Pseudotremia reynoldsae, a new species of troglobitic milliped (diplopoda: chordeumatida: cleidogonidae), with a synopsis of the cavernicolous millipeds of the Hoosier National Forest in Indiana.ABSTRACT. A bioinventory of caves of the Hoosier National Forest The Hoosier National Forest, in the hills of south central Indiana, provides a wide mix of opportunities and resources for people to enjoy. Rolling hills, back-country trails, and rural crossroad communities make this small but beautiful forest a favorite of tourists. in south-central Indiana has resulted in the collection of 12 milliped taxa taxa: see taxon. , including a new species, Pseudotremia reynoldsae, which is described and illustrated. This species is known from only one isolated cave in the Patoka River drainage in Crawford County. Pseudotremia reynoldsae is structurally most similar to P. burnsorum, a troglobite occurring in caves of the Mosquito Creek drainage in Harrison County. Three other subterranean chordeumatidan species inhabit the Hoosier National Forest: Pseudotremia salisae, Pseudotremia indianae and Conotyla bollmani. Other native species found were Euryurus leachii leachii, Scytonotus granulatus. Pseudopolydesmus sp., Cambala minor, Abacion tesselatum and Petaserpes sp. Two exotic milliped species occur in the Hoosier National Forest, Oxidus gracilis and Ophyiulus pilosus. Keywords: Cave millipeds, Pseudotremia, Indiana, Hoosier National Forest, Patoka River Until 1997 only two species of cavernicolous cav·er·nic·o·lous adj. Inhabiting caverns or caves: cavernicolous animals. millipeds of the genus Pseudotremia were known from Indiana, Pseudotremia indianae Hoffman (1958) from the Blue River area and P. nefanda Shear (1972) from Clark County. Biological sampling in over 400 Indiana caves (e.g., Lewis 1998; Lewis et al. 2002) has demonstrated a diverse subterranean milliped fauna. Hoffman and Lewis (1997) described P. conservata from Seven Springs Cave, Harrison County, and Lewis (2000) added five more new species of Pseudotremia from caves in Harrison and Crawford Counties: P. blacki, P. burnsorum, P. cookorum, P. purselli and P salisae. In 2000 a systematic bioinventory of the caves of the Hoosier National Forest (HNF HNF hepatocyte nuclear factor HNF Heinz Nixdorf Museumsforum (Paderborn, Germany) HNF Head Normal Form (lambda calculus) HNF Hereditary Nephritis Foundation HNF HIPPI Network Forum HNF Head, Neck and Face ) was begun. The HNF extends from the Ohio River north to an area east of Bloomington, Indiana. Much of the forest lies within the physiographic phys·i·og·ra·phy n. See physical geography. phys  i·og ra·pher n. unit known as the Crawford Upland (Powell
1961), where cavernous limestone strata are capped with sandstone. There
are presently 136 caves known to occur on HNF lands and a like number of
privately-owned caves are known to exist within the proclamation
boundary of the national forest.
