Polus Antarcticus: a catalogue of four states.This article deals with the correct identification of the four states of the Hondius map Polus Antarcticus and corrects a number of mis-identifications of these states by various authors. ********** The "Polus Antarcticus" series of maps is one of the most important cartographic car·tog·ra·phy n. The art or technique of making maps or charts. [French cartographie : carte, map (from Old French, from Latin charta, carta, paper made from papyrus , historic, and geographic records of the exploration of the southern Pacific Ocean, tracking Dutch exploration of Australia and New Zealand New Zealand (zē`lənd), island country (2005 est. pop. 4,035,000), 104,454 sq mi (270,534 sq km), in the S Pacific Ocean, over 1,000 mi (1,600 km) SE of Australia. The capital is Wellington; the largest city and leading port is Auckland. from 1616 to 1644. Clancy (1) has noted "The Hondius map is of particular importance, representing the first serial map of the Antarctic area..." and Tooley (2) believed "The best map prior to Tasman was Henricus Hondius' Polus Antarcticus of 1641. He added Houtman Abrolhos The Houtman Abrolhos (often informally called the Abrolhos Islands) and their surrounding coral reef communities, lie sixty km west of Geraldton, Western Australia () and form a unique marine area. and Nuytsland to his map thus making the whole of the west and part of the south coast [of Australia] common knowledge". Published in four different states, the series includes a number of unusual features for the period. As a hemispherical map centred on the South Pole South Pole, southern end of the earth's axis, lat. 90° S. It is distinguished from the south magnetic pole. The South Pole was reached by Roald Amundsen, a Norwegian explorer, in 1911. See Antarctica. , it enabled the mapmaker map·mak·er n. A person who makes maps; a cartographer. map  mak·ing n. to focus on Terra Australis Terra Australis (also: Terra Australis Incognita (with "incognita" stressed on the second syllable), Latin for "the unknown land of the South"), was a theorised continent appearing on European maps from the 15th to the 18th century. Incognita in·cog·ni·ta adv. & adj. With one's identity disguised or concealed. Used of a woman. n. A woman or girl whose identity is disguised or concealed. and its gradual unveiling with the growth of Dutch knowledge. However, the physical constraints CONSTRAINTS - A language for solving constraints using value inference. ["CONSTRAINTS: A Language for Expressing Almost-Hierarchical Descriptions", G.J. Sussman et al, Artif Intell 14(1):1-39 (Aug 1980)]. of this approach meant important discoveries north of latitude latitude, angular distance of any point on the surface of the earth north or south of the equator. The equator is latitude 0°, and the North Pole and South Pole are latitudes 90°N and 90°S, respectively. 20 degrees south could not be recorded. While first published by Henricus Hondius (3), Polus Antarcticus had several publishers over its lifetime. Clancy (4) notes subsequent publishers as Jansson, de Wit, and Gerard Valk and Pieter Schenk "over a period of sixty years". Polus Antarcticus was originally published as a map in various Dutch, Latin, French, and German editions of Mercator's Atlantis Majoris atlas. In some editions there was text verso ver·so n. pl. ver·sos 1. A left-hand page of a book or the reverse side of a leaf, as opposed to the recto. 2. The back of a coin or medal. in the particular language of that edition. Most copies of Polus Antarcticus have been separated from their source atlases, and are hand coloured. Dewez (5) believes "many copies of the map were originally hand coloured". Later editions of the map may have been printed and published separately. MAP DESCRIPTION A hemispherical map, Polus Antarcticus displays the area from the South Pole at the centre out to 23 degrees south of the equator. The prime meridian prime meridian, meridian that is designated zero degree (0°) longitude, from which all other longitudes are measured. By international convention, it passes through the original site of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England; for this reason, it is sometimes is the Azores. While the neat-line dimensions vary (6), most examples fall within the range of 49-50 cm wide and 43-44 cm high. The map border, which contains decorative vignettes representing people in the southern hemisphere and their environments, remains unchanged in all four states. PUBLICATION DATES There are significant