Reemergence of Oropouche fever, Northern Brazil.Oropouche fever Oropouche fever is a tropical viral infection, a zoonosis similar to dengue fever, transmitted by biting midge (species Culicoides paraensis) and mosquitoes from the blood of sloths to humans. It occurs mainly in the Amazonic region, the Caribbean and Panama. has reemerged in Parauapebas and Porto de Moz municipalities, Para State, Brazil. Serologic se·rol·o·gy n. pl. se·rol·o·gies 1. The science that deals with the properties and reactions of serums, especially blood serum. 2. analysis (immunoglobulin immunoglobulin: see antibody; immunity; immunology. Immunoglobulin Any of the glycoproteins in the blood serum that are induced in response to invasion by foreign antigens and that protect the host by eradicating pathogens. M-ELISA) and virus isolation confirmed Oropouche virus (OROV) in both municipalities. Nucleotide sequencing of 2 OROV isolates from each location indicated genotypes I (Parauapebas) and II (Porto de Moz) in Brazil. ********** Oropouche virus (OROV), the cause of Oropouche fever, belongs to the family Bunyaviridae, genus Orthobunyavirus, Simbu serogroup (1), and is transmitted between humans in urban areas by the biting midge biting midge n. See punkie. Noun 1. biting midge - minute two-winged insect that sucks the blood of mammals and birds and other insects no-see-um, punkey, punkie, punky Culicoides paraensis (2,3). This virus was first isolated from febrile febrile /feb·rile/ (feb´ril) pertaining to or characterized by fever. feb·rile adj. Of, relating to, or characterized by fever; feverish. forest workers in Trinidad in 1955. The first isolation in Brazil was in 1960 from the blood of a sloth sloth (slōth, slôth), arboreal mammal found in Central and South America distantly related to armadillos and anteaters. Sloths live in tropical forests, where they sleep, eat, and travel through the trees suspended upside down, clinging to (Bradypus tridactylus Bradypus tridactylus see sloth. ) (4). The epidemic potential of OROV was recognized during an outbreak in Belem, Para State, Brazil, in 1961, where [approximately equal to] 11,000 persons were infected (4). Over the past 45 years, many outbreaks of Oropouche fever, [approximately equal to] 500,000 cases, have been described in the Americas. OROV has been isolated in Trinidad, Panama, Peru, and Brazil, and in the past 40 years Oropouche fever has emerged as a public health problem in tropical areas of Central and South America South America, fourth largest continent (1991 est. pop. 299,150,000), c.6,880,000 sq mi (17,819,000 sq km), the southern of the two continents of the Western Hemisphere. (3). Members of the genus Orthobunyavirus have a tripartite TRIPARTITE. Consisting of three parts, as a deed tripartite, between A of the first part, B of the second part, and C of the third part. , single-stranded, negative-sense RNA RNA: see nucleic acid. RNA in full ribonucleic acid One of the two main types of nucleic acid (the other being DNA), which functions in cellular protein synthesis in all living cells and replaces DNA as the carrier of genetic genome of small (S), medium (M), and large (L) RNAs that encode nucleocapsid nucleocapsid /nu·cleo·cap·sid/ (noo?kle-o-kap´sid) a unit of viral structure, consisting of a capsid with the enclosed nucleic acid. nu·cle·o·cap·sid n. , glycoproteins, and RNA polymerase RNA polymerase n. A polymerase that catalyzes the synthesis of RNA from a DNA or RNA template. , respectively. Phylogenetic phy·lo·ge·net·ic adj. 1. Of or relating to phylogeny or phylogenetics. 2. Relating to or based on evolutionary development or history. analysis of nucleocapsid genes of different OROV strains identified 3 distinct genotypes (I, II, and III) currently circulating in Central and South America; genotypes I and II have been detected in the Brazilian Amazon (5). Recently, an OROV isolate from a marmoset marmoset (mär`məzĕt'), name for many of the small, squirrellike New World monkeys of the family Callithricidae. Members of this family are all found in tropical South America, with one species found also in Central America. (Callithrix sp.) was characterized as a member of genotype genotype (jēn`ətīp'): see genetics. genotype Genetic makeup of an organism. The genotype determines the hereditary potentials and limitations of an individual. III (6). The Study Two outbreaks of Oropuche fever occurred during 2003 and 2004. The first occurred in April-May 2003 in 2 communities (Vila Sansao, 140 inhabitants
