Peace & Security Council (PSC): what role for African women?There are two separate issues that need to be considered when looking at the role that women can and should play in the operationalisation of the Peace and Security Council (PSC (Public Service Commission) Same as PUC. ) of the AU and in the promotion of its peace and security agenda. The first issue is the international context and, in particular, the growing realisation of the impact that conflict has on women and the role that women can play in the promotion of peace. This has informed debate within the AU and has had a direct impact on the Protocol relating to relating to relate prep → concernant relating to relate prep → bezüglich +gen, mit Bezug auf +acc the Establishment of the PSC. The second issue is the actual Protocol itself, and what needs to be done by women to put the PSC in place. The impact of conflict on women There has been a growing realisation over the last few years of the impact of armed conflict on women. Women are a vulnerable group and are subject to forms of violence by virtue of their sex. Women's vulnerability is impacted by the changing nature of war in the post-World War II period. Previously wars were fought between states, with regular armed forces of states being bound by international conventions. But the post-World War II era has seen these wars replaced by intra-state ware, fought between irregular armed forces and regular forces, or between irregular forces Armed individuals or groups who are not members of the regular armed forces, police, or other internal security forces. and other irregular forces. One of the most significant changes in the nature of conflict has been in the way it is fought. Unlike "traditional" inter-state wars, in which the majority of casualties are soldiers, in today's wars, the majority of victims are civilians, as a deliberate strategy of the warring parties. The majority of these are women and children. In 2002, the UN commissioned an independent experts' assessment of the impact of armed conflict on women through the United Nations Development fund for Women The United Nations Development Fund for Women, commonly known as UNIFEM, provides financial and technical assistance to innovative programmes and strategies that promote women’s human rights, political participation and economic security. (UNIFEM UNIFEM United Nations Development Fund for Women ). The report highlighted the following ways in which women are differentially impacted by armed conflict: 1. Women are vulnerable to violence before, during and after conflict. There has been increased use of sexual violence rape, sexual slavery Sexual slavery is a special case of slavery which includes various different practices:
2. Displacement: contemporary warfare is distinguished by the number of displaced persons displaced person: see refugee. it causes. These are overwhelmingly women and children. Men are either fighting, have been killed or are imprisoned im·pris·on tr.v. im·pris·oned, im·pris·on·ing, im·pris·ons To put in or as if in prison; confine. [Middle English emprisonen, from Old French emprisoner : en- ; 3. Health: the majority of casualties, who are overwhelmingly civilian, die not as a direct result of fighting but as result of diseases caused by overcrowded o·ver·crowd v. o·ver·crowd·ed, o·ver·crowd·ing, o·ver·crowds v.tr. To cause to be excessively crowded: a system of consolidation that only overcrowded the classrooms. conditions in camps, by lack of sanitation, by a general collapse of social infrastructure, including clinics and schools, and by the fact that qualified medical personnel are often the first to flee, having skills to take themselves elsewhere; 4. HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome : women are at greater risk of infection by HIV HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), either of two closely related retroviruses that invade T-helper lymphocytes and are responsible for AIDS. There are two types of HIV: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is responsible for the vast majority of AIDS in the United States. because of biological factors. This risk is increased in conflict, through women's subjection to sexual violence and their extreme poverty and desperation, which forces them into prostitution as a way of supporting their families. However, the Report is clear in stressing that women are not merely victims in armed conflict. They also have an active role to play. There are a number of cases in which women have actively supported one side in an armed conflict and cases where they have been active combatants. Eritrea is possibly the best-known example, but there are others--the Angolan, Mozambican, Zimbabwean and South African liberation wars also included women in active combat, as did the Ugandan war against Amin and Obote. The Role of Women in Conflict Reduction The report stresses the role that women have to play in ending conflict. It identifies six areas where women's contribution can have a significant impact in ending conflict: 1. Organising for peace: women play an important part in organising for peace at local, national and regional levels. However, they are rarely included in official peace processes, This has important consequences for the post-conflict period. Often the benefits of peace do not extend to women or their position in society; 2. Peace operations A broad term that encompasses peacekeeping operations and peace enforcement operations conducted in support of diplomatic efforts to establish and maintain peace. Also called PO. See also peace building; peace enforcement; peacekeeping; and peacemaking. : peace operations, whether from the UN or regional or sub-regional groupings, fail to take into account the impact of conflict or the peace operation itself, which can be negative for women. Moreover, even though women have played important roles in conflict in a combat role, few women are part of peace operations, especially in the military components of those operations. Thus, one of the consequences is that peace operations do not significantly improve women's security; 3. Justice and accountability: the International Criminal Court (ICC ICC See: International Chamber of Commerce ) has declared rape and other sexual crimes against women as crimes against humanity. There should be more effort to bring perpetrators of such crimes to justice. This is important not only from a moral point of view, but also from a practical standpoint. Often women are afraid to return to their homes after the end of a conflict because the rapists are still part of the community; 4. Media and communications: an important aspect of empowerment is for women to tell their own stories, as a way of healing themselves and seeking closure for what has happened and to inform their communities and the world of their role in conflict, peace-building and reconstruction; 5. Reconstruction: women are a critical element of reconstruction after conflict. The report argues that the security and empowerment of women is an important measure of the security of the society as a whole. The foundations for sustainable peace cannot be built as long as women are marginalised post-conflict. One element that must be borne in mind is the rights of women to own and/or inherit property. Since women are the primary agricultural producers in many African societies, their ability to own and inherit property is critical in an environment where many of them have lost their fathers, husbands and sons; 6. Prevention: prevention of conflict has been given importance in all discussions of contemporary conflicts, Africa being no exception. However, it is rare to build into early-warning