variations between reference works regarding the first publication dates of each of these four states. This variation reflects three related issues. Firstly, the purpose of the reference works themselves is often not taken into consideration. Tooley, for instance, is cited frequently as an authority despite the fact that his work is in fact a catalogue of maps rather than a definitive reference work. Secondly, these authorities used different editions, published at different times, of what was essentially the same atlas with the same state of Polus Antarcticus. Peter van der Krogt (7) has personally sighted five copies of the German edition of Volume 5 of Atlas Novus containing the third state of Polus Antarcticus. Three were published in 1650, one in 1652, and one in 1657. Complicating com·pli·cate tr. & intr.v. com·pli·cat·ed, com·pli·cat·ing, com·pli·cates 1. To make or become complex or perplexing. 2. To twist or become twisted together. adj. 1. this confusion is the cataloguing of the Mercator-Hondius atlases, which included Polus Antarcticus. Naturally, this cataloguing tracks the publication of the atlases rather than individual maps, the nature of which, in the 1630s, could be rather arbitrary (8). The collation COLLATION, descents. A term used in the laws of Louisiana. Collation -of goods is the supposed or real return to the mass of the succession, which an heir makes of the property he received in advance of his share or otherwise, in order that such property may be divided, together with the of individual atlases depended on available stock rather than the more modern publishing practice of clearly-defined editions, usually with updated information. The identification of maps is relative to the atlases, rather than to their specific contents. This paper attempts to distil dis·till also dis·til v. dis·tilled also dis·tilled, dis·till·ing also dis·til·ling, dis·tills also dis·tils v.tr. 1. To subject (a substance) to distillation. 2. the collective wisdom to identify the characteristics of each state and to clarify their first publication dates. It also includes tables of the publication dates cited by standard reference works for each state, and other identifying information. FIRST STATE There is universal agreement that the first state of Polus Antarcticus can be identified as a hemispherical chart with "Title within cartouche Cartouche (kärt  sh`), 1693–1721, nickname of Louis Dominique Bourguignon, French highwayman. His band terrorized the Paris area until his capture. He was broken on the wheel. and a blank cartouche possibly intended to include a
dedication" (9).
Henricus Hondius is recorded as publisher in the title cartouche, and the Australian coastline shows all but two of the known Dutch discoveries up to 1627: "those of Hartog in 1616, the Van Leeuwin in 1622, Nuyts in 1627 and 'Houtmans Abrolhos' are named, referring to Houtman's 1619 exploits" (10). The eastern-most point of discovery on the south coast is defined by 'I. S. Pieter' and 'I. S. Francois', discovered and named by Nuyts. The two expeditions not recorded are the 1605-6 expedition of Willem Jansz and Jan Roossengin in the Duyfken, and the 1623 voyage VOYAGE, marine law. The passage of a ship upon the seas, from one port to another, or to several ports. 2. Every voyage must have a terminus a quo and a terminus ad quem. of Carstensz and van Colster. These discoveries, on the south coast of New Guinea New Guinea (gĭn`ē), island, c.342,000 sq mi (885,780 sq km), SW Pacific, N of Australia; the world's second largest island after Greenland. , the west side of Cape York Peninsula Cape York Peninsula, 280 mi (451 km) long, N Queensland, Australia, between the Gulf of Carpentaria and the Coral Sea. It is largely tropical jungle and sparsely populated. The Northern Peninsula Aboriginal Reserve is there. Weipa (1991 pop. 2,510) is the largest town. , and part of Arnhem Land Arnhem Land, 37,100 sq mi (96,089 sq km), N Northern Territory, Australia, on a wide peninsula W of the Gulf of Carpentaria. The great majority of the region belongs to the Arnhem Land Aboriginal Reserve, the largest aboriginal reservation in Australia. , could not be incorporated due to the latitudinal constraints of the Polus Antarcticus hemisphere. G. F. de Witt's 1628 discoveries on the north west coast of Australia are also omitted. Willems Rivier (Map 2b--Early Dutch Australian A Dutch-Australian is an inhabitant of Australia with full or partial Dutch ancestry, the majority of these people were part of the Dutch diaspora. History The