The game is based loosely on the concepts from SameGame. , and Vila Paulo Fontelles, 835 inhabitants).in the municipality of Parauapebas (6[degrees]4'S, 49[degrees]54'W). The second outbreak occurred in July-August 2004 in 1 community (Vila Tapara, 2,000 inhabitants) in the municipality of Porto de Moz (1[degrees]45'S, 52[degrees]14'W) (Figure 1). [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] A total of 125 and 109 serum samples were collected from residents of Parauapebas and Porto de Moz, which represented 12.8% and 5.45% of all inhabitants, respectively. Criteria for sampling were a history of acute fever several weeks before or during the survey or clinical symptoms similar to those of Oropouche fever. All serum samples were analyzed by hemagglutination hemagglutination /he·mag·glu·ti·na·tion/ (he?mah-gloo-ti-na´shun) agglutination of erythrocytes. he·mag·glu·ti·na·tion n. inhibition (HI) test (7) and immunoglobulin M-ELISA (8) for specific HI and IgM antibodies to OROV. HI titers [greater than or equal to] 20 and ELISA ELISA (e-li´sah) Enzyme-Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay; any enzyme immunoassay using an enzyme-labeled immunoreactant and an immunosorbent. ELISA n. results greater than the cut-off cut-off Anesthesiology The point at which elongation of the carbon chain of the 1-alkanol family of anesthetics results in a precipitous drop in the anesthetic potential of these agents–eg, at > 12 carbons in length, there is little anesthetic activity, value (optical density [greater than or equal to] 0.200) were considered positive (8).Virus isolation was conducted by intracranial intracranial /in·tra·cra·ni·al/ (-kra´ne-al) within the cranium. in·tra·cra·ni·al adj. Within the cranium. injection of newborn mice with a 1:10 (v/v) suspension of serum samples in phosphate-buffered saline, pH 7.4, as described elsewhere (9). Fifty-four and 11 serum samples from Parauapebas and Porto de Moz, respectively, were used for virus isolation. Identification of isolates was performed by complement fixation test Noun 1. complement fixation test - a blood test in which a sample of serum is exposed to a particular antigen and complement in order to determine whether or not antibodies to that particular antigen are present; used as a diagnostic test as reported (9). Two OROV strains were isolated from patients in Parauapebas, and 2 strains were isolated from patients in Porto de Moz. To genetically characterize the viruses, 2 isolates were selected from Parauapebas (Brazil 2003a and Brazil 2003b) and 2 from Porto de Moz (Brazil 2004a and Brazil 2004b). Viral RNA was extracted from Vero cells infected with human samples, and S RNA was amplified by using a 1-step reverse transcription-PCR assay as described (5,6). Phylogenetic trees were constructed for nucleocapsid gene nucleotide sequences by comparison with other OROV nucleocapsid gene sequences in GenBank (Table 1); neighbor-joining analysis (10) implemented in Mega version 2.1 (11) was used. Bootstrap See boot. (operating system, compiler) bootstrap - To load and initialise the operating system on a computer. Normally abbreviated to "boot". From the curious expression "to pull oneself up by one's bootstraps", one of the legendary feats of Baron von Munchhausen. analyses were performed on 1,000 replicates to generate confidence for groupings (12). Of 125 serum samples from patients