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Pan African Parliament (PAP): the quest for gender parity.


The purpose of this presentation is to share information, ideas and perspectives about the AU's Pan African Parliament (PAP (1) (Password Authentication Protocol) An access control protocol for dialing into a network that provides only basic functionality. When the client logs onto the network, the network access server (NAS) requests the username and password from the client and ) and most importantly Adv. 1. most importantly - above and beyond all other consideration; "above all, you must be independent"
above all, most especially
 use this opportunity to strategise on how best African women can utilise the PAP to further the advancement of their status.

The PAP was first provided for in the Abuja Treaty The Abuja Treaty is an international agreement signed on June 3rd 1991 in Abuja, Nigeria. The treaty created the African Economic Community

Signaturies to the treaty were:
  • Algeria
  • Angola
  • Benin
  • Botswana
  • Burkina Faso
  • Burundi
  • Cameroon
 of 1991. It is now provided for in the Constitutive constitutive /con·sti·tu·tive/ (kon-stich´u-tiv) produced constantly or in fixed amounts, regardless of environmental conditions or demand.  Act of the AU as one of the nine organs of the AU listed in the Act.

Article 17 of the Constitutive Act creates the PAP "in order to ensure the full participation of African peoples The term African people can be used in two ways. First, it may refer to all people who live in Africa, see also demographics of Africa. Second, it is commonly used to describe people who trace their recent ancestry to indigenous inhabitants of Africa, in particular Sub-Saharan  in the development and economic integration of the continent ..." This Article then says that details would be spelt spelt

Subspecies (Triticum aestivum spelta) of wheat that has lax spikes and spikelets containing two light-red kernels. Triticum dicoccon was cultivated by the ancient Babylonians and the ancient Swiss lake dwellers; it is now grown for livestock forage and used in baked
 out in the PAP Protocol.

Before delving further into an understanding of the PAR, it would be necessary to sketch some discussions around it. There are three meetings of African MPs that are important to mention.

In November 2000, the OAU OAU
abbr.
Organization of African Unity

OAU n abbr (= Organization of African Unity) → OUA f

OAU n abbr (= Organization of African Unity
 convened a meeting of representatives from African Parliaments in Pretoria, South Africa South Africa, Afrikaans Suid-Afrika, officially Republic of South Africa, republic (2005 est. pop. 44,344,000), 471,442 sq mi (1,221,037 sq km), S Africa.  to discuss the then Draft Protocol on the PAP. From there, the amended document was tabled to the meeting of the Heads of States, which adopted the PAP Protocol in March 2001. The main reason Africa does not have a parliament now, is that Article 22 of the protocol has taken long to be realised. It requires a simple majority of the AU Member States to ratify ratify v. to confirm and adopt the act of another even though it was not approved beforehand. Example: An employee for Holsinger's Hardware orders carpentry equipment from Phillips Screws and Nails although the employee was not authorized to buy anything.  the Protocol and deposit the instruments before the Assembly can convene CONVENE, civil law. This is a technical term, signifying to bring an action.  the first meeting of the PAP.

A second meeting of African MPs sat in Cape Town Cape Town or Capetown, city (1991 pop. 854,616), legislative capital of South Africa and capital of Western Cape, a port on the Atlantic Ocean. It was the capital of Cape Province before that province's subdivision in 1994. , South Africa just before the Durban Summit on the launch of the AU in 2002. The Speaker of the South African National Assembly The Speaker of the South African National Assembly presides over the National Assembly, the lower house of the Parliament of South Africa. The speaker is chosen from among the Members of the Assembly at its first sitting following a general election and whenever the office is , Frene Ginwala Frene Noshir Ginwala (born April 25, 1932) is a South African journalist and politician who was the Speaker of the National Assembly of South Africa 1994-2004. [1] , was mandated by that meeting to present the report of the meeting to the AU Assembly in Durban. In particular, a recommendation was made that a Steering Committee steer·ing committee
n.
A committee that sets agendas and schedules of business, as for a legislative body or other assemblage.


steering committee
Noun
 be created to assist the AU Interim Commission towards the establishment of the PAP. The AU Assembly agreed to this. The Steering Committee was created early 2003 and has been assisting the AU Commission with preparatory work towards the establishment of the PAP.