history of the Dutch and Australia began in 1605 with Captain Willem Janszoon, a Dutch seafarer, landing on the Discoveries, Excerpt ex·cerpt n. A passage or segment taken from a longer work, such as a literary or musical composition, a document, or a film. tr.v. ex·cerpt·ed, ex·cerpt·ing, ex·cerpts 1. from the second state of Polus Antarcticus) refers to the 1618 chance discovery by the Mauritius (11). [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Van der Krogt (12) records that the first state (Map 1--Polus Antarcticus, First State) was published in 1637 in Gerardi Mercatoris et I. Hondii, Appendix, Atlantis--the Latin appendix to Atlantis Majoris [1:301]13. Koeman (14) concurs [Me47]. A Dutch edition of the Appendix also appeared in the same year. Both versions of the map have text verso (15). [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] However, there is a reasonable possibility that the first publication of Polus Antarcticus was as early as 1636. According to according to prep. 1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians. 2. In keeping with: according to instructions. 3. Koeman (16), a copy of a Latin version of Volume III (a new volume) of Atlas Novus contains a title page stating the year of publication as 1636. Peter van der Krogt records (17) that he "supposes" the publication date was 1638, the same year volumes I and II were published. Van der Krogt has confirmed (18) that he believes this particular copy used old stock for the title page. However, as the title page (19) states, Gerardi Mercatoris | Atlantis Novi | Par Tertia | Ita-liam, Graeciam |....| Sumptibus et typis aeneis Henrici Hondij, Amster-dami, 1636 | it could be reasonably argued that the title page was printed specifically for a Volume III, in 1636. Further evidence tends to support the 1636 date. In his collation for the 1637 Latin Appendix [1:301], van der Krogt states: This Appendix of 1637 was published to serve as a supplement to the Mercator-Hondius Atlas published in 1630 [1:107]. It contains partly the same maps as the third volume, dated 1636, of the Novus Atlas [1:302]. But that third volume anticipated a final new arrangement of the maps in the volumes 1 and 2 of the 1638 Latin edition [1:401]. This statement, which supports Koeman's hypothesis, would seem to acknowledge the publication of Volume III of the Latin version of the Atlas Novus prior to Volumes I and II in 1638, giving greater credence to the 1636 date. In 1638 a Dutch language Dutch language, member of the West Germanic group of the Germanic subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages (see Germanic languages). Also called Netherlandish, it is spoken by about 15 million inhabitants of the Netherlands, where it is the national Volume II of Atlantis Majoris, including Polus Antarcticus, was published and was republished on several occasions up to 1644. A revised Dutch edition of Atlas Novus, Volume III first appeared in 1645 and was published up until 1658. A French edition of Volume III was published in 1639, and republished up until 1644. In 1646 a new edition was issued, with further reprints published up to 1649. SECOND STATE The first change to Polus Antarcticus was the alteration Modification; changing a thing without obliterating it. An alteration is a variation made in the language or terms of a legal document that affects the rights and obligations of the parties to it. of the title cartouche to record the name of the new publisher. "Henricus Hondius excudit" became "Ioannes Iansonnius excudit". The first German language Appendix to Atlas Novus was also the first atlas to include the second state of Polus Antarcticus when it was published in 1641. Van der Krogt identifies this atlas as [1:423] and Koeman as [Me122]. Publication of this atlas was followed by a German language edition of Volume III [1:424.3G] in 1645, and further editions were published up until 1658. A Dutch version of the second state did not appear until a revision of Volume III in 1645 [1:433.3], and reprints were issued up until 1658. In 1650 the first German edition of Volume V, the Sea Atlas [1:426.5M], was published. It included the second state of Polus Antarcticus. No Latin or French atlas versions containing the second state of Polus Antarcticus are known. THIRD STATE In 1650 the third state of Polus Antarcticus was published in the Dutch [1:435.5M], Latin [1:404.5M], and French [1:416] language editions of the new Volume V of Atlantis Majoris. A German language version [1:426.5O] was published in 1652. This third state heralded significant changes to Polus Antarcticus as several discoveries were added to the map. Staten Landt, plotted in the first and second states of Polus Antarcticus as the coastline trending eastwards east·ward adv. & adj. Toward, to, or in the east. n. An eastward direction, point, or region. east from Tierra del Fuego Tierra del Fuego (tyĕ`rä dĕl fwā`gō), [Span.