Production in the finance literature, institutional reputation, and labor mobility in academia: a global perspective.Academic institutions are ranked on a global scale in terms of finance literature productivity. US institutions are dominant in academic publishing although European and Asian institutions have improved sign significantly in recent years. Additionally, we study the relationship between the quality of human capital and the likelihood of an upward career move. Our results show that an individual relocates to a higher-ranked institution exhibits a research record that is two times stronger than that of an average faculty member at the destination institution. We further model the probability probability, in mathematics, assignment of a number as a measure of the "chance" that a given event will occur. There are certain important restrictions on such a probability measure. of an upward move in the academic labor market labor market A place where labor is exchanged for wages; an LM is defined by geography, education and technical expertise, occupation, licensure or certification requirements, and job experience as a function of human capital using an ordered logistic lo·gis·tic also lo·gis·ti·caladj. 1. Of or relating to symbolic logic. 2. Of or relating to logistics. [Medieval Latin logisticus, of calculation model. We find that publications in sixteen core journals, publications in three top journals, and the rank of the Ph.D. granting institution enhance the probability of moving to a higher ranked institution. On the other hand, the length of teaching experience decreases this probability. ********** Research productivity has always been a topic of substantial interest to the academic community. These studies can be found in many disciplines. Some examples are Niemi (1987) and Borokhovich, Bricker, Brunarski, and Simkins (1995) in finance, Brown (1996) in accounting, Conboy People
 ),n. . A recent article in the Chronicle chronicle, official record of events, set down in order of occurrence, important to the people of a nation, state, or city. Almanacs, The Congressional Record in the United States, and the Annual Register in England are chronicles. of Higher Education (June 1, 2001, p.A8) reports that Ohio State University Ohio State University, main campus at Columbus; land-grant and state supported; coeducational; chartered 1870, opened 1873 as Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College, renamed 1878. There are also campuses at Lima, Mansfield, Marion, and Newark. "taxes" departments in order to distinguish selected departments within their school as "top-notch". "Administrators (at Ohio State) believe the rankings are important because they give graduate students, the public, and state legislators a benchmark A performance test of hardware and/or software. There are various programs that very accurately test the raw power of a single machine, the interaction in a single client/server system (one server/multiple clients) and the transactions per second in a transaction processing system. . 'They are an indication of what league you're in,' says Randall Randall may refer to the following: In places:
American minister, scholar, and literary critic. An important figure in the New England Transcendentalist movement, he directed the utopian community at Brook Farm, near Boston (1841-1847), and was the literary critic of , Dean of the College of Social and Behavior Sciences." (p. A9) Despite the interest in ranking academic programs, the assessments have consistently focused upon North American North American named after North America. North American blastomycosis see North American blastomycosis. North American cattle tick see boophilusannulatus. institutions. Moreover, few studies provide insights into other related issues beyond the ranking outcome. Therefore, the objective of our research is twofold. Our first objective is to study research productivity within the academic discipline of finance using a global sample of institutions. Globalization globalization Process by which the experience of everyday life, marked by the diffusion of commodities and ideas, is becoming standardized around the world. Factors that have contributed to globalization include increasingly sophisticated communications and transportation has reduced barriers in almost every sector of the economy and the academic arena is no exception. Moreover, an examination of ranking academic departments on a global scale is not without precedence. For example, in January January: see month. 2001, the Financial Times published its world rankings of the top 100 MBA programs. However, their ranking study is confined con·fine v. con·fined, con·fin·ing, con·fines v.tr. 1. To keep within bounds; restrict: Please confine your remarks to the issues at hand. See Synonyms at limit. to MBA programs, with data gathered through opinion surveys from participating MBA programs; consequently, their study does not provide an assessment of finance programs on a global scale which is one contribution of our study. Our second objective is to study labor mobility Labor mobility or worker mobility is the socioeconomic ease with which an individual or groups of individuals who are currently receiving remuneration in the form of wages can take advantage of various economic opportunities. within the finance profession. To the best of our knowledge, this has yet to be investigated. Although there are many factors that affect an individual's ability or desire to relocate re·lo·cate v. re·lo·cat·ed, re·lo·cat·ing, re·lo·cates v.tr. To move to or establish in a new place: relocated the business. v.intr. and to receive an offer, our focus is limited to a more narrow aspect of labor mobility. We focus on how an individual's human capital impacts that individual's occupational mobility. The quality of human capital is difficult to quantify Quantify - A performance analysis tool from Pure Software. for many occupations, but in academia it is more feasible (algorithm) feasible - A description of an algorithm that takes polynomial time (that is, for a problem set of size N, the resources required to solve the problem can be expressed as some polynomial involving N). . This is because one of the major quality indicators in academia is a researcher's publication record and that record can be objectively quantified and measured. Consequently, our study allows us to examine the role that a researcher's publication record plays in moving from a lower ranked institution to a higher ranked institution. We use alternative research publication measures to proxy See proxy server. (networking) proxy - A process that accepts requests for some service and passes them on to the real server. A proxy may run on dedicated hardware or may be purely software. the quality of an individual's human capital. These measures include, for example, the total published pages in a set of 16 core finance journals, the per year published pages from the same set of finance journals, and the weighted number of articles in the top-3 finance journals. Besides the uniqueness of our study in developing global rankings and in investigating labor mobility, further strengths of our study include a substantial sample period and a careful accounting of articles with respect to co-authorships, co-affiliations, and differences in average article lengths across journals. Our sample period extends from 1990 through 2001 while prior studies that rank institutions in finance have typically used more limited sample periods (e.g., 4-5 years). A benefit of our longer sample period is our ability to compare the research productivity during sub-sampling periods and, therefore, to assess a university's improvements in research productivity over time. There are, however, caveats in our database and the derived de·rive v. de·rived, de·riv·ing, de·rives v.tr. 1. To obtain or receive from a source. 2. results. First, because it is possible that a small number of authors from other disciplines may have contributed to the finance literature, the rankings of certain finance departments may be overstated o·ver·state tr.v. o·ver·stat·ed, o·ver·stat·ing, o·ver·states To state in exaggerated terms. See Synonyms at exaggerate. o . Second, because some individuals with a strong background in economics also publish finance research in elite economics journals, the lack of inclusion in our sample of these types of publications is likely to understate un·der·state v. un·der·stat·ed, un·der·stat·ing, un·der·states v.tr. 1. To state with less completeness or truth than seems warranted by the facts. 2. the total research productivity of some institutions. The results of our research offer the following conclusions: 1) Top-ranked finance programs are still dominated dom·i·nate v. dom·i·nat·ed, dom·i·nat·ing, dom·i·nates v.tr. 1. To control, govern, or rule by superior authority or power: by North American institutions. In effect, only three non-North American institutions (London Business School Around 800 degree students, from 70 countries, graduate from the school each year. Over 80 percent of students, and over 70 percent of faculty, come from outside the UK. A further 6,000 executives attend the school executive education programmes each year. , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST, or UST) was established in 1991 under Hong Kong Law Cap. 1141 (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Ordinance), as one of eight universities in Hong Kong. The current president is Professor Paul Ching-wu Chu. , and City University Business School) are in the top-SO ranked institutions. 2) Non-North American institutions are catching up. There are a number of foreign institutions showing substantial increases in absolute total pages published over the second half of the sampling period. 3) There is a positive relationship between research variables that proxy the strength of an individual's human capital and the ability to move to a higher ranked institution. The remainder of this research is organized as follows: Section I describes our database. Section II presents our findings on the global rankings of institutions and the changes in research productivity over time. Section III discusses and empirically em·pir·i·cal adj. 1. a. Relying on or derived from observation or experiment: empirical results that supported the hypothesis. b. analyzes labor mobility as a function of variables that proxy for the strength of an individual's human capital. Conclusions are offered in Section IV. I. Sources of Data and Descriptive Statistics descriptive statistics see statistics. The global research productivity data is hand collected using the hard copies from a set of 16 core finance journals from 1990-2001. (1) The data set includes each author's name, his or her affiliation affiliation (  fil´ēā´sh ,
and the total page count of each article. These particular journals were
chosen for several reasons. First, an almost identical set of journals
has been used in prior studies (e.g., Borokhovich et al. 1995). (2)
Among these 16 journals, many of them have been documented as the most
influential journals in finance (see Alexander and Mabry, 1994). Second,
in order for us to measure the longer-term effort by the institutions,
the research outlets (the journals) need to exist for a minimum of 12
years. This screening process excludes some highly regarded newer
finance journals (e.g., Journal of Empirical em·pir·i·caladj. 1. Relying on or derived from observation or experiment. 2. Verifiable or provable by means of observation or experiment. 3. Finance). Third, the 16 journals include specialized spe·cial·ize v. spe·cial·ized, spe·cial·iz·ing, spe·cial·iz·es v.intr. 1. To pursue a special activity, occupation, or field of study. 2. journals, such as Journal of Futures Markets, Journal of Portfolio Management, and Journal of International Money and Finance, as well as journals with a general scope. Hence, we are able to measure the research productivity of faculty with respect to their different research interests. While our database spans a 12-year period that allows us to conduct a more comprehensive analysis, there are caveats in the database and the derived results. First, while faculty in finance departments are the authors for most of the articles published in this set of journals, it is possible to find a small number of contributions made by authors from other disciplines, particularly economics, statistics, and/or accounting. This may be the case in selected situations, because some universities do not have finance departments. Moreover, on many occasions, the authors' department affiliations are not specified spec·i·fy tr.v. spec·i·fied, spec·i·fy·ing, spec·i·fies 1. To state explicitly or in detail: specified the amount needed. 2. To include in a specification. 3. in these journal articles and there are no reliable sources to identify the exact departmental affiliations of all authors. Therefore, the ranking performed in this study may overstate the ranking of a particular finance department. Nevertheless, we believe that publications of finance articles by other disciplines in the same university also contribute to the general reputation of a finance program in a university. A second related concern is that some authors also published finance research in economics, accounting, statistics, and other journals. It is practically impossible for us to search every article in a very large set of journals in other disciplines and decide which articles represent contributions to the financial literature. Exclusion exclusion /ex·clu·sion/ (eks-kloo´zhun) 1. a shutting out or elimination. 2. surgical isolation of a part, as of a segment of intestine, without removal from the body. of these papers undoubtedly will understate the true human capital of these researchers. For example, given the overlapping research topics in economics and finance, some individuals with strong background and interest in economics often also publish finance research in elite economic journals such as American Economic Review and the Journal of Political Economy. Since these people are disproportionately dis·pro·por·tion·ate adj. Out of proportion, as in size, shape, or amount. dis  pro·por based at top-ranked institutions, the total publication record of these
institutions may be understated.