systems and other preventative measures a specific role for women, even though women, as the primary caregivers in communities, are often the best informed. There are documented cases of the use of women for early-warning purposes in the liberation wars in Southern and the Horn of Africa Horn of Africa, peninsula, NE Africa, opposite the S Arabia Peninsula. Also known as the Somali Peninsula, it encompasses Somalia and E Ethiopia and is the easternmost extension of the continent, separating the Gulf of Aden from the Indian Ocean. , as well as other ports of the world, including Vietnam and China. These lessons need to be incorporated into existing and emerging systems, and networks need to be encouraged that can provide and collect information. The insights gained by reports such as that quoted above have been significant in the development of the Protocol Relating to the Establishment of the PSC of the AU. Having provided a broad framework of both the impact of armed conflict on women and the roles that women do and could play in ending conflict, it is now necessary to turn our attention to the emerging peace and security architecture in Africa. Background to the PSC Any discussion on the PSC must be preceded by a discussion of its predecessor, the Mechanism for Conflict Management, Prevention and Resolution (Mechanism). By 1993, in the aftermath of the end of the Cold War, which had repercussions repercussions npl → répercussions fpl repercussions npl → Auswirkungen pl on Africa, member states of the OAU OAU abbr. Organization of African Unity OAU n abbr (= Organization of African Unity) → OUA f OAU n abbr (= Organization of African Unity adopted the Cairo Declaration The Cairo Declaration was a result from Cairo Conference at Cairo, Egypt, on November 27, 1943. President Franklin Roosevelt of the United States, Prime Minister Winston Churchill of the United Kingdom, and Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek of the Republic of China were present. which established the Mechanism. The Cairo Declaration was adopted and the Mechanism established against the realisation that Africa could not address the socioeconomic problems facing it, in an environment characterised by wars, conflict, fragile and collapsed states, and internal divisions. The adoption of the Cairo Declaration was also an acknowledgement that the principles of sovereign statehood state·hood n. The status of being a state, especially of the United States, rather than being a territory or dependency. , which entailed that internal domestic conflicts could not be a matter for the OAU , was no longer viable in an increasingly globalised world. By establishing the mechanism, member states hoped to bring to the OAU a new dynamism in dealing with conflict, through a mechanism that would enable speedy action to prevent and, if necessary, manage and ultimately resolve conflicts when and where they occurred. The primary objective of the Mechanism was the anticipation and prevention of conflicts. In cases where conflict already existed, the Mechanism was given the responsibility of undertaking peacemaking Peacemaking See also Antimilitarism. Agrippa, Menenius Coriolanus’s witty friend; reasons with rioting mob. [Br. Lit.: Coriolanus] Antenor percipiently urges peace with Greeks. [Gk. Lit. and peace-building initiatives, to facilitate the resolution of these conflicts. In doing so, it could deploy limited civilian and military observation and monitoring missions. Member states adopting the Declaration believed that successful implementation of its preventive mandate would obviate ob·vi·ate tr.v. ob·vi·at·ed, ob·vi·at·ing, ob·vi·ates To anticipate and dispose of effectively; render unnecessary. See Synonyms at prevent. the need to resort to complex and expensive peacekeeping operations Noun 1. peacekeeping operation - the activity of keeping the peace by military forces (especially when international military forces enforce a truce between hostile groups or nations) peacekeeping, peacekeeping mission . The Mechanism was built around the Central Organisation, which was serviced by the General Secretariat of the OAU. Composed of the Bureau of the Assembly of Heads of States and Government, the Central Organisation provided overall direction for the Mechanism. It functioned at the levels of Heads of State, Ministers and Ambassadors accredited accredited recognition by an appropriate authority that the performance of a particular institution has satisfied a prestated set of criteria. accredited herds cattle herds which have achieved a low level of reactors to, e.g. to the OAU and could be convened at the request of the Secretary-General or any member state. In its operations, the Secretary-General, under the authority of the Central Organisation and in consultation with the parties to a conflict, deployed measures to prevent, manage and resolve conflicts. The Mechanism worked in close co-operation and co-ordination with regional economic communities (RECs) and with neighbouring countries. It also worked closely with the UN, especially with regard to peacekeeping operations. The Mechanism marked a radical departure from established practice of the OAU as it provided the OAU with some powers to act in issues that previously had been regarded as purely internal . The Mechanism has been actively involved in trying to broker solutions to conflicts in many parts of the continent, including Cote d'Ivoire, Sierra Leone Sierra Leone (sēĕr`ə lēō`nē, lēōn`; sēr`ə lēōn), officially Republic of Sierra Leone, republic (2005 est. pop. 6,018,000), 27,699 sq mi (71,740 sq km), W Africa. , Liberia, Comoros, Central African Republic Central African Republic, republic (2005 est. pop. 3,800,000), 240,534 sq mi (622,983 sq km), central Africa. The landlocked nation is bordered by Chad (N), Sudan (E), Congo (Kinshasa) and Congo (Brazzaville) (S), and Cameroon (W). (CAR), Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC DRC Democratic Republic of Congo DRC Down (Stage) Right Center DRC Director(ate) of Reserve Components DRC Disability Rights Commission (United Kingdom) ), and the war between Ethiopia and Eritrea, among others. However, it was soon evident that the Mechanism faced a number of constraints, which negatively impacted on its ability to fulfil its mandate. Thus, with the transition form the OAU to the AU in 2001/ 2002, it was decided to undertake a review of the Mechanism to make recommendations on ways to improve its effectiveness so as to be better suited to the enlarged mandate of the AU. The review of the Mechanism and the Central Organisation was presented at a brainstorming session of Ambassadors of the Central Organisation and the New Partnership for African Development (NEPAD NEPAD New Partnership for Africa's Development ) Implementation Committee in South Africa South Africa, Afrikaans Suid-Afrika, officially Republic of South Africa, republic (2005 est. pop. 44,344,000), 471,442 sq mi (1,221,037 sq km), S Africa. , from March 18-22, 2002. This review made a number of recommendations to strengthen the OAU/AU's capacity to address conflict situations on the continent. The most important, which are included in the Protocol on the PSC, were the following: 1. Whereas the Central Organisation is made up of the Bureau of the Assembly, the new Mechanism should be composed of member states with the capacity, interest and commitment to assume the responsibilities entailed in membership. They should be states with the capacity to broker peace, to deploy peacekeeping missions Noun 1. peacekeeping mission - the activity of keeping the peace by military forces (especially when international military forces enforce a truce between hostile groups or nations) peacekeeping, peacekeeping operation , etc; 2. Membership should also be based on criteria such as good governance The terms governance and good governance are increasingly being used in development literature. Governance describes the process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented (or not implemented). , respect for the rule of law and international human rights, and members should be fully paid up members of the AU; 3. The AU Commission should be able to draft reports for submission before the Central Organisation that are objective and frank, so long as these reports are factually accurate. Political correctness politically correct adj. Abbr. PC 1. Of, relating to, or supporting broad social, political, and educational change, especially to redress historical injustices in matters such as race, class, gender, and sexual orientation. should be a criterion when drafting reports; 4. The Central Organisation should make use of expertise on the continent, for example through the appointment of panels of experts, to overcome the capacity shortcomings A shortcoming is a character flaw. Shortcomings may also be:
