Road wear testing of BIMS treads.Brominated isobutylene-co-para-methylstyrene (BIMS BIMS Biomedical Science (educational course/major) BIMS Biobank Information Management System BIMS Butterflies In My Stomach BIMS Branson Interactive Multimedia Services (Branson, MO) ) (figure 1) has been evaluated in a variety of tire compounds (ref. 1). Studies include testing of inner liner liner /lin·er/ (lin´er) material applied to the inside of the walls of a cavity or container for protection or insulation of the surface. liner see teat cup liner. , black sidewall side·wall n. 1. A wall that forms the side of something. 2. A side surface of an automobile tire, between the edge of the tread and the wheel rim. Noun 1. and tread tread injury to the coronet of the horse's hoof by treading on it by the opposite hoof, or by another horse when they are being worked in a team. If the coronary matrix is injured there may be a subsequent crack or deformity. compounds in the laboratory and in tires. [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] Tire testing has shown the BIMS elastomer elastomer (ĭlăs`təmər), substance having to some extent the elastic properties of natural rubber. The term is sometimes used technically to distinguish synthetic rubbers and rubberlike plastics from natural rubber. to be a traction Traction Definition Traction is the use of a pulling force to treat muscle and skeleton disorders. Purpose Traction is usually applied to the arms and legs, the neck, the backbone, or the pelvis. polymer. Matsui and Ohhashi (ref. 2) reported improved tire snow/ice and wet performance while maintaining wear resistance using BIMS. Hara and Muraoka (ref. 3) reported that the use of BIMS increased wet grip performance and the "feeling of driver" in tire tests. Minigawa, Muraoka and Kakumaru (ref. 4) reported an increase in tire wet grip, reduction in rolling resistance Rolling resistance, sometimes called rolling friction or rolling drag, is the resistance that occurs when an object such as a ball or tire rolls. It is caused by the deformation of the wheel or tire or the deformation of the ground. and maintained abrasion abrasion /abra·sion/ (ah-bra´zhun) 1. a rubbing or scraping off through unusual or abnormal action; see also planing. 2. a rubbed or scraped area on skin or mucous membrane. resistance using BIMS blended with NR/SBR and with NR. Yagi ya·gi n. pl. ya·gis A directional radio and television antenna consisting of a horizontal conductor with several insulated dipoles parallel to and in the plane of the conductor. , Muraoka and Yinagawa (ref. 5) studied silane-coupled silica-filled BIIR/SBR and BIMS/SBR treads, showing improved wet skid performance with comparable lab abrasion. Rogers (ref. 6) reported that the use of BIMS and silane-coupled silica silica or silicon dioxide, chemical compound, SiO2. It is insoluble in water, slightly soluble in alkalies, and soluble in dilute hydrofluoric acid. Pure silica is colorless to white. in BR/SBR compounds increased tangent tangent, in mathematics. 1 In geometry, the tangent to a circle or sphere is a straight line that intersects the circle or sphere in one and only one point. delta values at 0[degrees]C and decreased tangent delta values at 60[degrees]C in laboratory dynamic tests, and gave only slight reductions in tire tread-wear based on sectional sec·tion·al adj. 1. Of, relating to, or characteristic of a particular district. 2. Composed of or divided into component sections. n. retread re·tread tr.v. re·tread·ed, re·tread·ing, re·treads 1. To fit (a worn automotive tire) with a new tread. 2. testing. We (refs. 7-12) previously reported laboratory studies using BIMS in place of sSBR in an all-season passenger tire tread model that was based on the silica-filled BR/sSBR passenger tire tread formulation formulation /for·mu·la·tion/ (for?mu-la´shun) the act or product of formulating. American Law Institute Formulation (ref. 13), and with NR/BR in a model winter passenger tire tread. Laboratory dynamic properties (ref. 14) predicted potentially improved wet/winter traction and rolling resistance, but resulted in poorer laboratory abrasion. This article is a summary of three sectional retread tire tests using the BIMS elastomer in model all-season and winter passenger tire tread formulations in order to establish the road wear potential. Experimental Materials The polymers used are all commercially available materials, Brominated isobutylene-co-para-methylstyrene (BIMS) is E3745, containing 7.5 weight-% para-methylstyrene comonomer co·mon·o·mer n. One of the compounds that constitute a copolymer. and has 1.2 mole-% brominated para-methylstyrene; cis-1,4-polybutadiene is Bd1207, 98+% cis, or BnCB23, 96+% cis; natural rubber is SMR (Specialized Mobile Radio) The communications services