The first species of Pseudotremia discovered in the HNF was found in two caves at the Hemlock hemlock, any tree of the genus Tsuga, coniferous evergreens of the family Pinaceae (pine family) native to North America and Asia. The common hemlock of E North America is T. Cliffs Special Area on the Little Blue River drainage (Lewis 1998) and subsequently described as P. salisae (Lewis 2000). Two more species of Pseudotremia have now been discovered within the boundary of the HNF P. indianae and an undescribed species that represents the ninth member of the genus to be described from southern Indiana. In my previous work on Pseudotremia (Lewis 2000) I followed the terminology concerning gonopod structures established by Shear (1972). In the light of the present understanding of gonopod anatomy, Shear (pers. commun. 2002) has suggested a new interpretation followed herein. In Pseudotremia the gonopods develop only from the eighth pair of legs, with the ninth pair reduced in size and playing little role in sperm transfer. Of the structures evolving from the eighth pair of legs in chordeumatidans, the telopodite is either entirely lost (as in Pseudotremia), or if present, is not a functional part of the gonopod (Shear 2000). The structures called the telopodite by Shear (1972) and Lewis (2000) are actually permanently extruded, sclerotized coxal glands fused at the bases, that are now termed syncolpocoxites; and the process arising from the fused base is termed the syncolpocoxal process (Shear pers. commun. 2002). The structures referred to by Shear (1972) as colpocoxites are angiocoxites developed from the margin of the coxal gland pore and are divided into medial and lateral parts (Shear pers. commun. 2002). METHODS Between 2000-2002 a total of 104 caves was sampled within the Hoosier National Forest. The primary means of sampling the milliped fauna was pitfall traps using four ounce (approximately 160 ml) jars filled with 70% isopropyl alcohol isopropyl alcohol: see isopropanol. and baited with Kraft[TM] limburger process cheese spread. To a lesser extent specimens were collected by hand or obtained through Berlese extraction of organic litter. Appendages were placed on temporary glycerin glycerin /glyc·er·in/ (-in) a clear, colorless, syrupy liquid used as a laxative, an osmotic diuretic to reduce intraocular pressure, a demulcent in cough preparations, and a humectant and solvent for drugs. Cf. glycerol. slide mounts and drawn using a Leica compound microscope compound microscope n. A microscope consisting of an objective and an eyepiece at opposite ends of an adjustable tube. with an optical drawing tube. In the interest of cave conservation specific localities are not provided. Those in need of specific localities can apply for the information from the Indiana Cave Survey (www.caves.org/conservancy/ICS). The spelling of the word milliped (rather than millipede millipede (mĭl`əpēd'), elongated arthropod having many body segments and pairs of legs. Millipedes, sometimes termed thousand-legged worms, have two pairs of legs on each body segment except the first few and the last. ) as explained by Hoffman (2000) is the usage preferred by North American North American named after North America. North American blastomycosis see North American blastomycosis. North American cattle tick see boophilusannulatus. specialists in the group dating back to its apparent origin with Cook in 1911 and is followed herein. MILLIPEDS OF THE HOOSIER NATIONAL FOREST Twelve taxa discovered to date in caves of the HNF are listed with the sampling sites recorded by county of occurrence. Many of the caves in which collecting has been conducted occur on national forest wilderness or special areas that have been designated as such for the protection of the ecosystems. In the following list the taxa are arranged by county, with caves sampled within designated forest service areas listed in the appropriate area. ORDER CHORDEUMATIDA Family Cleidogonidae Pseudotremia reynoldsae new species (Figs. 1-5) [FIGURE 1-5 OMITTED] Material examined.--Crawford County: Megenity Peccary peccary (pĕk`ərē), small wild pig, genus Tayassu, the only pig native to the Americas. Although similar in appearance to Old World pigs, peccaries are classified in a family of their own because of anatomical differences. Cave, south room, holotype hol·o·type n. The specimen used as the basis of the original published description of a taxonomic group and later designated as the type specimen. [male], 3 juveniles, 28 July 2001 (J. Lewis, Salisa T. Rafail); same locality, paratype par·a·type n. A biological specimen other than a holotype used for the development of the original description of a taxonomic group. par [male], 5 juveniles, 8 September 2001 (J. Lewis, Ron Burns). All material has been deposited in the Virginia Museum of Natural History, Martinsville, Virginia. Diagnosis.--Moderately pigmented and eyed; anterior gonopods with syncolpocoxite mitten-shaped with prominent distolateral knob, process simple, entire, of saber type of Shear (1972); median angiocoxite with irregularly dentate dentate /den·tate/ (den´tat) notched; tooth-shaped. den·tate adj. Edged with toothlike projections; toothed. medial margin, apical apical /ap·i·cal/ (ap´i-k'l) pertaining to an apex. a·pi·cal adj. 1. Relating to the apex of a pyramidal or pointed structure. 2. knob and process and reduced subapical sub·ap·i·cal adj. Located below the apex of a part. sub·ap i·cal·ly adv. process, lateral angiocoxite broad, entire. This species is
most similar to P. conservata and P. burnsorum that occur in caves in
southern Harrison County, and P. nefanda in caves in Clark County.