Similar to earlier studies, three measurement adjustments have been made to the raw data. First, in cases where there are more than one author, we calculate a weighted number of articles published per author by dividing the article by the number of authors. Moreover, while it is not clear whether previous studies consider possible co-affiliation of an author, we make adjustments in such cases. Specifically, when an author is affiliated af·fil·i·ate v. af·fil·i·at·ed, af·fil·i·at·ing, af·fil·i·ates v.tr. 1. To adopt or accept as a member, subordinate associate, or branch: with more than one institution, the contribution is divided equally among the stated institutions. Second, manually collected data from each journal are checked for accuracy. It is quite common that an author uses slightly different names over his/her career. In cases where author names are similar, but not identical, we conduct additional research to verify (1) To prove the correctness of data. (2) In data entry operations, to compare the keystrokes of a second operator with the data entered by the first operator to ensure that the data were typed in accurately. See validate. the identity of the authors and standardize the presentation of his/her name. In a few cases, there are name changes for the same university. We convert all the "different names" into a single name in such cases. Third, we convert total page counts in each journal to JF-equivalent pages. Specifically, we randomly select three full text pages (no equations, no footnotes, and no graphs This partial list of graphs contains definitions of graphs and graph families which are known by particular names, but do not have a Wikipedia article of their own. For collected definitions of graph theory terms that do not refer to individual graph types, such as ) from each journal and count the number of words on each page. Based on the counting and the three-page average, we obtain the number of words on a "typical" page for each journal. Next, we calculate an adjustment factor by using the words on each "typical" page in each journal as compared with a "typical" page in the Journal of Finance. For instance, the Journal of Finance has 582 words on a typical page while a typical page in the Journal of Business has only 492 words. Therefore, the Journal of Business total page count is converted to JF-equivalent pages by multiplying the Journal of Business page counts by 0.84536 (i.e., 492/582). (3) Although there are different ways to rank the research productivity of an institution, we chose the JF-equivalent page count method for the following reasons: 1) A popular alternative quality measurement, the Social Science Citation Index Science Citation Index (SCI ®) is a citation index originally produced by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) in 1960, which is now owned by Thomson Scientific. (SSCI SSCI Social Sciences Citation Index (Thompson Scientific) SSCI Senate Select Committee on Intelligence SSCI Steel Service Center Institute (Cleveland, Ohio) SSCI Self Service Check-In SSCI Scientific Systems Co. ) impact factor, is not available for all finance journals. (For example, the index is not available for the Financial Analysts Journal.) 2) A finance journal's SSCI impact factor, even if available, may be affected by citations outside the finance field (Borokhovich, Bricker, and Simkins, 2000). 3) Citation Citation (foaled 1945) U.S. Thoroughbred racehorse. In four seasons he won 32 of 45 races, finished second in ten, and third in two. He won the 1948 Triple Crown, and became the first horse to win $1 million. He set a world record in 1950 by running a mile in 1:33 3/5. factors often are biased in favor of upon the side of; favorable to; for the advantage of. See also: favor subject matter in the corporate finance area (Borokhovich et al., 2000). 4) Although adjusted article counts are also reported, we believe that adjusted page counts serve as a better measurement. Borokhovich et al. (2000) find that, in general, shorter papers have less influence than full articles. Thus, we can mitigate mit·i·gate v. To moderate in force or intensity. mit i·ga tion n. the issue of differential quality across journals by using
JF-equivalent page counts. Because papers published in the top tier
journals are, on average, longer than articles in other journals, the
adjusted page counts method implicitly im·plic·it adj. 1. Implied or understood though not directly expressed: an implicit agreement not to raise the touchy subject. 2. takes journal influence into account. For example, a typical full-length Journal of Finance article runs 35-40 pages, while a typical Financial Review article has approximately ap·prox·i·mate adj. 1. Almost exact or correct: the approximate time of the accident. 2. 15 pages (or 11.5 JF-equivalent pages). 5) We use an institution's total adjusted page counts rather than "per capita [Latin, By the heads or polls.] A term used in the Descent and Distribution of the estate of one who dies without a will. It means to share and share alike according to the number of individuals. productivity" because we believe institutional reputation is measured by its aggregate academic power to which total productivity contributes more strongly than per capita productivity. In total, during the period of 1990-2001, the l6-journals contain 8,029 articles written by 6,538 authors from 923 universities and 860 non-academic institutions with 143,543.30 JF-equivalent pages. For the academic affiliations (including co-affiliated authors), there are 4,990 authors who wrote 6,536.35 weighted articles with 121,055.42 JF-equivalent pages. Table I presents the summary statistics of research productivity by academic institutions and by academic authors. In this Table, we report the weighted number of articles published, the unweighted number of articles published, and the JF-equivalent page counts published as the productivity indicators. In Panel A, the mean values of the weighted number of articles, the unweighted number of articles, and the JF-equivalent pages per academic institution are 7.08, 14.38, and 130.52, respectively. Judging from the significantly smaller median values, the distribution is highly skewed skewed curve of a usually unimodal distribution with one tail drawn out more than the other and the median will lie above or below the mean. skewed Epidemiology adjective Referring to an asymmetrical distribution of a population or of data . For example, the median JF-equivalent page per institution is 25.11 pages, which is much smaller than the mean of 130.52 pages. The skewness Skewness A statistical term used to describe a situation's asymmetry in relation to a normal distribution. Notes: A positive skew describes a distribution favoring the right tail, whereas a negative skew describes a distribution favoring the left tail. and kurtosis Kurtosis A statistical measure used to describe the distribution of observed data around the mean. Notes: Used generally in the statistical field, it describes trends in charts. statistics are all positive and large for all three research productivity measures. Panel B of Table I summarizes research productivity by authors affiliated with academic institutions. Some of these authors may have both academic and non-academic dual-affiliations. From Panel B, an average author would produce 1.31 weighted articles, 2.53 unweighted articles, and 24.26 JF-equivalent pages during the period of 1990-2001. Similar to Panel A, all three research productivity measures also suggest the positively skewed and very peaked empirical distributions. Panel C gives further insight into the frequency of publications for individual authors. Among the 4,990 academic authors, 2,719 (54.49% of total) have published only one article (unweighted) during the 12-year period. When we add to that percentage those who have published two unweighted articles (17.15%), we find that more than 70% of all authors have published two articles or less during the 12-year period. Publishing seven or more articles in twelve years, therefore, places a researcher in the top six percentile of the productivity distribution. This result is similar to the findings of Zivney and Bertin St. Bertin (c. 615-c. 709) is a saint and abbot of Saint-Omer. He was born near Coutances. At an early age he entered the monastery of Luxeuil in France where, under the austere Rule of St. Columban, he prepared himself for his future missionary career. (1992) who conclude that for any individual to publish one finance article per year in a larger set of academic journals would place him/her in the top five percent of all authors. (4) II. Global Institutional Ranking We rank academic institutions based upon research productivity measured by publications in 16 finance journals as well as in a sample of the "top-3" journals. We also examine the progress by academic institutions of the research productivity over the 12-year period. A. Global Institutional Ranking Based upon All 16 Journals In this section, we rank academic institutions on a global scale according to according to prep. 1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians. 2. In keeping with: according to instructions. 3. their research productivity. The rankings are presented in Column 1 of Table II. (5) The rankings are based upon JF-equivalent page counts. (6) Table II provides the top 100 institutions and the related information. The results of the remaining 823 institutions, not reported in this paper, are available on the authors' website. Columns 1 and 2 provide overall ranking of the institutions with country names (other than US) inside the parentheses. Not surprisingly, the North American and Canada Canada (kăn`ədə), independent nation (2001 pop. 30,007,094), 3,851,787 sq mi (9,976,128 sq km), N North America. Canada occupies all of North America N of the United States (and E of Alaska) except for Greenland and the French islands of ) universities dominate the top 100 ranking. Indeed, no universities outside of the US are in the top 20, and the highest rank for a Canadian Canadian (kənā`dēən), river, 906 mi (1,458 km) long, rising in NE New Mexico. and flowing E across N Texas and central Oklahoma into the Arkansas River in E Oklahoma. university is the University of British Columbia Locations Vancouver The Vancouver campus is located at Point Grey, a twenty-minute drive from downtown Vancouver. It is near several beaches and has views of the North Shore mountains. The 7. at 24th. Moreover, the highest-ranking European university is London Business School that places 22nd and the highest ranked Pacific-Basin university is Hong Kong University of Science and Technology that places 40th. Among the top 100 universities, only 15 universities are outside North America North America, third largest continent (1990 est. pop. 365,000,000), c.9,400,000 sq mi (24,346,000 sq km), the northern of the two continents of the Western Hemisphere. (9 in Europe Europe (y  r`əp), 6th largest continent, c.4,000,000 sq mi (10,360,000 sq km) including adjacent islands (1992 est. pop. 512,000,000). , 2 in the Middle East, and 4 in the Pacific-Basin).