used by police, ambulances, taxicabs, trucks and other delivery vehicles. Throughout the U.S., approximately 3,000 independent operators are licensed by the FCC to offer this service, which provides always-on 20; and solution-polymerized styrene-butadiene polymers are SL574, 15% bound styrene sty·rene n. A colorless oily liquid from which polystyrenes, plastics, and synthetic rubber are produced. Also called vinylbenzene. , and NS116, 20% bound styrene. All other compound ingredients are identified in the tables, and were obtained from commercial sources. See the reference and BIMS formulations in table 1 as an example. Mixing Unless specified, compounds were mixed in a conventional three-step mixing sequence using a variety of laboratory internal mixers from 1.5 liters to 45 liters and with interlocking interlocking /in·ter·lock·ing/ (-lok´ing) closely joined, as by hooks or dovetails; locking into one another. interlocking Obstetrics A rare complication of vaginal delivery of twins; the 1st or tangential tan·gen·tial also tan·gen·tal adj. 1. Of, relating to, or moving along or in the direction of a tangent. 2. Merely touching or slightly connected. 3. rotors. The typical three-step mixing procedure for the silica-filled reference and BIMS tread compounds is shown in table 1. A two-roll mill was used to sheet out stocks after each mixing step. Test methods When possible, ASTM ASTM abbr. American Society for Testing and Materials tests (or slightly modified) were used to determine the cure and cured compound physical properties. Cure properties were measured using an MDR MDR, n See multidrug resistance. MDR, n the abbreviation for minimum daily requirement, specifically the Minimum Daily Requirements for Specific Nutrients compiled by the United States Food and Drug Administration. 2000 (0.5[degrees] arc) at 160[degrees]C. Test specimens were cured at 160[degrees]C for a time corresponding to Tc90+2 minutes for mold mold, name for certain multicellular organisms of the various classes of the kingdom Fungi, characteristically having bodies composed of a cottony mycelium. The colors of molds are caused by the spores, which are borne on the mycelium. lag. Stress/strain properties (tensile strength tensile strength Ratio of the maximum load a material can support without fracture when being stretched to the original area of a cross section of the material. When stresses less than the tensile strength are removed, a material completely or partially returns to its , modulus See modulo. , elongation elongation, in astronomy, the angular distance between two points in the sky as measured from a third point. The elongation of a planet is usually measured as the angular distance from the sun to the planet as measured from the earth. at break, energy to break) were measured at room temperature using an Instron 4202. Durometer A hardness was measured at room temperature. Abrasion loss was determined at room temperature by weight difference by using an abrasion tester with a rotating ro·tate v. ro·tat·ed, ro·tat·ing, ro·tates v.intr. 1. To turn around on an axis or center. 2. sample holder (5 N counter balance) and rotating drum. Weight losses were indexed to that of the standard DIN compound with lower weight losses indicative of a higher abrasion resistance index. Dynamic properties ([G.sup.*], G', G" and tangent delta) were measured using a mechanical spectrometer spectrometer Device for detecting and analyzing wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, commonly used for molecular spectroscopy; more broadly, any of various instruments in which an emission (as of electromagnetic radiation or particles) is spread out according to some for pure shear shear: see strength of materials. Shear A straining action wherein applied forces produce a sliding or skewing type of deformation. specimens (double lap shear geometry) at temperatures of -20[degrees]C, 0[degrees]C and 60[degrees]C using a 1 Hz frequency at 0.1%, 2% and 10% strains. Temperature-dependent (-80[degrees]C to 60[degrees]C) dynamic properties were measured using a mechanical spectrometer at 1 Hz or 10 Hz and 2% strain using a rectangular rec·tan·gu·lar adj. 1. Having the shape of a rectangle. 2. Having one or more right angles. 