Protease-resistant prion protein in lymphoreticular tumors of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease mice.

We report protease-resistant prion protein (Pr[P.sup.res]) in spontaneous lymphoreticular tumors of mice infected with the agent of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD). Pr[P.sup.res] may accumulate in lymphoreticular system tumors of asymptomatic persons with vCJD. The statistical power of estimates of vCJD prevalence might be increased by expanding screening to include samples of lymphoreticular neoplasms.

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Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) is thought to be caused by exposure to bovine products contaminated with the bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent. The prevalence of preclinical and subclinical vCJD in the United Kingdom and other European countries is still unknown. To date, all tested vCJD patients have shown an accumulation of misfolded protease-resistant protein (Pr[P.supres]), a highly reliable indicator of infection, in lymphoreticular tissues such as spleen, tonsil, lymph nodes, and appendix (1). Although the time Pr[P.sup.res] starts to appear in lymphoreticular tissues of infected persons is unclear, it has been found in appendixes of 2 persons 8 months and 2 years before vCJD developed (2), in a lymph node and the spleen of a patient who died from a nonneurologic disorder 5 years after receiving a blood transfusion from a donor in whom vCJD subsequently developed (3), and in the appendixes of 3 persons from a large retrospective population study (4).

Lymphoreticular accumulation of infectivity and Pr[P.sup.res] occur early after scrapie infection in sheep and in various experimental animal models of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, including mice infected with the vCJD agent (5). The presence of infectivity and Pr[P.sup.res] in inflamed liver, pancreas, and kidney tissues has been recently observed in transgenic and spontaneous mouse models of chronic inflammation on infection with the Rocky Mountain Laboratory strain of scrapie (6), and Pr[P.sup.res] has been shown in mammary glands of scrapie-infected sheep with mastitis (7). We report the first observation of Pr[P.sup.res] in spontaneous lymphoreticular tumors of mice with vCJD.

The Study

Experimental studies in mice were approved by the institutional animal care and use committee of the American Red Cross Holland Laboratory. Ten inbred, 7-week-old SJL/OlaHsd (Harlan, Bicester, UK) female mice closely related to the SJL/J strain, which develops spontaneous B-cell lymphomas at [greater than or equal to] 8 months of age (8,9), were intracerebrally injected under isoflurane anesthesia with 1% vCJD human brain homogenate (World Health Organization reference material) (1 O) diluted in physiologic saline, while 4 control animals received physiologic saline only. Approximately 6 months after infection, visible tumors developed in the neck areas of 5 mice, 4 with vCJD and 1 control. Two of the vCJD animals were euthanized on day 199 because of rapid tumor growth (Table). The remaining mice in the vCJD group, including 2 other animals with tumors, were later euthanized or died (range 222-386 days) without noticeable signs of neurologic disease.

In the control group, the animal with tumors was euthanized on day 321, and the 3 other animals without tumors were euthanized on day 405. The autopsy of all mice, infected or not, revealed hepatomegaly and splenomegaly, with various degrees of white, nodular infiltrations of the spleen. Mice with visible tumors also had massive neoplastic nodular involvement of intestinal, mesenteric, cervical, and axillary lymph nodes and thymus. Brains and spleens were removed from all mice, and neoplastic tissues involving lymph nodes were removed from 4 infected and 1 uninfected mouse, and the thymus was removed from 2 infected mice (Table). Organs were sectioned, immediately frozen on dry ice, and stored at -80[degrees]C. Pr[P.sup.res] was extracted from brains by using high-speed centrifugation, from spleens by using methanol precipitation according to previously described methods (5), and from tumors with the procedure applied to the brain. Western blotting (WB) was performed by using Pr[P.sup.res]-specific monoclonal antibody 6H4 (Prionics, Schlieren, Switzerland) or 6D11 as previously described (5).