Pseudotremia reynoldsae is immediately separable sep·a·ra·ble adj. Possible to separate: separable sheets of paper. sep from this assemblage by the short subapical process on the median angiocoxite. Pseudotremia reynoldsae can furthermore be separated from all known Pseudotremia in Indiana by the presence of the dentate mesial mesial /me·si·al/ (me´ze-al) nearer the center of the dental arch. me·si·al adj. 1. Of, in, near, or toward the middle. 2. margin of the median angiocoxite. Description.--Male: Longest approximately 26 mm in length (coiled), maximum width 2.2 mm ([7.sup.th] segment); body overall medium brown with purplish suffusion suffusion /suf·fu·sion/ (su-fu´zhun) 1. the process of overspreading, or diffusion. 2. the condition of being moistened or of being permeated through, as by blood. , each metatergum with a prominent subovate reticulated reticulated /re·tic·u·lat·ed/ (-lat?ed) reticular. reticulated reticular. spot bilaterally and scattered tubercles, adults notably more pigmented than subadults and juveniles, which appear more uniformly light beige. Head and antenna darker purple, sternum sternum: see rib. and legs light beige with purplish tinge. Eyes with 18-19 unpigmented ocelli ocelli simple eyes of insects. within subtriangular, pigmented ocellaria. Antennae about 4.2 mm long, slender, [3.sup.rd] segment longest, about 1.2 mm. Segmental paranota small to moderate in size, largest anteriorly, becoming indistinguishable from lateral striae in posterior segments. Lateral striae 11-13. Gonopods with syncolpocoxites separated by U-shaped cleft; process simple, tapering to a point, of the saber type of Shear (1972). Median angiocoxite, mesial margin irregularly dentate; apical round knob, two processes, the larger a blade-shaped apical structure criss-crossing in the cleft between the angiocoxites, the other a smaller subapical structure originating from the lateral side and extending anteriomesiad, not extending beyond mesial margin of angiocoxite. Lateral angiocoxite separated from median by a relatively deep, U-shaped cleft, broad, entire, simply curving. Leg 9 with basal spinous process spinous process n. 1. See sphenoidal spine. 2. The dorsal projection from the center of a vertebral arch. spinous process on mesial margin, broadly rounded apophysis apophysis /apoph·y·sis/ (ah-pof´i-sis) pl. apoph´yses [Gr.] any outgrowth or swelling, especially a bony outgrowth that has never been entirely separated from the bone of which it forms a part, such as a process, tubercle, or absent; distal 3 segments well formed and apparently fully functional, claw present. Female: Adult unknown. Etymology etymology (ĕtĭmŏl`əjē), branch of linguistics that investigates the history, development, and origin of words. It was this study that chiefly revealed the regular relations of sounds in the Indo-European languages (as described .--This species is named in honor of Kelle Reynolds, Forest Wildlife Biologist and Karst Karst (kärst), Ital. Carso, Slovenian Kras, limestone plateau, W Slovenia, N of Istria and extending c.50 mi (80 km) SE from the lower Isonzo (Soča) valley between the Bay of Trieste and the Julian Alps. Coordinator for the Hoosier National Forest, U.S. Forest Service. The suggested vernacular name is the Reynold's cave milliped. Habitat and range.--Pseudotremia reynoldsae is known only from Megenity Peccary Cave, which lies in the Patoka River drainage in south-central Indiana. This cave consists of 126 m of mapped passages formed in limestone and enlarged by collapse of the overlying overlying suffocation of piglets by the sow. The piglets may be weak from illness or malnutrition, the sow may be clumsy or ill, the pen may be inadequate in size or poorly designed so that piglets cannot escape. sandstone. The cave is maze-like, comprised of a series of joint controlled passages that were apparently originally streamless; but it has been excavated for paleontological pa·le·on·tol·o·gy n. The study of the forms of life existing in prehistoric or geologic times, as represented by the fossils of plants, animals, and other organisms. material (Richards 1994), and one area now contains flowing water. Pseudotremia reynoldsae specimens were taken on and around cheese-baited pitfall traps in the parts of the cave farthest from the entrance. Pseudotremia salisae Lewis HNF localities.