3. Designating a geometric coordinate system with mutually perpendicular axes. torsion torsion, stress on a body when external forces tend to twist it about an axis. See strength of materials. sample geometry cut from a standard cured tensile tensile, adj having a degree of elasticity; having the ability to be extended or stretched. sheet. Temperature-dependent (-90[degrees]C to 60[degrees]C) high-frequency acoustic measurements (refs. 15 and 16) were also performed using a frequency of 1 MHz (MegaHertZ) One million cycles per second. It is used to measure the transmission speed of electronic devices, including channels, buses and the computer's internal clock. A one-megahertz clock (1 MHz) means some number of bits (16, 32, 64, etc. and ethanol ethanol (ĕth`ənōl') or ethyl alcohol, CH3CH2OH, a colorless liquid with characteristic odor and taste; commonly called grain alcohol or simply alcohol. as the fluid medium. Tire retreading An independent retreader was used to prepare sectional retreaded tires to evaluate the effects of polymer replacement. New P195/75 R14 all-season passenger tires from the same production lot were buffed to remove the tread. A layer of commercially available cushion Cushion In the context of project financing, the extra amount of net cash flow remaining after expected debt service. cushion See call protection. gum compound was placed over the exposed carcass carcass, carcase 1. the body of an animal killed for meat. The head, the legs below the knees and hocks, the tail, the skin and most of the viscera are removed. The kidneys are left in and in most instances the body is split down the middle through the sternum and the vertebral . The tread sections were plied plied 1 v. Past tense and past participle of ply1. to the cushion gum, stitched stitch n. 1. A single complete movement of a threaded needle in sewing or surgical suturing. 2. a. A single loop of yarn around an implement such as a knitting needle. b. by hand and cured for one hour at approximately 150[degrees]C at 168 psi PSI - Portable Scheme Interpreter in a mold with a mud/ snow tread pattern. Another independent retreader was used to prepare five-section retreaded tires to evaluate the effects of polymer adjustments to the model winter tire tread compound. New P195/65R15T winter tires from the same production lot were buffed to remove the tread and sidewall. A layer of commercially available sidewall and cushion gum compounds were placed over the exposed carcass and stitched automatically. The tread sections were plied to the cushion gum, stitched automatically and cured for 40 minutes at 150[degrees]C in a mold with a winter tread pattern. Tire testing Tires were tested by an independent test center. The test center mounted the tires and added weight to the vehicle to place a 567 kg (1,250 pounds) load on each tire at 2.2 bar (32 psi) pressure. The vehicle ran a test circuit 805 kilometers (500 miles) in the clockwise clock·wise adv. & adj. Abbr. cw. In the same direction as the rotating hands of a clock. clockwise Adverb, adj in the direction in which the hands of a clock rotate direction and then 805 kilometers counter-clockwise. The test circuit consisted of 15 laps on a 14.5 kilometer kilometer one thousand (103) meters; 3280.83 feet; five-eighths of a mile; abbreviated km. (nine miles Nine Miles is a reggae "band" started by Yoshiaki Manabe (真鍋吉明) of The Pillows. The name Nine Miles comes from the name of the town in which Bob Marley grew up in Jamaica.
Follow-up tire tests were made by another independent test center. The test center mounted the tires and added weight to the vehicle to place a 508 kg (1,110 pounds) load on each tire at 2.4 bar (35 psi) pressure. The vehicle ran a test circuit of primary paved pave tr.v. paved, pav·ing, paves 1. To cover with a pavement. 2. To cover uniformly, as if with pavement. 3. To be or compose the pavement of. road surfaces that also included 15% hill and curve mountain ascent ASCENT Interventional cardiology A clinical trial–ACS Stent Clinical Equivalence in de Novo lesions Trial and descent. Speeds ranged from 24 kilometers per hour (15 mph) to 112 kilometers per hour (70 mph). The test sections were measured every 1,280 kilometers (800 miles) at three designated points on each section for tread depth until 21,900 kilometers (13,800 miles) were reached. Results and discussion All-season passenger tire tread testing A high-performance, all-season passenger tire tread compound (ref. 13) was modeled by using a BR/sSBR/silica/silane (25/75/75/ 8%) reference formulation. BIMS compounds were developed via a series of laboratory compounding experiments (refs. 7-10). The BR/sSBR reference and compounds having 20 phr of BIMS in place of an equal amount of the sSBR were used to prepare four-section retreaded tires, randomly replicating each compound among the various tires and positions. A number of variables was studied: * Use of tangential rotors versus intermeshing rotors Intermeshing rotors on a helicopter are a set of two rotors turning in opposite directions, with each rotor mast mounted on the helicopter with a slight angle to the other so that the blades intermesh without colliding. on the internal mixer mixer, either of two electronic devices in which two or more signals are combined. In the type of mixer used in radio receivers, radar