5. A Council of the Wise should be established, comprising eminent persons from throughout the continent, who would be able to rise above narrow national interests n the resolution of conflicts; 6. The Mechanism should be renamed the PSC and should be established in terms of a Protocol, which has greater force than a Declaration. The Protocol Relating to the Establishment of the PSC took cognisance COGNISANCE, pleading. Where the defendant in an action of replevin (not being entitled to the distress or goods which are the subject of the replevin) acknowledges the taking of the distress, and insists that such taking was legal, not because he himself had a right to distrain on his own both of the recommendations made in the review of the Mechanism, as well as the lessons emerging relating both to the impact of armed conflict of women and the role that women, and civil society organization, play in preventing, managing and resolving conflicts. The PSC Protocol Of interest is Article 20, dealing with relations between the PSC and CSOs. Article 20 states: "The Peace and Security Council shall encourage non-governmental organisations, community-based organisations and other civil society organisations, particularly women's organisations, to participate actively in efforts aimed at promoting peace, security and stability in Africa. When required, such organisations may be invited to address the Peace and Security Council." Other articles that specifically mention women include Article 13, which deals with the creation of an African Standby Force The African Standby Force is intended to be an international, continental African military force, with both a civilian and police component, under the direction of the African Union. It is to be deployed in times of crisis in Africa. and calls for such personnel to be trained in "international humanitarian law International humanitarian law (IHL), also known as the law of war, the laws and customs of war or the law of armed conflict, is the legal corpus "comprised of the Geneva Conventions and the Hague Conventions, as well as subsequent treaties, case law, and international human rights law, with particular emphasis on the rights of women and children." In Article 12, dealing with the establishment of a continental early warning system, the Protocol calls on the Commission of the AU to collaborate with "the UN, its agencies, other relevant international organisations Noun 1. international organisation - an international alliance involving many different countries global organization, international organization, world organisation, world organization , research centres, academic institutions and NGOs, to facilitate the effective functioning of the Early Warning System." No specific mention is made, in Article 14, of the particular role women can and should play during peace-building; nor is any mention made, in Article 15, of the especially acute forms of deprivation experienced by women in complex humanitarian emergency situations, or any specific attention that should be given to them. Thus, while there is some recognition of the role that women can play in conflict resolution and post-conflict reconstruction, the Protocol nevertheless remains vague, despite the research that has emerged in conflict and post-conflict studies of the important role that women can play. But the Protocol provides some avenues for women to make inputs into the entire conflict resolution/post-conflict reconstruction process, most notably through Article 20 above. Article 20, dealing with the relationship between the PSC and civil society organisations (CSOs), in particular women's organisations, was inserted into the Protocol for a particular purpose, namely to create space for non-state actors Non-state actors, in international relations, are actors on the international level which are not states. The admission of non-state actors into international relations theory is inherently a rebuke to the assumptions of realism and other "black box" theories of international and non-armed groups to participate in peace processes in an institutionalised Adj. 1. institutionalised - officially placed in or committed to a specialized institution; "had hopes of rehabilitating the institutionalized juvenile delinquents" institutionalized 2. way. It has been recognised that one of the weaknesses of existing peace efforts is that they include only the belligerents to conflict, leaving out those who are victims and who would ultimately be the building blocks of social reconstruction efforts. As it stands, the Protocol offers two avenues for women's organisations such as FEMNET. On the one hand, it provides an overarching o·ver·arch·ing adj. 1. Forming an arch overhead or above: overarching branches. 2. Extending over or throughout: "I am not sure whether the missing ingredient . . . institutional framework in which such organisations can conduct their own peacemaking efforts at the local level. In other words Adv. 1. in other words - otherwise stated; "in other words, we are broke" put differently , the "micro-level efforts" that women's organisations tend to specialize in can be linked systematically to the "macro-level" efforts employed by organisations like the AU. On the other hand, through Article 20 and through other legal instruments of the AU, such as ECOSOCC ECOSOCC Economic, Social and Cultural Council (of the African Union) , women can make a more direct impact on official peace processes. In being asked to speak before the PSC, women's organisations can state their concerns regarding individual peace processes, or the overall approach of the AU in the area of peace and security before the decision-makers. Through the Economic, Social and Cultural Council (ECOSOCC), women's organisations can also pursue the issue of peace, security and the impact on and role of women through at least three of the Sectoral Cluster Committees: the Peace and Security Committee; the Political Affairs Committee The African Union's Economic, Social and Cultural Council's Political Affairs Committee concern themselves with:
