Ranking of nations and heightened competition in Matthew core journals: two faces of the Matthew effect for countries.ABSTRACT THE MATTHEW EFFECT The term "Matthew effect" may refer, depending on context, to a number of ideas all related to a parable in the Gospel of Matthew: Biblical The "Matthew effect FOR COUNTRIES (MEC MEC Ministério da Educação (Ministry of Education) MEC Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (Spain: Ministry for Education and Science) MEC Mountain Equipment Co-Op ) consists of the systematic deviation DEVIATION, insurance, contracts. A voluntary departure, without necessity, or any reasonable cause, from the regular and usual course of the voyage insured. 2. in the number of actual (observed) citations from the number of expected citations: A few countries, expecting a high impact (i.e., a high number of cites per paper) receive a surplus of citations, while the majority of countries, expecting a lower impact, lose citations. The MEC is characterized char·ac·ter·ize tr.v. character·ized, character·iz·ing, character·iz·es 1. To describe the qualities or peculiarities of: characterized the warden as ruthless. 2. by numerous facets, but two are the most impressive. The first is the possibility of ranking the science nations by their overall efficiency of scientific performance, thus making the MEC attractive for science policy. The second is the concentration of the MEC in a small number of scientific journals which happen to be the most competitive markets for scientific papers and, therefore, are of interest to librarians This is a list of people who have practised as a librarian and are well-known, either for their contributions to the library profession or primarily in some other field. as well as scientists. First, by using an appropriate measure for the above-mentioned A`bove´-men`tioned a. 1. Mentioned or named before; aforesaid; mentioned or named earlier in the same text (in written documents). Adj. 1. deviation of the observed from the expected citation Citation (foaled 1945) U.S. Thoroughbred racehorse. In four seasons he won 32 of 45 races, finished second in ten, and third in two. He won the 1948 Triple Crown, and became the first horse to win $1 million. He set a world record in 1950 by running a mile in 1:33 3/5. rate one can bring the countries under investigation into a rank order, which is almost stable over time and independent of the main scientific fields and the size (i.e., publication output) of the participating countries. Metaphorically speaking, this country rank distribution shows the extent to which a country is using its scientific talents. This is the first facet facet /fac·et/ (fas´it) a small plane surface on a hard body, as on a bone. fac·et n. 1. A small smooth area on a bone or other firm structure. 2. of the MEC. The second facet appears when one studies the mechanism (i.e., microstructure mi·cro·struc·ture n. The structure of an organism or object as revealed through microscopic examination. microstructure Noun a structure on a microscopic scale, such as that of a metal or a cell ) of the MEC. Every journal contributes to the MEC. The "atoms" of the MEC are redistributed re·dis·trib·ute tr.v. re·dis·trib·ut·ed, re·dis·trib·ut·ing, re·dis·trib·utes To distribute again in a different way; reallocate. Adj. 1. citations, whose number turns out to be a new and sensitive indicator for any scientific journal. Bringing the journals into a rank order according to according to prep. 1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians. 2. In keeping with: according to instructions. 3. this indicator, one finds that only 144 journals out of 2,712 contain half of all redistributed citations, and thus account for half of the MEC. We give a list of these "Matthew Matthew one of the twelve disciples. [N.T.: Matthew] See : Evangelism core journals" (MCJ MCJ Malattia Di Creutzfeldt-Jakob (Italian: Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease) MCJ Mississippi Center for Justice MCJ Master Criminal Justice MCJ Microcrystalline Cellulose, Jet Milled MCJ Master of Laws in Comparative Jurisprudence Degree ) together with a new typology typology /ty·pol·o·gy/ (ti-pol´ah-je) the study of types; the science of classifying, as bacteria according to type. typology the study of types; the science of classifying, as bacteria according to type. relating the new indicator to the well-known well-known adj. 1. Widely known; familiar or famous: a well-known performer. 2. Fully known: well-known facts. ones, such as publication or citation numbers. It is our hypothesis that the MCJ are forums of the fiercest competition in science--the "Olympic games Olympic games, premier athletic meeting of ancient Greece, and, in modern times, series of international sports contests. The Olympics of Ancient Greece Although records cannot verify games earlier than 776 B.C. in science" proceed in this highest class of scientific journals. INTRODUCTION The Discovery of the Matthew Effect for Countries It is often regretted that research papers, especially in the natural sciences, follow the stereotyped approach "introduction-method-results-conclusions," while the circumstances CIRCUMSTANCES, evidence. The particulars which accompany a fact. 2. The facts proved are either possible or impossible, ordinary and probable, or extraordinary and improbable, recent or ancient; they may have happened near us, or afar off; they are public or under which the authors achieved their results remain hidden. In contrast, this paper starts with a historical survey of the research lines we have followed since 1990. Impatient im·pa·tient adj. 1. Unable to wait patiently or tolerate delay; restless. 2. Unable to endure irritation or opposition; intolerant: impatient of criticism. 3. readers may skip this introductory section. The effect was detected in 1994. A eureka moment of the kind known from discoveries in the natural sciences encouraged us to call what we could see on the computer screen "Matthew effect"--later, more precisely, "Matthew effect for countries" (MEC) (Bonitz, Bruckner Bruck·ner , Anton 1824-1896. Austrian organist and composer whose major works include nine symphonies, a requiem (1848-1849), and Te Deum in C (1881). Noun 1. , & Scharnhorst Scharnhorst may refer to:
Contraction of had not. hadn't had not hadn't have had in the backs of our minds that there was a "Matthew effect in science," as introduced by the eminent Eminent may refer to:
Generally speaking, the sociology of science involves the study of science as a social activity, especially dealing "with the social conditions and effects of science, and with the (Merton, 1968), we never would have dared name our phenomenon "Matthew effect." In the first phase of our investigations, we studied the effect's time-stability, field-dependency, and its order of magnitude A change in quantity or volume as measured by the decimal point. For example, from tens to hundreds is one order of magnitude. Tens to thousands is two orders of magnitude; tens to millions is three orders of magnitude, etc. . The effect turned out to be stable over time, independent of scientific fields, and to have a small order of magnitude (Bonitz, Bruckner, & Scharnhorst, 1997). It is not an artifact A distortion in an image or sound caused by a limitation or malfunction in the hardware or software. Artifacts may or may not be easily detectable. Under intense inspection, one might find artifacts all the time, but a few pixels out of balance or a few milliseconds of abnormal sound . At this time, any speculations Speculations is an online resource for writers who wish to break into or increase their presence within the science fiction, fantasy, or other speculative fiction subgenres. Speculations has been a Hugo Award nominee seven times. The website is maintained by Kent Brewster. concerning the practical impact of our findings were beyond the scope of our considerations. Then, a measure for the effect was developed--"Matthew-Index"--the value of which must be computed for each country (Bonitz, Bruckner, & Scharnhorst, 1999a). Countries can be ranked according to this measure, and one can easily see how a certain country is affected by the MEC. We found our country ranking method more expressive than a relational charts representation developed by other researchers (Braun Braun , Eva 1912-1945. German lover and later wife of Adolf Hitler. They began living together in 1936, but the liaison was kept secret, and she was never seen in public with him. They were married hours before their double suicide on April 30, 1945. , Glanzel, & Schubert, 1989). At the beginning, we were taking for granted the public understanding of the Gospel parable parable, the term translates the Hebrew word "mashal"—a term denoting a metaphor, or an enigmatic saying or an analogy. In the Greco-Roman rhetorical tradition, however, "parables" were illustrative narrative examples. Jewish teachers of the 1st cent. A.D. described in St. Matthew 25:14-30, and of Merton's Matthew effect in science. We declared, that the Right World (citation rich) countries were "taking away" citations from the Left World (citation poor) countries (Bonitz, Bruckner, & Scharnhorst, 1995a). It was some time before we grasped the very essence of the famous Biblical parable and then found it surprisingly compatible with our findings (Bonitz, 1997). This fact helped us in treating the "meaning" of the country rank distribution. It enabled us to understand whether it reflects a "discrimination against certain countries," the "quality of national science systems," the "usage of scientific talents," or the "efficiency of competition in science." Next, we looked for the mechanisms underlying the country rank distribution for the "microstructure of the MEC." It became clear that we had to shift from the "country side" of the MEC to its "[journal side." All of the nearly 3,000journals in the database were expected to (more or less) contribute to the MEC. It seemed evident that the journals are like molecules--molecules that combine to produce the entity we call the MEC. We could not, however, presuppose pre·sup·pose tr.v. pre·sup·posed, pre·sup·pos·ing, pre·sup·pos·es 1. To believe or suppose in advance. 