receivers, and similar systems, a signal is translated upward or downward in frequency. ; * Use of a normal three-pass mixing versus a four-pass phase mixing sequence using internal mixers with tangential rotors; * Use of reduced silane silane or silicon hydride Any of a series of inorganic compounds of silicon and hydrogen with covalent bonds and the general chemical formula SinH(2n + 2). levels from the typical 8% of silica by weight to 6.4% of silica by weight using the internal mixers with tangential rotors. Since BIMS is a saturated-backbone elastomer, it does not sulfur sulfur or sulphur (sŭl`fər), nonmetallic chemical element; symbol S; at. no. 16; at. wt. 32.06; m.p. 112.8°C; (rhombic), 119.0°C; (monoclinic), about 120°C; (amorphous); b.p. 444.674°C;; sp. gr. at 20°C;, 2. vulcanize vul·ca·nize tr.v. vul·ca·nized, vul·ca·niz·ing, vul·ca·niz·es To improve the strength, resiliency, and freedom from stickiness and odor of (rubber, for example) by combining with sulfur or other additives in the presence of heat or react with the sulfur group of the silane coupling agent (ref. 8). Table 1 shows the formulations and the three-pass mixing sequence of the retread sections mixed using the OOC OOC Out of Character (online role-playing) OOC Out-Of-Character (gaming) OOC Out Of Control OOC Optical (WDM) Overhead Channel OOC Out-Of-Conference OOC Out of Context internal mixer. The four-pass phase mixing sequence has been previously described (refs. 7 and 9). Table 2 is a summary of compound cure and cured physical properties. Figure 2 shows temperature-sweep curves of the reference and BIMS tread compounds. Increased tangent delta values at 0[degrees]C are observed for the BIMS tread which is thought to be predictive of the potential improvement in wet traction. [FIGURE 2 OMITTED] Treadwear was determined in Texas. The retreaded tires were driven on a high-speed circular track and simulated road course of turns and straight-aways until 16,100 km were reached. Testing was performed during the month of October during which the highest daytime Daytime may refer to:
and lowest nighttime air temperatures ranged from 35[degrees]C to 9[degrees]C (95[degrees]F to 48[degrees]F). Projected wear-out data show a number of trends (figure 3 and table 2): * A BIMS tread afforded 79,000 kilometers (49,400 miles) projected wear; * BIMS compounds did afford 15-20% lower wear resistance compared to respective reference formulations; * Mixer type is a key variable since both the BIMS and reference formulations prepared using an internal mixer with intermeshing rotors showed 10-15% higher wear resistance than corresponding compounds prepared using mixers having tangential rotors; * Phase mixing was not effective since projected tread wear-out values from tire testing were reduced by 20%, whether using the OOC or BR internal mixer (not shown) to mix the compounds; * Lower silane coupling agent levels can be used since 10% higher treadwear projections were obtained using the OOC or BR internal mixer (not shown). The reproducibility reproducibility Lab medicine The degree of agreement among repeated measurements of a particular parameter, presented in terms of a standard deviation or coefficient of variation of the results in a set of measurements of the projected wear-out values obtained by averaging the two sections was 3.5%, ranging from 0.3% to 8.5% reproducibility. [FIGURE 3 OMITTED] Winter tread testing on an all-season tire carcass Winter passenger tire tread formulations containing NR/BR (ref. 17), NR/BR with emulsion-polymerized SBR SBR - Spectral Band Replication (refs. 18 and 19), NR/BR with solution-polymerized SBR (ref. 20) and NR/BR with halobutyl rubber Halobutyl rubber is mainly used for tire inner liner compounds, because of its low air permeability. Bromobutyl is superior to Chlorobutyl, but is more expensive. The halogen radical permits the rubber to bond to the other elastomers in the carcass compound (ref. 21) were modeled using a four-polymer system having 25 phr of each elastomer: NR, BR and two sSBR polymers, SL574 and NS116. The BIMS elastomer was used in place of the NR and either or both sSBR polymers (ref. 9). Slight cure adjustments were made to the compounds (table 3). As previously shown, a reduction in the sulfur and silane-coupling agent levels is beneficial for compounds containing BIMS polymers due to the saturated saturated /sat·u·rat·ed/ (sach´ah-rat?ed) 1. denoting a chemical compound that has only single bonds and no double or triple bonds between atoms. 