Past attempts to incorporate women's concerns in peace and security: the African Women's Committee on Peace and Development (AWCPD) The recognition however vague, of the importance of women in peace and security, is not new for the AU. The AU, and its predecessor the OAU, has been engaging women's organisations in the search for peace and security of the continent for a number of years. In 1998, the OAU, in partnership with the UN Economic Commission For Africa Noun 1. Economic Commission for Africa - the commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations that is concerned with economic development of African nations (UNECA UNECA United Nations Economic Commission for Africa ) launched the AWCPD. The AWCPD was established as an autonomous advisory and consultative body to the Executive Secretary of the UNECA and the Secretary General of the OAU and through him, the Central Organization of the Mechanism and other policy organisations of the OAU/AU. The stated objectives of the AWCPD were to promote and strengthen the involvement of women in decision-making processes Presented below is a list of topics on decision-making and decision-making processes: | width="" align="left" valign="top" |
| width="" align="left" valign="top" | An independent assessment of the AWCPD, submitted to the AU and ECA ECA See: Export Credit Agency in March 2003 shows the role that the AWCPD has played in lobbying for peace in conflict-ridden areas, in promoting greater involvement of women in the activities of the AU, including the organisation's role in getting the AU to adopt the principle of gender equality in its top structures, and a number of other areas. However, despite the clear activism of the organisation in the face of severe financial and other constraints, in its primary objective, namely to provide a greater voice for women in official peace processes, the AWCPD appears to have failed. The peace processes currently under way in a number of conflict-ridden African states--DRC, Burundi, Somalia, Sudan, Liberia--are still clearly male and military-dominated in terms of both composition of participants and the issues under discussion. The report referred to above highlights a number of shortcomings in the AWCPD's work, which may have contributed to its inability to achieve its objectives. While this is not the place to discuss the report, one important observation is that the AWCPD's activities were demand-driven, rather than systematically planned. This led it to disperse its energies in too many directions. Given the broad scope of its activities, it is tempting to agree with this assessment. Any attempt to address the role of women in conflict and peace building requires sustained commitment and focus if the demands and needs of women are to be met. Another shortcoming short·com·ing n. A deficiency; a flaw. shortcoming Noun a fault or weakness Noun 1. presented in the report is that the two sponsoring organisations, and in particular the OAU, lacked a clear vision about how it wanted the AWCPD to function. It also argued that the lack of clear institutional linkages between the AWCPD and the OAU was an important factor in the difficulty faced by the former in carrying out its mandate. This is a problem that many CSOs faced in their dealings with the OAU, and one of the explicit roles of ECOSOCC is precisely to create such linkages. The report makes a number of recommendations aimed at strengthening the role of the AWCPD and giving a greater voice to African women in conflict situations. These include: 1. To formalise linkages between the AU and the AWCPD; 2. To link the AWCPD directly to the PSC and the Political Affairs Political Affairs has several meanings:
3. To refocus Verb 1. refocus - focus once again; The physicist refocused the light beam" focus - cause to converge on or toward a central point; "Focus the light on this image" 2. its energies on conflict prevention, management, resolution and post-conflict reconstruction, instead of being distracted by issues which, while important, are peripheral to peace building; 4. To realign re·a·lign tr.v. re·a·ligned, re·a·lign·ing, re·a·ligns 1. To put back into proper order or alignment. 2. To make new groupings of or working arrangements between. with the AU, as distinct from the OAU, which preceded it. Such realignment re·a·lign tr.v. re·a·ligned, re·a·lign·ing, re·a·ligns 1. To put back into proper order or alignment. 2. To make new groupings of or working arrangements between. would need to take into account the formalisation Noun 1. formalisation - the act of making formal (as by stating formal rules governing classes of expressions) formalization systematisation, systematization, rationalisation, rationalization - systematic organization; the act of organizing something of the AU's relations with the CSOs generally. The task now is to redefine both the role of women's organisations in peace-building processes on the continent and to arrive at strategies that can be pursued by organisations such as the AWCPD in pursuing this goal. There clearly is a critical role for women in the promotion of peace and security on the continent, one which has been acknowledged by all stakeholders Stakeholders All parties that have an interest, financial or otherwise, in a firm-stockholders, creditors, bondholders, employees, customers, management, the community, and the government. . We need now to reflect on the lesson provided by the AWCPD's shortcomings as well as those of its institutional partner, the AU and by the opportunities provlded by the AU's stated and sincere commitment to the incorporation of CSOs, including women's organisations as one of the pivotal sector of CSOs and of renewal in Africa to work out strategies to build a partnership that would promote peace and security for all Africans. Deux problemes distincts devraient retenir l'attention quand il s'agit d'examiner le role que les femmes devraient et peuvent jouer dans les operations du Conseil sur la Paix et la Securite (CPS (1) (Characters Per Second) The measurement of the speed of a serial printer or the speed of a data transfer between hardware devices or over a communications channel. CPS is equivalent to bytes per second. ) de l'UA et la promotion de son ordre du jour du jour adj. 1. Prepared for a given day: The soup du jour is cream of potato. 2. Most recent; current: the trend du jour. sur la paix et la securite. La premiere de ces questions est le contexte international, et particulierement la prise de conscience croissante des effets des conflits sur les femmes, et le role que ces dernieres jouent generalement dans la promotion de la paix ;au sein de l'UA, ce debat a eu un impact direct sur le Protocole relatif a l'institution du Conseil sur la Paix et la Securite. La deuxieme problematique est celle Celle (tsĕl`ə), city (1994 pop. 73,670), Lower Saxony, N Germany, on the Aller River. Its manufactures include food products, electronic components, chemicals, and textiles. Wax processing and horse breeding are important locally. du protocole actuel lui-meme, et ce que les femmes devraient faire pour mettre le CPS en place. Les effets des conflits sur les femmes Ces quelques dernieres annees, on prend de plus en plus conscience de l'impact des conflits armes sur les femmes. Les femmes, qui constituent un groupe specialement vulnerable de la societe, sont soumises a d'innombrables formes (language, music) Formes - An object-oriented language for music composition and synthesis, written in VLISP. ["Formes: Composition and Scheduling of Processes", X. Rodet & P. Cointe, Computer Music J 8(3):32-50 (Fall 1984)]. de violence a cause de leur sexe. En outre ou·tré adj. Highly unconventional; eccentric or bizarre: "outré and affected stage antics" Michael Heaton. , leur vulnerabilite est accentuee par le changement de la nature de la guerre dans la periode post deuxieme guerre mondiale. Alors qu'auparavant les guerres opposaient generalement les etats, et que les forces armees des etats etaient liees par des conventions internationales, durant la periode qui a suivi la deuxieme guerre mondiale, ces guerres ont ete remplacees par des guerres internes des