in Parauapebas, HI results were positive for 16 (12.7%) from Vila Sansao, 6 (4.8%) from Paulo Fontelles, and 4 (3.2%) from other localities. IgM was detected in 16 (12.7%), 8 (4.8%), and 6 (4.8%) serum samples from these 3 areas, respectively. Of 117 serum samples from patients in Porto de Moz, 56 (46.7%) had HI antibodies and 61 (52.1%) had IgM to OROV. A total of 71.9% of female patients in Parauapebas and 59% in Porto de Moz had symptoms suggestive of suggestive of Decision making adjective Referring to a pattern by LM or imaging, that the interpreter associates with a particular–usually malignant lesion. See Aunt Millie approach, Defensive medicine. Oropouche fever. Although all age groups were affected, persons 5-14 years of age had the highest frequency of symptoms (30.4%) and those <1-4 years of age had the lowest frequency (4.8%) (Table 2). Symptoms most frequently reported were fever (100%), headache (79.3%), joint pain (68.7%), and muscle pain (30%). Seventy percent of patients reported [greater than or equal to] 1 episode of recurrence of fever, characterized by fever, headache, and other symptoms [approximately equal to] 2-3 weeks after onset of initial symptoms (2,3). Full-length S RNA of the 4 OROV strains contained 754 nt and encoded 2 overlapping open reading frames, the nucleocapsid (693 nt and 231 aa) and nonstructural protein (273 nt and 91 aa). Two small noncoding regions were also found at the 3' and 5' ends of these reading frames, spanning nt positions 1-44 and 741-754, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of Brazil 2003 and 2004 isolates grouped strains from Parauapebas (Brazil 2003a and Brazil 2003b) into OROV genotype I and strains from Porto de Moz (Brazil 2004a and Brazil 2004b) into OROV genotype II (Figure 2). [FIGURE 2 OMITTED] Conclusions Oropouche fever is the second most common arboviral disease (after dengue fever dengue fever (dĕng`gē, –gā), acute infectious disease caused by four closely related viruses and transmitted by the bite of the Aedes mosquito; it is also known as breakbone fever and bone-crusher disease. ) in the Brazilian Amazon region. From 1960 to 1980, Oropouche fever outbreaks were detected only in Pardi State, mainly in Belem and neighboring areas, where thousands of people were infected (2,3). OROV was then detected in other Amazonian states including Amazonas, Amapa, Acre, Rondonia, and Tocantins; and non-Amazonian states, including Maranhao in northeastern Brazil and Tocantins in central Brazil (3,8). Recently, OROV isolated from Callithrix sp.in Arinos, Minas Gerais Minas Gerais (mē`nəs zhərīs`) [Port.,=various mines], state (1996 pop. 16,660,691), 226,707 sq mi (587,171 sq km), E Brazil. The capital is Belo Horizonte. Minas Gerais continues to produce more than half of Brazil's mineral wealth. State, southeastern Brazil was characterized as genotype III, which indicated the presence of this genotype in Brazil (6). OROV from this species has been identified only in Panama (5). From 1980 to 2005, sporadic cases or self-limited outbreaks of Oropouche fever were reported in areas of the Brazilian Amazon, which suggested silent endemic circulation of the virus (13). In 2003 and 2004, several cases of Oropouche fever were detected in Parauaebas and Porto de Moz in Para State. Parauaebas is located in the Carajas mineral province and Porto de Moz is located in the Altamira region. Genetic characterization of strains indicated the presence of genotype II in the eastern Amazon region. This genotype had been associated with cases of Oropouche fever in restricted western Amazonian areas (Rondonia State), as well as in Peru (5). This finding suggests movement of OROV genotype II across the Amazon region from western to eastern areas or emergence of this genotype after silent circulation for several years. Genotype I (Brazil 2003a and Brazil 2003b) found in Parauapebas was closely related to Trinidadian and Brazilian isolates obtained