2. unable to hold in solution any more of a given substance. backbones (ref. 8). These changes affected the compound cure times and cured compound physical properties (table 4). Dynamic mechanical and high frequency acoustic test values are also given in table 4. Tangent delta temperature sweeps are shown in figure 4 (ref. 10). The use of BIMS in place of sSBR and NR results in desirably higher tangent delta values between -40[degrees]C and 0[degrees]C, predicting an improvement in potential winter and wet traction properties relative to the sSBR/NR/BR reference compound. The shift in the maximum tangent delta value toward higher temperatures is greatest for the 50 phr BIMS compound. The high frequency dynamic testing dynamic testing Lab medicine A testing format in which 2+ samples of Pt blood or urine are obtained at a specified time interval. See Glucose tolerance test, Timed specimen, Xylose absorption test. shows that the longitudinal lon·gi·tu·di·nal adj. Running in the direction of the long axis of the body or any of its parts. coefficient coefficient /co·ef·fi·cient/ (ko?ah-fish´int) 1. an expression of the change or effect produced by variation in certain factors, or of the ratio between two different quantities. 2. nearly doubles with the use of 50 phr BIMS, in comparison to the sSBR/NR control. [FIGURE 4 OMITTED] Treadwear was determined in Texas. The retreaded tires were driven on the high speed circular track and simulated road course of turns and straight-aways until 13,600 km (8,500 miles) were reached. Testing was performed during time months of May and June, a period in which the highest daytime and lowest nighttime air temperatures ranged from 45.5[degrees]C to 10[degrees]C (114[degrees]F to 50[degrees]F). The tread sections containing 25 phr of BIMS in place of the SL574 sSBR polymer had a projected wear-out of 65,200 kilometers (40,600 miles), as shown in figure 5 and table 4. The experimental sections containing 25 phr of BIMS in place of the NS116 sSBR or NR showed projected wear-out values over 60,000 kilometers. Finally, the 50 phr BIMS/NR/BR tread had a projected wear-out of 49,600 kilometers (31,000 miles), a wear life which could be expected to serve a minimum of two seasons as a winter tread since the current test was performed under summer temperature conditions. [FIGURE 5 OMITTED] Winter tread testing on a winter tire carcass An extreme-vertices mixture design experiment was used to balance the BIMS, NR and BR polymer ratios in order to maximize the abrasion resistance while maintaining the predicted potential for improving traction properties (refs. 9 and 10). The highest laboratory abrasion resistance values were obtained with the highest BR values, consistent with its traditional use to improve tire treadwear. BIMS was thus used in place of NR, while maintaining BR at 40 phr (table 5). The reduction of NR and increase in BIMS concentrations shifts the peak of the tangent delta curve to higher temperatures and also broadens this curve (figure 6). This higher, broader tangent delta peak shows the potential for increased wet/winter traction properties using higher levels of the BIMS elastomer. The high-frequency acoustic temperature sweeps also show that the maximum of the longitudinal coefficient values is shifted to higher temperatures with increased use of BIMS (table 6; refs. 9 and 12). [FIGURE 6 OMITTED] Treadwear was determined in Nevada. The retreaded tires were driven on a test circuit of primary paved road surfaces that also included 15% hill and curve mountain ascent and descent. Testing was performed during the months of December and January, a period in which the highest daytime and lowest nighttime air temperatures ranged from 13[degrees]C (56[degrees]F) to -13[degrees]C (9[degrees]F). The tread sections containing 20 phr of BIMS had a projected wear-out of 76,900 kilometers (48,000 miles). Use of higher BIMS levels decreased the projected wear-out values (figure 7 and table 6; ref. 12). [FIGURE 7 OMITTED] Summary Model passenger tire tread formulations containing brominated isobutylene-co-para-methylstyrene were prepared by blending with cis-polybutadiene, natural rubber and various solution-polymerized styrene-butadiene elastomers having different %-styrene contents. A silica-filled, all season passenger tire tread and winter passenger tire tread were modeled from patented formulations. In all cases, use of the BIMS elastomer improved laboratory dynamic properties used to predict potential wet and/or winter traction. Sectional retread tires were built using these model BIMS tread formulations and tested under severely loaded conditions. Measurements taken periodically afforded projected wear-out values. Use of 25 phr of BIMS in an all season passenger tire tread model compound had projected wear-out of 79,000 kilometers or 48,000 miles. BIMS winter tire tread compounds show the potential to last the expected two winter seasons, considering the severe test conditions used. A 20 phr BIMS/NR/BR tread had a projected wear-out of 76,000 kilometers or 48,000 miles.