2. To require or involve necessarily as an antecedent condition. See Synonyms at presume. that these molecules themselves are composed of different sorts of "atoms" (i.e., citations given to the journals), and that only one of these sorts is responsible for producing the MEC. This special sort, which had never before been described in journal investigations, we called "redistributed citations" or "Matthew citations." Our investigations into the behaviour and the properties of the Matthew citations yielded surprising results. The Matthew citations have a very skewed distribution Skewed distribution Probability distribution in which an unequal number of observations lie below (negative skew) or above (positive skew) the mean. over all journals: Most of the Matthew citations are concentrated in few journals, with 144journals containing half of the Matthew citations. These lucky journals also play a highly distinguished role in scientific communication. We proved this hypothesis by trying to falsify falsify, v to forge; to give a false appearance to anything, as to falsify a record. it. However, journal ranking Static Journal Ranking Journal ranking is widely used in academic circles in the evaluation of a journal's impact. Although there are several websites that release rankings of journals in specific areas of research, their audiences have only static access to ranking reports. by number of publications, by number of citations, by number of participating countries, and by impact factor, failed to yield journal rank distributions highly correlated cor·re·late v. cor·re·lat·ed, cor·re·lat·ing, cor·re·lates v.tr. 1. To put or bring into causal, complementary, parallel, or reciprocal relation. 2. with the distribution by Matthew citations. Thus, a special role of the "Matthew core journals" (MCJ), as we called them, seemed to be established. How should this new type of scientific journal be characterized? The journals with the highest reputation? The most important journals in science? The journals with the highest quality articles? If we would choose one of these features we could easily run into boundary problems by having to distinguish between journals of high and low reputation, between those of high and low importance, between high and low quality papers quality papers quality (Brit) npl the quality papers → die seriösen Zeitungen pl . The appearance of the Matthew citations offered a new possibility: Our proposal is that the number of Matthew citations in a journal reflects the degree of scientific competition going on within its pages. Those competing are scientists, scientific institutions, and countries in science. MCJ are thus the most competitive markets in science. They mirror the experience of other competitive areas, such as the economy or sports, which supports our metaphor that "the Olympic games in science" proceed in the highest class of scientific journals--in the MCJ. Another metaphorical filiation fil·i·a·tion n. 1. a. The condition or fact of being the child of a certain parent. b. Law Judicial determination of paternity. 2. A line of descent; derivation. 3. a. appears, reaching from the MEC to the treatment of the Parable of Talents in St. Matthew: Not "the rich are becoming richer and the poor poorer," but those who are most effectively competing, irrespective of irrespective of prep. Without consideration of; regardless of. irrespective of preposition despite the amount of talent entrusted to them, will reach the kingdom of heaven (i.e., science). The Parable of Talents The knowledge of the parable's full text helped us to understand the nature of our findings. St. Matthew 25:14-30: For the kingdom of heaven is as a man travelling into a far country, who called his own servants, and delivered unto them his goods. And unto one he gave five talents, to another two, and to another one; to every man according to his several ability; and straight way took his journey. Then he that had received the five talents went and traded with the same, and made them other five talents. And likewise he that had received two, he also gained other two. But he that had received one went and digged in the earth, and hid his lord's money. After a long time the lord of those servants cometh, and reckoneth with them. And so he that had received five talents came and brought other five talents, saying, Lord, thou deliveredst unto me five talents; behold, I have gained beside them five talents more. His lord said unto him, Well done, thou good and faithful servant: thou hast been faithful over a few things, I will make thee ruler over many things: enter thou into the joy of thy lord. He also that had received two talents came and said, Lord, thou deliveredst unto me two talents: behold, I have gained two other talents beside them. His lord said unto him, Well done, good and faithful servant; thou hast been faithful over a few things, I will make thee ruler over many things; enter thou into the joy of thy lord. Then he which had received the one talent came and said, Lord, I knew thee that thou art an hard man, reaping where thou hast not sown, and gathering where thou hast not strawed: And I was afraid, and went and hid thy talent in the earth: lo, there thou hast that is thine. His lord answered and said unto him, Thou wicked and slothful servant, thou knewest that I reap where I sowed not, and gather where I have not strawed: Thou oughtest therefore to have put my money to the exchangers, and then at my coming I should have received mine own with usury. Take therefore the talent from him, and give it unto him which hath ten talents. For unto every one that hath shall be given, and he shall have abundance: but from him that has not shall be taken away even that which he hath. And cast ye the unprofitable servant into outer darkness: there shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth. (The Bible, 1993) It is an open question, whether R. K. Merton, writing his well-known paper "The Matthew effect in science" (Merton, 1968) (see also the next section), had in mind the whole parable or only the verse "For unto un·to prep. 1. To. 2. Until: a fast unto death. 3. By: a place unto itself, quite unlike its surroundings. every one that hath hath v. Archaic Third person singular present tense of have. shall be given, and he shall have abundance Abundance See also Fertility. Amalthea’s horn horn of Zeus’s nurse-goat which became a cornucopia. [Gk. Myth.: Walsh Classical, 19] cornucopia conical receptacle which symbolizes abundance. [Rom. Myth. : but from him that has not shall be taken away even that which he hath" (Merton, 1999). In actual fact, Merton quoted only this one verse. Thus, the bulk of subsequent papers citing him fully and exclusively relied on it. Everybody was convinced that Merton's experimental data or observations, and so this verse, reflected the "Matthew effect in science." Initially, so did we, the only difference being that we called "our" Matthew effect "Matthew effect for countries" and could exactly measure it, while our forerunners could not. However, in measuring, we ran into many difficulties--difficulties that were only overcome by understanding the whole Parable of Talents, the essence of which is likely not "the rich are becoming richer, and the poor poorer," but "the employment of your given talents is rewarded, and their neglect punished pun·ish v. pun·ished, pun·ish·ing, pun·ish·es v.tr. 1. To subject to a penalty for an offense, sin, or fault. 2. To inflict a penalty for (an offense). 3. " (see Figure 1). To better explain, recently and fortunately, we became aware of a "New Living Translation" of the Bible Bible [Gr.,=the books], term used since the 4th cent. to denote the Christian Scriptures and later, by extension, those of various religious traditions. This article discusses the nature of religious scripture generally and the Christian Scriptures specifically, as , where Merton's verse is translated in the following way: "To those who use well what they are given, even more will be given, and they will have an abundance. But from those who are unfaithful, even what little they have will be taken away" (St. Matthew 25:29, Holy Bible Holy Bible name for book containing the Christian Scriptures. [Christianity: NCE, 291] See : Writings, Sacred , 1997). [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] Merton's Matthew Effect in Science The material discussed in Merton's insightful paper has so many dimensions, that it could hardly have elaborated its correspondence with a whole Biblical text. Moreover, the story of Merton's Matthew effect in science was not finished with the publication of the "Science" paper in 1968. Twenty years TWENTY YEARS. The lapse of twenty years raises a presumption of certain facts, and after such a time, the party against whom the presumption has been raised, will be required to prove a negative to establish his rights. 