We also provide a diagram diagram /di·a·gram/ (di´ah-gram) a graphic representation, in simplest form, of an object or concept, made up of lines and lacking pictorial elements. to show the distribution of the JF-equivalent
pages of all 923 universities that published at least one article in the
16 finance journals. Figure 1 shows a plot of the cumulative percentage
of JF-equivalent pages against the cumulative number of universities
(arranged from highest to lowest rank). The cumulative distribution is
highly skewed as evidenced by the initial steep slope and the subsequent
flattening of the curve. Specifically, the top 11 universities account
for 20% of all the JF-equivalent pages. The top 37, top 84, and top 179
universities account for approximately 40%, 60%, and 80% of all the
JF-equivalent pages, respectively. This highly skewed cumulative
distribution of research productivity is in line with recent findings in
citation studies that suggest a small number of articles dominate the
total citation counts (see Chung Chung may be:
We also examine the progress of the research productivity of the same 923 universities over the twelve years period. To examine this progress, we compare the research productivity of the first six years (1990-95) with that of the last six years (1996-2001) of the sample. The results are in Columns 5 and 7 of Table II. Rankings within each sub-period are reported in Columns 4 and 6. Column 8 presents the absolute changes in JF-equivalent pages over the two sub-periods and Column 9 contains the ranking based on the improvement in the research productivity. (7) Based on Column 9, the top five most improved universities are Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, University of Pennsylvania (body, education) University of Pennsylvania - The home of ENIAC and Machiavelli. http://upenn.edu/. Address: Philadelphia, PA, USA. , Yale University Yale University, at New Haven, Conn.; coeducational. Chartered as a collegiate school for men in 1701 largely as a result of the efforts of James Pierpont, it opened at Killingworth (now Clinton) in 1702, moved (1707) to Saybrook (now Old Saybrook), and in 1716 was , London Business School, and Georgetown University Georgetown University, in the Georgetown section of Washington, D.C.; Jesuit; coeducational; founded 1789 by John Carroll, chartered 1815, inc. 1844. Its law and medical schools are noteworthy, and its archives are especially rich in letters and manuscripts by and . Although research in finance is still dominated by the North American institutions, there is a clear trend in the growing influence of European and Asian universities that may be expected to play an even larger role in the future. (8) B. Global Institutional Ranking Based Upon the Top-3 Journals While Section A reports research productivity measured by publications in a set of 16 core journals, many major research universities give heavier weight to publications in the top three journals. Therefore, we also rank institutions based only upon the research output in Journal of Finance, Journal of Financial Economics, and Review of Financial Studies. These results are reported in Table III, Columns 1 through 3. During the 12-year sample period, 319 institutions have published at least one unweighted article in these three journals, and the remaining 604 institutions did not. It should be noted, however, that the institutional JF-equivalent page counts based upon the 16 journals are very highly correlated cor·re·late v. cor·re·lat·ed, cor·re·lat·ing, cor·re·lates v.tr. 1. To put or bring into causal, complementary, parallel, or reciprocal relation. 2. with the page counts based only upon the top-3 journals for these 319 institutions. Indeed, the rank correlation In statistics, rank correlation is the study of relationships between different rankings on the same set of items. It deals with measuring correspondence between two rankings, and assessing the significance of this correspondence. coefficient coefficient /co·ef·fi·cient/ (ko?ah-fish´int) 1. an expression of the change or effect produced by variation in certain factors, or of the ratio between two different quantities. 2. is 81.26%. Therefore, the top-ranked institutions do not differ significantly when the analysis is based upon all 16 journals or based only upon the top-3 journals if the institut ions published at least one articles (unweighted) in the top-3 finance journals. When comparing Tables II and III, the top ten universities are the same with a slight difference in relative ranking. Specifically, New York University New York University, mainly in New York City; coeducational; chartered 1831, opened 1832 as the Univ. of the City of New York, renamed 1896. It comprises 13 schools and colleges, maintaining 4 main centers (including the Medical Center) in the city, as well as the and the University of Pennsylvania trade their 1-2 positions and Duke University and Ohio State University swap their 9-10 positions. Similar to the results reported in Table II, only 14 universities ranked in the top-100 are outside North America (9 in Europe, 3 in the Pacific-Basin, and 2 in the Middle East).9 Similar to Table II, we also re-examine the ranking of academic institutions based on the top-3 finance journals in the 1990-95 verse the 1996-2001 sub-periods. The results are presented in Table III Columns 4 to (9). Based on Column 9, the top-5 most improved universities are New York University, the University of Pennsylvania, Stanford University Stanford University, at Stanford, Calif.; coeducational; chartered 1885, opened 1891 as Leland Stanford Junior Univ. (still the legal name). The original campus was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted. David Starr Jordan was its first president. , the University of California-Davis, and the University of Maryland University of Maryland can refer to:
III. Human Capital Endowment A transfer, generally as a gift, of money or property to an institution for a particular purpose. The bestowal of money as a permanent fund, the income of which is to be used for the benefit of a charity, college, or other institution. and Labor Mobility In this section, we study the relationship between variables that proxy the quality of human capital and labor mobility in the finance discipline. Based on our database from 1990 through 2001, we are able to identify faculty who made career moves over the period by examining whether affiliation changes exist. For the purpose of our study, the institutions are classified into five different ranking levels according to their research record measured by their JF-equivalent page counts as reported in Table II. We define Level 1 institutions as institutions that belong to the top 20 percentile of total JF-equivalent page counts. Because the JF-equivalent page count distribution is highly skewed, eleven institutions account for 20% of the total publications. The next 26 institutions published an additional 20% of the total JF-equivalent page counts and, therefore, are defined as the Level 2 universities. Following the same logic, institutions ranked from 38 to 84 are the Level 3 universities, institutions ranked fr om 85 to 179 are the Level 4 universities, and the remaining 744 institutions are the Level 5 universities. Essentially, there are three types of career moves with respect to the ranking classes of the departing de·part v. de·part·ed, de·part·ing, de·parts v.intr. 1. To go away; leave. 2. To die. 3. school and destination school: lateral move, downward move, or upward move. However, there is one caveat. We cannot identify individuals who may have moved but stopped publishing in the 16 core finance journals after their job changes. Panel A of Table IV reports preliminary statistics. Among the 5,268 identifiable individual author-affiliations in academia, (10) 1,549 did not change affiliations during the twelve years period; 254 made a lateral movement; 384 moved to a lower-level institution; 362 moved to a higher-level institution; 2,719 published only one article during the twelve years period and, therefore, we could not identify if a change in affiliation did occur. Because our analysis focuses on those individuals who moved to a higher-level institution, we do not believe individuals who have published only one article in twelve years have the human capital requirement to move to a higher-level ins titution. These 2,719 unidentifiable individuals, therefore, are not likely to be the upward movers and thus should not bias our analysis. Panel A of Table IV also reports the average number of publications across these categories. For the "non-movers", the average number of unweighted publications is 3.76. For the "movers", the average number of unweighted publications ranges from 5.67 to 5.91 articles. Similarly, the average number of weighted articles and JF-equivalent pages for the "non-movers" are also less than the "movers". Moreover, at the first glance, the results from Panel A show that more human capital is needed in order to move downward than upward since the average number of weighted articles, unweighted articles, and JF-equivalent pages are larger for the downward movers. This puzzle “Puzzle solving” redirects here. For the concept in Thomas Kuhn's philosophy of science, see normal science. A puzzle is a problem or enigma that challenges ingenuity. may be explainable. For example, an individual moving down from a Level 1 institution to a Level 3 institution may have more human capital than an individual moving up from a Level 4 institution to a Level 3 instit ution. Nevertheless, the results from Panel A are based upon an unfiltered Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. Remove this template after wikifying. This article has been tagged since sample, and we explain in the following sections how we further screen our sample for a cleaner definition of affiliation changes. In Panel B, we further report the publication record for those researchers who have not changed affiliations during the 12-year period, classified according to the levels of their employer. It is not surprising that all measures of research productivity increase monotonically for the individual researcher, as the rank of the institutions increase. More interesting, however, will be the comparison of these statistics with the same statistics for those researchers who relocated re·lo·cate v. re·lo·cat·ed, re·lo·cat·ing, re·lo·cates v.tr. To move to or establish in a new place: relocated the business. v.intr. to higher ranked institutions as reported in Table V. Before reviewing Table V, however, we present the issues that necessitate ne·ces·si·tate tr.v. ne·ces·si·tat·ed, ne·ces·si·tat·ing, ne·ces·si·tates 1. To make necessary or unavoidable. 2. To require or compel. the filtering of the data set. First, since not all affiliation changes are career moves, we need to exclude those affiliation changes that are visiting appointments, part-time appointments, and moves between non-finance disciplines. These types of job changes may be expected to have different human capital endowment requirements. (11) Second, after this screening process, our study is further confined to finance faculty who permanently move from a lower-level institution to a higher-level institution in a tenure tenure, in education tenure, in education, a guarantee of the permanence of a college or university teacher's position, awarded upon successful completion of a probationary period, usually seven years. or tenure-track position within the finance discipline. We focus only on upward movers since we cannot unambiguously relate human capital to downward (and lateral) movements because higher levels of human capital may not be a necessary condition for a downward movement as there are non-research reasons contributing to downward (and lateral) career moves. A faculty member with substantial human capital may make a downward or a lateral career move to take a more prestigious position or to live in a specific geographic geographic /geo·graph·ic/ (je?o-graf´ik) in pathology, of or referring to a pattern that is well demarcated, resembling outlines on a map. geographic pertaining to geography. location. (12) On the other hand, downward movers may change affiliations to a lower ranked institution due to a lack of required human capital. Yet, it is impossible to distinguish these two groups of downward movers ("non-research related" movers or "lack of human capital" movers) without controlling for other factors that contribute to the move. (13) For a faculty member to move to a higher-ranked institution, however, human capital is a necessary condition for the move irrespective of irrespective of prep. Without consideration of; regardless of. irrespective of preposition despite other non-human capital related motivations. Consequently, our sample is restricted based upon the following selection screening process: 1) we only include authors that change to a higher-ranked institution; 2) we only include authors that have verifiable tenure or tenure-track appointments in the post-movement institutions; and 3) we only include authors from whom we can verify the Ph.D. granting institutions, the exact year of the relocation RELOCATION, Scotch law, contracts. To let again to renew a lease, is called a relocation. 