=land of fire], archipelago, 28,476 sq mi (73,753 sq km), off S South America, separated from the mainland by the Strait of Magellan. , became Staten Eylant, following Brouwer's discoveries of 1644. Other changes included the mapping of a short coastline from Barnevelts Eylanden to C. de Hoorn itself (Map 3a--Tierra del Fuego, Excerpt from the third state of Polus Antarcticus). The island previously named I. de Diege Romires is shifted westward to its true location, and its name is corrected to I. de Diego Ramires. This island was discovered by brothers Bartolome and Gonzalo Nodal Having to do with nodes. See node. NODAL - Interpreted language implemented on Norsk Data's NORD-10 computers. Used by CERN and DESY high energy physics labs to control their accelerator hardware, PADAC and SEDAC. Included trackball input, graphics. on 12 February 1619, and named in honour of their expedition's patron, Diego Ramirez de Arellano. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] These changes also highlighted the official Dutch East India Company's political problems with the voyage and discoveries of le Maire and Schouten in 1616. On arrival in Batavia the two explorers were immediately detained de·tain tr.v. de·tained, de·tain·ing, de·tains 1. To keep from proceeding; delay or retard. 2. To keep in custody or temporary confinement: and it was not until two years later that they were released and their story accepted. While this official acceptance was acknowledged by Jan Jansson in his untitled globe gores of 1621 (27), and Jodocus Hondius Jodocus Hondius (October 14 1563, Wakken — February 12, 1612, Amsterdam), sometimes called Jodocus Hondius the Elder to distinguish him from his son) was a Flemish artist, engraver, and cartographer. in his 1624 re-issue of Blaeu's wall map of 1605 (28), it was not reflected in Polus Antarcticus. The recording of Staten Landt, Fretum le Maire, and the coastline through to Barnevelts Eylanden in the first state of Polus Antarcticus (Map 1b--Tierra del Fuego, Excerpt from the first state of Polus Antarcticus) proves Hondius' detailed knowledge of the discoveries prior to 1637. Omitted from the map was the key landmark, C. de Hoorn, a decision which was strangely perpetuated by Jansson in the second state, despite his inclusion of this vital element in his 1621 globe gores. Final acknowledgement of the discoveries in Polus Antarcticus did not occur until publication of the third state, some 13 years after the first state appeared. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] One other change not linked to these discoveries was the removal of the blank cartouche (29) (Map 2c--Cartouche), and the resulting blank space Noun 1. blank space - a blank area; "write your name in the space provided" space, place surface area, expanse, area - the extent of a 2-dimensional surface enclosed within a boundary; "the area of a rectangle"; "it was about 500 square feet in area" (Map 3b--Cartouche Gap). The reason for the removal of the cartouche is somewhat of a mystery, as no new information was recorded in its place. [ILLUSTRATIONS OMITTED] However, the acid washing acid washing n. A washing process in which stones soaked in chlorine acid are used to soften and bleach fabric, especially denim garments. ac of the plate to remove the blank cartouche had a direct effect on the portrayal of the extensive island chain, stretching between the Solomon Islands Solomon Islands, independent Commonwealth nation (2005 est. pop. 538,000), c.15,500 sq mi (40,150 sq km), SW Pacific, E of New Guinea. The islands that constitute the nation of the Solomon Islands—Guadalcanal, Malaita, New Georgia, the Santa Cruz Islands, and South America South America, fourth largest continent (1991 est. pop. 299,150,000), c.6,880,000 sq mi (17,819,000 sq km), the southern of the two continents of the Western Hemisphere. . In the first and second states the island chain stretched from 211 degrees east of the Azores to 251 degrees, before the blank cartouche, then from 269 to 300 degrees beyond the blank cartouche. With the removal of the cartouche the island chain was broken into two parts: The Solomon Islands