2. later Merton "updated" it through another insightful paper (The Matthew effect in science, II), in which he included his thoughts about cumulative advantage and the symbolism Symbolism In art, a loosely organized movement that flourished in the 1880s and '90s and was closely related to the Symbolist movement in literature. In reaction against both Realism and Impressionism, Symbolist painters stressed art's subjective, symbolic, and decorative of intellectual property (Merton, 1988). Thus, by no means could Merton be accused of treating the Matthew matter too simplistically. While he faced the difficulty that he could not measure the phenomena he observed at the microlevel of science (i.e., of the allocation The apportionment or designation of an item for a specific purpose or to a particular place. In the law of trusts, the allocation of cash dividends earned by a stock that makes up the principal of a trust for a beneficiary usually means that the dividends will be treated as of credit to scientists or scientific institutions), we were lucky, at the macrolevel, to observe a measurable effect. However, to explain what we measure and observe, we nevertheless must: go down to the microlevel again, and here we participate in the tremendous experience described in Merton's work. Very often an effect is something that happens against a certain expectation or model underlying this expectation. The effect then disappears when the model is improved; the observation is in accord with the expectation. However, the measurability meas·ur·a·ble adj. 1. Possible to be measured: measurable depths. 2. Of distinguished importance; significant: a measurable figure in literature. of the effect is the pre-condition for investigating these interactions. The MEC fulfills this condition. The behaviour of the third servant in the parable deviates from the expected behavior, although his smaller abilities compared to the other servants were already taken into account. COUNTRIES: THE FIRST FACE OF THE MEC A Measure for the MEC: The Matthew-Index When we construct for each of our forty-four countries a rank distribution plotting the observed value of its "impact" (or "citations per paper"), we achieve a skewed skewed curve of a usually unimodal distribution with one tail drawn out more than the other and the median will lie above or below the mean. skewed Epidemiology adjective Referring to an asymmetrical distribution of a population or of data curve. That, however, has nothing to do with the Matthew effect. When we take our forty-four countries in the same rank order and plot for each the expected value Expected value The weighted average of a probability distribution. Also known as the mean value. of its "impact" (or "expected citations per paper"), we achieve another skewed curve that has also nothing to do with the Matthew effect. When we superimpose su·per·im·pose tr.v. su·per·im·posed, su·per·im·pos·ing, su·per·im·pos·es 1. To lay or place (something) on or over something else. 2. the two curves, they do not coincide. Instead, in the region of high impact, the "observed values" are, in most of the rank positions, systematically greater than the "expected values," while in the region of low impact the "observed values" are, in nearly all rank positions, systematically smaller than the "expected values." This effect we call the MEC. We introduce a convenient measure for the deviations--the "Matthew-Index." This measure is positive in cases where the observed values exceed the expected values; it is negative in the opposite cases, when the expected values exceed the observed ones. (For details of the methodology see Appendix A.) When the countries are re-ranked according to the Matthew-Index, one gets Figure 2. In interpreting Figure 2, one should keep in mind that it does not explicitly show that the countries with a gain in citations (from Switzerland Switzerland (swĭt`sərlənd), Fr. Suisse, Ger. Schweiz, Ital. Svizzera, officially Swiss Confederation, federal republic (2005 est. pop. 7,489,000), 15,941 sq mi (41,287 sq km), central Europe. to Finland Finland, Finnish Suomi (swô`mē), officially Republic of Finland, republic (2005 est. pop. 5,223,000), 130,119 sq mi (337,009 sq km), N Europe. ) have higher expectation values, and that the countries with citation losses (from PR China to Belgium Belgium (bĕl`jəm), Du. België, Fr. La Belgique, officially Kingdom of Belgium, constitutional kingdom (2005 est. pop. 10,364,000), 11,781 sq mi (30,513 sq km), NW Europe. ) have lower expectation values. Neither does it show that the absolute values of the gains and/or and/or conj. Used to indicate that either or both of the items connected by it are involved. Usage Note: And/or is widely used in legal and business writing. losses may differ significantly from country to country, because the Matthew-Index gives relative values (in percent). For instance, the relative gain of Switzerland may be 14 percent against 7 percent in the case of Germany Germany (jûr`mənē), Ger. Deutschland, officially Federal Republic of Germany, republic (2005 est. pop. 82,431,000), 137,699 sq mi (356,733 sq km). FR, but the absolute gain of Switzerland is only 2,000 for Switzerland but 4,000 for Germany FR. Likewise the gain of 4,000 citations for Germany (only 7 percent) has a very different impact from the loss of 4,000 citations for India India, officially Republic of India, republic (2005 est pop. 1,080,264,000), 1,261,810 sq mi (3,268,090 sq km), S Asia. The second most populous country in the world, it is also sometimes called Bharat, its ancient name. India's land frontier (c. , where it corresponds to -44 percent! Generally, it should be noted, that the size of a country (in publications) does not play a role in Figure 2: A small country like Sweden Sweden, Swed. Sverige, officially Kingdom of Sweden, constitutional monarchy (2005 est. pop. 9,002,000), 173,648 sq mi (449,750 sq km), N Europe, occupying the eastern part of the Scandinavian peninsula. can belong to the "winners," and large countries like India or Russia Russia, officially the Russian Federation, Rus. Rossiya, republic (2005 est. pop. 143,420,000), 6,591,100 sq mi (17,070,949 sq km). can belong to the "losers." [FIGURE 2 OMITTED] The Right World and the Left World in Science A rank order, due to its one-dimensionality, provokes immediate judgement: The top ranked are the "best," all others are not as good. What is the rank number of my own country? Why is it not better? Obviously the method is wrong! Long before seeking explanations for the rank order of Figure 2, we called, for mere convenience, the "winner" countries "Right World countries," and the "loser (jargon) loser - An unexpectedly bad situation, program, programmer, or person. Someone who habitually loses. (Even winners can lose occasionally). Someone who knows not and knows not that he knows not. " countries "Left World countries." The bars for the first point to the right, those for the second, to the left side. Figure 2 seems not to be chaotic; it seems to make sense. Obviously, the countries "going to the right" (see Figure 2) are also on the "right" track. But all these considerations are not an explanation of Figure 2. Even if we say that it reflects the MEC, we have to answer the simple question "What is the Matthew effect?" We can, however, falsify from the beginning the most frequently generated hypotheses. "The rich are becoming richer, the poor poorer." So Sweden is a rich country in science, and Russia is a poor country? Rich and poor in what respect? Or: "The Left World countries are discriminated against by the Right World countries." So, Denmark Denmark (dĕn`märk), Dan. Danmark, officially Kingdom of Denmark, kingdom (2005 est. pop. 5,432,000), 16,629 sq mi (43,069 sq km), N Europe. discriminates against PR China? Why not the other way round? Or: "The language barrier puts non-English countries into the category of the Left World countries." But why does India belong to this category? No doubt, there may be a component of discrimination, there may be a language barrier, but how essential are these and numerous other components we could think of, cultural, historical, geographical, economical, and political ones? Our method is based on the Science Citation Index Science Citation Index (SCI ®) is a citation index originally produced by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) in 1960, which is now owned by Thomson Scientific. (SCI (Scalable Coherent Interface) An IEEE standard for a high-speed bus that uses wire or fiber-optic cable. It can transfer data up to 1GBytes/sec. (hardware) SCI - 1. Scalable Coherent Interface. 2. UART. ). If we consider the citing authors as experts in their fields, the SCI turns out to be the largest expert system of the world (Bonitz, 1990). This unique property of the SCI guarantees its high reliability when it is used, as in our case, for studies at a high macrolevel of science. Any hypothesis of a systematic discrimination of countries would be, therefore, a hypothesis against the whole community of scientists. We knew that a well-founded well-found·ed adj. Based on sound judgment, reasoning, or evidence; adequately substantiated: well-founded suspicions. explanation of the MEC could be achieved only when the micromechanisms underlying were investigated and understood. This is the task of the next section. However, we present here, in part, the conclusions of that section. After discovery of the "atoms" of the MEC, and after studying their "meaning" and function, we can conclude: The country rank distribution given in Figure 2 reflects the extent to which a country is using its scientific talents, or better, it reflects the efficiency of competition between the countries participating in the global enterprise "science." The Right World countries generally compete more efficiently than the Left World countries. This efficiency is lowest for PR China and highest for Switzerland. Impact on Science Policy If the rank distribution in Figure 2 actually reflects what we claim it reflects--the national ability for competition in global science--then it should be