The third meeting took place in Cape Town, South Africa before the Maputo AU Summit of 2003. It received reports on ratifications and urged parliaments to speed up the process. Ginwala was again mandated to present a report to the Maputo Summit. In particular, the MPs urged member states to ensure instruments of ratification The confirmation or adoption of an act that has already been performed.

A principal can, for example, ratify something that has been done on his or her behalf by another individual who assumed the authority to act in the capacity of an agent.
 were deposited with the AU Commission.

The Maputo Summit decided that the PAP must have ifs inaugural meeting no later than the end of January 2004. But this would be dependent on the attainment of a simple majority of member states ratifying and depositing their ratifications with the AU; Commission. Once this is done, thirty days thereafter, the PAP can come in to force. Informally, Ginwala learnt from her fellow Speakers that the requisite number of ratifications had been obtained.

The Chairperson of the AU Commission must determine a date for the inaugural meeting of the PAP. Parliaments must before that each elect their five representatives, at least one of whom must be a woman. Nomination processes must unfold towards the election of the Bureau of the PAP to come from each of the five regions of Africa The continent of Africa can be conceptually subdivided into a number of regions or subregions. Directional approach
One common approach categorises Africa directionally, e.g.
. A President and four Vice-Presidents will form the Bureau of the PAP, assisted by a Clerk and two Deputy Clerks. Until the PAP recruits its own staff, it will be administratively supported and serviced by the AU Commission. As soon as the Bureau is elected at the inaugural meeting, it is envisaged that the present Steering Committee will cease to exist.

African women and all progressive Africans must seize the challenge to consider ways in which the PAP can give meaning to the objectives of the AU, especially in as far as African women are concerned. They must consider the strategic areas where this can best be realised. They must be focused in order to maximise benefits.

It is important to look at the purpose, powers and functions of the PAP so as to understand the need for women's involvement. It is also important to look at the Constitutive Act of the AU for the context within which to locate an understanding of the role of the PAP. In this regard, two objectives and one principle of the AU are highlighted.

Article 3(g): "Promote democratic principles and institutions, popular participation and good governance The terms governance and good governance are increasingly being used in development literature. Governance describes the process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented (or not implemented). ." 3(h): "Promote and protect human and peoples' rights in accordance with the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (also known as the Banjul Charter) is an international human rights instrument that seeks to promote and protect human rights and basic freedoms in the African continent.  and other relevant human rights instruments;" And Article 4, "Principles: Promotion of gender equality;"

The second place to go for a more elaborate spelling out of the powers and functions of the PAP is--of course--the PAP Protocol, which is provided for in the Constitutive Act. Although it will ultimately develop into an institution with full legislative powers whose members will be elected by universal adult suffrage suffrage: see ballot; election; franchise; voting; woman suffrage. , initially the PAP will have consultative and advisory powers. This allows it to discuss any matter it wishes to take a view or position on, to make these views and positions known to the AU Assembly and to African citizens.

From Articles 11 "Functions and Powers" and 12 "Rules and Procedure and Organisation of the Pan-African Parliament The Pan-African Parliament, also known as the African Parliament, is the legislative body of the African Union. The African Parliament held its inaugural session in March 2004. ", a few provisions have been highlighted.

Article11 (1) says the PAP may "Examine, discuss or express an opinion on any matter, either on its own initiative or at the request of the Assembly or other policy organs and make recommendations it may deem fit relating to relating to relate prepconcernant

relating to relate prepbezüglich +gen, mit Bezug auf +acc 
, inter alia [Latin, Among other things.] A phrase used in Pleading to designate that a particular statute set out therein is only a part of the statute that is relevant to the facts of the lawsuit and not the entire statute. , 'matters pertaining per·tain  
intr.v. per·tained, per·tain·ing, per·tains
1. To have reference; relate: evidence that pertains to the accident.

2.
 to respect of human rights, the consolidation of democratic institutions, and, the culture of democracy as well as the promotion of good governance and the rule of law."

Article 11 (2) refers to its budget and the budget of the AU on which it can make recommendations for consideration before its approval by the AU Assembly.

Article 12(13) provides for the establishment of committees for the proper discharge of the PAP's functions in accordance with its Rules of Procedure.

Article 18, envisages close cooperation between the PAP, the Parliaments of regional economic communities (RECs) and national Parliaments through--among other ways--annual consultative fora to "discuss matters of common interest."