end, from 211 degrees to 250 degrees, and the South American end, from 272 degrees to 287 degrees. FOURTH STATE The historically important discoveries of Abel Janszoon Tasman and Franchoijs Jacobszoon Visscher on their 1642-3 and 1644 expeditions formed the basis of the final changes to Polus Antarcticus, creating a fourth state (Map 4--Polus Antarcticus--Fourth State). [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Ant ant, any of the 2,500 insect species constituting the family Formicidae of the order Hymenoptera, to which the bee and the wasp also belong. Like most members of the order, ants have a "wasp waist," that is, the front part of the abdomen forms a narrow stalk, called . van Diem. Landt (Tasmania) and Nova Zeelandia (New Zealand) were recorded, including all of their geographic features named by Tasman. Compare Map 2b--Early Dutch Australian Discoveries, Excerpt from the second state of Polus Antarcticus, with Map 4a--Tasman's Discoveries, Excerpt from the fourth state of Polus Antarcticus. [ILLUSTRATIONS OMITTED] While the physical limitations of the map itself prevented the mapping of Tasman's actual discoveries on the northern coastline of Australia, the knowledge of his voyage is recorded in the text "detect Anno 1644" placed adjacent to the discovery area. Similarly, knowledge of de Witt's discoveries of 1628, were finally attributed in this fourth state. These same physical limitations also prevented the recording of Tasman's discovery of Tonga and Fiji on his 1642-3 voyage. The islands of Amsterdam and P.S. Paulo in the Indian Ocean Indian Ocean, third largest ocean, c.28,350,000 sq mi (73,427,000 sq km), extending from S Asia to Antarctica and from E Africa to SE Australia; it is c.4,000 mi (6,400 km) wide at the equator. It constitutes about 20% of the world's total ocean area. between Mauritius and the west coast of Australia were also included in the fourth state. The first publication of the fourth and final state of Polus Antarcticus was fittingly in the Dutch revision of Volume V [1:435.5O] published in 1652. A revised Latin version of Volume V appeared in 1657 [1:405.5T]. There are no known German or French atlas versions of the fourth state. Tooley (731) also records a Dewit [sic Latin, In such manner; so; thus. A misspelled or incorrect word in a quotation followed by "[sic]" indicates that the error appeared in the original source. , Frederick de Wit] edition 1680 without text verso, and (732) the same map without text verso but the imprint im·print tr.v. im·print·ed, im·print·ing, im·prints 1. To produce (a mark or pattern) on a surface by pressure. 2. To produce a mark on (a surface) by pressure. 3. "Apud G. Valk et P. Schenk Amstel." added at the bottom of the sphere on the map. This is illustrated as Plate 56. AUTHOR'S NOTE This catalogue evolved during the author's research for his paper "The Mysterious Eastland Revealed", published in issue 53 of The Globe. He wishes to record his acknowledgement of the invaluable assistance he received from: * Peter van der Krogt, his magnificent Koeman's Atlantes atlantes (ătlăn`tēz) [Latin plural of Atlas], sculptured male figures serving as supports of entablatures, in place of a column or pier. The earliest (c.480–460 B.C. Neerlandici: New Edition, and his personal assistance to the author; * Simon Dewez of the Gowrie Galleries, Sydney, who provided the images of three of the map states and the benefit of his deep knowledge of the subject; * Dave Small, Map Curator CURATOR, persons, contracts. One who has been legally appointed to take care of the interests of one who, on account of his youth, or defect of his understanding, or for some other cause, is unable to attend to them himself. 2. of the National Library (Alexander Turnbull Library) in New Zealand, for his assistance in the library and his help to clarify the confusion; and * Edi, for her ever-present encouragement and support. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED]
Table 1. First publication dates of the first state
of Polus Antarcticus cited by main references.
Reference Year ID
Koeman 1636 (20) Me 50A
Koeman/Van der Krogt (21) 1637 1:301(3) b
Koeman 1637 Me 47
Clancy (22) 1639
Schilder (23) 1639
Tooley (24) 1641 726
Tooley 1641 727
Remarkable Maps II 1642 Map 5
Reference Source
Koeman Atlantis Majoris, Vol. III
Koeman/Van der Krogt (21) Appendix, Atlantis
Koeman Appendix Atlantis
Clancy (22)
Schilder (23) Le Nouveau Theatre du Monde
Tooley (24)
Tooley
Remarkable Maps II Le Nouveau Theatre du Monde v.3/2
Reference Text Illus.