etats, opposant des forces armees irregulieres aux forces de l'etat ou opposant des forces irregulieres a d'autres forces irregulieres. Cette situation s' explique par certains des facteurs suivants: le developpement technologique (l'acces facile (language) Facile - A concurrent extension of ML from ECRC. http://ecrc.de/facile/facile_home.html. ["Facile: A Symmetric Integration of Concurrent and Functional Programming", A. Giacalone et al, Intl J Parallel Prog 18(2):121-160, Apr 1989]. aux armes legeres etant le progres le plus remarquable dudit developpement) qui permet aux groupes nationaux insatisfaits de s'attaquer facilement a l'etat; dans plusieurs parties du monde n. 1. The world; a globe as an ensign of royalty. Le beau monde fashionable society. See Beau monde. Demi monde See Demimonde. , la faiblesse des etats et la mauvaise gouvernance ont implique que l'etat lui-meme etait incapable de maintenir le monopole mon·o·pole n. A magnetic monopole. monopole The minimal region for which lines of force, as from an electric or magnetic field, either all enter or all leave the region. de la violence dans la societe et s'est trouve confronte a une opposition armee qui etait parfois aussi armee et aussi forte que l'etat lui-meme. La guerre froide a aussi cause une proliferation proliferation /pro·lif·er·a·tion/ (pro-lif?er-a´shun) the reproduction or multiplication of similar forms, especially of cells.prolif´erativeprolif´erous pro·lif·er·a·tion n. d'armes, specialement des armes legeres, les super-puissances recherchant des allies a travers le monde, et faisant de la guerre une option plus facile que dans le passe pas·sé adj. 1. No longer current or in fashion; out-of-date. 2. Past the prime; faded or aged. [French, past participle of passer, to pass, from Old French; see . Dans les pays ayant des ressources naturelles et minerales strategiques, il est aussi devenu avantageux aux groupes armes de faire la guerre quand cela entrainait la creation deconomies de guerre qui pouvaient enrichir ces groupes. L'un des changements les plus importants qu'a subit la nature du conflit s'est produit dans la maniere dont il est conduit. Contrairement aux guerres inter-etats traditionnelles ou la majorite de victimes etait constituee de soldats, dans les guerres contemporaines, la majorite de victimes est constituee de civils, (c'est une strategie deliberee des parties belligerentes), or les femmes et les enfants constituent la majorite de ces civils. Dans ce contexte, les femmes sont particulierement vulnerables. En 2002, a travers UNIFEM, l'ONU avait commissionne une evaluation independante d'experts de l'impact du conflit arme sur les femmes, dont le rapport montre que les femmes souffrent du conflit arme des manieres suivantes: 1. Les femmes sont vulnerables a la guerre avant, durant et apres les conflits; l'utilisation de differentes formes de violence sexuelle telles que le viol viol, family of bowed stringed instruments, the most important ensemble instruments from the 15th to the 17th cent. The viol's early history is indefinite, but it is recognizable in depictions from as early as the 11th cent. During the second half of the 17th cent. , l'esclavage sexuel et les grossesses forcees comme armes systematiques de guerre, s'est accrue; 2. Deplacement des personnes: ce qui caracterise particulierement les guerres contemporaines, c'est le nombre impressionnant de personnes deplacees qu'elles causent, et dont les femmes et les enfants constituent l'ecrasante majorite; quant aux hommes, ils luttent a la guerre, y sont tues ou emprisonnes. 3. Sante: La majorite de victimes dont le plus grand nombre est de la population civile, meurt, non directement a cause de la guerre, mais a cause des maladies causees par les conditions de surpeuplement des camps, par manque man·qué adj. Unfulfilled or frustrated in the realization of one's ambitions or capabilities: an artist manqué; a writer manqué. d'infrastructure sanitaire et a cause de l'effondrement general des infrastructures sociales, y compris des cliniques et des ecoles, et par le fait que le personnel medical qualifie est souvent le premier groupe de personnes a s'enfuir, puisqu'il a des capacites de trouver mieux ailleurs. 4. VIH VIH Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana (Spanish: Human Immunodeficiency Virus) VIH Virus d'Immuno-Deficience Humaine (French: HIV) VIH Vancouver Island Helicopter VIH Virtual Intelligent Hosting / SIDA: Les femmes courent le plus grand risque ris·qué adj. Suggestive of or bordering on indelicacy or impropriety. [French, from past participle of risquer, to risk, from risque, risk; see risk.] Adj. d'infection par le VIH a cause de facteurs biologiques; cette situation est aggravee par la croissance des conflits, par la vulnerabilite de la femme La Femme is a women-only beach in Marina, Egypt which caters to Muslims who want to swim in comfort away from prying and prurient view of "men and cameras". External links
[1] a la violence sexuelle, ainsi que par leur pauvrete et leur desespoir extremes qui les contraignent a adopter la prostitution comme moyen de soutenir leurs familles. Cependant, le rapport insiste clairement sur le fait que les femmes ne sont pas que de simples victimes du conflit arme, mais qu'elles y jouent un role actif. Dans un certain nombre de cas, les femmes ont activement supporte l'une ou l'autre faction du conflit arme, et dans d'autres, elles ont activement combattu au front de la bataille. Le meilleur exemple connu est sans doute l'Erythree, mais il y en a eu d'autres, a titre titre titer. d'exemple, des femmes etaient activement comprises dans toutes les guerres de liberation en Angola, au Mozambique, au Zimbabwe et en Afrique du Sud sans oublier la guerre ougandaise entre AMIN et Obote. Le Role des femmes dans la resolution de conflits Le rapport met l'accent sur le role joue par des femmes dans la cessation des conflits. Il identifie six domaines dans lesquels les contributions de femmes peuvent avoir un impact impartant pour mettre fin aux conflits : 1. Dispositions prises en faveur de la paix: les femmes jouent un tres grand role dans les dispositions prises pour le regne de la paix au niveau local, national et regional. Cependant elles sont rarement incluses dans les processus officiels de paix. Ceci a des consequences importantes dans la periode apres conflit et souvent les benefices de la paix ne profitent pas aux femmes et ne leur attribuent pas de meilleures positions dans la societe. 2. Operations de la Paix: Qu'il s'agisse des operations de la paix de l'ONU ou de groupes regionaux ou sous regionaux, celles-ci ne tiennent pas compte de l'impact du conflit sur les femmes, ou meme des effets de l'operation de la paix elle-meme, qui sont souvent negatifs pour les femmes. De plus, bien que les femmes aient joue des roles importants de combattantes dans les conflits, tres peu d'entre elles figurent dans les operations de la paix, specialement en ce qui concerne les composantes militaires de ces operations. L'une des consequences de cette situation est que les operations de la paix n'ameliorent pas beaucoup beau·coup also boo·coo or boo·koo Chiefly Southern U.S. adj. Many; much: beaucoup money. n. pl. la securite des femmes. 3. Justice et obligation de rendre compte: La Cour Criminelle Internationale (CCI CCI Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie (France) CCI CAM (Complementary and Alternative Medicine) Citation Index CCI Chamber of Commerce and Industry (Western Australia) ) a declare que le viol et d'autres crimes sexuels sont des crimes contre l'humanite, et que l'on devrait faire plus d'efforts pour traduire les auteurs
