Regulatory acceptance of toxicogenomics data.Early identification of toxicologic side effects Side effects Effects of a proposed project on other parts of the firm. of a drug candidate is critical to an efficient drug discovery and development process. Toxicogenomics, the marriage of data-rich genomics approaches with traditional toxicologic end point evaluation combined with increasingly powerful in silico modeling approaches, promises to accelerate this process. The advent of parallel experimental platforms, for example, DNA microarrays, has enabled us to gain insight into complex biologic responses to drugs. The challenge is to analyze and correctly interpret these large data sets. Currently, no common standards exist for such data even though attempts are being made to streamline and standardize the presentation of the information. These efforts include ArrayExpress infrastructure for microarray data (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/arrayexpress), Minimum Information About a Microarray Experiment (http://www.mged. org/Workgroups/MIAME/miame.html), and MicroArray Gene Expression (MAGE) markup language (hrtp://www.mged.org; http://www.omg.org/technology/documents/formal/gene_expression.htm). The creation of vast amounts of genomics and toxicogenomics data has sparked the development of novel systems to handle this type of information. Ultimately, the success of a toxicogenomics approach in drug development depends on our ability to interpret the data in relation to existing information (e.g., screening of a drug-induced gene expression fingerprint against a database containing drug-related gene expression toxicity profiles). It is critical that interdisciplinary information (chemistry, biochemistry, genetic, genomics, clinical) be integrated into the same data warehouse. Incorporating toxicogenomics data into this approach, which is often referred to as systems biology, will help us understand in much more depth how cells maintain homeostasis homeostasis Any self-regulating process by which a biological or mechanical system maintains stability while adjusting to changing conditions. Systems in dynamic equilibrium reach a balance in which internal change continuously compensates for external change in a feedback and how organisms respond to drug exposure at the molecular level. The mission of the U.S. Food and Drug Adminstration (FDA FDA abbr. Food and Drug Administration FDA, n.pr See Food and Drug Administration. FDA, n.pr the abbreviation for the Food and Drug Administration. ) states that the agency "... is responsible for advancing the public health by helping to speed innovations that make medicines and foods more effective, safer, and more affordable ..." (FDA 2004). Former agency commissioner Mark McClellan stated that "the FDA priority is facilitating the use of pharmacogenetics-driven treatments" (Salerno and Lesko 2004). The FDA has recently issued a draft, "Guidance for Industry: Pharmacogenomic Data Submissions" (FDA 2003), and has held workshops to discuss issues related to pharmacogenomics data submissions (Salerno and Lesko 2004a, 2004b; Leighton et al. 2004; Ruano et al. 2004; Trepicchio et al. 2004). This guidance is being revised on the basis of public comments, and a final guidance should be issued later this year. Many principles found in this guidance apply to toxicogenomics studies. In particular, the identification, evaluation, and validation of biomarkers are critical components of every pharmacogenomics, as well as toxicogenomics, study of cases in regulatory decision making. The guidance is general and includes examples of genetic and genomic biomarkers: a CYP CYP In currencies, this is the abbreviation for the Cyprus Pound. Notes: The currency market, also known as the Foreign Exchange market, is the largest financial market in the world, with a daily average volume of over US $1 trillion. 2D6 (cytochrome cytochrome (sī`təkrōm'), protein containing heme (see coenzyme) that participates in the phase of biochemical respiration called oxidative phosphorylation. P450 2D6) mutation versus an increase in HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor This article is about a cell suface receptor. For estimated measure of kidney function (eGFR), see Glomerular filtration rate. The epidermal growth factor receptor 2) expression can be viewed as genetic and genomic biomarkers, respectively. However, it is anticipated that future data submissions will contain many more complex gene expression profiles and large-scale single nucleotide polymorphism Noun 1. single nucleotide polymorphism - (genetics) genetic variation in a DNA sequence that occurs when a single nucleotide in a genome is altered; SNPs are usually considered to be point mutations that have been evolutionarily successful enough to recur in a maps (e.g., from whole genome scans), which will present new challenges to define the analytical and clinical validity of such new and highly complex biomarker sets. The guidance represents the FDA's current view on pharmacogenomics and what the agency believes are the scientific grounds for evaluating such information as it relates to voluntary versus required submission of data. What are the next steps? Regulators have been criticized for the lack of guidance in the new era of genomics-based drug development. In addition to the guidance on pharmacogenomics data submissions (FDA 2003), the FDA is embarking on a new guidance initiative for the co-development of pharmacogenomics-based drugs and biologic products and the diagnostic tests necessary for therapeutic decision making. Recently, the FDA and the Drug Information Association (DIA) sponsored a pharmacogenomics workshop (FDA/DIA 2004). The purpose of the workshop was to identify issues in the development of pharmacogenomics-based combination products. We hope to see the base of pharmacogenomics knowledge grow and expand, and we look forward to the use of this information in the drug discovery and regulatory evaluation processes. We expect that not only the novel scientific but also the newly created regulatory tools such as voluntary submissions of genomics data will provide the means by which genomics-based research can excel in advancing public health and drug development. Note from the Editor Addressing Applications of Genomics Data The two editorials in this issue of EHP EHP abbr. 1. effective horsepower 2. electric horsepower address the application of toxicogenomics data in the risk assessment and regulatory processes. Also addressing these issues is the National Research Council/National Academy of Sciences Committee on Emerging Issues and Data on