Koeman Latin
Koeman/Van der Krogt (21) Latin
Koeman Latin
Clancy (22) Map 6.8
Schilder (23) Map 44
Tooley (24) Dutch 246
Tooley French
Remarkable Maps II Map 16
Table 2. First publication dates of the second state
of Polus Antarcticus cited by main references.
Reference Year ID Source Text Illus.
Koeman/Van der Krogt 1641 1:423 German
Koeman 1641 Me122 Novi Atlantis German
Schilder25 1645
Tooley26 1645 728
Table 3. First publication dates of the third
state of Polus Antarcticus cited by main references.
Reference Year ID Source
Koeman/Van 1650 1:404.5M Atlantis Majoris Quinta Pars
der Krogt 1:435.5M
1:416
Koeman 1650 Me164 Atlantis Majoris Quinta Pars
Me168
Me171
Clancy 1650
Schilder 1650
Tooley 1650
Reference Publisher Text Illus.
Koeman/Van Latin
der Krogt Dutch
French
Koeman Latin
Dutch
French
Clancy Jansson
Schilder Map 44
Tooley Jansson Plate 124
Table 4. First publication dates of the fourth state
of Polus Antarcticus cited by main references.
Reference Year ID Source
Van der Krogt 1652 1:435.5O Atlantis Majoris
Koeman 1652 Me169a Atlantis Majoris
Clancy (30) 1650 Jansson
Schilder (31) 1657 Het Vyfde Deel Grooten Atlas ...
Tooley (32) 1657 730 Jansson
Tooley 1680 731 de Wit
Tooley 1700 732 Apud G. Valk et P. Schenk (33)
Reference Publisher Text Illus.
Van der Krogt
Koeman
Clancy (30) Map 8.5
Schilder (31) Jansson Map 78
Tooley (32)
Tooley nil
Tooley nil Plate 56
ENDNOTES (1) Robert Clancy, The Mapping of Terra Australis, Macquarie Park NSW NSW New South Wales Noun 1. NSW - the agency that provides units to conduct unconventional and counter-guerilla warfare Naval Special Warfare , Universal Press, 1995, p.124 (2) R. V. Tooley, The Mapping of Australia and Antarctica, London, The Holland Press Ltd., 1985 (3) Henricus Hondius was the son of Jodocus Hondius the elder, brother of Jodocus Hondius, and brother-in-law of Jan Jansson (4) Clancy, op. cit., p.124 (5) Simon Dewez, Gowrie Galleries, Sydney, pers. comm., 31 October 2002 (6) The three states held by the Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, are, in centimetres: 50 x 44 (first state), 48.8 x 43.1 (fourth state), and 49.3 x 43.4 (fourth state). Examples recorded by Gowrie Galleries, Sydney, are: 49 x 43 (first state), 49.6 x 43.6 (second state), 49 x 43 (second state) 48 x 42.6 (fourth state), 48.5 x 43 (fourth state). (7) Peter van der Krogt, pers. comm., 12 October 2002 (8) Peter van der Krogt, 'Amsterdam Atlas Production in the 1630s: a bibliographer's nightmare', Imago imago /ima·go/ (i-ma´go) pl. ima´goes, ima´gines [L.] 1. the adult or definitive form of an insect. 2. a usually idealized, unconscious mental image of a key person in one's early life. Mundi 48, 1996, pp. 149-60 (9) Tooley, op. cit., p.98 (10) Simon Dewez, The Printed World III, Sydney, Gowrie Galleries Pty Ltd PTY LTD Propriety Limited (company structure in Australia) , 2002, #72, p. 31 (11) Gunter G. Schilder, Australia Unveiled: the share of the Dutch navigators in the discovery of Australia, tr. from the German by Olaf Richter, Amsterdam, Theatrum Orbis Terrarum Theatrum Orbis Terrarum /tɛˈɑːtrʊm ˈɔrbɪs tɛˈrːɑːrʊm/ ("Theatre of the World") is considered to be the first true modern atlas. , 1976, p.72 (12) Peter van der Krogt, Koeman's Atlantes Neerlandici: New Edition, Vol. I: The Folio (1) Text management software for the professional reference publishing market from Fast Search & Transfer, Oslo, Norway and Boston, MA (www.fastsearch.com). Known as FAST Folio since its acquisition in 2004 from NextPage, Inc. Atlases Published by Gerard Mercator, Jodocus Hondius, Henricus Hondius, Johannes Janssonius and Their Successors, 't