The term auteur (French for author) is used to describe film directors (or, more rarely, producers, or writers) who are considered to have a distinctive, recognizable style, because they (a) repeatedly de ces crimes en justice. Ce point de vue est important, non seulement sur le plan moral, mais aussi du point de vue pratique pra·tique n. Clearance granted to a ship to proceed into port after compliance with health regulations or quarantine. [French, from Old French practique, from Medieval Latin . Parfois les femmes ont peur de retourner chez chez prep. At the home of; at or by. [French, from Old French, from Latin casa, cottage, hut.] chez prep at the home of [French] elles a la fin de conflits car l'auteur de leur viol fait encore partie de la communaute. 4. Medias et communications: Un aspect important de l'autonomisation des femmes consiste a permettre aux femmes de raconter elles-memes leurs histoires, ceci les aidera a guerir et a oublier tout Tout To promote a security in order to attract buyers. tout To foster interest in a particular company or security. For example, a broker might tout a security to a client in the hope that the client will purchase the security. ce qui s'est passe, et leur permettra aussi d'informer leurs communautes et le monde de leur role dans le conflit, la creation de la paix et la reconstruction. 5. Reconstruction: les femmes constituent un groupe crucial dans la reconstitution de societes apres les conflits. Selon les rapports, la securite et l'autonomisation des femmes est une mesure de securite importante pour la societe entiere. Il est impossible d'edifier les fondations d'une paix durable tant que les femmes restent marginalisees dans les societes apres les conflits. Un element qu'il faut garder a l'esprit, c'est le droit Le Droit (established on March 27, 1913) is a Canadian daily newspaper, published in Ottawa, Canada and is operated by Gesca since 2000. History The newspaper was launched at that period as a tool to condemn Bill 17, an Ontario legislation that abolished education des femmes a acquerir et/ou a s'approprier des proprietes. Les femmes etant les premieres productrices agricoles dans plusieurs societes africaines, leur capacite d'acquisition et d'appropriation de proprietes sera cruciale dans un environnement ou plusieurs d'entre elles ont perdu per·du or per·due n. Obsolete A soldier sent on an especially dangerous mission. [From French sentinelle perdue, forward sentry : sentinelle, sentinel + leurs peres, matis et fils. 6. Prevention: La prevention des conflits est de plus en plus importante dans les discussions portant sur les conflits contemporains, dont l'Afrique n'est pas n'exclue. Mais les femmes se voient rarement attribuer un role dans les systemes de prevention precoces ainsi que dans d'autres mesures preventives bien qu'elles soient generalement bien informees grace e leur role de pourvoyeuses de soins dans les communautes. Il existe des cas documentes de l'utilisation des femmes a des fins d'avertissement precoce dans des guerres de liberation. C'est le cas de l'Afrique australe et de la Corne, et d'autres parties du monde, tels qu'au Vietnam et en Chine chine the animal's backline. . Il est absolument necessaire d'incorporer ces lecons dans les systemes existants et emergeants, et d'encourager la creation de reseaux capables de fournir et de collecter des informations. 7. Ce qu'on peut tirer des rapports tels que ceux cites ici, a ete important a la production du Protocole relatif e l'Institution du Conseil sur la Paix et la Securite de l'UA. Apres avoir etabli un large cadre (company) CADRE - The US software engineering vendor which merged with Bachman Information Systems to form Cayenne Software in July 1996. de l'impact et du conflit arme sur les femmes et les roles qu'elles jouent et pourraient jouer dans la cessation de conflits, il est donc necessaire de tourner maintenant notre attention au domaine emergeant de l'architecture de la paix et de la securite en Afrique. Historique du Conseil sur la paix et la securite: Avant d'engager toute discussion sur le PCS (1) (Personal Communications Services) Refers to wireless services that emerged after the U.S. government auctioned commercial licenses in 1994 and 1995. This radio spectrum in the 1. , il convient toujours, au prealable, de soumettre a examen ex·a·men n. An examination; an investigation. [Latin ex men, a weighing out; see examine.]Noun 1. son predecesseur le Mecanisme pour le traitement, la prevention et la resolution des conflits (en abrege Mecanisme). Jusqu'en 1993, suite a la Guerre Froide, qui a eu un grand nombre de repercussions pour l'Afrique et son systeme etatique, les etats membres de l'OUA ont adopte la Declaration du Caire qui a institue ce Mecanisme. Celui-ci fut adopte et le mecanisme fut institue tant il etait evident que l'Afrique ne pouvait pas traiter le probleme socio-economique auquel il est confronte dans un environnement caracterise par les guerres, le conflit, des etats fragiles et effondres, et des divisions internes. L'adoption de la Declaration du Caire representait aussi une reconnaissance du fait que le principe de la souverainete de l'etat, qui impliquait que les conflits domestiques internes ne devaient pas figurer dans l'ordre du jour de l'OUA, n'etait plus viable dans un monde de plus en plus globalise. En instituant ce mecanisme, les etats membres esperaient apporter a l'OUA un nouveau nou·veau adj. New and different, often fashionably so: "The perfect [Los Angeles] combination: a gas station that is also a nouveau convenience store" dynamisme dans son traitement de conflits, a travers un mecanisme qui permettrait d'engager rapidement des mesures de prevention, et si necessaire, de gerer et enfin de resoudre totalement les conflits quand et la ou ils se produisent. L'objectif primaire du Mecanisme etait l'anticipation et la prevention de conflits. Dans les cas ou le conflit existait deja, le Mecanisme devait mettre en place des initiatives de construction de la paix pour faciliter la resolution de ces conflits. De ce fait, il pouvait deployer des missions d'observation et de surveillance militaires. Les etats membres adoptant la Declaration croyaient que la mise en ceuvre reussie de son mandat preventif pourrait parer parer see hoof knife. a la necessite de recourir aux operations complexes et couteusea de maintien de la paix. Le mecanisme se basait sur l'Organisation centrale, qui etait couverte par le Secretariat general de l'OUA. Constituee du bureau de l'Assemblee des chefs d'etats et de gouvernements, l'Organisation centrale dirigeait l'ensemble du Mecanisme. Il fonctionnait au niveau des chefs d'etats, des Ministres et des Ambassadeurs accredites a l'OUA, et pouvait etre convoque par le Secretaire general ou par n'importe quel etat membre. Dans ses operations, le Secretaire general, sous l'autorite de l'organe central et en concertation avec les parties belligerantes au conflit, a prit des mesures de prevention, d'administration et de resolution des conflits. Le mecanisme a travaille avec la proche collaboration et la coordination de communautes economiques sous regionales et des pays voisins. Il a aussi etroitement trevaille avec les Nations Unies, surtout Sur`tout´ n. 1. A man's coat to be worn over his other garments; an overcoat, especially when long, and fitting closely like a body coat. Noun 1. en ce qui concerne les operations de maintien de la paix. Le Mecanisme est caracterise par un abandon total de pratiques bien etablies de l'OUA, en ce qu'il avait attribue a l'OUA l'autorite d'agir dans des questions qui, auparavant, etaient oonsiderees comme purement internes. Le mecanisme a ete activement implique dans la recherche La Recherche is a monthly French language popular science