--Crawford County: Enlow's Back Door Cave, Perfect Circle Cave, Salt Shake Rock Cave. Hemlock Cliffs Special Area: Sentinel Rock Cave, Pavey Cave. Habitat and range.--Lewis (2000) listed the species from Heron and Mesmore Spring Caves in the HNF Hemlock Cliffs Special Area, in Crawford County, and Pipe Cave in Harrison County. This species is notably guanophilic and was found associated with raccoon raccoon, nocturnal New World mammal of the genus Procyon. The common raccoon of North America, Procyon lotor, also called coon, is found from S Canada to South America, except in parts of the Rocky Mts. and in deserts. droppings at every collection site. Pseudotremia indianae Hoffman HNF localities.--Orange County: Duggin's Spring Cave, Little Africa Pleasure Palace Cave, Springs Spring Cave, Wells Cave. Habitat and range.--This milliped is the most highly cave-adapted of any of the Indiana species of Pseudotremia and is primarily an inhabitant INHABITANT. One who has his domicil in a place is an inhabitant of that place; one who has an actual fixed residence in a place. 2. A mere intention to remove to a place will not make a man an inhabitant of such place, although as a sign of such intention he of riparian riparian adj. referring to the banks of a river or stream. (See: riparian rights) habitat where it occurs on mudbanks adjacent to cave streams. It has previously been recorded from numerous caves along the Blue River drainage in Crawford, Harrison, Washington and Orange Counties (Shear 1972; Hoffman & Lewis 1997) and is known to have crossed the drainage divide eastward into the Buck Creek drainage (Lewis 2000). Duggin's Spring Cave lies in an area of the Blue River drainage that extends into the eastern edge of the HNF The Springs Spring Cave collection is the first record of P. indianae extending past the western drainage divide of Blue River, crossing into the Patoka River drainage. At Little Africa Pleasure Palace, P. indianae occurs in the headwaters of the East Fork of White River drainage on the same ridge as Bond Cave (inhabited by Conotyla bollmani). Family Conotylidae Conotyla bollmani (McNeill) HNF localities.--Lawrence County: King/Bug Ear Cave, Carpenter Cave; Tincher Karst Special Area: Brick Pit, Burton Hollow Cave, Crystal Falls Cave, Fuzzy Hole, Gory Hole, Henshaw Bend Cave, Horse Bone Hole, HNF Swallowhole, JJ's Cave, Smith's Folly Cave, Tincher Hollow Cave, TRAC TRAC - Text Reckoning And Compiling Cave, William's Cave. Martin County: Bluff House Cave, Redberry Cave; Gypsy Bill Allen Special Area: Gypsy Bill Allen Cave. Monroe County: Charles C. Deam Wilderness: Dead Possum Pit, Frog Pond Pot, Frog Pond Ridge Pit, Patton Cave. Orange County: Apple Cave, Beaver Attack Cave, Bond Cave, Dillon Cave, Eckleberger Cave; Paoli Experimental Forest: Garlow Spring Cave; Wesley Chapel Gulf Special Area: Elrod Cave, Wesley Chapel Gulf Cave; Springs Valley Recreation Area: Campground Cave, Not Our Area Cave, Tucker Dam Quarry Cave, Tucker Lake Spring Cave. Habitat and range.--This milliped occurs in riparian habitats as well as streamless cave habitats like pit floors, particularly on rotting wood. It occurs in caves in the East Fork of White River drainage, from south-central Orange County through Lawrence into Monroe and Owen Counties (Hoffman & Lewis 1997). A record of a juvenile Conotyla from a cave on the Crosley State Fish & Wildlife Area in Jennings County is suggestive of suggestive of Decision making adjective Referring to a pattern by LM or imaging, that the interpreter associates with a particular–usually malignant lesion. See Aunt Millie approach, Defensive medicine. this species, but remains unconfirmed. Shear (1972) cited a surface collection of this species, but provided no specific records, perhaps an allusion to the "near Wyandotte Cave" collection of Scotherpes (sic) wyandotte (= Conotyla bollmani). I have sampled over 190 caves in that area (Hoffman & Lewis 1997; Lewis 2000), and C. bollmani was never found, so it seems unlikely that this species occurs in the Blue River drainage. ORDER SPIROSTREPTIDA Family Cambalidae Cambala minor Bollman HNF localities.