Goy- Houten, HES Publishers, 1997 (13) References in this paper to different atlases follow Koeman in the form [Me47], and van der Krogt in the form [1:301] (14) Cornelis Koeman (compiler compiler Computer software that translates (compiles) source code written in a high-level language (e.g., C++) into a set of machine-language instructions that can be understood by a digital computer's CPU. and ed.), Atlantes Neerlandici. Bibliography bibliography. The listing of books is of ancient origin. Lists of clay tablets have been found at Nineveh and elsewhere; the library at Alexandria had subject lists of its books. of terrestrial Dealing with the earth. See terrestrial link. , maritime and celestial ce·les·tial adj. 1. Of or relating to the sky or the heavens: Planets are celestial bodies. 2. Of or relating to heaven; divine: celestial beings. 3. atlases and pilot books, published in the Netherlands up to 1880, Amsterdam, Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, 1967-1985 (15) Dr Jacob van Sluis, Provinsjale Biblioteek fan Fryslan, pers. comm., 14 and 25 June 2002. This Library holds copies of both the Latin and Dutch versions of the atlas. (16) Koeman, op. cit., Me50B (17) Koeman/Van der Krogt, op. cit. (18) Peter van der Krogt, pers. comm., 12 October 2002 (19) Koeman Me50A (20) Peter van der Krogt records this atlas as having a 1638 publication date (21) Koeman/Van der Krogt, op. cit., p.146 (22) Clancy, op. cit., p.80 Map 6.8 (23) Schilder, op. cit., p.330 (24) Tooley, op. cit., p.98 (25) Schilder, op. cit., p.330 (26) Tooley, op. cit., p.98 (27) Rodney W. Shirley, The mapping of the world: early printed world maps 1472-1700, London, Holland Press, 1987, #308, pl.234 (28) ibid., #310, pl.236 (29) On the left hand side of the map (30) Clancy, op, cit., p.73, p.126 (31) Schilder, op. cit., p.398, map 78, sourced from Remarkable Maps (32) Tooley, op. cit., p.98 (33) Printed on the map at bottom centre. REFERENCES Clancy, Robert, The Mapping of Terra Australis, Macquarie Park NSW, Universal Press, 1995. Dewez, Simon, The Printed World III, Sydney, Gowrie Galleries Pty Ltd, 2002. Koeman, Cornelis (compiler and ed.), Atlantes Neerlandici. Bibliography of terrestrial, maritime and celestial atlases and pilot books, published in the Netherlands up to 1880, Amsterdam, Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, 1967-1985. Schilder, Gunter G., Australia Unveiled: the share of the Dutch navigators in the discovery of Australia, tr. from the German by Olaf Richter, Amsterdam, Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, 1976. Shirley, Rodney W., The mapping of the world: early printed world maps 1472-1700, London, Holland Press, 1987. Tooley, R.V. The Mapping of Australia and Antarctica, London, The Holland Press Ltd., 1985. van der Krogt, Peter, 'Amsterdam Atlas Production in the 1630s: a biographer's nightmare', Imago Mundi 48, 1996. van der Krogt, Peter (compiler), Koeman's Atlantes Neerlandici: New Edition, Vol. I: The Folio Atlases Published by Gerard Mercator, Jodocus Hondius, Henricus Hondius, Johannes Janssonius and Their Successors, 't Goy-Houten, HES Publishers, 1997. Michael Ross For the United States congressman from Arkansas, see . Michael Bruce Ross (July 26, 1959 – May 13, 2005) was an American serial killer. Early life Ross was born in Putnam, Connecticut to Patricia Hilda Laine and Dan Graeme Ross. is an international consultant in organisational performance. His passion is early Maori-European contact in New Zealand, focusing on Tasman's remarkable expedition in 1642. michael.ross@clear.net.nz |
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