magazine covering recent scientific news. It is published by the Société d'éditions scientifiques (the Scientific Publishing Group), a subsidiary of Financière Tallandier. de solutions aux conflits dans plusieurs parties du continent, notamment en Cote d'Ivoire, en Sierre Leone, au Liberia, aux lles Comores, en Republique centre africaine, au Burundi, en republique Demecratique du Congo et entre autres, dans la guerre entre l'Ethiopie et l'Erythree. Cependant, il s'est bientot revele que le Mecanisme faisait face a de serieuses contraintes, qui ont eu des effets negatifs sur sa capacite de realiser son mandat. Ainsi, durant la transition de l'OUA a l'UA en 2001 / 2002, il a ete decide d'entreprendre un examen du Mecanisme et de faire des recommandations sur les manieres d'ameliorer son efficacite en l'integrant mieux dans le mandat elargi de l'UA. Une revision du Mecanisme et de l'Organisation centrale a ete presentee PRESENTEE, eccl. law., A clerk who has been presented by his patron to a bishop in order to be instituted in a church. a une session de reflexion des Ambassadeurs de l'Organisation centrale et du Nouveau Partenariat pour le Developpement de l'Afrique (NEPAD) a George, Afrique du Sud du 18 au 22 mars 2092. Cette revision a fait un certain nombre de recommandations pour renforcer la capacite de l'UA / OUA de traiter des situations de conflits sur le continent. Les plus importantes, presentees dans le Protocole sur le Conseil de Paix et de securite etaient les suivantes: 1. Bien que l'Organisation centrale soit constituee du Bureau de l'Assemblee, le nouveau Mecanisme devrait etre compose d'Etats membres ayant la capacite, l'interet et l'engagement de jouer le role d' intermediaire dans les negociations sur la paix, de deployer des missions de maintien de la paix, etc. 2. Les criteres d'adhesion devraient etre les suivants : la bonne n. 1. A female servant charged with the care of a young child. gouvernance, le respect de l'autorite de la loi et des droit [French, Justice, right, law.] A term denoting the abstract concept of law or a right. Droit is as variable a phrase as the English right or the Latin jus. It signifies the entire body of law or a right in terms of a duty or obligation. de l'homme internationaux, et l'obligation qu'avaient les membres de s' acquitter ac·quit tr.v. ac·quit·ted, ac·quit·ting, ac·quits 1. Law To free or clear from a charge or accusation. 2. To release or discharge from a duty. 3. totalement de leur cotisation a l'UA. 3. La Commission de l'UA devrait elaborer des rapports objectifs et vrais et les soumettre a l'Organisation centrale, pourvu que les faits qui y sont rapportes soient exacts. Lors de la redaction See redact. des rapports, des perspectives politiques ne devraient pas en determiner l'objectivite. 4. L'Organisation centrale devrait utiliser l' expertise du continent--par exemple, par la nomination de specialistes des panels--pour essayer de surmonter l'insuffisance de competences du secretariat et faciliter ses deliberations. 5. Il convient d'instituer un Conseil de sages, qui comprenne des personnes eminentes de tous les coins du continent, capables de se mettre au dessus des interets etroits des pays dans la resolution de conflits. 6. Le Mecanisme devrait renommer le Conseil sur la Paix et la Securite et le reinstituer en tant que Protocole, qui a une plus grande influence qu'une declaration. Le Protocole relatif a l'institution du conseil sur la Paix et la Securite prend en consideration les recommandations faites dans la revue revue, a stage presentation that originated in the early 19th cent. as a light, satirical commentary on current events. It was rapidly developed, particularly in England and the United States, into an amorphous musical entertainment, retaining a small amount of du Mecanisme et des lacons tirees des effets de conflits armes sur les femmes, et du role que les femmes et les organisations de la societe civile pourraient jouer dans la prevention, l'administration et la resolution de conflits. Le Protocole sur le CPS L'Article 20, qui traite de relations entre le Conseil sur la Paix et la Securite et les organisations de la societe civile, est tres important. Il stipule : "Le Conseil sur la Securite et la Paix encourage les organisations non gouvernementales, les organisations communautaires et d'autres organisations de la societe civile, en particulier les organisations feminines, a participer activement aux efforts visant la promotion de la paix, la securite et la stabilite en Afrique. Ces organisations sont invitees a s'adresser, s'il y a lieu, au Conseil sur la Paix et la Securite." D'autres articles mentionnant specifiquement les femmes incluent l'Article 13, qui traite de la creation d'une Force Africaine en etat d'alerte, et en appelle a la formation de ce personnel en matiere de "Droit International Humanitaire et de Droits de l'homme internationaux et specialement les droits des femmes et des enfants". Dans l'Article 12, qui traite de l'institution d'un systeme d'alerte precoce continental, le Protocole lance un appel ap·pel n. Sports A quick stamp of the foot used in fencing as a feint to produce an opening. [French, from appeler, to call, from Old French apeler, to appeal; see cooperation entre "la Commission de l'UA et l'ONU, ses agences, d'autres organisations internationales appropriees, des centres de recherche re·cher·ché adj. 1. Uncommon; rare. 2. Exquisite; choice. 3. Overrefined; forced. 4. Pretentious; overblown. , des institutions academiques et des ONG ONG Organisation Non Gouvernementale ONG Organización No Gubernamental ONG Organização Não-Governamental (Brazil) ONG Organizzazione Non Governativa (Italian) , pour faciliter le fonctionnement efficace de ce systeme." l'Article 14 ne mentionne pas specifiquement le role particulier que les femmes jouent et devraient jouer durant le processus de construction de la paix ; dans l'article 15, aucune mention n'est faite non plus, de formes specialement aigues de privation que les femmes traversent dans les situations humanitaires complexes et urgentes, ni de toute l'attention specifique qui doit leur etre accordee. De ce fait, bien qu'il y ait eu une certaine reconnaissance du role que les femmes peuvent jouer dans la resolution de conflits ainsi que dans la reconstruction apres les conflits, le Protocole demeure neanmoins tres vague, malgre la recherche conduite sur l'important role des femmes dans le cadre de conflits et des apres-conflits. Mais il permet aux femmes de faire des contributions dans le domaine general de resolution/post conflit, notamment a travers l'Article 20 presente ci-dessus. Cet article, qui traite de la relation entre le PSC et les organisations de la societe civile, en particulier les organisations feminines, a ete insere dans le Protocole dans le but particulier de permettre aux acteurs non etatiques et aux groupes non armes de participer dans les processus de la paix d'une facon institutionnelle. Il a ete reconnu que l'une des faiblesses des efforts de paix exiatants est qu'ils n'incluent que les parties belligerentea aux conflits, sans tenir compte des victimes qui, en definitive, conatitueraient les piliers des efforts visant la reconstruction sociale. Tel qu'il se presente, le Protocole presente deux chances eux organisations feminines comme FEMNET. D'une part, il dispose d'une structure dans laquelle de telles organisations pourront conduire leurs propres efforts de maintien de la paix au niveau local. En d'autres termes, les "micro--efforts" qui ont tendance a etre la specialite des organisations feminines pourraient etre systematiquement lies aux "macro--efforts" dans lesquels les organisations comme l'UA sont engages. D'autre part, a