--Crawford County: Heron Cave, Megenity Peccary Cave. Lawrence County: Tincher Karst Special Area: Smith's Folly Cave. Habitat and range.--This species is troglophilic and frequently found on raccoon droppings. In Indiana it has been recorded from caves in Clark, Crawford, Harrison, Lawrence, Orange and Washington Counties (Shelley 1979; Lewis 1996, 1998; Lewis et al. 2002), as well as surface records from Monroe, Posey and Putnam Counties (Bollman 1888). The range includes the south-central United States, from Oklahoma east into western Virginia. ORDER POLYDESMIDA Family Euryuridae Euryurus leachii leachii (Gray) HNF localities.--Crawford County: Megenity Peccary Cave; Hemlock Cliffs Special Area: Arrowhead Arch. Lawrence County: Tincher Karst Special Area: Smith's Folly Cave. Martin County: Dave's Dig Cave. Habitat and range.--This species is a trogloxene and has been reported in Indiana from caves in Crawford, Harrison, Jennings, Lawrence, Martin and Orange Counties (Hoffman 1978; Lewis, 1995, 1998; Lewis et al. 2002). Bollman (1888) reported this species from surface habitats (as the synonym E. erythropygus per Hoffman 1999) in the additional counties of Benton, Clark, Hamilton, Howard, Putnam, Tippecanoe, Vigo and Washington. This species is found in the central United States The Central United States is sometimes conceived as between the Eastern United States and Western United States as part of a three-region model, roughly coincident with the Midwestern United States plus the western and central portions of the Southern United States; the term is in Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky and Ohio (Hoffman 1978, 1999). Family Paradoxosomatidae Oxidus gracilis (Koch) HNF localities.--Crawford County: Carnes Mill Special Area: Carnes Mill Spring Cave. Lawrence County: Carpenter Cave; Tincher Karst Special Area: Henshaw Bend Cave, South Gardner Mine. Habitat and range.--This milliped is an exotic of uncertain origin, although indications are that it probably came from Japan. It now occurs in a nearly world wide distribution in temperate climates and at higher elevations in the tropics tropics, also called tropical zone or torrid zone, all the land and water of the earth situated between the Tropic of Cancer at lat. 23 1-2°N and the Tropic of Capricorn at lat. 23 1-2°S. . In North America it occurs in "astronomical numbers" in many parts of the southeastern U.S. (Hoffman 1999). In Indiana it has been reported from caves in Clark, Crawford, Harrison, Jennings, Lawrence, Orange and Washington Counties (Lewis 1995, 1996, 1998, 2002). Sampling of rotting logs in the Deam Wilderness Area, Monroe County, revealed that Oxidus outnumbered the native Scytonotus by a ratio of perhaps 50:1. Oxidus was not noted as present in Indiana at the time of Bollman (1888). Family Polydesmidae Scytonotus granulatus Say HNF localities.--Monroe County: Charles C. Deam Wilderness: Patton Cave. Orange County: Paoli Experimental Forest: Garlow Spring Cave; Wesley Chapel Gulf Special Area: Wesley Chapel Gulf Cave. Habitat and range.--This species is a trogloxene that usually occurs in leaf litter in caves. In Indiana it has been reported from caves in Crawford, Harrison, Jennings, Monroe, Orange and Washington Counties (Lewis 1995, 1998). The range of S. granulatus extends through the southeastern U.S. (Shelley 1993). Bollman (1888) characterized the species as abundant. Pseudopolydesmus sp. HNF localities.--Martin County: Dave's Dig Cave. Orange County: Paoli Experimental Forest: Q1B3 Cave. Habitat and range.