2. When a tenant holds over after the expiration of his lease, with the consent of his landlord, this will amount to a relocation. , and the length of teaching experience. This screening process yields 88 qualifying cases. In order to identify the relevant information set for this group of researchers, we examine personal web-pages of the authors, James James, person in the Bible James, in the Gospel of St. Luke, kinsman of St. Jude. The original does not specify the relationship. James, rivers, United States James. R. Hasselback's (1999) Finance Faculty Directory, Heck's (1998) Finance Literature Index, the World-Wide finance faculty directory at Ohio State University, and the membership directory of the Financial Management Association International. In certain instances, we also sent e-mails to faculty for whom we could not verify whether they actually changed affiliation and/or the year they changed affiliation. In Table V, we provide summary information on the sample of 88 cases of upward career moves that met our selection requirements. Among these cases, there are 16 faculty that moved to Level 1 universities, 17 to Level 2 universities, 25 to Level 3 universities, and 30 to Level 4 universities. We focus on career JF-equivalent pages and the career weighted number of articles in top-3 finance journals. Career records are defined to include the relevant research productivity measures up through one year after the individual moves to the new affiliation. This is to account for the forthcoming articles when he/she interviews for the new position. These career records are compiled from the Heck's Finance Literature Index (before 1990) and the data set that generates Table II. Panel A of Table V shows that, on average, the up-movers authored an average of 62.45 career JF-equivalent pages in the 16 finance journals, with a maximum of 504.11 pages and a minimum of 3.91 pages. The group, however, authored only a weighte d 1.44 career top-3 finance journal articles. The average teaching period before the change of affiliation is 8.53 years with a standard deviation of 4.98 years. Panel B gives a more detailed breakdown of the statistics. For example, the average JF-equivalent pages authored by the individuals who moved from a Level 3 institution to a Level 2 institution is 96.37 and the average number of top-3 finance journal articles is 2.68. On the other hand, the same statistics are 33.86 JF-equivalent pages and 0.34 top-3 finance journal articles for those who moved from Level 5 to Level 4 institutions. Both statistics show that the research output is more demanding as one moves from a lower ranked institution to a higher ranked institution. In other words Adv. 1. in other words - otherwise stated; "in other words, we are broke" put differently , it generally takes more human capital to move to a higher ranked institution. The research requirement, however, is the highest for those who moved from Level 3 to Level 1 institutions. In most cases, it takes more absolute effort to move two ranking classes upward than to move one ranking class upward even if the destination rank is the same. For example, it takes more effort to move from a Level 3 institution to a Level 1 in stitution than from a Level 2 institution to a Level 1 institution. One of the exceptions is the case from Level 4 to Level 1 institution. This case only contains two observations although it represents a giant leap forward. Examining the data we find these two observations are each associated with a short employment history before the relocation. Therefore, other factors of human capital endowment such as the Ph.D. granting institution and the average publication per year probably play important roles in these instances. In further comparing statistics reported in Panel B of Table V with Panel B of Table IV, we observe a very interesting phenomenon. It takes, on average, higher research productivity for a faculty member to move to a certain level institution than another faculty that stays at the same institution of the same rank. For example, the average JF-equivalent pages for a Level 1 institution is 60.55 pages (Table IV, Panel B) and it takes much more effort in order to be accepted into such an institution from a lower level one. As a matter of fact, it takes an average of 104.22 (106.88) pages in order to move from a Level 3 (Level 2) institution to a Level 1 institution (Table V, Panel B). This represents a nearly doubling of the research productivity relative to existing faculty at the destination university. This finding is not limited to Level 1 institutions; the same conclusions apply to all ranks of institutions. The higher threshold The point at which a signal (voltage, current, etc.) is perceived as valid. obviously deters Deters may refer to:
1. produced artificially. 2. produced by induction. induced, adj artificially caused to occur. induced induction. by the tenure system offers a potential explanation for this finding. To further examine the relationship between a career move-up and human capital, we estimate an ordered logit The logit function is an important part of logistic regression: for more information, please see that article. In mathematics, especially as applied in statistics, the logit model. The results are presented in Table VI. The dependent variable in the proportional proportional values expressed as a proportion of the total number of values in a series. proportional dwarf the patient is a miniature without disproportionate reductions or enlargements of body parts. ordered logit model is 1, 2, 3 or 4 that correspond to the ranking of the destination university. Several explanatory ex·plan·a·to·ry adj. Serving or intended to explain: an explanatory paragraph. ex·plan variables serve as proxies for a researcher's endowment of human capital including the individual's total career JF-equivalent page counts, the career per year JF-equivalent page counts, the career total weighted number of articles published in the top-3 journals, the rank of the Ph.D. granting institution (according to our ranking), the number of years of teaching experience, and a year dummy Sham; make-believe; pretended; imitation. Person who serves in place of another, or who serves until the proper person is named or available to take his place (e.g., dummy corporate directors; dummy owners of real estate). (d) equal to 0 if an individual moved during 1990-1995 and equal to 1 otherwise. We use alternative research productivity variables in the four different empirical models presented in Table VI. In Model 1, we use the total career JF-equivalent pages as a measurement of research productivity. As expected, the research productivity variable is positive and statistically significant at the 1% level. The Ph.D. granting institution variable is measured as 1 for the highest quality and 5 for the lowest quality. Consequently, the statistically significant and negative sign on the parameter (1) Any value passed to a program by the user or by another program in order to customize the program for a particular purpose. A parameter may be anything; for example, a file name, a coordinate, a range of values, a money amount or a code of some kind. suggests that a higher-ranked (lower ordered) Ph.D. granting institution does increase the odds of an upward move. Given the fact that the average teaching experience of the group is 8.5 years, the type of Ph.D. granting institution has a long-lasting effect on employment. In other words, the rank of the Ph.D. granting institution carries a value beyond the initial placement effect. The year dummy is not significant, meaning that labor market conditions do not significantly change the odds of moving up to a higher ranked institution given a level of human capital. Interestingly, the parameter estimate on the years of te aching experience is negative and statistically significant at the 10% level. The negative sign suggests that the longer a faculty has been away from the environment of the Ph.D. program, the more his or her human capital depreciates. Since the years of teaching experience is expected to be highly correlated with a researcher's age, the negative effect could potentially be an age effect. However, the lack of this personal information precludes us from separating these two effects. The model's predictive ability, measured by the rank correlation between observed responses and predicted probabilities, is 77.8%. Model 2 uses JF-equivalent page counts per year as a measurement of research productivity. This variable also carries a positive sign and is significant at the 1% level. Conclusions on all other variables remain the same except that now the teaching experience variable is not significant. Models 3 and 4 are similar to Models 1 and 2 except that, in these models we add another variable to measure research productivity, namely, the total weighted number of articles in the top-3 finance journals. In Model 3, both measures of research productivity while carrying positive signs are statistically insignificant. We suspect this the result of multicollinearity in the regressors. The correlation correlation In statistics, the degree of association between two random variables. The correlation between the graphs of two data sets is the degree to which they resemble each other. analysis between the JF-equivalent pages and the weighed number of top-3 articles shows a simple correlation coefficient Correlation Coefficient A measure that determines the degree to which two variable's movements are associated. The correlation coefficient is calculated as: of 0.88. Moreover, although not individually significant, the two productivity measures are jointly significant at the 1% level. We further address the multicollinearity issue in Model 4. Model 4 includes both per year JF-equivalent pages and top-3 finance journal articles as a measurement of research productivity. These two research productivity measures are less correlated (r = 0.46) than the two used in Model 3, and thus lessen less·en v. less·ened, less·en·ing, less·ens v.tr. 1. To make less; reduce. 2. Archaic To make little of; belittle. v.intr. To become less; decrease. the multicollinearity problem. The parameter on the variable for the top-3 finance journal articles is significant at the 5% level and the per year JF-equivalent page variable is significant at the 10% level. This result is more consistent with the results found in Models 1 and 2 in which a researcher's career-long record is as important as his/her average annual productivity. IV. Conclusions The purpose of this study is two-fold. In the first part of the paper, we provide an institutional ranking of research productivity in finance on a global scale. In the second part of the paper, we analyze an·a·lyze v. 1. To examine methodically by separating into parts and studying their interrelations. 2. To separate a chemical substance into its constituent elements to determine their nature or proportions. 3. several perspectives on an upward career move in the labor market in finance. We manually collect all publication records from a set of 16 core finance journals during the period from 1990 to 2001. Our major findings are: 1) Publications in the core finance journals are highly concentrated in a few institutions. For example, the first eleven institutions account for 20% of all publications while the first 37 institutions (out of 923 total institutions) account for 40% of all publications. 2) North American institutions (mainly US institutions) are the major contributors to the finance literature. The top twenty institutions are entirely US institutions. 3) Comparing the first and the second half of the sample period, we find many of the most-improved-institutions are outside of North America. This suggests that research in finance is gaining momentum in Europe and Asia, possibly responding to the growth in the financial markets in those regions. 4) Labor turnover is quite low for the upward movement market. Among a total of 4,990 academic authors, we are able to confirm only 88 individuals who successfully moved to a higher-level institution during the entire 12-year period. 5) Because of the higher threshold employed by many institutions for recruiting non-fresh Ph.D.s, an individual who is able to relocate to a higher-ranked institution must exhibit a research record that is approximately two times stronger than that of an average existing faculty member in the destination institution. We interpret To run a program one line at a time. Each line of source language is translated into machine language and then executed. this finding as a potential entrenchment effect induced by the tenure system. 6) The ability to move to a higher ranked institution is positively related to the total JF-equivalent page counts, the number of articles published in the top-3 finance journals, per year JF-equivalent page counts, and the Ph.D. granting institution rank. There is some evidence, however, that the ability to move to a higher ranked institution is negatively related to the years of teaching experience. Potential caveats in our database and findings are: 1) it is possible that a small number of authors from other disciplines may have contributed to the finance literature. As a consequence, this may overstate the rankings of certain finance departments; 2) some individuals with strong background in economics also publish finance research in elite economic journals. Since these individuals are disproportionately affiliated with top-ranked universities, excluding these publications is likely to understate the total research productivity of these institutions; and 3) many in our profession would consider a distinguished professorship at an equal or emerging lower level school to also represent an upward move. Excluding these cases reduces our sample size used to assess labor mobility. [FIGURE 1 OMITTED]
Table 1. Summary Statistics of the Research Productivity in a
Set of 16 Core Finance Journals from 1990 to 2001
This table contains some preliminary summary statistics of the
research productivity that bases on a set of 16 core journals.
These journals are Journal of Finance, Journal of Financial
Economics, Review of Financial Studies, Journal of Business,
Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Financial
Management, Journal of Financial Research, Journal of Banking
and Finance, Journal of Portfolio Management, Financial Analysts
Journal, Financial Review, Journal of Financial Intermediation,
Journal of Financial Services Research, Journal of Futures Markets,
Journal of International Money and Finance, and Journal of Business
Finance and Accounting. There are 4,990 academic authors in 923
academic institutions that published in the 16 core finance
journals. Panel C suggests that there are only about 14% of the
academic authors who have published at least five articles
(unweighted) or more. The "sum" statistics are not identical in
Panel and Panel B because: 1) some authors may have both academic
and non-academic affiliations, and 2) some authors may have more
than one academic affiliations.