travers l'Article 20 et d'autres instruments legaux de l'UA tels que le Conseil Economique et Social, les femmes peuvent influencer les processus officiels de construction de paix beaucoup plus directement. Si elles ont l'occasion de parler devant le PSC, les organisations feminines peuvent, avant les faiseurs de decisions, parler de leurs preoccupations sur les processus de paix individuels, ou sur l'approche generale de l'UA dans le domaine de la paix et la securite. Grace au Conseil economique et social, les organisations feminines ont aussi la possibilite de suivre les questions de la paix, la securite et les effets et le role des femmes a travers au moins trois des Comites sectoriels, a savoir le Comite sur la Paix et la Securite, le Comite des Affaires Politiques, et le Comite des Affaires feminines et des questions de genre. Le Conseil economique et social, en tant qu'organisation consultative de tous les autres organisations de l'Union, est un autre canal par lequel on peut suivre les interets et l'ordre du jour des femmes et des organisations feminines en ce qui concerne les questions feminines sur la paix et la securite. Actions enterieures visant a 'incorporer les preoccupations des femmes en ce qui concerne la paix et la securite: le Comite des femmes africaines sur la paix et le developpement (CFAPD) La reconnaissance, bien que vague, du role important des femmes dans le domaine de la paix et la securite, n'est pas chose nouvelle pour l'UA. Depuis un certain nombre d'annees, l'UA, et l'OUA qui la precede, encouragent la participation des organisations feminines africaines a travers leurs recherches sur la paix et la securite sur le continent. En 1988, l'OUA en collaboration avec la Commission economique pour l'Afrique (CEA CEA carcinoembryonic antigen. CEA abbr. carcinoembryonic antigen CEA (Carcinoembryonic antigen) ) de l'ONU, a lance le CFAPD. Ce dernier a ete institue comme un corps consultatif du Secretariat autonome au Secretariat Executif de la CEA ainsi qu'au Secretaire Generel de l'OUA et a travers lui, a l'Organisation centrale du Mecanisme et d'autres organes politiques de l'OUA/UA. Les objectifs declarea du CFAPD etaient de promouvoir et de renforcer la participation des femmes dans les operations de prise de decisions des efforts de construction de la paix sur le continent. Une evaluation independante du CFAPD, soumise a l'UA et la CEA en mars 2003, montre le role que ce corps a joue pour preconiser la paix dans les regions frappees par la guerre, en encourageant une plus grande participation des femmes dans les activites de l'UA, y compris le role de cette organisation a amener l'UA a adopter le principe de l'egalite entre les sexes dans ses structures de haut niveau, et dans certains autres domaines. Cependant, malgre une vision claire du militantisme de l'organisation face aux nombreuses contraintes parmi lesquelles des limitations financieres, en ce qui concerne ses objectifs de base d'assurer une plus grande voix des femmes Voix des Femmes or (English: The Women's Voice) was a Parisian feminist newspaper, and later an organization dedicated to education and the advancement of women's rights. dans les processus officiels de la paix, le CFAPD semble avoir echoue. Les processus de paix en cours actuellement dans plusieurs etats africains en guerre tels que la RDC RDC Republique Democratique du Congo (French) RDC Rez de Chaussee (French: Ground Floor) RDC Red Deer College RDC Remote Desktop Connection (Microsoft) RDC Rowan Companies, Inc , le Burundi, la Somalie, le Soudan, le Liberia--sont encore clairement domines par les hommes et les militaires en termes de composition des participants et de sujets soumis aux discussions. Le rapport en question ne souligne pas certaines lacunes du travail TRAVAIL. The act of child-bearing. 2. A woman is said to be in her travail from the time the pains of child-bearing commence until her delivery. 5 Pick. 63; 6 Greenl. R. 460. 3. du CFAPD qui auraient contribue a son incapacite de realiser son objectif. Bien que l'interet du present expose ne soit pas de soumettre le rapport a examen, il est important d'observer que ces activites qui etaient basees sur la demande ne faisaient pas l'objet d'une planification systematique. A cause de cela, le comite a du disperser ses energies dans plusieurs directions. Compte tenu de l'etendue de la sphere de ses activites, l'on est tente de convenir avec cette evaluation. Toute tentative de traiter la question du role des femmes dans le cadre du conflit et de la construction de la paix, exige un engagement et un objectif durables pour repondre aux necessites et aux exigences des femmes. Une autre faiblesse que le rapport presente est que les deux organisations sponsors, et particulierement l'OUA, n'avaient pas une vision claire du type de fonctionnement qu'elle attendait du CFAPD. Il soulignait aussi le fait que le manque de liens institutionnels clairs entre le Comite et l'OUA a ete un facteur important des difficultes que le CFAPD a rencontrees dans la realisation de son mandat. Plusieurs organisations de la societe civile ont eu ce probleme en traitant avec l'OUA, pourtant l'un des roles explicites du Conseil economique et social est precisement de creer de tels liens. Le rapport fait un certain nombre de recommandations visant a renforcer le role du CDFAPD et a donner une plus grande voix aux femmes africaines en situations de conflits. Certaines de ces recommandations sont les suivantes : 1. Formaliser les liens entre l'UA et le CDFAPD. 2. Rattacher directement le CDFAPD aux Departements de la Paix et la Securite et celui des Affaires Politiques au sein de la Commission de l'UA. 3. Recentrer ses energies plus directement sur les questions relatives a la prevention, l'administration, la resolution et la reconstruction des periodes apres conflits, au lieu d'etre distraits par des questions qui, bien qu'importantes, sont en marge de la tache tache (tahsh) [Fr.] a spot or blemish.tachet´ic tache blanche (blahnsh) a white spot on the liver in certain infectious diseases. urgente de construction de la paix. 4. Realignement avec l'UA de maniere distincte de l'OUA qui l'a precede. Ce realignement necesaiterait qu'on tienne compte de la formalisation generale des relations de l'UA avec les organisations de la societe civile. Le probleme qui se pose desormais est d'une part, de redefinir le role des organisations feminines dans le processus de construction de la paix sur le continent, et de l'autre, de parvenir a des strategies que pourraient poursuivre des organisations telles que le CDFAPD dans la realisation de cet objectif. Il est clair que les femmes ont un role crucial a jouer dans la promotion de la paix et la securite sur le continent, ce qui est reconnu par toutes les parties prenantes. Il nous faut maintenant reflechir sur les lecons tirees des lacunes du CDFAPD et de son partenaire institutionnel, l'UA ainsi que des Que.D (aka Q.Diesel) is a hip hop artist from Detroit, Michigan. He is known for his affiliation with Slum Village and world renowned producer and artist J Dilla, who also happens to be his cousin. He has released several twelve inch white labels with various record labels in the U. opportunites qu'offrent l'engagement sincere et declare de l'incorporation des OCS OCS - Object Compatibility Standard , notamment des organisations feminines en tant que l'un des secteurs pivot des OCS et du renouvellement de l'Afrique pour elaborer des strategies permettant de creer un partenariat capable de promouvoir la paix et la securite pour tous les africains. |
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men, a weighing out; see examine.]
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