50,000. However, Cody realized that a magazine had limited appeal; he estimated it would attract 12-15% of English-speaking Catholics, (37) and at best Toronto might support 10,000 subscriptions, especially given the strength of the Register. Access to the national advertisers in the Ontario capital was perhaps a more attractive possibility. But Cardinal McGuigan continued to try to sink the paper. Cody had a letter from His Eminence saying he would join Cardinal Leger as an Honorary President of Christ the King Foundation. "But each time I approached him, he has always quietly deferred the matter till I feel he is just waiting for the demise of the Ensign whereupon he will back the foundation," he wrote Berry. (38)

The end

The immediate need now was to get cash to make the transition and to initially sustain the new magazine. McGuigan would be re-tackled after that. Cody put down $15,000 of his own people's money (39) and approached his fellow prelates for their share. This was sufficient to finance the change. The new Ensign arrived in September. With a black, red, and white cover, it looked like a poor imitation of Time, which had a full-colour cover. Inside there was less religious material, and the publisher filled the space with a series on Baltic poets, something no doubt of great interest to his Canadian readers!

Despite Cody's feeling during the summer "that Providence is guiding us gradually towards a fullfledged {sic} solution of this major problem," the end was at hand. (40) On October 1, 1956 Cody wrote Berry, now Archbishop of Halifax, talking of "the many favourable comments on the new format," but admitted that the paper still had a pressing need for 25,000 new subscriptions; so he requested that his colleague get an impossible 906 new ones! (41)

October's $7,129.18 loss was forty-eight times the projection of $148 and double September's $3,144.45, while the estimate for November was still $6,208.92 (42) Therefore, one last desperate attempt was made to get McGuigan on side. A week of negotiations took place in early December. Not unexpectedly, the cardinal wrote Cody that "he had neither the time nor the means to take leadership in a national weekly." Game over. On December 14, 1956, Keyserlingk wrote that Cody had ordered the windup of the paper. (43)

Reasons for the failure

If McGuigan had misgivings about Keyserlingk, they do not seem to have been the chief reason why he withdrew support. Neither was it his concern with Extension. What probably moved him more than anything else was his need to keep up in burgeoning postwar Toronto.

Whether Cardinal McGuigan's withdrawal of the Register, for whatever reason, was sufficient to sink The Ensign has not yet been established. Other possibilities exist. Perhaps the loyalty to local Catholic publications such as the Antigonish Casket and the Saint John, N.B., Freeman was sufficient to prevent Keyserlingk from succeeding. Or perhaps it was the failure to print enough Canadian news that doomed the paper and the magazine. Or doing too many anti-Communist stories.

The main reason is clear enough. A good editor has a "feel" for his public. He knows what will interest them and how far he can go in pushing a certain agenda. Keyserlingk lacked good sense as in his overemphasis on Communism and his filling up the paper with a story on Baltic poets. If the paper had been good enough, it would have received support. Sadly, it needed a better editor.

It may even be that Canada did not have a sufficient "critical mass" of English-speaking Catholics for a paper such as the Ensign.

Afterthought by David Dooley. Other reasons for failure:

The author writes: "If Cardinal Mcguigan had misgivings about Keyserlingk, they do not seem to have been the chief reason why he withdrew support."

But neither was it his concern with Extension Society (which supports Catholic missions in northern Canada). What probably moved him more than anything else was his need to keep his flock informed of what was going on in burgeoning post-war Toronto.

The Catholic Record of London had its own loyal following, and again its readers whould have been interested in local news. Similarly papers like the Antigonish Casket and the Saint John Freeman had their local constituencies and appealed to local interests. Broadly speaking, Keyserlingk may not have been sufficiently sensitive to the tastes of his potential readership. He was clever, intelligent, and well-informed, but his perspective on world events was very different from that of his readers. They were as strongly anti-Communist as he was, but they did not appreciate seeing this emphasis reflected in every issue of the paper. Given time, he might have come to a better understanding of his audience than he possessed, but time he did not have.

Endnotes

(1.) Canada. Dominion Bureau of Statistics. Ninth Census of Canada. 1951. Table 37 and Table 53. There were 6,069,496 Catholics out of 14,009,429 Canadians, 4,469,259 of them spoke French, or were bilingual. That leaves at least 1,602,237 speaking English only, or over 25% of all Catholics in Canada.

(2.) Robert H. Keyserlingk to author, October 2, 1997 and The Ensign, "The Cause We Serve," October 30, 1948, p. 16.

(3.) Rev J.G Hanley to author, January 19, 1992. Particularly, McGuigan was impressed by The Universe and The Catholic Herald.

(4.) Robert W. Keyserlingk, "The baffling country," in Report on Confederation, Vol 2. No 4 (March 1979) pp. 28-29.

(5.) Peter T. McGuigan, Cardinal McGuigan, Tormented Prince of the Church (M.A. St. Mary's University, 1995,) pp. 161-62.

(6.) Archives of the Diocese of February (ADK), "Report to Shareholders and Directors: The Campion Press Ltd." before February 1949.

(7.) McGuigan, Cardinal McGuigan. p. 74.

(8.) Archives of the Diocese of Hamilton, (ADH.) Bishop Joseph Ryan Papers. "Meeting of the Bishops of the Ecclesiastical Provinces of Toronto and Kingston, Archbishops House, Toronto, September 5, 1948.

(9.) See 6 and 8.

(10.) Archives of the Archdiocese of Halifax. (AAH) Archbishop Joseph Berry Papers. Vol IV, 376. Robert W. Keyserlingk to Cardinal James McGuigan, June 23, 1954.