Table 1 - model all-season passenger tire tread
formulations and three-pass mixing sequence
Step 1 OOC internal mixer Seconds #1 #2
Reference BIMS
(phr) (phr)
Fill = 86%, ram pressure = 45 psi, rotor speed = 40 rpm
BIMS, E3745 0 20
BR, Bd1207 0 25 25
sSBR, SL574 0 75 55
Silica 30 40 40
Silane 30 6 6
Silica 120 25 25
Silica 210 10 10
Processing oil 210 20 20
Sweep time 255
Adjust rotor speed to maintain temperature >150[degrees]C
Dump time (160[degrees]C max.) 375
Step 2
Fill = 83%, ram pressure = 30 psi, rotor speed = 40 rpm
Masterbatch #1 0
Polyethylene glycol 3350 2.25 2.25
Sweep time 60
Dump time (145[degrees]C max.) 180
Step 3
Fill = 82%, ram pressure = 30 psi, rotor speed = 40 rpm
Masterbatch #2 0
DPG 0 1.75 1.75
Zinc oxide 0 2 2
Stearic acid 0 1 1
Santoflex 6PPD 0 1.5 1.5
Agerite Resin D 0 1 1
Sulfur 0 1.2 1.2
CBS 0 1.75 1.75
Sweep time 45
Dump time (100[degrees]C max.) 180
Table 2 - model all-season tread cure and cured physical properties of
retread sections
Properties #1 #2 #1
Inter- Inter- OOC
mesh mesh
MDR 2000E @ 160[degrees]C
MH-ML (dN,m) 19.4 15.9 22.9
Ts2 (min.) 1.9 3.8 1.4
Tc50 (min.) 4.4 5.8 3.8
Tc90 (min.) 9.8 9.9 8.8
Hardness, durometer A @ 23[degrees]C 66 63 70
20% modulus (MPa) 0.99 0.91 1.2
100% modulus (MPa) 2.64 2.55 3.2
300% modulus (MPa) 10.9 11.9 15.7
Tensile at break (MPa) 20.4 15.6 20.7
Elongation at break (%) 453 360 367
Energy to break (N/mm) 12.3 7.2 11.6
DIN abrasion index 132 139 126
MTS @ 2% strain, 1 Hz
G* @ 60[degrees]C (MPa) 3.43 2.15 4.14
Tan delta @ 60[degrees]C 0.154 0.111 0.122
G* @ 0[degrees]C (MPa) 1.68 0.947 1.63
Tan delta @ 0[degrees]C 0.265 0.254 0.224
Tan delta @ -20[degrees]C 0.308 0.372
Tire testing
Projected wear-out 99.3 79.0 84.5
(1,000 kilometers)
Properties #2 #2 #2
OOC OOC OOC
phase mix phase mix
8% Si69 6.4% Si69
MDR 2000E @ 160[degrees]C
MH-ML (dN,m) 17.4 23.6 23.6
Ts2 (min.) 2.9 1.1 1.2
Tc50 (min.) 5.3 4.5 4.5
Tc90 (min.) 9.4 7 6.9
Hardness, durometer A @ 23[degrees]C 64 69 67
20% modulus (MPa) 1.03 1.16 1.09
100% modulus (MPa) 2.84 2.74 2.68
300% modulus (MPa) 14.4 11.6 12.1
Tensile at break (MPa) 17 18.6 19.2
Elongation at break (%) 339 423 421
Energy to break (N/mm) 7.9 13.1 14.1
DIN abrasion index 117 117 128
MTS @ 2% strain, 1 Hz
G* @ 60[degrees]C (MPa) 2.26 4.42 3.03
Tan delta @ 60[degrees]C 0.115 0.109 0.113
G" @ 0[degrees]C (MPa) 1.08 2.16 1.32
Tan delta @ 0[degrees]C 0.252 0.259 0.246
Tan delta @ -20[degrees]C
Tire testing
Projected wear-out 73.8 59.6 65.5
(1,000 kilometers)
Table 3 - model winter passenger tire tread
formulations, phr
Ingredients #3 #4 #5 #6 #7
BIMS E3745 25 25 25 50
BR, Bd1207 25 25 25 25 25
NR, SMR 20 25 25 25 25
sSBR, SL574 25 25 25
sSBR, NS116 25 25 25
Silica 75 75 75 75 75
Silane 12 9 9 9 6
Processing oil 30 30 30 30 30
DPG 2 2 2 2 2
Zinc oxide 2 2 2 2 2
Stearic acid 1 1 1 1 1
Santoflex 6PPD 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
Agerite Resin D 1 1 1 1 1
Sulfur 1.25 1 1 1 0.75
TBBS 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.25 1
Thiate U 0.25
DHT 4A2 1
Table 4 - model winter tread cure and cured
physical properties of retread sections
Properties #3 #4 #5
MDR 2000E @ 160[degrees]C
MH-ML (dN,m) 19.86 11.48 12.29
Ts2 (min.) 1.08 3.11 2.60
Tc50 (min.) 3.39 5.21 5.12
Tc90 (min.) 11.45 8.58 8.66
Hardness, durometer A @ 23[degrees]C 68 56 55
20% modulus (MPa) 1.14 0.76 0.85
100% moduls (MPa) 2.50 1.89 1.94
300% moduls (MPa) 10.77 8.94 8.49
Tensile at break (MPa) 21.40 16.28 15.19
Elongation at break (%) 522 470 477
Energy to break (N/mm) 15.45 9.98 10.01