of interest for science politicians of many countries. A lack of this ability obviously means the waste of national resources (Russia loses a quarter of its expected reward, India more than 40 percent). But improving the ability to compete does not necessarily mean increasing the resources. It can also be achieved by learning from the MEC. JOURNALS: THE SECOND FACE OF THE MEC Investigation of the MEC's Microstructure We mentioned above that the Matthew-Index, according to which the countries are ranked in Figure 2, can be computed for every country, when the numbers of the observed and of the expected citations are known. While the observed citations just have to be counted, the expected citations must be computed. The observed citations can, in principle, stem from any of the 2,712 journals in our journal sample, while the expected citations have to be derived from the numbers of papers in, and the impact factors of, the journals in which the countries publish. For a given journal, the national number of expected citations is exp exp abbr. 1. exponent 2. exponential = (number of national papers) * (journal impact factor). A journal impact factor is, roughly speaking, the number of the citations given in a certain time to all papers in the journal divided by the number of papers. An impact factor of 5 says that an "average" paper receives five citations, while an impact factor of 0.2 requires five articles to attract one citation. The journal impact factor tells how many citations an author can "expect" for his paper, provided it is of average quality. Journals with high impact factor seem to have a higher reputation than journals with low impact factor. For an understanding of what we call the microstructure of the MEC, one must be informed about what is going on in every journal. Some of the fundamentals are demonstrated in the next figure. The upper graph of Figure 3 shows the national impacts for the journal Nature. The impact factor of this journal is 29, because the 7,983 papers received 231,749 citations. However, not a single country achieves 29 citations per average paper--a few countries are getting more than 29, most of the countries get less. Finland, for instance, receives only 5 citations, but Japan receives 38 citations per average paper. This behavior is typical for any scientific journal (with exception of the mono-national journals). There are always countries exceeding the journal impact, and other countries the national impact of which is below the journal impact value. It cannot be predicted whether a certain country in a certain journal will be on the "winning" side or on the "losing" side. The knowledge about the national impact in a journal could provide useful information for designing a national publication strategy; however, for merely practical reasons the scientific community retains the model of "the same impact factor for all." Comparison of the reality with this model provides new insight. At first, we learn that the MEC has its roots in this model. Second, at the order of magnitude of the deviation, we reach surprising conclusions on the very nature of the journals in science. [FIGURE 3 OMITTED] The lower graph of Figure 3 represents the countries that publish in Nature in the same order, but gives their gain or loss of citations with respect to their national impact factor in absolute numbers. So, the United Kingdom loses about 8,000 citations, while Germany FR gains 5,000. It is important to mention that, by the definition of the journal impact factor, the number of citations lost by the "losing" countries in a journal, is equal to the number of surplus citations gained by the "winning" countries of that journal. It seems to be a consequence of the model of"the same impact factor for all," that this number of citations is redistributed from left to right, from the "loser" to the "gainer" countries. We call these citations "redistributed citations" or "Matthew citations." The journal Nature has 33,901 Matthew citations, this number being the difference between the numbers of observed and expected citations on each side. The sign is negative at the left side and positive at the right side. Now we are prepared to understand the "mechanism" leading from the redistribution re·dis·tri·bu·tion n. 1. The act or process of redistributing. 2. An economic theory or policy that advocates reducing inequalities in the distribution of wealth. in the single journals to the MEC at the macrolevel. For every country and for all journals in which this country publishes, one has to sum up the numbers of Matthew citations, taking into account their positive or negative sign. If the sum is positive, this country will belong to the Right World countries; if the sum is negative, it will belong to the Left World countries. Thus, the MEC is the result of the countrywise summing up of Matthew citations. Whether a country belongs to the "winners" or to the "losers" in a certain journal can by no means be predicted from the country rank distribution in Figure 2. For instance, the USA--a "winner" at the macrolevel--belongs to the "losers" in some journals, while Russia--a "loser" at the macrolevel--is a clear "winner" in certain journals. So one must take into account all journals in order to get the final country ranking of Figure 2. Matthew Citations: The Atoms of the MEC We find it appropriate to call the Matthew citations the "atoms of the MEC." Just as the atoms in the physical microworld build up our macroworld, the Matthew citations are responsible for the MEC. Only a small percentage of the citations that are received by a journal's papers are Matthew citations. In the case of Nature about 15 percent. How can we detect whether a "normal" citation is also a Matthew citation or not? Of course, there is no way, and there is no need. Matthew citations appear, when we apply the model "the same impact factor for all." They signal that something more is going on than predicted by that too simple model. Their number can only be computed; no institution in science exists that, as the Lord in the parable, could actually redistribute re·dis·trib·ute tr.v. re·dis·trib·ut·ed, re·dis·trib·ut·ing, re·dis·trib·utes To distribute again in a different way; reallocate. citations. No simple mechanism is conceivable con·ceive v. con·ceived, con·ceiv·ing, con·ceives v.tr. 1. To become pregnant with (offspring). 2. that produces Figure 3 upper graph, in the case of Nature, and quite another graph for the journal Biochemistry biochemistry, science concerned chiefly with the chemistry of biological processes; it attempts to utilize the tools and concepts of chemistry, particularly organic and physical chemistry, for elucidation of the living system. . The Matthew citations help us to refine our simple model. Moreover, they turn out to be a sensitive indicator for essential processes in the whole system of scientific communication. [FIGURE 3 OMITTED] Journal Ranking Journals can be ranked by numerous parameters and indicators. Well-known is the ranking by journal size (number of papers), by recognition (number of achieved citations), by impact (number of citations per paper), or by "internationality" (number of participating countries). Correlations between the different rank distributions have been studied, power laws have been described for the size-recognition dependency dependency In international relations, a weak state dominated by or under the jurisdiction of a more powerful state but not formally annexed by it. Examples include American Samoa (U.S.) and Greenland (Denmark). . It seems that we know everything about the scientific journal in its proud 335-year history. However, nobody has ever ranked scientific journals by their atoms of the MEC, by their number of Matthew citations, because this parameter (1) Any value passed to a program by the user or by another program in order to customize the program for a particular purpose. A parameter may be anything; for example, a file name, a coordinate, a range of values, a money amount or a code of some kind. came into being only when the microstructure of the MEC was investigated (Bonitz, Bruckner, & Scharnhorst, 1999b). When the 2,712 journals of our sample are ranked by their numbers of Matthew citations, the top journal is Nature (33,901), and the last ranking are 25journals with zero Matthew citations, though among these 25 are 4 journals with so many papers that they even possess the status of a "publication core journal" (see definition below). The distribution is not linear but extremely skewed: Half of all Matthew citations are concentrated in the 144 first-ranking journals! We call these journals MCJ. So, when the Matthew citations are responsible for the MEC, then the 144 MCJ--only 5 percent of all journals--produce half of the effect. A New Type of Scientific Journal: The Matthew Core Journal So many types of scientific journals already exist (based on very different parameters, but also on the different journal functions) that the question is legitimate whether the MCJ can add an essential new feature to the whole picture. When we declare, in accordance Accordance is Bible Study Software for Macintosh developed by OakTree Software, Inc.