Panel A. By Academic Institutions
Weighted No. of Unweighted No. JF-equivalent
Articles of Articles Page Counts
Mean 7.08 14.38 130.52
Median 1.50 3.00 25.11
Standard Deviation 14.38 29.08 301.81
Kurtosis 33.73 38.16 40.68
Skewness 4.74 4.92 5.43
Minimum 0.08 1.00 1.00
Maximum 172.06 370.00 3521.86
Sum 6,531.70 13,272 120,467.92
Count 923 923 923
Panel B. By Academic Authors
Weighted No. of Unweighted No. JF-equivalent
Articles of Articles Page Counts
Mean 1.31 2.53 24.26
Median 0.83 1 13.03
Standard Deviation 1.54 2.86 31.58
Kurtosis 18.61 18.15 22.08
Skewness 3.52 3.52 3.82
Minimum 0.20 1 0.65
Maximum 16.50 34 392.22
Sum 6,536.35 12,601 121,055.42
Number of authors 4,990 4,990 4,990
Panel C. Number of Unweighted Publications for All Authors in Academic
Institutions
No. of Unweighted Publications
(1990-2001) No. of Authors % of Total Cumulative %
One publication 2,719 54.49
Two publications 856 17.15 71.64
Three publications 437 8.76 80.40
Tour publications 260 5.21 85.61
Five publications 186 3.73 89.34
Six publications 128 2.57 91.90
Seven publications 101 2.02 93.93
Eight publications 87 1.74 95.67
Nine publications 57 1.14 96.81
Ten to twelve publications 87 1.74 98.56
Thirteen or more 72 1.44 100.00
Total 4,990 100.00
Table II
Top 100 World Research Productivity Ranking of Academic Institutions
(1990-2001) Based upon Journal of Finance-equivalent Pages Published in
a Set of 16 Finance Journals
This table presents the top 100 most productive institutions in the
world. The ranking in Column (1) is based on the weighted JF-equivalent
pages in 1990-2001 shown in Column (3). The JF-equivalent pages are
weighted by coauthorship and coaffiliations of the authors. While there
are universities from other countries (as specified in Column 2), the
majority of the schools are from the North America (US and Canada).
Columns (4) and (6) rank the universities based on the JF-equivalent
pages in 1990-95 and 1996-2001. The absolute changes in JF-equivalent
pages is in Column (8). Column (9) provides an improvement ranking based
on the magnitude of absolute changes in JF-pages.
(1) (2) (3)
Overall Affiliation
Ranking (Countries if JF-pages
(1990-2001) other than US) (1990-2001)
1 NYU 3521.86
2 U of Penn 3179.40
3 U of Chicago 2343.71
4 Harvard U 2260.55
5 U of Michigan 2117.43
6 UCLA 1984.69
7 Columbia U 1801.16
8 Northwestern U 1561.61
9 Ohio State U 1557.12
10 Duke U 1543.13
11 Cornell U 1482.96
12 U of Illinois 1445.88
13 Stanford U 1347.52
14 U of Rochester 1222.36
15 MIT 1145.63
16 Indiana U 1128.72
17 U of Southern California 1126.57
18 UC-Berkeley 1097.39
19 Boston College 1029.80
20 U of Texas-Austin 1012.76
21 Virginia Tech 1004.73
22 London Business School (UK) 955.71
23 U of Florida 946.53
24 U of British Columbia (Canada) 940.18
25 Purdue U 922.60
26 Rutgers U 905.27
27 U of North Carolina 873.49
28 Vanderbilt U 871.79
29 U of Washington 843.26
30 Yale U 824.30
31 Arizona State U 823.10
32 U of Maryland 788.28
33 U of Georgia 753.65
34 Carnegie Mellon U 701.38
35 UW-Madison 699.37
36 SMU 676.68
37 U of Notre Dame 674.17
38 Baruch College 666.65
39 Georgetown U 665.73
40 Hong Kong University of Science
and Technology (Hong Kong) 657.43
41 Penn State U 650.49
42 Emroy U 635.90
43 City U Business School (UK) 625.10
44 Georgia State U 611.19
45 U of Houston 610.86
46 Washington U 610.18
47 Michigan State U 601.68
48 U of Iowa 596.79
49 Florida Atlantic U 594.95
50 Texas A&M U 589.36
51 U of Missouri 576.08
52 Southern Illinois U 565.08
53 U of Virginia 558.71
54 LSU 553.94
55 U of Miami 549.67
56 U of Oklahoma 518.47
57 Iowa State U 515.33
58 Lancaster U (UK) 513.68
59 U of Strathclyde (UK) 513.48
60 Dartmouth College 508.57
61 U of Minnesota 494.92
62 Fordham U 491.61
63 Santa Clara U 486.78
64 Florida State U 486.64
65 Boston U 477.27
66 U of South Carolina 476.97
67 Chinese University of Hong Kong
(Hong Kong) 472.13
68 U of Manchester (UK) 467.74
69 U of Alabama 463.97
70 U of New South Wales (Australia) 456.98
71 Wilfrid Laurier U (Canada) 445.72
72 Rice U 438.94
73 U of Utah 430.36
74 UC-Irvine 424.51
75 Tulane U 416.43
76 UC-Davis 414.41
77 London School of Economics (UK) 405.81
78 Loyola U-Chicago 403.18
79 Bentley College 401.15
80 Princeton U 396.57
81 U of Arizona 396.55
82 U of Toronto (Canada) 394.49
83 U of Alberta (Canada) 393.65
84 U of Kansas 388.36
85 SUNY-Binghamton 385.37
86 National U of Singapore (Singapore) 383.85
87 Clemson U 380.50
88 Temple U 377.88
89 Northern Illinois U 376.73
90 McGill U (Canada) 364.42
91 Tel-Aviv U (Israel) 364.24
92 HEC (France) 363.65
93 INSEAD (France) 356.41
94 North Carolina State U 348.24
95 Hebrew U (Israel) 347.31
96 Simon Fraser U (Canada) 337.25
97 U of Tennessee 332.68
98 Case Western Reserve U 332.61
99 U of colorado 331.25
100 Erasmus U (Netherlands) 327.20
(1) (4) (5) (6) (7)
Overall
Ranking Ranking for JF-pages Ranking for JF-pages
(1990-2001) (1990-95) (1990-95) (1996-2001) (1996-2001)
1 1 1610.89 1 1910.97
2 2 1407.12 2 1772.29
3 3 1241.12 4 1102.59
4 5 1085.21 3 1175.34
5 4 1232.35 7 885.08
6 6 941.85 5 1042.84
7 10 855.86 6 945.30
8 9 859.48 10 702.13
9 7 866.40 11 690.72
10 8 864.11 12 679.02
11 12 720.26 9 762.71
12 11 834.03 16 611.85
13 20 521.97 8 825.55
14 13 688.35 25 534.01
15 21 513.90 15 631.73
16 19 527.31 17 601.41
17 17 562.68 20 563.90
18 18 555.77 22 541.62
19 16 606.87 34 422.93
20 32 367.83 13 644.93
21 15 625.12 41 379.61
22 35 311.35 14 644.36
23 26 412.32 24 534.21
24 14 668.46 66 271.72
25 31 380.02 21 542.58
26 23 439.14 28 466.14
27 33 363.95 26 509.54
28 25 420.08 31 451.71
29 29 390.10 30 453.16
30 57 234.33 18 589.97
31 22 460.32 45 362.79
32 48 251.70 23 536.58
33 28 404.53 48 349.12
34 37 302.39 37 399.00
35 24 437.99 69 261.38
36 34 314.96 46 361.72
37 53 241.57 32 432.60
38 56 235.32 33 431.32
39 87 170.82 27 494.91
40
147 85.80 19 571.63
41 75 193.48 29 457.01
42 54 241.22 38 394.68
43 46 258.03 44 367.07
44 40 293.77 53 317.42
45 49 251.22 47 359.64
46 58 233.49 42 376.70
47 63 220.14 40 381.54
48 73 197.46 36 399.33
49 82 181.88 35 413.07
50 39 299.37 59 290.00
51 60 228.59 49 347.49
52 43 274.55 58 290.53
53 88 167.55 39 391.16
54 30 382.15 109 171.79
55 44 271.42 64 278.25
56 55 237.07 62 281.40
57 42 283.99 78 231.34
58 84 178.13 51 335.56
59 41 284.98 79 228.49
60 69 206.49 56 302.08
61 66 212.82 61 282.10
62 51 243.35 72 248.25
63 90 166.54 52 320.24
64 38 300.67 99 185.97
65 27 408.78 222 68.49
66 76 192.36 60 284.61
67
131 100.05 43 372.08
68 85 172.81 57 294.94
69 36 308.03 120 155.94
70 65 213.65 75 243.33
71 50 247.71 91 198.01
72 109 136.73 55 302.22
73 92 164.19 68 266.17
74 59 229.39 95 195.12
75 125 112.27 54 304.16
76 172 69.04 50 345.37
77 99 153.05 71 252.76
78 52 241.89 117 161.29
79 97 154.47 73 246.68
80 91 164.29 77 232.28
81 77 191.60 89 204.94
82 71 204.54 97 189.95
83 121 115.29 63 278.36
84 74 196.56 96 191.81
85 83 178.93 87 206.44
86 108 137.49 74 246.36
87 45 259.51 149 120.99
88 67 211.52 113 166.37
89 102 150.20 81 226.53
90 78 190.69 106 173.74
91 79 185.70 104 178.54
92 62 221.63 131 142.01
93 80 185.14 110 171.27
94 61 228.11 152 120.13
95 89 166.76 103 180.55
96 123 115.24 82 222.01
97 47 256.78 210 75.89
98 141 91.77 76 240.83
99 119 119.86 86 211.38
100 132 99.81 80 227.39
(1) (8) (9)
Ranking for
Improvement
Overall Absolute Based on
Ranking Changes in Absolute
(1990-2001) JF-pages Changes
1 300.08 7
2 365.17 2
3 -138.53 86
4 90.13 46
5 -347.27 99
6 100.98 39
7 89.44 47
8 -157.35 89
9 -175.68 90
10 -185.09 94
11 42.45 55
12 -222.18 96
13 303.58 6
14 -154.34 88
15 117.82 33
16 74.10 49
17 1.22 66
18 -14.16 71
19 -183.94 93
20 277.11 9
21 -245.51 97
22 333.01 4
23 121.89 31
24 -396.74 100
25 162.56 21
26 27.00 59
27 145.59 27
28 31.63 56
29 63.06 52
30 355.64 3
31 -97.53 82
32 284.87 8
33 -55.41 78
34 96.61 41
35 -176.62 91
36 46.76 53
37 191.03 18
38 196.00 16
39 324.09 5
40
485.83 1
41 263.52 12
42 153.47 25
43 109.04 34
44 23.65 60
45 108.42 36
46 143.21 28
47 161.40 22
48 201.87 15
49 231.20 13
50 -9.37 69
51 118.89 32
52 15.97 61
53 223.61 14
54 -210.36 95
55 6.83 64
56 44.33 54
57 -52.66 77
58 157.43 23
59 -56.49 79
60 95.60 42
61 69.28 50
62 4.90 65
63 153.70 24
64 -114.71 84
65 -340.29 98
66 92.25 43
67
272.03 11
68 122.13 30
69 -152.10 87
70 29.68 57
71 -49.70 76
72 165.49 19
73 101.98 38
74 -34.28 74
75 191.89 17
76 276.33 10
77 99.72 40
78 -80.59 81
79 92.21 44
80 67.99 51
81 13.34 63
82 -14.59 72
83 163.07 20
84 -4.75 67
85 27.51 58
86 108.87 35
87 -138.52 85
88 -45.15 75
89 76.33 48
90 -16.95 73
91 -7.16 68
92 -79.62 80
93 -13.87 70
94 -107.98 83
95 13.78 62
96 106.77 37
97 -180.89 92
98 149.06 26
99 91.52 45
100 127.58 29
Table III
World Research Productivity (1990-2001) by JF-equivalent
Pages in Top-3 Finance Journals (Journal of Finance, Journal
of Financial Economics, and Review of Financial Studies)
This table provides a ranking of world research productivity
by JF-equivalent pages in top-3 finance journals only. There are
319 academic institutions that publish at least one unweighted
articles in the top three finance journals. In other words, there
are 604 academic institutions that did not publish any articles in
the top three journals. Among the 319 academic institutions that
published at least one unweighted article in top-3 finance journals,
the rank correlation coefficient between JF-equivalent pages in the
top-3 and in the 16 finance journals is 81.26% and the rank correlation
coefficient between the number of weighted articles in the top-3 and the
16 finance journals is 80.54%. While there are universities from other
countries (as specified in Column 2), the majority of the schools are
from the North America (US and Canada). Columns (1), (4), and (6) rank
the universities based on the JF-equivalent pages in 1990-2001, 1990-95,
and 1996-2001, respectively. The absolute changes in JF-equivalent pages
are in Column 8. Column 9 provides an improvement ranking based on the
magnitude of absolute changes in JF-pages.