DIN abrasion index 124 117 107
ARES Rheometrics
G* @ 60[degrees]C (MPa) 4.23 2.15 2.56
Tan delta @ 60[degrees]C 0.19 0.13 0.13
G' @ 30[degrees]C (MPa) 4.88 2.58 2.91
Tan delta @ 30[degrees]C 0.20 0.17 0.17
G" @ 0[degrees]C (MPa) 1.92 1.08 1.22
Tan delta @ 0[degrees]C 0.26 0.30 0.28
G* @ -30[degrees]C (MPa) 18.4 13.9 16.9
Tan delta @ -30[degrees]C 0.41 0.69 0.63
High frequency acoustic testing
Longitudinal coefficient @ 20[degrees]C 0.099 0.166 0.141
Tire testing
Projected wear-out 76.4 65.2 61.6
(1,000 kilometers)
Properties #6 #7
MDR 2000E @ 160[degrees]C
MH-ML (dN,m) 15.36 7.94
Ts2 (min.) 2.28 1.21
Tc50 (min.) 7.35 2.30
Tc90 (min.) 24.29 7.57
Hardness, durometer A @ 23[degrees]C 61 53
20% modulus (MPa) 1.01 0.73
100% moduls (MPa) 2.25 1.79
300% moduls (MPa) 9.25 8.06
Tensile at break (MPa) 16.01 11.56
Elongation at break (%) 463 413
Energy to break (N/mm) 9.89 7.05
DIN abrasion index 108 106
ARES Rheometrics
G* @ 60[degrees]C (MPa) 2.85 1.01
Tan delta @ 60[degrees]C 0.15 0.12
G' @ 30[degrees]C (MPa) 3.35 1.16
Tan delta @ 30[degrees]C 0.18 0.15
G" @ 0[degrees]C (MPa) 1.61 0.85
Tan delta @ 0[degrees]C 0.30 0.36
G* @ -30[degrees]C (MPa) 23.6 15.3
Tan delta @ -30[degrees]C 0.66 0.83
High frequency acoustic testing
Longitudinal coefficient @ 20[degrees]C 0.145 0.190
Tire testing
Projected wear-out 60.4 49.6
(1,000 kilometers)
Table 5 - model winter passenger tire tread
formulations (phr)
Ingredients #8 #9 #10 #11
BIMS 20 30 40
BR, Bn CB23 40 40 40 40
NR, SMR 20 40 30 20 30
sSBR,NS116 30
Silica 75 75 75 75
Silane 10.2 9.4 8.6 12
Processing oil 30 30 30 30
DPG 2 2 2 2
Zinc oxide 2 2 2 2
Stearic acid 1 1 1 1
Santoflex 6PPD 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
Agerite Resin D 1 1 1 1
Sulfur 1 1 0.8 1
TBBS 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.5
Thiate U 0.25
Table 6 - model winter tread cure and cured
properties of retread sections
Properties #8 #9
MDR 2000E @ 160[degrees]C
MH-ML (dN,m) 13.34 10.43
Ts2 (min.) 2.42 3.21
Tc50 (min.) 3.77 4.68
Tc90 (min.) 5.13 6.45
Hardness, durometer A @ 23[degrees]C 56 56
20% modulus (MPa) 0.78 0.72
100% modulus (MPa) 1.81 1.76
300% modulus (MPa) 8.86 9.20
Tensile at break (MPa) 16.69 14.71
Elongation at break (%) 484 427
DIN abrasion index 153 134
ARES Rheometrics
G* @ 60[degrees]C (MPa) 3.80 4.46
Tan delta @ 60[degrees]C 0.05 0.05
G' @ 30[degrees]C (MPa) 4.00 4.73
Tan delta @ 30[degrees]C 0.07 0.08
G" @ 0[degrees]C (MPa) 0.73 0.80
Tan delta @ 0[degrees]C 0.16 0.17
G* @ -30[degrees]C (MPa) 13.03 13.84
Tan delta @ -30[degrees]C 0.55 0.46
High frequency acoustic testing
Longitudinal coefficient @ 25[degrees]C 0.068 0.083
Tire testing 76.9 62.8
Projected wear-out
(1,000 kilometers)
Properties #10 #11
MDR 2000E @ 160[degrees]C
MH-ML (dN,m) 7.92 15.55
Ts2 (min.) 3.3 2.16
Tc50 (min.) 4.96 3.63
Tc90 (min.) 8.49 5.10
Hardness, durometer A @ 23[degrees]C 54 57
20% modulus (MPa) 0.55 0.79
100% modulus (MPa) 1.52 1.93
300% modulus (MPa) 7.34 9.16
Tensile at break (MPa) 12.21 21.06
Elongation at break (%) 430 555
DIN abrasion index 117 162
ARES Rheometrics
G* @ 60[degrees]C (MPa) 4.24 5.24
Tan delta @ 60[degrees]C 0.04 0.09
G' @ 30[degrees]C (MPa) 4.36 5.71
Tan delta @ 30[degrees]C 0.06 0.13
G" @ 0[degrees]C (MPa) 0.71 1.51
Tan delta @ 0[degrees]C 0.15 0.19
G* @ -30[degrees]C (MPa) 15.16 15.90
Tan delta @ -30[degrees]C 0.62 0.39
High frequency acoustic testing
Longitudinal coefficient @ 25[degrees]C 0.102 0.053
Tire testing 57.3 78.2
Projected wear-out
(1,000 kilometers)