[] As well as a standalone program, it is the base software packaged by Zondervan in their Bible Study suites for Macintosh. with Garfield's saying "A few account for the most" (Garfield Garfield, industrial city (1990 pop. 26,727), Bergen co., NE N.J., on the Passaic at its confluence with the Saddle River; settled 1679 by the Dutch, inc. 1898. Manufactures include paper products, rubber, and printing machinery. , 1977, 1996), that the publication core journals account for half of the size of all journals, or that the citation core journals account for half of the recognition achieved by all journals, and that the participation core journals account fur half of the internationality represented by all journals--then we say, of course, that the MCJ account for half of the MEC. But what is the MEC, not in our phenomenological definition, but in its nature? Everyone looking at the list of the MCJ (given in Appendix C) will admit that they are apparently of high "importance." Are they all simultaneously publication, citation, and participation core journals? No, they are not. This can be shown by a new typology of the scientific journals that includes the "newcomers," the MJC MJC Maison de la Jeunesse et de la Culture MJC Meridian Junior College (Singapore) MJC Military Junior College MJC Major Collector (State highway information) MJC Minnesota Judicial Center (see Appendix B). This highlights something very specific about science, something that characterizes all scientific journals, but that particularly characterizes the MCJ. It is our hypothesis that one of the most essential features of science--competition--is reflected in a scientific journal by the citation redistribution phenomenon or the number of Matthew citations, and that the MCJ are, therefore, the most competitive markets in the fields of their scientific papers. When we highlight 5 percent of all journals as the most competitive markets, this cannot mean that the "rest" of 95 percent of the journals should or could be neglected. The editors of these journals and the authors publishing in them must not feel they are being discriminated against or doing a useless job. Every journal has its place and its importance in the system of scientific communication. The many are a necessary condition for the functioning of the few. We think it can be helpful to be reminded of the world of sports. There, competition is one of the essential features, and the success of the best is guaranteed only by the existence of a broad national and international basis for the different teams. The "Olympic games in science" proceed in the highest class of science journals--the MCJ. Impact on Scientists, Journal Editors, and Librarians It is always pleasant when one faces an overwhelming crowd of things and is offered a pre-selected core that makes decisions easy. When the core selection is well-founded, it can help to improve the functioning of the whole system of scientific communication. Scientists who have produced excellent results should know the MCJ in their field and try to get published there. In doing so, they create the possibility of garnering many surplus citations, but they also take the risk--due to the high competition--to lose citations, a risk that has its source in an usually high level of expectation. Journal editors also should be aware of the rank position of their journal. If it lies in the core, they can be proud, but they must not be disappointed if not. Our rank distribution of journals reflects competition, but there are plenty of journals fulfilling other important tasks, though they do not act as forums for competition, for instance, review journals. Librarians, who always have the problem of acquiring the best and least expensive journals at the same time, will surely profit from the list of journals ranked by the number of Matthew citations. At least the MCJ should be present in any field represented in the library's journal collection. CONCLUSIONS The consequences of the newly discovered measurable MEC are two-fold. With the help of the Matthew-Index, a country rank distribution can be constructed to reflect how effectively each country is taking part in the competition in science. Half of the atoms of the MEC--the Matthew citations--produce half of the MEC and are concentrated in forums of the highest competition in science--in the MCJ. Science politicians as well as individual scientists, journal editors, and librarians might find these new results useful for their work. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I thank my colleagues and friends Andrea Andrea ghost returns to the Spanish court to learn of the events that followed his death. [Br. Drama: The Spanish Tragedy in Magill II, 990] See : Ghost Scharnhorst and Eberhard Eberhard (ā`bərhärt'), d. 939, duke of Franconia; brother of the German king, Conrad I, whom he succeeded as duke. The first to rebel against the centralizing policy of Holy Roman Emperor Otto I, he was an important member of the Bruckner for their continuous and most fruitful fruit·ful adj. 1. a. Producing fruit. b. Conducive to productivity; causing to bear in abundance: fruitful soil. 2. collaboration Working together on a project. See collaborative software. over many years. This is the most important basis of this paper besides the interest expressed by numerous members of our community of scientometricians. I express again my deep admiration for Robert K. Merton
Robert King Merton (July 4, 1910 – February 23, 2003, born Meyer R. , whom I eventually met in 1999, and who warmly encouraged us to continue this type of fundamental research. I am also inspired by Eugene Garfield Eugene "Gene" Garfield (born September 16 1925 in New York City) is an American scientist, one of the founders of bibliometrics and scientometrics. Following ideas inspired by Vannevar Bush's famous 1945 article As We May Think, Garfield undertook the development of a , especially by his ability to describe essential processes in scientific communication in a simple manner, without using sophisticated formulae. I am indebted in·debt·ed adj. Morally, socially, or legally obligated to another; beholden. [Middle English endetted, from Old French endette, past participle of endetter, to oblige to Ingetraut Dahlberg
Bearers of the family name Dahlberg in Denmark and abroad include the following individuals:
People with the given name Marinus:
n. 1. A wolfhound. Gross patiently corrected my English 1. English - (Obsolete) The source code for a program, which may be in any language, as opposed to the linkable or executable binary produced from it by a compiler. The idea behind the term is that to a real hacker, a program written in his favourite programming language is , by helping me to match the draft with what I told him it should express. APPENDICES ap·pen·di·ces n. A plural of appendix. Appendix A. The Data In accordance with previous papers (Bonitz, Bruckner, & Scharnhorst, 1993, 1997), we study a set of forty-four countries, chosen for being highly productive during a certain period of time. These countries and their abbreviations are: ARC,--Argentina; AUS--Australia; AUT--Austria; BEL--Belgium; BGR--Bulgaria; BRA--Brazil; CAN--Canada; CHE--Switzerland; CSR--Czechoslovakia; DEU--Germany FR; DNK--Denmark; EGY--Egypt; ESP--Spain; FIN--Finland; FRA--France; GRE--Greece; HKG--Hong Kong Kong is the Danish word for king, but can also refer to the following:
Previous analyses started from 1980. Therefore, for our purposes, we still consider all countries of the former Soviet Union as belonging to a "virtual" common national science system. In this report, the time period from 1990 to 1994 is taken into account. The data were prepared by "Research Association for Science Communication and Information e.V." (RASCI RASCI Regional Anesthesia Study Center of Iowa RASCI Research Association for Science Communication and Information eV (Berlin, Germany) RASCI Responsible, Approve, Support, Consult, Inform RASCI Robot ASCII Serial Command Interpreter ) on the basis of SCI. First author count is used for national allocation. The analysis includes 2,712 journals in this time span. Two additional conditions have been imposed: (1) For consideration, a journal had to appear during all five years, and journals with less than 100 papers in five years were excluded. (2) For each journal, countries with more than 10 papers were considered explicitly; countries with a lower number of papers were merged into a category called "other countries" (OTH OTH Over-The-Horizon (usually radar) OTH Other (on overtime forms) OTH One Tree Hill (band and TV show) OTH Other Than Honorable ). This category also covers the countries outside our sample. The journal impact factors are computed from the citations given during the five years to the papers published in the same five years. Due to this procedure, the journal impact factors are higher than the journal impact factors computed by the ISI ISI International Sensitivity Index, see there . Appendix B. A New Typology of Scientific Journals A journal can be a core journal or a non-core journal relative to the four parameters: Publications (PU), citations (CI), participations (PA), and Matthew citations (MC). For instance, a journal of the type "PUCIPAMC" belongs to the cores of all four types; a journal of the type "CIMC CIMC Certified Investment Management Consultant (Institute for Investment Management Consultants) CIMC California Indian Manpower Consortium CIMC Club Internaute Montreal Cafe (Montreal, Quebec, Canada) " is a citation core journal and a Matthew core journal, but not a publication core journal and not a participation core journal. So, the absence of the corresponding letters denotes that a journal does not belong to the cores of this type. In our sample of 2,712 journals there are 1,981 journals not belonging to any of the four cores (type "NOCORE"). In Appendix C we present a list exclusively of the MCJ. This list includes the journal type, the journal title, the number of the journal's Matthew citations, the corresponding journal rank, and the journal's impact factor with the corresponding journal rank. For a given type and field, the journals are ranked by descending descending /des·cend·ing/ (de-send´ing) extending inferiorly. number of Matthew citations.