from 1955 through 1960 (Trinidad 55 and Brazil 60) (5). Genotype II strains isolated in Porto de Moz were genetically related to strains isolated in Peru during the 1990s (Peru 92, 93, 97, 98a, 98b) and Rondonia State in 1991 (Brazil 91a, 91b), as reported by Saeed et al. (5). These data indicate that Parauapebas and Porto de Moz OROV isolates are genetically distinct and have different ancestor viruses (Figure 2). Recognition of different OROV genotypes in the Brazilian Amazon, as well as new genetic information, is useful for understanding the epidemiology and genetic diversity of this emergent human pathogen Pathogen Any agent capable of causing disease. The term pathogen is usually restricted to living agents, which include viruses, rickettsia, bacteria, fungi, yeasts, protozoa, helminths, and certain insect larval stages. . Acknowledgments We thank Alan Barrett for his invaluable comments and suggestions; Vanusia Dias Duarte, Marcia Solange Ferro de Melo Silva, Nubia Maria de Lima de Lima or d'Lima is a Portuguese surname. It is also a Spanish name meaning 'of Lima' de Lima is either:
n. A synthetic rubber made from the polymerization of butadiene and sodium. [Originally a trademark.] Noun 1. , Iveraldo Ferreira da Silva, Maxwell Furtado de Lima, Assis dos Prazeres, and Luiz Roberto Oliveira da Costa The surname da Costa derives from the Portuguese word for coast. It may refer to:
This study was supported by Instituto Evandro Chagas/Secretaria de Vigilancia em Saude/Ministry of Health, Salobo Metais S/A S/A System Administrator S/A Service/Agency S/A Special Agent S/A Spectrum Analyzer S/A Situational Awareness S/A Selective Availability (GPS satellite mode) S/A Services/Agencies S/A Sub-Assembly , and CNPq (process 300460/2005-8). References (1.) Fauquet CM, Mayo MA, Maniloff J, Desselberger U, Ball LA. Virus taxonomy: classification and nomenclature of viruses. Eighth report of the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses. San Diego San Diego (săn dēā`gō), city (1990 pop. 1,110,549), seat of San Diego co., S Calif., on San Diego Bay; inc. 1850. San Diego includes the unincorporated communities of La Jolla and Spring Valley. Coronado is across the bay. (CA): Academic Press; 2005. (2.) Pinheiro FP, Travassos da Rosa Da Rosa is a Portuguese and Galician family name. Da Rosa is either:
(3.) Pinheiro FP, Travassos da Rosa AP, Vasconcelos PF. Oropouche fever. In: Feigin RD, editor. Textbook of pediatric pediatric /pe·di·at·ric/ (pe?de-at´rik) pertaining to the health of children. pe·di·at·ric adj. Of or relating to pediatrics. infectious diseases infectious diseases: see communicable diseases. , 5th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2004. p. 2418-23. (4.) Pinheiro FP, Pinheiro M, Bensabath G, Causey Causey is a village in County Durham, in England. It is situated a short distance to the north of Stanley. OR, Shope RE. Epidemia de virus Oropouche em Belem. Revista do Servico Especial es·pe·cial adj. 1. Of special importance or significance; exceptional: an occasion of especial joy. 2. Saude Publica. 1962;12:15-23. (5.) Saeed MF, Wang H, Nunes MRT MRT, n manual resistance technique, a treatment method used during the acute and recovery phases to relieve pain and rehabilitate the body's tissues and muscles. , Vasconcelos PFC PFC abbr. private first class Noun 1. PFC - a powerful greenhouse gas emitted during the production of aluminum perfluorocarbon , Weaver SC, Shope RE, et al. Nucteotide sequences and phylogeny of the nuclecapsid gene of Oropouche virus. J Gen Virol. 2000;81:743-8. (6.) Nunes MR, Martins LC, Rodrigues SG, Chiang JO, Azevedo RS, Travassos da Rosa AP, et al. Oropouche virus isolation, southeast Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005; 11:1610-3. (7.) Clarke DH, Casals J. Techniques for hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition with arthropod-borne viruses. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1958;7:561-73. (8.) Vasconcelos PF, Travassos da Rosa JF, Guerreiro SC, Degallier N, Travassos da Rosa ES, Travassos da Rosa AP. Primeiro registro de epidemias causadas pelo virus Oropouche nos estados do Maranhao e Goias, Brasil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 1989;31:271-8. (9.) Beaty BJ, Calisher CH, Shope RE. Arboviruses arboviruses (ar´bōvī´r  sz),n. . in: Lennette DA, Schmidt NJ, editors. Diagnostic procedures for viral, rickettsial rickettsial /rick·ett·si·al/ (ri-ket´se-al) pertaining to or caused by rickettsiae. rick·ett·si·al adj. Relating to, or caused by a member of the genus Rickettsia. and chlamydial chlamydial pertaining to members of the family Chlamydiaceae. chlamydial abortion abortion in cows, ewes, sows and goat does caused by Chlamydophila abortus and C. pecorum. See enzootic abortion of ewes. infections. Washington: American Public Health Association The American Public Health Association (APHA) is Washington, D.C.-based professional organization for public health professionals in the United States. Founded in 1872 by Dr. Stephen Smith, APHA has more than 30,000 members worldwide. ; 1995. p. 797-855. (10.) Saitou N, Nei M. The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstruction phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol Evol. 1987;4:406-25. (11.) Kumar S, Tamura K, Nei M. Molecular evolutionary genetic analysis. version 1.01. University Park (PA): The Pennsylvania State University Pennsylvania State University, main campus at University Park, State College; land-grant and state supported; coeducational; chartered 1855, opened 1859 as Farmers' High School. ; 2000. (12.) Felsenstein J. Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution. 1985;39:783-91. (13.) Azevedo RS, Souza MR, Rodrigues SG, Nunes MR, Buna BS, Leao RNQ, Vasconcelos PF. Ocorrencia endemica de febre por Oropouche em Belem/PA no periodo de 2000 a 2001. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical. 2002;35(Suppl I):386. Raimunda do Socorro da Silva Azevedo, * Marcio Roberto Teixeira Nunes, * Jannifer Oliveira Chiang, * Gilberta Bensabath, * Helena Baldez Vasconcelos, * Ana Yece das Neves Pinto pinto Spotted horse, also called paint, piebald, skewbald, and other terms to describe variations in colour and markings. The American Indian ponies of the western U.S. were often pintos. Most pure-breed associations refuse to register horses with pinto colouring. , * Livia Caricio Martins, * Hamilton Antonio de Oliveira Monteiro,* Sueli Guerreiro Rodrigues, * and Pedro Fernando da Costa Vasconcelos * * Instituto Evandro Chagas Evandro Chagas (b. August 10, 1905, Rio de Janeiro; d. November 8, 1940, Rio de Janeiro) was a Brazilian physician and biomedical scientist specialized in tropical medicine. , Belem, Para, Brazil Dr Azevedo is a physician in the Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fever hemorrhagic fever (hĕm'ərăj`ĭk), any of a group of viral diseases characterized by sudden onset, muscle and joint pain, fever, bleeding, and shock from loss of blood. at the Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ministry of Health, Belem, Para State, Brazil. Her research interests include clinical, epidemiologic, and experimental studies of arboviruses, particularly those responsible for illness in humans. Address for correspondence: Pedro Fernando da Costa Vasconcelos, Secao de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorragicas do Instituto Evandro Chagas/SVS/MS, Ave Almirante Barroso, 492, CEP CEP congenital erythropoietic porphyria. CEP abbr. congenital erythropoietic porphyria 66093-020, Belem, Para, Brazil; email: pedrovasconcelos@iec.pa.gov.br
Table 1. Characteristics of Oropouche virus strains used for small
RNA phylogenetic analyses
Strain Source Sample
TRVL 9760 Human Blood
BeAn 19991 Bradypus trydactylus Blood
BeH 271815 Human Blood
BeAn 206119 Bradypus trydactylus Blood
BeAn 208402 Bradypus trydactylus Blood
BeAn 208819 Bradypus trydactylus Blood