(1) (2) (3)
Overall Affiliation
Ranking (Countries if JF-pages
(1990-2001) other than US) (1990-2001)
1 U of Penn 2059.95
2 NYU 2013.63
3 U of Chicago 1899.91
4 Harvard U 1601.52
5 U of Michigan 1426.49
6 UCLA 1285.68
7 Columbia U 1076.87
8 Northwestern U 1061.97
9 Duke U 1056.12
10 Ohio State U 1006.44
11 U of Rochester 1002.84
12 Stanford U 973.45
13 U of Southern California 837.19
14 MIT 812.03
15 Cornell U 769.63
16 U of Illinois 619.45
17 Carnegie Mellon U 618.42
18 U of British Columbia (Canada) 615.43
19 UC-Berkeley 593.01
20 U of North Carolina 568.59
21 Arizona State U 566.56
22 Boston College 560.50
23 U of Florida 499.69
24 London Business School (UK) 489.97
25 U of Maryland 472.21
26 Purdue U 462.93
27 U of Texas-Austin 457.16
28 Yale U 455.34
29 Vanderbilt U 434.12
30 U of Washington 423.63
31 Washington U 383.94
32 Penn State U 358.78
33 Indiana U 358.07
34 U of Iowa 347.82
35 Virginia Tech 347.79
36 SMU 341.13
37 UW-Madison 332.57
38 U of Georgia 320.28
39 UC-Davis 308.62
40 U of Notre Dame 297.66
41 Dartmouth College 269.62
42 Princeton U 253.96
43 UC-Irvine 252.75
44 Tulane U 251.25
45 Georgetown U 242.53
46 U of Virginia 241.49
47 Hong Kong University of Science
and Technology (Hong Kong) 234.14
48 U of Minnesota 231.84
49 U of Utah 221.40
50 Emory U 207.96
51 U of Arizona 195.01
52 U of Oregon 194.72
53 Rice U 187.12
54 Michigan State U 186.25
55 U of Colorado 173.78
56 Tel-Aviv U (Israel) 169.54
57 LSU 163.37
58 Georgia State U 156.53
59 INSEAD (France) 142.69
60 U of Toronto (Canada) 140.87
61 McGill U (Canada) 139.85
62 U of Missouri 139.44
63 Baruch College 138.18
64 U of Alberta (Canada) 134.03
65 HEC (France) 133.04
66 UC-Riverside 131.44
67 Iowa State U 125.96
68 U of Oklahoma 122.48
69 Rutgers U 122.39
70 Hebrew U (Israel) 113.51
71 U of Auckland (New Zealand) 111.63
72 UC-San Diego 111.52
73 U of Houston 109.66
74 U of Miami 109.52
75 Case Western Reserve U 103.86
76 U of Texas-Dallas 102.41
77 U of Pittsburgh 101.71
78 London School of Economics (UK) 101.69
79 U of Western Ontario (Canada) 101.06
80 Clemson U 96.35
81 Norwegian School of Management
(Norway) 92.60
82 Simon Fraser U (Canada) 86.81
83 Santa Clara U 80.81
84 Queen's U (Canada) 80.77
85 SUNY-Buffalo 80.57
86 Texas A&M U 79.15
87 U of Rhode Island 76.80
88 U de Toulouse (France) 75.94
89 George Mason U 69.14
90 ESSEC (France) 66.24
91 Wayne State U 64.94
92 Bentley College 63.07
93 U of Bern (Germany) 62.76
94 U of Amsterdam (Netherlands) 62.10
95 Washington State U 61.19
96 Northeastern U 60.94
97 Loyola U-Chicago 60.39
98 California Institute of Technology 59.77
99 Chinese University of Hong Kong
(Hong Kong) 58.72
100 College of William and Mary 58.14
(1) (4) (5) (6) (7)
Overall
Ranking Ranking for JF-pages Ranking for JF-pages
(1990-2001) (1990-95) (1990-95) (1996-2001) (1996-2001)
1 3 824.81 1 1235.14
2 4 791.64 2 1221.99
3 1 1044.23 3 855.68
4 5 773.46 4 828.06
5 2 836.56 8 589.92
6 6 596.86 5 688.82
7 11 450.37 7 626.50
8 7 558.77 10 503.20
9 10 518.35 9 537.77
10 9 546.59 12 459.85
11 8 551.28 13 451.56
12 18 291.88 6 681.57
13 12 432.59 16 404.60
14 15 376.08 14 435.95
15 17 308.03 11 461.60
16 16 332.97 26 286.48
17 21 254.95 18 363.47
18 13 421.25 37 194.18
19 19 287.89 23 305.12
20 32 154.33 15 414.26
21 20 286.00 28 280.57
22 14 386.32 42 174.18
23 27 183.96 22 315.72
24 31 158.29 21 331.68
25 40 97.78 17 374.43
26 24 197.55 29 265.39
27 38 107.65 19 349.51
28 35 120.39 20 334.95
29 34 133.95 25 300.17
30 26 184.77 30 238.86
31 25 191.82 38 192.12
32 47 76.13 27 282.65
33 33 138.56 33 219.51
34 36 118.82 31 229.00
35 22 207.00 48 140.80
36 30 160.68 41 180.45
37 23 200.93 52 131.64
38 28 180.96 50 139.32
39 208 4.00 24 304.62
40 46 76.48 32 221.17
41 44 80.63 40 188.99
42 41 96.38 44 168.32
43 29 171.59 64 81.15
44 54 60.45 39 190.80
45 67 46.67 35 195.87
46 66 46.98 36 194.51
47
107 22.50 34 211.64
48 39 102.38 53 129.46
49 51 68.79 47 152.61
50 70 41.00 45 166.96
51 79 35.13 46 159.88
52 112 21.12 43 173.60
53 64 47.13 49 139.99
54 62 48.35 51 137.89
55 59 53.67 55 120.11
56 45 80.28 63 89.26
57 37 115.90 93 47.48
58 42 94.37 77 62.16
59 49 72.08 67 70.60
60 94 27.63 57 113.25
61 96 26.02 56 113.84
62 73 38.91 60 100.53
63 50 71.91 71 66.27
64 191 6.00 54 128.03
65 43 93.33 102 39.71
66 74 37.00 61 94.44
67 53 61.75 73 64.21
68 48 73.21 86 49.28
69 58 54.99 70 67.41
70 68 44.87 69 68.64
71 82 33.10 65 78.53
72 52 63.52 91 48.00
73 72 39.00 66 70.66
74 199 4.67 58 104.85
75 71 40.67 76 63.19
76 n/a n/a 59 102.41
77 69 44.11 81 57.60
78 61 50.52 84 51.17
79 75 36.86 74 64.20
80 60 50.97 95 45.38
81
n/a n/a 62 92.60
82 105 22.87 75 63.94
83 152 11.67 68 69.15
84 56 56.82 131 23.95
85 77 36.00 97 44.57
86 55 59.98 150 19.16
87 57 55.46 135 21.34
88 125 14.76 78 61.18
89 88 30.00 103 39.14
90 n/a n/a 72 66.24
91 210 4.00 79 60.94
92 119 17.42 94 45.65
93 63 47.95 166 14.81
94 133 13.16 87 48.94
95 113 21.12 101 40.07
96 65 47.00 169 13.94
97 182 6.67 83 53.72
98 101 24.20 109 35.57
99
159 10.45 89 48.27
100 n/a n/a 80 58.14
(1) (8) (9)
Ranking for
Improvement
Overall Absolute Based on
Ranking Changes in Absolute
(1990-2001) JF-pages Changes
1 410.32 2
2 430.34 1
3 -188.55 97
4 54.60 47
5 -246.64 100
6 91.96 31
7 176.13 11
8 -55.58 90
9 19.42 62
10 -86.75 94
11 -99.72 96
12 389.69 3
13 -27.99 80
14 59.88 42
15 153.57 14
16 -46.49 88
17 108.52 25
18 -227.07 99
19 17.22 64
20 259.93 6
21 -5.43 75
22 -212.14 98
23 131.76 19
24 173.38 12
25 276.65 5
26 67.84 38
27 241.86 7
28 214.56 8
29 166.22 13
30 54.10 48
31 0.30 73
32 206.52 9
33 80.96 36
34 110.18 24
35 -66.20 91
36 19.77 61
37 -69.29 93
38 -41.64 87
39 300.62 4
40 144.69 18
41 108.37 26
42 71.94 37
43 -90.44 95
44 130.35 20
45 149.20 16
46 147.54 17
47
189.14 10
48 27.08 58
49 83.82 35
50 125.96 21
51 124.75 22
52 152.48 15
53 92.86 29
54 89.54 32
55 66.44 39
56 8.97 69
57 -68.42 92
58 -32.21 81
59 -1.48 74
60 85.62 34
61 87.82 33
62 61.62 41
63 -5.64 77
64 122.03 23
65 -53.63 89
66 57.44 45
67 2.46 71
68 -23.93 79
69 12.42 66
70 23.77 59
71 45.43 51
72 -15.52 78
73 31.66 55
74 100.18 28
75 22.52 60
76 102.41 27
77 13.49 65
78 0.65 72
79 27.34 57
80 -5.59 76
81
92.60 30
82 41.07 52
83 57.48 44
84 -32.88 82
85 8.57 70
86 -40.82 86
87 -34.12 85
88 46.43 50
89 9.14 68
90 66.24 40
91 56.94 46
92 28.22 56
93 -33.14 84
94 35.77 54
95 18.95 63
96 -33.06 83
97 47.05 49
98 11.37 67
99
37.81 53
100 58.14 43
Table IV. Summary Statistics of Changing Academic Affiliations
This table presents some summary statistics of changing academic
affiliations. Academic institutions are classified into five
levels. These five classes are based on the cumulative percentile
of the JF-equivalent pages in Table II. Essentially, the top 20%
of the institutions in Table II are considered to be Level 1.