In the vCJD group, Pr[P.sup.res] was identified in the brains and spleens of all 10 mice. In 4 mice with tumors, Pr[P.sup.res] was found in neoplastic tissues of lymph nodes and also in the neoplastic thymus of 2 of the mice (Table). The Figure shows WB analysis of Pr[P.sup.res] extracted from the brain of a vCJD patient and representative tissues of a vCJD mouse with tumors. The glycosylation pattern of Pr[P.sup.res] in mouse tissues was typical of vCJD; diglycosylated isoforms predominated over monoglycosylated and unglycosylated isoforms, with the unglycosylated isoform corresponding to a 19-kDa fragment. On the basis of WB band intensity, we observed that the concentration of Pr[P.sup.res] in neoplastic lymphoreticular tissues (lanes 3-5) was similar to that seen in the human (lane 1) and mouse (lane 2) brains. Among the control mice, Pr[P.sup.res] was not detected in the brain and spleen of any animal or in neoplastic tissues of the single affected animal (Table).

Conclusions

Using immunohistochemical (IHC) tests, Hilton and colleagues (1) showed widespread Pr[P.sup.res] accumulation in the lymphoreticular system of 54 vCJD patients but not in 56 patients with familial or sporadic CJD. In contrast, when sodium phosphotungstate concentration for Pr[P.sup.res] was used to increase the sensitivity of the WB, Pr[P.sup.res] was detected in spleens of [approximately equal to] 30% of patients with sporadic CJD (11). A similar high-sensitivity detection method was used to screen 2,000 tonsils from the general population in a recently reported prospective study, with a negative result (12). The same method did not show Pr[P.sup.res] in the tonsils and 1 lymph node of an 83-year-old person who died from nonneurologic disease but who, 5 years before death, received a blood transfusion from a person in whom vCJD later developed (3, R. Will, pers. comm.). However, another cervical lymph node of this person tested positive for Pr[P.sup.res] by IHC test, although the appendix tested negative. This observation suggests that large retrospective and prospective studies based on screening of appendixes and tonsils with WB may not detect persons who have Pr[P.sup.res] in their lymph nodes. Estimates of prevalence of persons infected with the vCJD agent in the UK population may have been biased as a consequence of specimen selection from mostly younger participants. A retrospective study of >8,000 specimens of appendixes and tonsils included [approximately equal to] 70% from persons 20-29 years of age (2), and in a prospective study, approximately half the tonsillectomy samples came from children <9 years of age (12).

Our observation of the widespread presence of Pr[P.sup.res] in neoplastic lymph nodes of mice infected with the vCJD agent, and its absence in an uninfected mouse, provides experimental evidence that such tissues could be a valuable source for screening for vCJD in humans. The finding of unusually high amounts of Pr[P.sup.res] in neoplastic lymphoreticular tissues of vCJD mice, in a range comparable to that of the human and mouse brain, suggests that rapidly growing lymphoreticular tumors accumulate Pr[P.sup.res] at a high rate. Therefore, Pr[P.sup.res] might be detected in neoplastic lymphoreticular tissues of persons with vCJD. This finding is of particular importance because a recent UK study of samples collected before 1986, the years preceding the vCJD epidemic, found no Pr[P.sup.res] in lymph nodes from 58 patients with reactive conditions and 21 patients with lymphomas and carcinomas (1), which indicates that Pr[P.sup.res] does not spontaneously accumulate in tumors of uninfected persons. Whether Pr[P.sup.res] starts to accumulate in lymph nodes before it appears in spleens, appendixes, or tonsils of persons infected with the vCJD agent is not known. In vCJD mice, we observed PrPres in the brain and neoplastic spleens and lymph nodes during at least half of the incubation period (199 days) when compared to mice with the longest survival time (>380 days). On the basis of our findings, we propose that screening of lymph node tissues from persons with reactive and neoplastic conditions and patients with various cancers with metastases in lymphoreticular organs could provide additional information, especially regarding older persons, on the prevalence of vCJD in the United Kingdom and other European countries.

Acknowledgments

We thank Richard J. Kascsak and Daryl S. Spinner for the 6D11 monoclonal antibody. We also thank Roger Dodd and David Asher for a critical reading of the manuscript.

Dr Cervenakova is a scientist in the Transmissible Diseases Department, American Red Cross Holland Laboratory, with expertise in various aspects of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Her scientific interests include developing an assay for early diagnosis of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, methods for reducing prions in blood and biological products, and disease pathogenesis.

References

(1.) Hilton DA, Sutak J, Smith ME, Penney M, Conyers L, Edwards P, et al. Specificity of lymphoreticular accumulation of prion protein for variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. J Clin Pathol. 2004;57:300-2.