(11.) Archives of the Archdiocese of Ottawa (AAO). Henry Somerville to Their Excellencies, The Governors of Canadian Catholic Extension Society. "Concerning the Canadian Register and the Proposed New Catholic Paper." Probably September 17, 1948. 18,000 subscribers would have been lost.

(12.) "The Cause We Serve." The Ensign, October 30, 1948. p 16.

(13.) "Canadian Register in Merger with Ensign" The Catholic Register, October 9, 1948. p 1.

(14.) AAO. Cardinal James McGuigan to Archbishop Alexandre Vachon. November 11, 1948.

(15.) See 11 AAO

(16.) See 3.

(17.) AAO. Archbishop Alexandre Vachon to Cardinal McGuigan. November 13, 1948.

The Ensign also led campaigns against widening the grounds for divorce, and against what it perceived as Red influence in the CBC International Service. Of course, it also opposed the recognition of Red China and supported France in Indo-China. AAH. Archbishop Gerald Berry Papers. IX. no number, no date; Keyserlingk to Bishop John Cody. January 1957, p. 4.

(18.) ADH. Ryan. Cardinal McGuigan to Robert W. Keyserlingk, January 4, 1949.

(19.) See 6.

(20.) ADH. Ryan. Archbishop Anthony O'Sullivan to "Dear Father." January 24, 1949 and O'Sullivan to Bishop Gerald Berry. January 25, 1949

(21.) See 6, p 3.

(22.) AAH. Archbishop Gerald Berry Papers, Vol IV. 376. Robert W. Keyserlingk to Cardinal McGuigan, June 23, 1954. This rejection caused the paper to increase its share offering by $100,000 from its original capitalization of $250,000. AAH. Berry. Vol IX. no number (nn) Keyserlingk to Bishop Cody, January 1957. p. 3.

(23.) AAK. Robert W. Keyserlingk to "Dear Rev. Father" November 14, 1949.

(24) AAH. Berry. Vol IV. nn. "Campion Press Balance Sheets. December 31, 1949 and December 31, 1951.

(25.) ADH. Ryan. "Personal. Cardinal McGuigan to Bishop Joseph Ryan. January 18, 1951. A slightly later list of shareholders (March 23, 1952) shows a majority (1780 of 3272) in Montreal. The largest single shareholder was the Archdiocese of Montreal. Small shareholders included Bishop Cody of London, Archbishop Vachon of Ottawa, Bishop Berry of Peterborough, Archbishop O'Neill of Regina, Bishop Pocock of Saskatoon, Archbishop Duke of Vancouver, Archbishop Roy of Quebec City, Archbishop Skinner of St. John's Newfoundland, Bishop Ryan of Hamilton, Bishop Carroll of Calgary, Bishop Bray of St. John, N.B. and Archbishop Cabana of St. Boniface. As well, the Jesuits of both Upper and Lower Canada and both the French and English Oblates supported the Ensign. In the USA, The Catholic Digest also held shares and had a seat on the paper's board. AAH. Berry. Vol, IV. nn, "Ensign" March 23, 1952.

(26.) ADH. Ryan. Cardinal McGuigan to Bishop Ryan, January 22, 1951.

(27.) AAH. Berry. Vol IV. 316. Archbishop Philip Pocock to Archbishop Berry. February 5, 1952.

(28.) Ibid. Vol IX, 893. Bishop John Cody to Berry, February 7, 1956.

(29.) Ibid. Vol IV, 344. Berry to Archbishop Maurice Roy, March 30, 1952.

(30.) Ibid. Vol IV, 343. Berry to Archbishop Michael O'Neill, March 29, 1952.

(31.) The Catholic Register. February 28, 1953. p. 1. "Sir Henry Somerville KCSG Called by Death," AAH. Berry, Vol IV, 360. Berry to Timothy Slattery, April 29, 1953, and 359. "Personal" Slattery to Berry, April 10, 1953.

(32.) AAH. Berry, Vol IV, 376, pp. 2-3. Robert W. Keyserlingk to Cardinal McGuigan, June 23, 1954.

(33.) Ibid, Vol IV, nn, Cardinal McGuigan to Robert W. Keyserlingk, June 26, 1954.

(34.) Ibid, Vol IV, 377, Robert W. Keyserlingk to Emile Dubois, July 5, 1954.

(35.) Ibid, Vol, IX, 890, Bishop John Cody to "Your Grace," May 13, 1955.

(36.) Ibid, Vol, IX, nn." Christ the King Cultural Foundation Inc: Meeting of the Executive Officers." January 9, 1956.

(37.) Ibid, Vol IX, nn. Bishop John Cody to Bishop Gerald Berry, October 1, 1956. "The Ensign would have to access 25% of the 300,000 non-French families in the Dominion. See 36. p. 2.

(38.) Ibid, Vol IX, 893. Cody to Berry, Feb 7, 1956.

(39.) Ibid. Vol IX. no number. Cody to Berry. March 6, 1956. He says he has given another $5,000 and was going to give another $15,000

(40.) Ibid. Vol IX. nn. Cody to Berry. July 19, 1956 Cody wanted to reduce Keyserlingk to an occasional contributor.

(41.) See 37.

(42.) Ibid, Vol IX, nn. "Christ the King Cultural Foundation: Report to the Directors. Summary of Regular Operations. November 16, 1956.

(43.) Ibid, Vol IX, 891, Robert W. Keyserlingk to Berry. December 4, 1956. Keyserlingk even resigned the presidency of Campion Press in an attempt to mollify McGuigan's opposition. Also, when he offered The Ensign's subscription list to the Register, he was rebuffed. Instead it went to The Catholic Digest in the States. AAH. Berry. Vol IX. nn. Keyserlingk to Cody. January 1957. pp. 8-9.