--Hoffman (1999) reported 12 species in this genus occurring across eastern North America. The localities cited represent collections of single juveniles taken in the entrance zone of the caves in deep leaf litter. ORDER POLYZONIIDA Family Polyzoniidae Petaserpes sp. HNF localities.--Monroe County: Charles C. Deam Wilderness: unnamed pit on Frog Pond Ridge. Orange County: Grease Gravy Special Area: Grease Gravy Cave; Springs Valley Recreation Area: Not Our Area Cave. Habitat and range.--Shelley (1997) reported three species of Petaserpes from Indiana, including P. bikermani from Donaldson Cave and P. sp. from Sullivan Cave, both in Lawrence County. The HNF collections are comprised of juveniles that can not be identified to species. ORDER CALLIPODIDA Family Caspiopetalidae Abacion tesselatum Rafinesque HNF localities.--Crawford County: Enlow's Back Door Cave. Orange County: Grease Gravy Special Area: under rocks at spring associated with Grease Gravy Cave. Habitat and range.--This species occurs from the Gulf Coastal Plain The Gulf Coastal Plain extends from the Florida Parishes of Louisiana over most of Mississippi, some of western Tennessee and Kentucky, the southwestern 2/3 of Alabama, and the western panhandle of Florida and Southern Texas. through the east-central U.S., where it is a common inhabitant of both native and urban environments (Shelley 1984). ORDER JULIDA Family Julidae Ophyiulus pilosus (Newport) HNF localities.--Lawrence County: King/Bug Ear Cave; Tincher Karst Special Area: Brick Pit, Fuzzy Hole, Garden Hose Pit, HNF Swallowhole, Pail Cave, Tincher Swallowhole Cave, Tincher Hollow Cave, Williams Cave. Orange County: Allen Cave; Paoli Experimental Forest: Garlow Spring Cave. Habitat and range.--This species is an exotic probably native to Italy that is now widespread in the northeastern U.S. (Hoffman 1999). It frequents caves and is ubiquitous in leaf litter and detritus detritus /de·tri·tus/ (de-tri´tus) particulate matter produced by or remaining after the wearing away or disintegration of a substance or tissue. de·tri·tus n. pl. in caves of the Tincher Karst Special Area. It is also known from caves in Clark and Harrison Counties (Lewis 1996, 1998). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The bioinventory of caves of the Hoosier National Forest was funded by the U.S. Forest Service, Department of Agriculture. The project was originated by Kelle Reynolds, HNF Karst Coordinator, who also kindly supplied maps, cave information, and logistical support as well as field assistance. The description of this species was funded by the Indiana Department of Natural Resources The Indiana Department of Natural Resources is the agency of the U.S. state of Indiana charged with maintaining natural areas such as state parks, state forests, recreation areas, etc. , Division of Nature Preserves, Natural Heritage Program, facilitated by Cloyce Hedge. I thank members of the Indiana Karst Conservancy, Ronnie Burns, Salisa Rafail, Keith Dunlap, Kriste Lindberg, Steve Lockwood, David Black and John Benton for assisting in sampling. Dr. Richard Hoffman (Virginia Museum of Natural History), Dr. William Shear (Hampden-Sydney College), Dr. Rowland Shelley (North Carolina North Carolina, state in the SE United States. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean (E), South Carolina and Georgia (S), Tennessee (W), and Virginia (N). Facts and Figures Area, 52,586 sq mi (136,198 sq km). Pop. State Museum of Natural Sciences), Kelle Reynolds (Hoosier National Forest) and Keith Dunlap (Indiana Karst Conservancy) kindly read the manuscript and made suggestions for its improvement. LITERATURE CITED Bollman, Charles H. 1888. Catalogue of the Myriapods of Indiana. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum 11:403-410. Hoffman, Richard L. 1958. On the identity of Pseudotremia cavernarum Cope, a poorly known chordeumoid diplopod dip·lo·pod n. See millipede. dip·lop o·dous adj. . Proceedings of the
Biological Society of Washington 71:113-118.