(2.) Hilton DA, Ghani AC, Conyers L, Edwards P, McCardle L, Penney M, et al. Accumulation of prion protein in tonsil and appendix: review of tissue samples. BMJ. 2002;325:633-4.

(3.) Peden AH, Head MW, Ritchie DL, Bell JE, Ironside JW. Preclinical vCJD after blood transfusion in a PRNP codon 129 heterozygous patient. Lancet. 2004;364:527-9.

(4.) Hilton DA, Ghani AC, Conyers L, Edwards P, McCardle L, Ritchie D, et al. Prevalence of lymphoreticular prion protein accumulation in UK tissue samples. J Pathol. 2004;203:733-9.

(5.) Cervenakova L, Yakovleva O, McKenzie C, Kolchinsky S, McShane L, Drohan WN, et al. Similar levels of infectivity in the blood of mice infected with human-derived vCJD and GSS strains of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy. Transfusion. 2003;43:1687-94.

(6.) Heikenwalder M, Zeller N, Seeger H, Prinz M, Klohn PC, Schwarz P, et al. Chronic lymphocytic inflammation specifies the organ tropism ofprions. Science. 2005;307:1107-10.

(7.) Ligios C, Sigurdson CJ, Santucciu C, Carcassola G, Manco G, Basagni M, et al. PrP(Sc) in mammary glands of sheep affected by scrapie and mastitis. Nat Med. 2005; 11:1137-8.

(8.) Ponzio NM, Brown PH, Thorbecke G J. Host-tumor interactions in the SJL lymphoma model. Int Rev Immunol. 1986; 1:273-301.

(9.) Tang JC, Ho FC, Chan AC, Srivastava G. Clonality of lymphomas at multiple sites in SJL mice. Lab Invest. 1998;78:205-12.

(10.) Minor P, Newham J, Jones N, Bergeron C, Gregori L, Asher D, et al. Standards for the assay of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease specimens. J Gen Virol. 2004;85:1777-84.

(11.) Glatzel M, Abela E, Maissen M, Aguzzi A. Extraneural pathologic prion protein in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:1812-20.

(12.) Frosh A, Smith LC, Jackson C J, Linehan JM, Brandner S, Wadsworth JD, et al. Analysis of 2000 consecutive UK tonsillectomy specimens for disease-related prion protein. Lancet. 2004;364:1260-2.

Address for correspondence: Larisa Cervenakova, Transmissible Diseases Department, J.H. Holland Laboratory, American Red Cross, 15601 Crabbs Branch Way, Rockville, MD 20855, USA; fax: [phone]; email: [e-mail]

Larisa Cervenakova, * Oksana Yakovleva, * and Carroll McKenzie *

* American Red Cross, Rockville, Maryland, USA

Table. Demonstration of protease-resistant prion protein
(Pr[P.sup.res]) in the brain and lymphoreticular tissues of SJL/OIa
mice infected with the agent of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
(vCJD)

Experimental group                      Postinfection interval (d)

Mice infected with vCJD agent
   1 *                                             199
   2 *                                             199
   3                                               222
   4 *                                             318
   5                                               318
   6                                               318
   7                                               342
   8                                               343
   9                                               382

  10                                               386
Control mice injected with 0.9% NaCl
   1                                               405
   2                                               405
   3 *                                             321
   4                                               405

                                         Western blot (Pr[P.sup.res]) *

                                                 Lymphoreticular tissue

Experimental group                      Brain    Spleen      Lymph node

Mice infected with vCJD agent
   1 *                                    +        +             +
                                                             ([dagger])
   2 *                                    +        +             +
                                                             ([dagger])
   3                                      +        +          Not done
   4 *                                    +        +             +
   5                                      +        +          Not done
   6                                      +        +          Not done
   7                                      +        +          Not done
   8                                      +        +             +
   9                                      +        +          Not done
  10                                      +        +          Not done
Control mice injected with 0.9% NaCl
   1                                      -        -          Not done
   2                                      -        -          Not done
   3 *                                    -        -             -
   4                                      -        -          Not done

* Widespread tumors of lymphoreticular tissue developed.

([dagger]) Mouse also had Pr[P.sup.res], in tumor involving thymus.