References (1.) J.E. Rogers and W.H. Waddell, Rubber World, 219 (5), 24 (1999). (2.) H. Matsui and M. Ohhashi (to Bridgestone), Japan 324069 (12/16/97). (3.) S. Hara and K. Muraoka (to Sumitomo), European 0 930 335 A1 (1/14/98). (4.) Y. Minigawa, K. Muraoka and K. Kakumaru (to Sumitomo), Japanese 9-248317 (3/26/99); Japan 10-369312 (7/11/00). (5.) N. Yagi, K. Muraoka and Yinagawa (to Sumitomo), Japanese 11-58774 (9/19/00). (6.) J.E. Rogers, ITEC ITEC Instituto de Tecnologia em Informática e Informação do Estado de Alagoas ITEC International Therapy Examination Council (UK) ITEC Internet Technology ITEC Institute for Tropical Ecology and Conservation ITEC Instructional Technologies '96 Select, 1, 125 (1997). (7.) W.H. Waddell and R.R. Poulter, Rubber & Plastics News, Nov. 1999, 12. (8.) W.H. Waddell and R.R. Poulter, Rubber World, 222, 36 (2000). (9.) W.H. Waddell, R.C. Napier and R.R. Poulter, Kautschuk Gummi Kunststoffe, 54, 1 (2001). (10.) R.R. Poulter, J.G. Foster, R.C. Napier, W.H. Waddell and J.R. Webb, Rubber & Plastics News, April 22, 2002, 20; May 6, 2002, 14. (11.) W.H. Waddell, J.H. Kuhr and R.R. Poulter, "Evaluation of isobutylene-based elastomers in a model winter tire tread, "paper no. 113 presented at the Rubber Division, ACS (Asynchronous Communications Server) See network access server. meeting, Cleveland, OH, Oct. 2001: accepted for publication in Rubber Chem. Technol. (12.) J.H. Kuhr, C. Neagu, D.F. Rouckhout and W.H. Waddell, "Use of advanced characterization A rather long and fancy word for analyzing a system or process and measuring its "characteristics." For example, a Web characterization would yield the number of current sites on the Web, types of sites, annual growth, etc. techniques to investigate the tire wear behavior of isobutylene Noun 1. isobutylene - used also in making gasoline components butene, butylene - any of three isomeric hydrocarbons C4H8; all used in making synthetic rubbers butyl - a hydrocarbon radical (C4H9) based sectional retreads, "paper no. 40 presented at the Rubber Division, ACS meeting, Savannah Savannah, city, United States Savannah, city (1990 pop. 137,560), seat of Chatham co., SE Ga., a port of entry on the Savannah River near its mouth; inc. 1789. , GA, April 2002. (13.) R. Rauline (to Michelin), United States United States, officially United States of America, republic (2005 est. pop. 295,734,000), 3,539,227 sq mi (9,166,598 sq km), North America. The United States is the world's third largest country in population and the fourth largest country in area. 5,227,425 (7/13/93). (14.) S. Futamura, Tire Sci. Technol., 18, 2 (1990). (15.) M. Gerspacher, C.P. O'Farrell, L. Nikiel and H.H. Yang yang (yang) [Chinese] in Chinese philosophy, the active, positive, masculine principle that is complementary to yin; see yin, under principle. , Rubber & Plastics News, Aug. 1996, p. 39. (16.) M. Gerspacher, C.P. O'Farrell, L. Nikiel and H.H. Yang, Rubber Chem. Technol., 69, 786 (1996). (17.) S. Takatsu (to Sumitomo), European 0 426 388 A1 (10/26/90). (18.) H. Furukawa and Y. Saito (to Sumitomo), Japanese 59-126443A (11/11/83). (19.) B. Hausmann (to Semperit), U.S. 5,252,649 (10/12/93). (20.) S. Akita, F. Suzuki, Y. Kikuchi and H. Oishi (to Nippon Zeon and Yokohama), U.S. 4,929,679 (5/29/90). (21.) E. Takiguchi (to Bridgestone), U.K. 2 140 447A (5/9/84). Walter H. Waddell, Julie H. Kuhr and Robert R. Poulter, ExxonMobil Chemical, and Dirk F. Rouckhout, ExxonMobil Chemical Europe |
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