Appendix C. The Matthew Core Journals
Matthew
Journal Type Journal Title Citations Rank
Multidisciplinary
PUCIPAMC NATURE 33901 1
PUCIPAMC SCIENCE 14271 3
PUCIPAMC ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK
ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 1640 79
Life Sciences
PUCIPAMC JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL
CHEMISTRY 9559 5
PUCIPAMC LANCET 7427 8
PUCIPAMC NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL
OF MEDICINE 6502 9
PUCIPAMC PROCEEDINGS OF THE
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF
SCIENCES OF THE U.S.A. 6372 11
PUCIPAMC BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL
RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 5881 13
PUCIPAMC BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 5443 15
PUCIPAMC FEBS LETTERS 5437 16
PUCIPAMC JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 4904 20
PUCIPAMC BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 4693 21
PUCIPAMC NEUROLOGY 4201 24
PUCIPAMC BLOOD 4116 26
PUCIPAMC NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH 3889 28
PUCIPAMC AMERICAN JOURNAL OF
PHYSIOLOGY 3730 29
PUCIPAMC EMBO JOURNAL 3512 31
PUCIPAMC BIOCHEMISTRY 3463 32
PUCIPAMC BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 3210 36
PUCIPAMC BRAIN RESEARCH 2863 38
PUCIPAMC EUROPEAN JOURNAL
OF PHARMACOLOGY 2847 39
PUCIPAMC JOURNAL OF CLINICAL
INVESTIGATION 2843 40
PUCIPAMC BRITISH JOURNAL
OF PHARMACOLOGY 2716 42
PUCIPAMC CIRCULATION 2585 43
PUCIPAMC EUROPEAN JOURNAL
OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2452 47
PUCIPAMC NEUROSCIENCE LETTERS 2419 48
PUCIPAMC JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY 2364 50
PUCIPAMC ONCOGENE 2204 53
PUCIPAMC ENDOCRIOLOGY 2172 56
PUCIPAMC JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2067 58
PUCIPAMC AMERICAN JOURNAL OF
CARDIOLOGY 2015 61
PUCIPAMC CANCER RESEARCH 1974 62
PUCIPAMC JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY 1968 64
PUCIPAMC NEUROSCIENCE 1955 65
PUCIPAMC AMERICAN REVIEW OF
RESPIRATORY DISEASE 1865 69
PUCIPAMC JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY--
LONDON 1793 70
PUCIPAMC JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 1786 71
PUCIPAMC EUROPEAN JOURNAL
OF IMMUNOLOGY 1738 73
PUCIPAMC JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY 1727 75
PUCIPAMC APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL
MICROBIOLOGY 1640 80
PUCIPAMC JOURNAL OF CLINICAL
MICROBIOLOGY 1632 82
PUCIPAMC JOURNAL OF CLINICAL
ENDOCRIOLOGY AND METABOLISM 1629 84
PUCIPAMC TRANSPLANTATION 1567 89
PUCIPAMC MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY 1454 95
PUCIPAMC JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN
COLLEGE OF CARDIOLOGY 1413 98
PUCIPAMC JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY 1292 107
PUCIPAMC JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY
AND EXPERIMENTAL
THERAPEUTICS 1237 113
PUCIPAMC PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1196 115
PUCIPAMC METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY 1177 118
PUCIPAMC INFECTION AND IMMUNITY 1166 120
PUCIPAMC ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS
AND CHEMOTHERAPY 1133 124
PUCIPAMC GENOMICS 1124 126
Physics
PUCIPAMC PHYSICAL REVIEW
B--CONDENSED MATTER 15380 2
PUCIPAMC PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 10254 4
PUCIPAMC PHYSICS LETTERS B 7630 6
PUCIPAMC APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 7538 7
PUCIPAMC JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS 6417 10
PUCIPAMC PHYSICA C 4978 18
PUCIPAMC PHYSICAL REVIEW D--PARTICLES
AND FIELDS 4951 19
PUCIPAMC JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 4507 22
PUCIPAMC CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS 4277 23
PUCIPAMC NUCLEAR PHYSICS B 4168 25
PUCIPAMC PHYSICAL REVIEW A 4041 27
PUCIPAMC ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 3262 34
PUCIPAMC ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS 2198 55
Chemistry
PUCIPAMC JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL
CHEMISTRY 5679 14
PUCIPAMC JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN
CHEMICAL SOCIETY 5026 17
PUCIPAMC TETRAHEDRON LETTERS 3426 33
PUCIPAMC SURFACE SCIENCE 2925 37
PUCIPAMC JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 2765 41
PUCIPAMC JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1869 65
PUCIPAMC ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 1726 76
PUCIPAMC JOURNAL OF THE CHEMICAL
SOCIETY--CHEMICAL
COMMUNICATIONS 1466 94
PUCIPAMC MACROMOLECULES 1353 101
PUPAMC TRANSPLANTATION PROCEEDINGS 2473 46
PUPAMC MUTATION RESEARCH 2026 60
PUPAMC JOURNAL OF UROLOGY 1661 78
PUPAMC KIDNEY INTERNATIONAL 1624 85
PUPAMC NEUROSURGERY 1577 88
PUPAMC JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY 1372 99
PUPAMC AIDS 1360 100
PUPAMC IMMUNOLOGY 1308 105
PUPAMC INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL
OF CANCER 1279 109
PUPAMC BRITISH JOURNAL OF CANCER 1242 112
PUPAMC CHEST 1233 114
PUPAMC JOURNAL OF THORACIC AND
CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY 1123 127
PUPAMC GENE 1109 128
PUPAMC HEPATOLOGY 1068 132
PUPAMC BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACOLOGY 1063 135
PUPAMC FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS 1026 143
Physics
PUPAMC JOURNAL OF PHYSICS--
CONDENSED MATTER 2509 44
PUPAMC JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM
AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS 2401 49
PUPAMC SOLID STATE COMMUNCIATIONS 2253 52
PUPAMC PHYSICAL REVIEW C--NUCLEAR
PHYSICS 2170 72
PUPAMC NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS &
METHODS IN PHYSICS
RESEARCH SECTION A 1636 81
PUPAMC MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE
ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY 1632 83
PUPAMC GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 1618 86
PUPAMC JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC
RESONANCE 1536 90
PUPAMC OPTICS LETTERS 1511 92
PUPAMC JOURNAL OF CRYSTAL GROWTH 1475 93
PUPAMC ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PHYSIK Cw
PARTICLES AND FIELDS 1349 102
PUPAMC THIN SOLID FILMS 1315 104
PUPAMC NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS &
METHODS IN PHYSICS
RESEARCH SECTION B 1300 106
PUPAMC EUROPHYSICS LETTERS 1284 108
PUPAMC JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B--
ATOMIC MOLECULAR
AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1184 117
PUPAMC JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL
RESEARCH--ATMOSPHERES 1175 119
PUPAMC PHYSICA B 1138 122
PUPAMC PHYSICS LETTERS A 1095 131
PUPAMC JOURNAL OF THE
CHEMICAL SOCIETY--
FARADAY TRANSACTIONS 1067 133
PUPAMC JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE
& TECHNOLOGY B 1066 134
PUPAMC NUCLEAR PHYSICS A 1054 137
PUPAMC IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON
MAGNETICS 1041 139
PUPAMC JOURNAL OF PHYSICS A--
MATHEMATICAL AND GENERAL 1040 140
PUPAMC PHYSICS OF FLUIDS B--
PLASMA PHYSICS 1022 144
Chemistry
PUPAMC TETRAHEDRON 1898 67
PUPAMC JOURNAL OF ELECTRO-
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
AND INTERFACIAL
ELECTROCHEMISTRY 1432 97
PUPAMC LANGMUIR 1258 111
PUPAMC ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA 1134 123
Engineering
PUPAMC ELECTRONICS LETTERS 2269 51
PUPAMC SCRIPTAMETALLURGICA
ET MATERIALIA 1063 136
PUPAMC JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN
CERAMIC SOCIETY 1028 142
Life Sciences
PUCIMC JAMA--JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN
MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 6270 12
PUCIMC CELL 3256 35
PUCIMC JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL
MEDICINE 2203 54