Environmental Contaminants. (http://dels.nas.edu/emergingissues/index.asp). This committee, formed at the request of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) is one of 27 Institutes and Centers of the National Institutes of Health (NIH),which is a component of the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). The Director of the NIEHS is Dr. David A. Schwartz. (NIEHS NIEHS National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIH, DHHS) ), provides a public forum for discussing emerging issues in environmental toxicology. The committee comprises experts from academia, industry, and public interest groups whose specialties include toxicology, toxicogenomics, genetics, bioinformatics, risk assessment, medical ethics medical ethics The moral construct focused on the medical issues of individual Pts and medical practitioners. See Baby Doe, Brouphy, Conran, Jefferson, Kevorkian, Quinlan, Roe v Wade, Webster decision. , epidemiology, communications, public health. In addition, a U.S. federal government liaison group has been created to work with the committee with representatives from the NIEHS, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), agency of the U.S. Public Health Service since 1973, with headquarters in Atlanta; it was established in 1946 as the Communicable Disease Center. , the Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), independent agency of the U.S. government, with headquarters in Washington, D.C. It was established in 1970 to reduce and control air and water pollution, noise pollution, and radiation and to ensure the safe handling and , the Food and Drug Administration, the Department of Agriculture, the Department of Energy, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), U.S. agency established (1970) in the Dept. of Labor (see Labor, United States Department of) to develop and enforce regulations for the safety and health of workers in businesses that are engaged in interstate , the Department of Defense, and the Department of Transportation. A subcommittee is being formed to write a "Consensus Report on the Applications of Toxicogenomic Technologies to Predictive Toxicology." This report will highlight how the study of gene and protein activities and other biological processes can improve the characterization of toxic substances and their potential risks. Ultimately, this report should show how major new or anticipated uses of these technologies could improve the protection of public health and the environment. Thomas J. Goehl Editor-in-Chief, EHP NIEHS National institutes of Health Department of Health and Human Services Noun 1. Department of Health and Human Services - the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with health and welfare; created in 1979 Health and Human Services, HHS Research Triangle Park Research Triangle Park, research, business, medical, and educational complex situated in central North Carolina. It has an area of 6,900 acres (2,795 hectares) and is 8 × 2 mi (13 × 3 km) in size. Named for the triangle formed by Duke Univ. , North Carolina E-mail: goehl@niehs.nih.gov REFERENCES FDA. 2003. Draft. Guidance for Industry. Pharmacogenomic Data Submissions. Draft Guidance. Washington, DC: Food and Drug Administration. Available: www.fda.gov/cder/guidance/5900dft.pdf [accessed 26 July 2004]. FDA. 2004. FDA Mission Statement. 2004. Washington, DC: U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Available: http://www.fda.gov/opacom/morechoices/mission.html [accessed 26 July 2004]. FDA/DIA. 2004. Co-Development of Drug, Biological and Device Products, 29 July 2004, Arlington, VA. Washington, DC:U.S. Food and [Drug Administration/Horsham, PA:Drug Information Association. Available: http://www.diahome.org/Content/ Events/04040.pdf [accessed 26 July 2004]. Leighton JK, DeGeorge J, Jacobson-Kram D, MacGregor J, Mendrick D, Worobec A. 2004. Pharmacogenomic data submissions to the FDA: non-clinical case studies Pharmacegenomics 5(5):507-511. Ruano G, Collins JM, Dorner AJ, Wang S-J S-J Signal-to-Jamming Ratio , Guerciolini R, Huang S-M. 2004. Pharmacogenomic data submissions to the FDA: clinical pharmacology case studies. Pharmacogenomics 5(5):513-517. Salerno RA, Leske LJ. 2004a. Pharmacogenomic data: FDA voluntary and required submission guidance. Pharmacogenomics 5(5):503-505. Salerno RA, Lesko LJ. 2004b. Pharmacogenomics in drug development and regulatory decision-making: the Genomic Data Submission (GDS GDS Global Distribution System GDS Google Desktop Search (Google) GDS Goodie Domain Service (Vienna University of Technology, Austria) GDS Guards ) proposal. Pharmacogenomics 5(1):25-30. Trepicchio WL, Williams GA, Essayan D, Hall ST, Harty LC, Shaw PM, et al. 2004. Pharmacogenomic data submissions to the FDA: clinical case studies. Pharmacogenomics 5(5):519-524. Felix W. Frueh Shiew-Mei Huang Lawrence J. Lesko Office of Clinical Pharmacology and Biopharmaceutics Center for Drug Evaluation and Research The Center for Drug Evaluation and Research is a division of the FDA that deals with the approval of drugs. CDER reviews New Drug Applications to ensure that the drugs are safe and effective. It is one of five Centers at the United States Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Rockville, Maryland E-mail: huangs@cder.fda.gov Felix W. Frueh is Associate Director for Genomics, OCPB OCPB Office of Clinical Pharmacology and Biopharmaceutics , CDER, FDA. He directs the Interdisciplinary Pharmacogenomics Review Group (IPRG IPRG Intelligence Program Review Group IPRG Intelligence Policy Review Group ) responsible for the review of genomic data submissions to the FDA. He is a member of the FDA Pharmacogenomics Working Group and chairs the Pharmacogenomics Focus Group of the American Association for Pharmaceutical Scientists (AAPS AAPS American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists AAPS Association of American Physicians and Surgeons AAPS Ann Arbor Public Schools AAPS American Association of Plastic Surgeons AAPS African Association of Political Science ). Shiew-Mei Huang is Deputy Office Director for Science, OCPB, CDER, FDA. She currently chairs an FDA drug interaction working group and an OCPB good review practices working group and is a member of the FDA Pharmacogenomics, FDA Ethnicity/Race, and CDER QT Working Groups, and the CDER Research Coordinating Committee. Lawrence J. Lesko is director, OCPB, CDER, FDA. He chairs the FDA Pharmacogenomics Working Group and is a key member of the FDA Critical Path Initiatives. Note: Photograph for L.J. Lesko was unavailable. |
|
||||||||||||||||||
Printer friendly
Cite/link
Email
Feedback
Reader Opinion