Paris: Capital of the World.

Paris: Capital of the World. By Patrice Higonnet (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002. 493 pp. $35.00).

I think it was James M. Barrie, Peter Pan's creator, who defended George Bernard Shaw against a critic who accused him of being scattered-brained: 'At least he has brains to scatter.' The quip may serve as a commentary on Patrice Higonnet's lavishly produced, erudite, witty, and smart book.

All books about Paris are necessarily idiosyncratic. The city is so big, so diverse, its history so long, dense, and rich, the literature on Paris so daunting, that one must pick and choose carefully. Higonnet's Paris is a cultural phenomenon of the nineteenth century, with significant glances backward and forward. He sees Paris with a baroque sensibility, celebrating the marvelous complexity of the place. He has read both broadly and deeply and Paris is punctuated with tid-bits that even the most devoted lover of the city will find unfamiliar. I choose almost at random a couple such. The fashionable English gardens of the Parc Monceau, we learn, were a burial ground for dozens of Communards. (p. 82). The Academie was granted a home in the royal apartments of the Louvre in 1699, "though they had to share it with the skeleton of an elephant dissected by Claude Perrault." (p. 131)

There is also much that soars above these asides. Higonnet's treatment of opera in Paris as a faithful reflection of the society that enjoyed it is not new, but is brilliantly done. There is a chapter on Paris as the "Capital of Science," which it truly was for a time. But by the second half of the 19th century Parisian science, "though republican in principle, became ... masculinist, dependent on patronage, and often unoriginal." A contrary myth, in Higonnet's vocabulary, then emerged. The most famous French scientist of the century, Louis Pasteur, presented himself as a solitary genius, suppressing the contributions of young colleagues. (p. 146-7)

Paris was also the undisputed capital of the production and sale of art until the Occupation. The "great moments in Parisian painting coincided ... with the great moments of Paris as capital of modernity: its genesis (David and the Revolution) and its blossoming (the Impressionists and the Haussmannization of Paris)." But "when Paris gradually ceased to be the capital of change, innovation, and modernity, art migrated across the Atlantic." (p. 423) As always the state was instrumental. Higonnet traces the history of the Salon from beginning to end and notes along the way Napoleon's careful cultivation of artists. "Many were decorated", he writes, and "without notable exception," they "came through when he needed them: the Salon of 1808 alone features twenty-seven portraits of the emperor." (p. 410)

His chapters on the Surrealists, on sex, on crime, on pleasure are all rich in detail bedecked with all the most recent flowers of cutting-edge historical scholarship. Higonnet is also a skilled literary critic. "Three Literary Visions" (chapter 11) is a sensitive appreciation of Balzac, Baudelaire, and Zola. Henry James's The Ambassadors is also lovingly presented:

  But his renewal (he writes of Chad) like Haussmann's urban renewal, is
  in some respects troubling. His behavior has become theatrical and
  superficial. The young man wears a mask: "It's like the new edition of
  an old book that one has been fond of--revised and amended, brought up
  to date, but not quite the thing one knew and loves." Like Haussmann's
  Paris, in other words. (p. 334)

Higonnet uses several sophisticated conceits to organize his material. One is Haussmann's transformation of Paris into the quintessentially modern city (a reputation it had at the time). Another is myth and phastasmagoria. His treatment of Haussmann is conventional, although he does not cite the Prefect's Memoires nor any of the recent literature on the man and his work. He has very little to say about architecture, the economics or politics of the urban renewal projects, about how Paris was (or is) governed, or about Haussmann's career. He does, however, correctly note that Walter Benjamin's reiteration of the old cliche that Haussmann's boulevards were essentially military in inspiration is mistaken (p. 170-71). Haussmann's Paris is used as point de depart, both backwards and forwards in time. "It is thanks to him," Higonnet writes, "that, consciously or not, every twenty-first-century Parisian must daily negotiate the distance between the reality of contemporary Paris and its underlying myth born in the middle decades of the nineteenth century." (p. 204). The urge to preserve his conceit of Paris as myth gets in the way of clarity. The itineraries of Paris remain those imposed by Haussmann, but the boulevards have lost their allure, his traffic problems remain but enormously magnified, and nearly 20% of the French population lives in greater Paris. Much of Haussmann's work has become obsolete. Is this what Higonnet means by the distance between reality and myth?

Such opacity is symptomatic of the book's thesis. "The approach taken here," he begins "is to give an account of [Paris's] myths, a history not of factual events but of the way in which the city has been perceived, conceived, and dreamed ... (p. 1) For "the purposes of this book, we shall view myths as life stories, each of which has a beginning, a trajectory, and a conclusion--stories that all societies elaborate to explain to themselves the rise and sometimes the fall of their collective enterprise." (p. 2-3). This sounds very much like Pierre Nora's notion of les lieux de memoire with myth substituted for memory. The arrangement of chapters as free standing essays is reminiscent of Nora's collective enterprise.

Each of Higonnet's chapters is superbly done. His treatment of sex, for example, largely neglected in histories of Paris, is excellent and welcome. But the thesis of Paris as myth seems too imprecise to hold all this material together. Higonnet's Paris (as well as his Paris) is more a brilliant gloss on Walter Benjamin's ideas than an examination of the city as myth. He updates and elaborates Benjamin, whose magnificent steed is caparisoned with all the rich embroidery of modern scholarship, cultural history, post-modernist criticism (and jargon), and a fine historical imagination. This is a book that can be read for pleasure and instruction. It is difficult to imagine a more knowledgeable guide to Paris than Higonnet; but he can be followed, perhaps is best followed, without his theory of the city as myth.

David P. Jordan

The University of Illinois at Chicago