The next 20% of the institutions are considered to be in Level 2.
Levels 3, 4, and 5 are similarly defined. If an author made multiple
affiliation changes over the period of 1990-2001, we counted him or
her multiple times. Hence, the total (5,268) is larger than the 4,990
reported in Table I. In Panel A, "equal level" means the author move
to a school that has the same level as his or her original school.
Similarly, a "higher" or "lower level" school has the same
interpretation.
Panel A. Descriptive Staatistics
Type of Affiliation Wt. Articles
Changes (1999-2001) Freq. Avg. Std Dev.
Stay at the same institutions 1,549 1.95 1.55
Change to the institution of
equal level 254 2.82 2.41
Change to a lower level
institution 384 3.01 2.26
Change to a higher level
institution 362 2.94 2.16
Only one publication (only
published one articles and
cannot determine the
affiliation change) 2,719 0.52 0.23
Total 5,268
JF-equivalent
Type of Affiliation Unwt. Articles Pages
Changes (1999-2001) Avg. Std Dev. Avg.
Stay at the same institutions 3.76 2.81 35.71
Change to the institution of
equal level 5.67 4.70 52.66
Change to a lower level
institution 5.91 4.18 57.74
Change to a higher level
institution 5.67 4.13 54.26
Only one publication (only
published one articles and
cannot determine the
affiliation change) 1 N/A 9.44
Total
JF-equival
ent
Type of Affiliation Pages
Changes (1999-2001) Std Dev.
Stay at the same institutions 32.08
Change to the institution of
equal level 50.28
Change to a lower level
institution 48.42
Change to a higher level
institution 47.05
Only one publication (only
published one articles and
cannot determine the
affiliation change) 6.16
Total
Panel B. Productivity for those Who Stay at the Same Institution
Stay at the
Same Institutions Wt. Articles Unwt. Articles
(1999-01) Freq. Avg. Std Dev. Avg. Std Dev.
Level 1 204 2.65 2.31 4.76 4.15
Level 2 281 2.10 1.52 3.98 2.72
Level 3 314 2.16 1.74 4.15 3.30
Level 4 406 1.83 1.15 3.70 2.18
Level 5 345 1.38 0.87 2.69 1.34
Total 1,549
Stay at the JF-equivalent
Same Institutions Pages
(1999-01) Avg. Std Dev.
Level 1 60.55 52.07
Level 2 43.62 34.78
Level 3 37.30 28.45
Level 4 29.43 19.13
Level 5 20.51 13.48
Total
Table V
Statistics for Individuals Who Move to a Higher Ranked Institution
This table reports descriptive statistics on research productivity for a
sample of 88 career move-up faculty. Five institutional rankings are
defined based upon the research productivity measures reported in Table
I. Essentially, the top 20% of the institutions in Table II are
considered to be Level 1. The next 20% of the institutions are
considered to be in Level 2. Levels 3, 4, and 5 are similarly defined.
Years of teaching experience is measured by the time span between
receiving a Ph.D. degree and moving to a different institution. Some
individuals may begin their teaching before receiving a Ph.D., but still
counted as one- year teaching experience. The career page count includes
the lifetime productivity of the faculty member up through one year
after the move.
Panel A. Summary Statistics of Career Move-Up Faculty
Career Total
No. of JF-
No. of Career equivalent Page
Weighted JF, JFE, Counts from 16
and RFS Articles Journals (up to
(up to 1 Yr after 1 Yr after the
the Move) Move)
Mean 1.44 62.45
Median 0.59 42.61
Standard Deviation 2.04 66.96
Kurtosis 6.16 21.40
Skewness 2.35 3.78
Minimum 0.00 3.91
Maximum 10.16 504.11
No. of Faculty 88 88
Per Yr Career Avg.
of JF-equivalent
Page Counts (up to Yrs of Teaching
1 Yr after the Experience when
Move) Moved
Mean 8.16 8.53
Median 6.32 8.00
Standard Deviation 6.80 4.98
Kurtosis 3.25 1.39
Skewness 1.71 1.11
Minimum 0.44 1
Maximum 31.64 26
No. of Faculty 88 88
Panel B. A Detail Breakdown of Career Move-Up Faculty
Type of Move Career JF-equivalent Pages in
(from a lower 16 Finance Journals up to 1 Yr
level to a higher No. of after the Move
level university) Faculty Mean Std Dev.
From 2 to 1 11 104.22 140.75
From 3 to 1 3 106.88 64.02
From 4 to 1 2 44.51 8.84
From 3 to 2 13 96.37 64.72
From 4 to 2 4 70.96 33.26
From 4 to 3 17 55.19 44.71
From 5 to 3 8 56.13 37.92
From 5 to 4 30 33.86 27.12
Type of Move Career Total No. of
(from a lower Weighted JF, JEF, and
level to a higher RFS Articles
level university) Mean Std Dev.
From 2 to 1 2.79 3.10
From 3 to 1 3.77 2.86
From 4 to 1 1.17 0.70
From 3 to 2 2.68 2.80
From 4 to 2 1.40 0.79
From 4 to 3 1.31 1.31
From 5 to 3 1.22 1.87
From 5 to 4 0.34 0.51
Table VI. An Ordered Logistic Model of Finance
Faculty Upward Mobility
This table presents an ordered logistic model of
finance faculty upward mobility. Generally, a positive
coefficient means that a high value of the explanatory
variable will improve the odds of moving from a lower
ranked university to a higher ranked university. Because
higher ranked Ph.D. granting institution is ordered lower,
a negative coefficient actually improves the odds. The results
suggest that a higher research productivity and a better Ph.D.
granting institution contribute to higher odds in moving to a
higher level institutions and the larger number of years of
post-Ph.D. teaching experience contributes less odds in moving
to a better institution. Wald [chi square] statistics are in
the parentheses.
Dependent Variable: Move Up
Destinations
(1, 2, 3, or 4); with 1 as the
Highest Level
Model 1 Model 2
Explanatory Estimated Estimated
Variables Coefficient Coefficient
Intercept 1 -0.3118 -1.6056
(0.1976) (3.5436) *
Intercept 2 0.9932 -0.3256
(2.0777) (0.1576)
Intercept 3 2.6272 1.2646
(12.5405) *** (2.2875)
Total Career JF-equivalent Pages 0.0186
(up to 1 Yr. after the Move) (11.3882) ***
Per Yr. Career JF-equivalent Pages 0.1240
since receiving Ph.D. (up to 1 Yr. (11.4079) ***
after the Move)
Total Career Weighted No. of Articles
in JF, JFE or RFS (up to 1 Yr. after
the Move)
Ph.D. Granting Institution Ranking -0.7813 -0.7584
(from ito 5; with 1 as the Highest (14.4117) *** (13.8457) ***
Level)
Year dummy (for 1990-95, d=0; for -0.3549 -0.1837
1996-01, d=1) (2.2375) (0.1854)
Year of Teaching Experience when -0.0945 0.0599
the Faculty Moves (3.5995) * (1.8539)
-2 log Likelihood Function 200.97 202.06
Score Test for the Proportional Odds 9.73 3.66
Assumption ([chi square])
Model Predictive Ability 77.8% 75.5%
No. of Observations 88 88
Dependent Variable: Move Up
Destinations
(1, 2, 3, or 4); with 1 as the
Highest Level
Model 3 Model 4
Explanatory Estimated Estimated
Variables Coefficient Coefficient
Intercept 1 -0.3951 -1.2672
(0.3128) (2.1086)
Intercept 2 0.9368 0.0944
(1.8432) (0.0125)
Intercept 3 2.5800 1.7510
(12.0329) *** (4.0598) **
Total Career JF-equivalent Pages 0.0100
(up to 1 Yr. after the Move) (1.1800)
Per Yr. Career JF-equivalent Pages 0.0728
since receiving Ph.D. (up to 1 Yr. (2.9907) *
after the Move)
Total Career Weighted No. of Articles 0.2732 0.3360
in JF, JFE or RFS (up to 1 Yr. after (1.3301) (4.3442) **
the Move)
Ph.D. Granting Institution Ranking -0.7352 -0.7043
(from ito 5; with 1 as the Highest (12.4064) *** (11.6381) ***
Level)
Year dummy (for 1990-95, d=0; for -0.2235 -0.0854
1996-01, d=1) (0.2569) (0.0394)
Year of Teaching Experience when -0.0935 -0.0223
the Faculty Moves (3.5358) * (0.1687)
-2 log Likelihood Function 199.65 197.61
Score Test for the Proportional Odds 13.60 9.28
Assumption ([chi square])
Model Predictive Ability 78.5% 78.0%
No. of Observations 88 88
*** Significant at the 0.01 level.
** Significant at the 0.05 level.
* Significant at the 0.10 level.