Hoffman, Richard L. 1978. North American millipeds of the genus Euryurus (Polydesmida: Platyrhacidae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society The American Entomological Society is one of the oldest scientific societies in the United States. It is headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The society publishes Entomological News, Transactions of the American Entomological Society, and 104:37-68. Hoffman, Richard L. 1999. Checklist of the millipeds of North and Middle America. Virginia Museum of Natural History Special Publication 8. 584 pp. Hoffman, Richard L. 2000. Milliped or Millipede? Bulletin of the British Myriapod Group 16:1-2. Hoffman, Richard L. & Julian J. Lewis. 1997. Pseudotremia conservata a new cleidogonid milliped (Diplopoda: Chordeumatida), with a synopsis of the cavernicolous millipeds of Indiana. Myriapodologica 4(13): 107-119. Lewis, Julian J. 1995. Inventory of the troglobitic fauna of the Crosley State Fish and Wildlife Area, Jennings County, Indiana Jennings County is a county located in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of 2000, the population was 27,554. The county seat is Vernon6. Geography According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 980 km² (378 mi²). . Special Project of the Non-game and Endangered Wildlife Program, Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Indianapolis, Indiana. 71 pp. (unpubl. report) Lewis, Julian J. 1996. Inventory of the subterranean biota biota /bi·o·ta/ (bi-o´tah) all the living organisms of a particular area; the combined flora and fauna of a region. bi·o·ta n. The flora and fauna of a region. threatened by the urbanization of Clark and Floyd Counties, Indiana. Special Project of the Non-game and Endangered Wildlife Program, Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Indianapolis, Indiana. 71 pp. (unpubl. report) Lewis, Julian J. 1998. The subterranean fauna of the Blue River Area. Final Report, The Nature Conservancy, Indianapolis, Indiana. 267 pp. (unpubl. report) Lewis, Julian J. 2000. Five new species of Pseudotremia from caves in the Blue River area of southern Indiana (Diplopoda: Chordeumatida: Cleidogonidae). Myriapodologica 6(6):55-68. Lewis, Julian J., Ronnie Burns & Salisa Rafail. 2002. The subterranean fauna of the Hoosier National Forest. Report to the Hoosier National Forest, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bedford, Indiana. 115 pp. (unpubl. report) Powell, Richard. 1961. Caves of Indiana. Indiana Geologic Survey, Circular 8. 127 pp. Richards, R. 1994. Microtus xanthognathus and Synaptomys borealis in the late Pleistocene of southern Indiana. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 98:561-570. Shear, William. 1972. Studies in the milliped Order Chordeumida (Diplopoda): a revision of the Family Cleidogonidae and a reclassification Reclassification The process of changing the class of mutual funds once certain requirements have been met. These requirements are generally placed on load mutual funds. Reclassification is not considered to be a taxable event. of the Order Chordeumida in the New World. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology The Museum of Comparative Zoology is located on the grounds of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and is one of three museums which collectively comprise the Harvard Museum of Natural History. The director of the museum is Dr. 114:151-352. Shear, William. 2000. On the milliped family Heterochordeumatidae, with comments on the higher classification of the Order Chordeumatida (Diplopoda). Invertebrate invertebrate (ĭn'vûr`təbrət, –brāt'), any animal lacking a backbone. The invertebrates include the tunicates and lancelets of phylum Chordata, as well as all animal phyla other than Chordata. Taxonomy 14:363-376. Shelley, Rowland. 1979. A synopsis of the milliped genus Cambala, with a description of C. minor Bollman (Spirostreptida: Cambalidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 92(3):551-557. Shelley, Rowland. 1984. A synopsis of milliped genus Abacion Rafinesque (Callipodida: Caspiopetalidae). Candadian Journal of Zoology The Journal of Zoology (not to be confused with a different journal called Zoology) is a scientific journal concerning zoology, the study of animals. It was founded in 1830 by the Zoological Society of London. External links
Shelley, Rowland. 1993. Revision of the milliped genus Scytonotus Koch (Polydesmida: Polydesmidae). Brimleyana 19:1-60. Shelley, Rowland. 1997. The milliped Family Polyzoniidae in North America, with a classification of the global fauna (Diplopoda Polyzonidae). Arthropoda Selecta 6(3-4):3-34. Manuscript received 23 November 2002, revised 22 January 2003. Julian J. Lewis: J. Lewis & Associates, Biological Consulting, 217 West Carter Avenue, Clarksville, Indiana 47129 USA |
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