BeAn 208823 Bradypus trydactylus Blood
BeH 390233 Human Blood
BeH 381114 Human Blood
BeH 379693 Human Blood
BeH 472200 Human Blood
BeH 472204 Human Blood
BeAr 473358 Culicoides paraensis Pool
BeH 475248 Human Blood
GLM 444477 Human Blood
GLM 444911 Human Blood
GLM 445252 Human Blood
GLM 450093 Human Blood
BeH 505514 Human Blood
BeH 505442 Human Blood
BeH 505663 Human Blood
IQT 1690 Human Blood
MD 023 Human Blood
DEI 209 Human Blood
BeH 521086 Human Serum
BeH 541863 Human Blood
BeH 543033 Human Blood
BeH 544552 Human Blood
BeH 543087 Human Blood
BeH 543618 Human Blood
BeH 543733 Human Serum
IQT 4083 Human Blood
01-812-98 Human Blood
IQT 7085 Human Blood
BeAn 626990 Callithrix sp. Viscera
BeH 622544 Human Blood
BeH 669314 Human Blood
BeH 669315 Human Blood
BeH 682426 Human Blood
BeH 682431 Human Blood
Strain Year Location
TRVL 9760 1955 Trinidad
BeAn 19991 1960 Sao Miguel, Brazil
BeH 271815 1975 Santarem, Brazil
BeAn 206119 1971 Maracana, Brazil
BeAn 208402 1971 Maracana, Brazil
BeAn 208819 1971 Maracana, Brazil
BeAn 208823 1971 Maracana, Brazil
BeH 390233 1980 Manaus, Brazil
BeH 381114 1980 Belem, Brazil
BeH 379693 1980 Castanhal, Brazil
BeH 472200 1988 Porto Franco, Brazil
BeH 472204 1988 Tocantinopolis, Brazil
BeAr 473358 1988 Porto Franco, Brazil
BeH 475248 1988 Tucurui, Brazil
GLM 444477 1989 Panama
GLM 444911 1989 Panama
GLM 445252 1989 Panama
GLM 450093 1989 Panama
BeH 505514 1991 Santa Isabel, Brazil
BeH 505442 1991 Ouro Preto d'Oeste,
Brazil
BeH 505663 1991 Ariquemes, Brazil
IQT 1690 1992 Peru
MD 023 1993 Peru
DEI 209 1993 Peru
BeH 521086 1993 Barra do Corda, Brazil
BeH 541863 1996 Altamira, Brazil
BeH 543033 1996 Oriximina, Brazil
BeH 544552 1996 Brasil Novo, Brazil
BeH 543087 1996 Xapuri, Brazil
BeH 543618 1996 Oriximina, Brazil
BeH 543733 1996 Oriximina, Brazil
IQT 4083 1997 Peru
01-812-98 1998 Peru
IQT 7085 1998 Peru
BeAn 626990 2000 Arinos, Brazil
BeH 622544 2002 Parana, Brazil
BeH 669314 2003 Parauapebas, Brazil
BeH 669315 2003 Parauapebas, Brazil
BeH 682426 2004 Porto de Moz, Brazil
BeH 682431 2004 Porto de Moz, Brazil
GenBank strain
Strain identification Accession no.
TRVL 9760 Trinidad 55 AF164531
BeAn 19991 Brazil 60 AF164532
BeH 271815 Brazil 75 AF164533
BeAn 206119 Brazil 71a AY993909
BeAn 208402 Brazil 71b AY993910
BeAn 208819 Brazil 71c AY993911
BeAn 208823 Brazil 71d AY993912
BeH 390233 Brazil 80c AF164536
BeH 381114 Brazil 80b AF164535
BeH 379693 Brazil 80a AF164534
BeH 472200 Brazil 88a AF164537
BeH 472204 Brazil 88b AF164538
BeAr 473358 Brazil 88c AF164539
BeH 475248 Brazil 88d AF164540
GLM 444477 Panama 89a AF164555
GLM 444911 Panama 89b AF164556
GLM 445252 Panama 89c AF164557
GLM 450093 Panama 89d AF164558
BeH 505514 Brazil 91a AF164541
BeH 505442 Brazil 91b AF164542
BeH 505663 Brazil 91c AF164543
IQT 1690 Peru 92 AF164549
MD 023 Peru 93a AF164550
DEI 209 Peru 93b AF164551
BeH 521086 Brazil 93 AY704559
BeH 541863 Brazil 96a AF164544
BeH 543033 Brazil 96b AF164545
BeH 544552 Brazil 96c AF164546
BeH 543087 Brazil 96d AF164547
BeH 543618 Brazil 96e AF164548
BeH 543733 Brazil 96f AY704560
IQT 4083 Peru 97 AF164552
01-812-98 Peru 98a AF164553
IQT 7085 Peru 98b AF164554
BeAn 626990 Brazil 00 AY117135
BeH 622544 Brazil 02 EF467368
BeH 669314 Brazil 03a EF467370
BeH 669315 Brazil 03b EF467369
BeH 682426 Brazil 04a EF467371
BeH 682431 Brazil 04b EF467372
Table 2. Distribution of serum samples positive for
immunoglobulin M to Oropouche virus in 2 municipalities,
Para State, Brazil, 2003-2004
Porto de Moz,
no. positive/no tested
Patient
age, y Male Female
<1-4 1/6 3/4
5-14 11/21 7/19
15-24 2/7 7/14
25-34 4/7 6/10
35-44 4/5 3/5
45-54 2/3 4/8
[greater than or equal to] 55 2/3 5/5
Total 26/52 35/65
Parauapebas,
no. positive/no tested
Patient
age, y Male Female
<1-4 0/2 1/9
5-14 3/21 7/24
15-24 0/4 4/13
25-34 0/3 5/11
35-44 4/4 1/7
45-54 1/7 3/8
[greater than or equal to] 55 1/6 2/5
Total 9/47 23/77
|
|
||||||||||||||||
Printer friendly
Cite/link
Email
Feedback
Reader Opinion