(1.) The set of 16 finance journals are: Journal of Finance (proceeding issues included). Journal of Financial Economics, Review of Financial studies, Journal of Business, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis Quantitative Analysis A security analysis that uses financial information derived from company annual reports and income statements to evaluate an investment decision. Notes: , Financial Management, Journal of Financial Research, Journal of Banking and Finance, Journal of Portfolio Management, Financial Analysts Journal, Financial Review, Journal of Financial Intermediation, Journal of Financial Services The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please [ improve this article] or discuss the issue on the talk page. Research, Journal of Futures Markets. Journal of International Money and Finance, and Journal of Business Finance and Accounting. (2.) While Borokhovich et al. (1995) include Journal of Money Credit, and Banking, we substitute it by the Journal of Financial Intermediation for the reason that the former publishes mostly monetary economics papers. (3.) Financial Review changed to a different printing style and font font or typeface or type family Assortment or set of type (alphanumeric characters used for printing), all of one coherent style. Before the advent of computers, fonts were expressed in cast metal that was used as a template for printing. size in 1998. We adjusted its total pages separately with respect to articles published before and after 1998. (4.) An interesting question arises: What is the proportion of all finance faculty who have published at least one article during the twelve-year sample period? This statistic statistic, n a value or number that describes a series of quantitative observations or measures; a value calculated from a sample. statistic a numerical value calculated from a number of observations in order to summarize them. is difficult to estimate, because one has to know the number of finance academics in the whole world. Hasselback (1999) provides some guidance; however, this source focuses on the North American universities and, therefore, will severely underestimate the finance community in the other parts of the world. Using this source, we estimate a number of statistics based only upon North American institutions. Excluding the non-academic and non-North American authors, approximately 56% of the North American faculty has published at least one article during the 12 years period. If the same approximation approximation /ap·prox·i·ma·tion/ (ah-prok?si-ma´shun) 1. the act or process of bringing into proximity or apposition. 2. a numerical value of limited accuracy. rules apply, then one can infer that roughly 25% of the North American finance faculty published two or more articles during the 12-year period. These statistics could not be generalized gen·er·al·ized adj. 1. Involving an entire organ, as when an epileptic seizure involves all parts of the brain. 2. Not specifically adapted to a particular environment or function; not specialized. 3. for the global sample for two reasons: 1) we do not know th e true size of non-North American academics and 2) North American academics are more heavily published than non-North American academics. (5.) Because the institutional affiliation is based upon the time when the research was published, it is possible that the research is credited to the author's old affiliation if the author relocates. Presumably pre·sum·a·ble adj. That can be presumed or taken for granted; reasonable as a supposition: presumable causes of the disaster. , the author has incentive to notify the publisher for affiliation changes, but we could not rule out the possibility that this did not happen and the old affiliation still gets the credit, Of course, who should receive the credit is a philosophical issue. One could argue that old affiliation should receive the credit because the bulk of the work can be expected to have been conducted before the affiliation was changed. (6.) As discussed in Section 1, the JF-equivalent page count is our preferred ranking method. However, the correlation coefficient between JF-equivalent page count ranking and weighted page count ranking is 96.7%. (7.) We also examine research improvement based upon percentage changes in JF-equivalent pages. Though not reported, results are available upon request. (8.) There are a few schools that make significant improvements over the sub-periods, but not included in Table II due to a relative low overall productivity. These schools include Hong Kong Polytechnic University The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (Abbreviated:PolyU or HKPU Traditional Chinese: 香港理工大學 (Hong Kong Hong Kong (hŏng kŏng), Mandarin Xianggang, special administrative region of China, formerly a British crown colony (2005 est. pop. 6,899,000), land area 422 sq mi (1,092 sq km), adjacent to Guangdong prov. ) that ranked 12th in the improvement ranking (from 0.00 to 269.74 JF-pages), Tilburg Tilburg (tĭl`bərg), city (1994 pop. 163,383), North Brabant prov., S Netherlands, near the Belgian border. Woolen textiles are the primary manufactured products. The city's main industrial growth began in the late 19th cent. University (Netherlands Netherlands (nĕth`ərləndz), Du. Nederland or Koninkrijk der Nederlanden, officially Kingdom of the Netherlands, constitutional monarchy (2005 est. pop. 16,407,000), 15,963 sq mi (41,344 sq km), NW Europe. ) ranked 14th (from 28.96 to 275.26 JF-pages), and University of Exeter Exeter (ĕk`sətər), city (1991 pop. 88,235) and district, Devon, SW England, on the Exe River. It is the market, transportation, administrative, and distribution center for SW England. (UK) ranked 17th (from 38.87 to 258.39 JF-pages). Detailed disclosures can be found at the authors' website (http://faculty.sba.udayton.edu/chan). (9.) We also plot the distribution of the top-3 journal research productivity. Similar to Figure 1, the distribution is equally skewed. That is, we find 1.55%, 4%, 8.4%, and 17.76% of the 319 institutions published 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% of the total JF-equivalent pages in the top-3 journals. The same statistics for the 16 core journals are 1.2%, 4%, 9.08%, and 19.35%, respectively. The graph graph, figure that shows relationships between quantities. The graph of a function y=f (x) is the set of points with coordinates [x, f (x)] in the xy-plane, when x and y are numbers. , therefore, is nearly identical to Figure 1. (10.) This number is more than the 4,990 reported in Table I, because some individuals have mode more than one career move. If someone made career moves N times during 1990-2001, we count them N times in Table IV. (11.) One can easily see that this to be true by glancing over the job-listing directory organized by the Financial Management Association International. (12.) Many in the finance profession may consider a distinguished professorship at an equal or emerging lower level school to also represent an upward move. Excluding these cases reduce our sample size. However, it would he difficult to determine the nature of this type of job move without more detailed information and subjective judgment. (13.) Since more than 60% of the movers are either lateral or downward movers, and the research productivity of these movers are no less impressive than the upward movers (Table IV), future studies that examine the human capital requirement for these two categories of movers are interesting in its own right. Because of the confounding confounding when the effects of two, or more, processes on results cannot be separated, the results are said to be confounded, a cause of bias in disease studies. confounding factor motivations for relocation decision, however, it would be necessary to separate voluntary from involuntary involuntary adj. or adv. without intent, will, or choice. Participation in a crime is involuntary if forced by immediate threat to life or health of oneself or one's loved ones, and will result in dismissal or acquittal. INVOLUNTARY. movers. Presumably, involuntary downward movers relocate because of the lack of human capital given the rank of their employers. The question then is how to identify who is an involuntary mover mover /mov·er/ (moo´ver) that which produces motion. prime mover a muscle that acts directly to bring about a desired movement. . Although interesting, we leave this topic to future studies. References Alexander, J.C. and R.H. Mabry, 1994, "Relative Significance of Journals, Authors, and Articles Cited in Financial Research," Journal of Finance 49, 697-712. Borokhovich, K.A., R.J. Bricker, K.R. Brunarski, and B.S. Simkins, 1995, "Finance Research Productivity and Influence," Journal of Finance 50, 1691-1717. Borokhovich, K.A., R.J. Bricker, and B.J. Simkins, 2000, "An Analysis of Finance Journal Impact Factors," Journal of Finance 55, 1457-1469. Brown, L.D., 1996, "Influential Accounting Articles, Individuals, Ph.D. Granting Institutions and Faculties: a Citational Analysis," Accounting Organizations and Society 21, 723-754. Chung, K.H., R.A.K. Cox, and J.B. Mitchell, 2001, "Citation Pattern in the Finance Literature," Financial Management 30, 99-118. Collins, J.T., R.G Cox, and V. Stango, 2000 "The Publishing Patterns of Recent Economics Ph.D. Recipients," Economic Inquiry 38, 3 58-367. Kam a. 1. Crooked; awry. C. Chan, Carl R. Chen, Thomas L. Steiner Stein·er , Rudolf 1861-1925. Austrian social philosopher who investigated theosophy and founded anthroposophy. Noun 1. Steiner - Austrian philosopher who founded anthroposophy (1861-1925) Rudolf Steiner * Conboy, M.E., R. Dusansky, D. Drukker, and A. Kildegaard, 1995, "The Productivity of Economics Departments in the US: Publications in the Core Journals," Journal of Economic Literature 33, 1966-1971. Gomez-Mejia, L.R. and D.B. Balkin, 1992, "Determinants of Faculty Pay: An Agency Theory Perspective," Academy of Management Journal 35, 921-955. Hasselback, J.R., 1999, The 1999/2000 Prentice Hall Prentice Hall is a leading educational publisher. It is an imprint of Pearson Education, Inc., based in Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA. Prentice Hall publishes print and digital content for the 6-12 and higher education market. History In 1913, law professor Dr. Guide to Finance Faculty, Prentice Hall. Heck heck interj. Used as a mild oath. n. Slang Used as an intensive: had a heck of a lot of money; was crowded as heck. [Alteration of hell. , J.L., 1998, Finance Literature Index, McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., (NYSE: MHP) is a publicly traded corporation headquartered in Rockefeller Center in New York City. Its primary areas of business are education, publishing, broadcasting, and financial and business services. . Niemi, A.W.Jr., 1987, "Institutional Contributions to the Leading Finance Journals, 1975-1986: A Note," Journal of Finance 42, 1389-1397. Scott, L.C. and P.M. Mitias, 1996, "Trends in Rankings of Economics Departments in the US: an Update," Economic Inquiry, 378-400. Zivney, T.L. and W.J. Bertin, 1992, "Publish or Perish "Publish or perish" refers to the pressure to publish work constantly in order to further or sustain one's career in academia. The competition for tenure-track faculty positions in academia puts increasing pressure on scholars to publish new work frequently. : What the Competition is Really Doing," Journal of Finance 47, 295-329. Comments from Kee Chung. Campbell Campbell, city, United States Campbell, city (1990 pop. 36,048), Santa Clara co., W Calif., in the fertile Santa Clara valley; founded 1885, inc. 1952. Harvey Harvey, city (1990 pop. 29,771), Cook co., NE Ill., a suburb S of Chicago; inc. 1895. Its manufactures include steel castings, metal products, chemicals, machinery, and electronic equipment. Harvey has an oil research center. The city was founded by Turlington W. , Lemma lemma (lĕm`ə): see theorem. (logic) lemma - A result already proved, which is needed in the proof of some further result. Senbet and Alex (language) Alex - 1. A polymorphic language being developed by Stephen Crawley <sxc@itd.dtso.oz.au> of Defence Science & Tech Org, Australia. Alex has abstract data types, type inference and inheritance. 2. Referees are usually appointed by a judge in the district in which the judge presides. , and programming assistance from Christine Lai are gratefully acknowledged We are responsible for the remaining errors. * Kam C. Chan and Thomas L. Steiner are Associate Professors of Finance at the University of Dayton The University of Dayton is one of the ten largest Catholic schools in the United States and is the largest of the three Marianist universities in the nation. It is also home to one of the largest campus ministry programs in the world. . Carl R. Chen is the William William, crown prince of Germany William or Frederick William, 1882–1951, crown prince of Germany, son of William II. In World War I he commanded (1914) an army on the Western Front and was nominal commander in the German attack J. Hoben Professor of Finance at the University of Dayton. |
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