PUCIMC MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR
BIOLOGY 2098 57
PUCIMC DEVELOPMENT 1734 74
PUCIMC ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 1531 91
PUCIMC AMERICAN JOURNAL OF
PATHOLOGY 1277 110
Chemistry
PUCIMC ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE--
INTERNATIONAL EDITION
IN ENGLISH 1970 63
Life Sciences
PUMC AMERICAN JOURNAL OF
PSYCHIATRY 3701 30
PUMC ARCHIVES OF INTERNAL
MEDICINE 2499 45
PUMC ARCHIVES OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 1442 96
PUMC OPHTHALMOLOGY 1185 116
PUMC HYPERTENSION 1105 129
Life Sciences
CIMC FASES JOURNAL 1723 77
CIMC NEURON 1102 130
Life Sciences
PAMC ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY 1140 121
PAMC DIABETES CARE 1033 141
Life Sciences
MC IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 2054 59
MC TRENDS IN PHARMACOLOGICAL
SCIENCES 1930 66
MC BIO-TECHNOLOGY 1610 87
MC TRENDS IN BIOCHEMICAL
SCIENCES 1318 103
MC JOURNAL OF CLINICAL
PSYCHIATRY 1130 125
MC TRENDS IN GENETICS 1061 138
Impact
Journal Type Journal Title Factor Rank
Multidisciplinary
PUCIPAMC NATURE 29.0 13
PUCIPAMC SCIENCE 29.2 12
PUCIPAMC ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK
ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 2.2 992
Life Sciences
PUCIPAMC JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL
CHEMISTRY 13.2 42
PUCIPAMC LANCET 5.7 206
PUCIPAMC NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL
OF MEDICINE 10.8 58
PUCIPAMC PROCEEDINGS OF THE
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF
SCIENCES OF THE U.S.A. 20.8 26
PUCIPAMC BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL
RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 7.1 125
PUCIPAMC BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 6.6 144
PUCIPAMC FEBS LETTERS 6.9 130
PUCIPAMC JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 14.3 38
PUCIPAMC BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 7.8 101
PUCIPAMC NEUROLOGY 4.8 287
PUCIPAMC BLOOD 12.1 50
PUCIPAMC NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH 8.5 86
PUCIPAMC AMERICAN JOURNAL OF
PHYSIOLOGY 6.8 140
PUCIPAMC EMBO JOURNAL 25.7 18
PUCIPAMC BIOCHEMISTRY 10.2 64
PUCIPAMC BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 2.2 999
PUCIPAMC BRAIN RESEARCH 6.0 180
PUCIPAMC EUROPEAN JOURNAL
OF PHARMACOLOGY 6.0 179
PUCIPAMC JOURNAL OF CLINICAL
INVESTIGATION 16.0 36
PUCIPAMC BRITISH JOURNAL
OF PHARMACOLOGY 8.2 94
PUCIPAMC CIRCULATION 11.2 55
PUCIPAMC EUROPEAN JOURNAL
OF BIOCHEMISTRY 6.8 131
PUCIPAMC NEUROSCIENCE LETTERS 4.9 277
PUCIPAMC JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY 23.2 24
PUCIPAMC ONCOGENE 12.8 43
PUCIPAMC ENDOCRIOLOGY 9.8 70
PUCIPAMC JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 10.5 63
PUCIPAMC AMERICAN JOURNAL OF
CARDIOLOGY 4.4 331
PUCIPAMC CANCER RESEARCH 12.0 51
PUCIPAMC JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY 11.9 53
PUCIPAMC NEUROSCIENCE 8.0 97
PUCIPAMC AMERICAN REVIEW OF
RESPIRATORY DISEASE 9.2 76
PUCIPAMC JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY--
LONDON 9.5 71
PUCIPAMC JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 7.9 96
PUCIPAMC EUROPEAN JOURNAL
OF IMMUNOLOGY 10.7 60
PUCIPAMC JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY 8.1 96
PUCIPAMC APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL
MICROBIOLOGY 5.7 203
PUCIPAMC JOURNAL OF CLINICAL
MICROBIOLOGY 6.3 160
PUCIPAMC JOURNAL OF CLINICAL
ENDOCRIOLOGY AND METABOLISM 8.3 92
PUCIPAMC TRANSPLANTATION 5.6 210
PUCIPAMC MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY 8.8 80
PUCIPAMC JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN
COLLEGE OF CARDIOLOGY 8.5 84
PUCIPAMC JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY 8.4 88
PUCIPAMC JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY
AND EXPERIMENTAL
THERAPEUTICS 7.2 122
PUCIPAMC PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 8.4 156
PUCIPAMC METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY 5.7 199
PUCIPAMC INFECTION AND IMMUNITY 7.0 129
PUCIPAMC ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS
AND CHEMOTHERAPY 6.0 182
PUCIPAMC GENOMICS 9.5 73
Physics
PUCIPAMC PHYSICAL REVIEW
B--CONDENSED MATTER 5.9 183
PUCIPAMC PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 12.7 44
PUCIPAMC PHYSICS LETTERS B 6.5 148
PUCIPAMC APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 6.3 157
PUCIPAMC JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS 6.8 132
PUCIPAMC PHYSICA C 5.2 240
PUCIPAMC PHYSICAL REVIEW D--PARTICLES
AND FIELDS 5.1 256
PUCIPAMC JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 3.2 609
PUCIPAMC CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS 5.0 264
PUCIPAMC NUCLEAR PHYSICS B 7.3 114
PUCIPAMC PHYSICAL REVIEW A 4.9 281
PUCIPAMC ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 7.2 119
PUCIPAMC ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS 4.0 407
Chemistry
PUCIPAMC JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL
CHEMISTRY 5.7 198
PUCIPAMC JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN
CHEMICAL SOCIETY 10.0 68
PUCIPAMC TETRAHEDRON LETTERS 4.2 359
PUCIPAMC SURFACE SCIENCE 4.3 342
PUCIPAMC JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 3.8 434
PUCIPAMC JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 5.4 228
PUCIPAMC ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 7.2 118
PUCIPAMC JOURNAL OF THE CHEMICAL
SOCIETY--CHEMICAL
COMMUNICATIONS 4.4 327
PUCIPAMC MACROMOLECULES 5.0 266
PUPAMC TRANSPLANTATION PROCEEDINGS 2.0 1128
PUPAMC MUTATION RESEARCH 4.5 319
PUPAMC JOURNAL OF UROLOGY 3.6 494
PUPAMC KIDNEY INTERNATIONAL 7.0 128
PUPAMC NEUROSURGERY 1.7 1356
PUPAMC JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY 7.1 126
PUPAMC AIDS 6.6 143
PUPAMC IMMUNOLOGY 5.8 188
PUPAMC INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL
OF CANCER 5.6 207
PUPAMC BRITISH JOURNAL OF CANCER 5.3 237
PUPAMC CHEST 2.3 958
PUPAMC JOURNAL OF THORACIC AND
CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY 3.3 584
PUPAMC GENE 5.0 270
PUPAMC HEPATOLOGY 7.2 120
PUPAMC BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACOLOGY 4.2 353
PUPAMC FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS 2.6 820
Physics
PUPAMC JOURNAL OF PHYSICS--
CONDENSED MATTER 2.8 737
PUPAMC JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM
AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS 2.4 895
PUPAMC SOLID STATE COMMUNCIATIONS 2.9 696
PUPAMC PHYSICAL REVIEW C--NUCLEAR
PHYSICS 3.7 476
PUPAMC NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS &
METHODS IN PHYSICS
RESEARCH SECTION A 2.3 955
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REFERENCES The Bible. (1993). Authorized au·thor·ize tr.v. au·thor·ized, au·thor·iz·ing, au·thor·iz·es 1. To grant authority or power to. 2. To give permission for; sanction: version. The Bible Societies Bible societies, a movement formed for the translation, printing, and dissemination of the Holy Scriptures; for much of its history it was predominantly Protestant, but there now is considerable Roman Catholic and Orthodox involvement. . Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bonitz, M. (1990). Science Citation Index on CD-ROM CD-ROM: see compact disc. CD-ROM in full compact disc read-only memory Type of computer storage medium that is read optically (e.g., by a laser). : The largest expert system in the world. International Forum on Information and Documentation, 15(3), 9-12. Bonitz, M. (1997). The scientific talents of nations. Libri, 47(4), 206-213. Bonitz, M.; Bruckner, E.; & Scharnhorst, A. (1991). Publikationsstrukturen im Landervergleich. In H. Killenberg, R. Kuhlen, & H.-J. Manecke (Eds.), 2. Int A programming statement that specifies an interrupt or that declares an integer variable. See interrupt and integer. 1. (programming) int - A common name for the integer data type. In C for example, it means a (signed) integer of the computer's native word length. . Symp. fur Informationswissenschaft/17. Int. Koll KOLL is a commercial-free radio station located in Lonoke, Arkansas, broadcasting to the Little Rock, Arkansas area on 106.3 FM. KOLL airs a Kids format branded as "Nick 106.3". . fur Inf/Dok, Oberhof Oberhof may mean:
1 Prince of Midian killed by the Jews. 2 Son of Jehiel. Informationswissenschaft, Bd. 2. Bonitz, M.; Bruckner, E.; & Scharnhorst, A. (1992). Publication structures: Comparison between countries. International Forum on Information and Documentation, 17(4), 17-20. Bonitz, M.; Bruckner, E.; & Scharnhorst, A. (1993). Science strategy index. Scientometrics Scientometrics is the science of measuring and analysing science. In practice, scientometrics is often done using bibliometrics that is measurement of (scientific) publications. Modern scientometrics is mostly based on the work of Derek J. de Solla Price and Eugene Garfield. , 26(1), 37-50. Bonitz, M.; Bruckner, E.; & Scharnhorst, A. (1995a). The Matthew effect or the two worlds in science. Consequences from world science structure research. In Extended Abstracts of the 4th Science and Technology Indicators Conference, October October: see month. 5-7, 1995, Antwerp Antwerp, city, Belgium Antwerp, Du. Antwerpen, Fr. Anvers, city (1991 pop. 467,518), capital of Antwerp prov., N Belgium, on the Scheldt River. , Belgium (pp. 163-167). Leiden Leiden or Leyden (both: lī`dən), city (1994 pop. 114,892), South Holland prov., W Netherlands, on the Old Rhine (Oude Rijn) River. Manufactures include medical equipment, machinery, graphic arts, and food products. : Centre for Science and Technology Studies, University of Leiden. Bonitz, M.; Bruckner, E.; & Scharnhorst, A. (1995b). The structure of world science in the eighties: Country maps 1985-1989 versus 1980-1984. In M. E. D. Koenig & A. Bookstein (Eds.), Proceedings of the 5th International Conference of the International Society for Scientometrics and Informetrics Informetrics (or Infometrics) is related to bibliometrics, but is a larger area of study. See also
1 City (1990 pop. 57,407), Middlesex co., E Mass., a residential and industrial suburb of Boston, on the Mystic River; settled 1630, inc. as a city 1892. Wax, paper, clothing, and furniture are among its products. , NJ: Learned Information. Bonitz, M.; Bruckner, E.; & Scharnhorst, A. (1996a). "Denn wer da hat, dem wird gegeben ..."--Die Messung des Matthauseffektes fur Lander. In Proceedings Deutscher Deutsch is the German word for German. Deutscher is the male form; Deutsche is the female form Deutscher may also refer to:
Bonitz, M.; Bruckner, E.; & Scharnhorst, A. (1996b). Why and how could we measure the Matthew effect for countries? In Proceedings COLIS COLIS Collaborative Online and Information Services 2, 185-199 (2nd International Conference on Conceptions of Library and Information Science, October 13-16, 1996, Copenhagen Copenhagen (kō`pənhā'gən, –hä'gən), Dan. København (kö'bənhoun`), city (1992 pop. 464,566; metropolitan area 1,339,395), capital of Denmark and of Copenhagen co. , Denmark). Copenhagen: The Royal School of Librarianship li·brar·i·an n. 1. A person who is a specialist in library work. 2. A person who is responsible for a collection of specialized or technical information or materials, such as musical scores or computer documentation. . Bonitz, M.; Bruckner, E.; & Scharnhorst, A. (1997). Characteristics and impact of the Matthew effect for countries. Scientometrics, 40(3), 407-422. Bonitz, M.; Bruckner, E.; & Scharnhorst, A. (1999a). The Matthew Index--Concentration patterns and Matthew core journals. Scientometrics, 44(3), 361-378. Bonitz, M.; Bruckner, E.; & Scharnhorst, A. (1999b). The micro-structure of the Matthew effect for countries. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Scientometrics and Informetrics, July July: see month. 5-8, 1999, Colima Colima, city, Mexico Colima, city (1990 pop. 106,967), capital of Colima state, SW Mexico. It is a marketing and processing center for the surrounding agricultural region. The city was founded in 1523 by the Spanish explorer Gonzalo de Sandoval. , Mexico Mexico, city, Mexico Mexico or Mexico City, Span. Ciudad de México (Méjico), city (1990 pop. 8,236,960; 1991 met. area est. 20,899,000), central Mexico, capital and largest city of Mexico. (pp. 50-64). Colima: Universidad Universidad (English: University) may refer to:
Braun, T.; Glanzel, W.; & Schubert, A. (1989). The newest version of the facts and figures on publication output and relative citation impact. A collection of relational charts, 1981-1985. Scientometrics, 15(1-2), 12-20. Garfield, E. (1977). The mystery of the transposed trans·pose v. trans·posed, trans·pos·ing, trans·pos·es v.tr. 1. To reverse or transfer the order or place of; interchange. 2. journal lists--Wherein Bradford's law Bradford's law is a pattern first described by Samuel C. Bradford in 1934 that estimates the exponentially diminishing returns of extending a search for references in science journals. of scattering scattering In physics, the change in direction of motion of a particle because of a collision with another particle. The collision can occur between two charged particles; it need not involve direct physical contact. is generalized gen·er·al·ized adj. 1. Involving an entire organ, as when an epileptic seizure involves all parts of the brain. 2. Not specifically adapted to a particular environment or function; not specialized. 3. according to Garfield's law of concentration. In E. Garfield, Essays of an information scientist. Vol. 1, 1962-1973 (pp. 222-223). Philadelphia Philadelphia, ancient cities Philadelphia, name of several ancient cities. One was in Lydia, W Asia Minor (now W Turkey). At the foot of Mt. Tmolus and near the location of modern Alaşehir, it was founded in the 2d cent. B.C. : ISI Press. Garfield, E. (1996). The significant literature appears in a small core of journals. The Scientist, 10(17), 13, 16. Hari, A., & Singer, C. (1993). Das grosse Jesusbuch. Stuttgart: Christliches Verlagshaus. Holy Bible. (1997). New Living Translation. Tyndale Charitable Trust The arrangement by which real or Personal Property given by one person is held by another to be used for the benefit of a class of persons or the general public. . Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House
Tyndale House is a publisher founded in 1962 by Kenneth N. Publishers. Merton, R. K. (1968). The Matthew effect in science. Science, 159(3810), 56-63. Merton, R. K. (1988). The Matthew effect II. ISIS, 79, 606-623. Merton, R. K. (1999). Private communication. 1999. Manfred Bonitz, Halbkreisstrasse 17, D-01187 Dresden, Germany MANFRED BONITZ began his career in nuclear physics, and then migrated in 1970 to the fields of informatics Same as information technology and information systems. The term is more widely used in Europe. , information, scientometrics, and scientific communication. Since then, he has produced more than 150 publications, most notably the Atlas Atlas, in Greek mythology Atlas (ăt`ləs), in Greek mythology, a Titan; son of Iapetus and Clymene and the brother of Prometheus. of the Matthew Core Journals, which presented his Matthew Core Journals, based on his discovery of the Matthew Effect for countries. He is a member of several scientific societies and of the Editorial Advisory Board of Scientometrics. |
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