Article 11(9) provides room for the PAP to consider and decide on its own work and programme. "Perform such other functions as it deems appropriate to achieve the objectives set out in Article 3 of this Protocol."

Turning to the objectives of the PAP, bearing in mind Article 11 (9), it is important to remember Article 12(13) about the establishment of PAP committees. In order to be focused, the objectives should form the basis for the structures and programme of the PAP. In this respect the following themes are highlighted extracted from Article 3:

1) Human rights and democracy: the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (ACHPR ACHPR African Commission on Human and Peoples Rights ) / and it's Protocol on the Rights of Women in Africa (Women's Protocol);

2) Good governance, transparency and accountability in member states: the New Partnership for African Development (NEPAD NEPAD New Partnership for Africa's Development )'s Africa Peer Review Mechanism (APRM APRM African Peer Review Mechanism
APRM Automatic Partition Resource Manager
APRM Average Power Range Monitor (Nuclear Power)
APRM Anti-Plug Reversing Module
APRM Advanced Planning and Risk Management
APRM African Peer Review Commission
);

3) Peace, security and stability: Peace and Security Council (PSC (Public Service Commission) Same as PUC. )

4) Collective self-reliance and economic recovery: NEPAD;

5) Cooperation among the RECs.

The themes above provide opportunities for considering how to organise the work of the PAP, especially in terms of an oversight function, which exists although it is not explicitly spelt out. In each of the themes, issues of women arise and have to be seen as a standing item for monitoring how the continent is following up on all past agreements and commitments like Convention on Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW CEDAW Convention to Eliminate All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (United Nations)
CEDAW Component Explosives Damage Assessment Workbook (reference for blast effects software modeling) 
), the Dakar and Beijing Platforms for Action, the Women's Protocol, NEPAD, etc.

Another opportunity is to ensure the PAP maintains contact, monitors and maintains oversight over all AU organs, structures and work. While this would be ideal, it may be too broad and unproductive. As things stand, the AU has potentially 17 organs. In addition, there are seven specialised committees. There are also ten distinct topics listed as areas in which the AU's Executive Council (Foreign Ministers) will have deliberations. Add to that the portfolio areas of focus for the Commissioners of the AU. Some of these organs/committees overlap. It seems that except for specific reports or matters raised with the PAP, it could be difficult for PAP committees to be structured to respond to these many other bodies and portfolios of the AU. I propose focusing on the provisions of the PAP Protocol for guidance on this complex matter. As time goes by, more committees can be created as need arises.

In keeping with the position taken by the AU Workshop on Gender Mainstreaming in May 2002, it is suggested that an office for gender mainstreaming in the PAP be located in the PAP Bureau. This is because this is the highest office of the PAP. Through the Bureau, contact could also be maintained with and monitoring pursued of other AU gender mainstreaming work throughout the AU, for example with the AU Gender Directorate.

Challenges and Opportunities

The first challenge is that women hardly feature in key bodies of the AU. There is not a single woman Head of State. Therefore, there is no woman in the highest structure--the AU Assembly. There are only two or three women Foreign Affairs foreign affairs
pl.n.
Affairs concerning international relations and national interests in foreign countries.
 Ministers and so there is hardly a presence of women in the AU Executive Council, which processes all matters and makes recommendations to the AU Assembly. It is also important to mention that the Rules of Procedure of the AU Assembly lists as one of its Powers and Functions in Rule 4(u) to "Ensure the promotion of gender equality in all programmes of the Union".

There is a need for more women in the PAP and More women Ministers of Foreign Affairs. There is an alternative to use Rule 2 of the Executive Council, which creates the possibility for Governments or Member States to duly accredit To give official authorization or status. To recognize as having sufficient academic standards to qualify graduates for higher education or for professional practice. In International Law:  any other Minister to the Executive Council. This is something to be carefully considered if women find that ministers in other ministries could more sensitively handle some issues, especially those charged with the responsibility for the portfolio of "women's affairs." Heads of States would have to be lobbied in this regard.

A quick look at some concerns listed in the Maputo Declaration on Gender Mainstreaming and the Effective Participation of Women in the African Union African Union (AU), international organization established in 2002 by the nations of the former Organization of African Unity (OAU). The AU is the successor organization to the OAU, with greater powers to promote African economic, social, and political integration, , 2003.

The AU Gender Directorate is severely under-resourced. Usually the resources given or denied to any structure will determine its success or failure. This is a matter that, in looking at the AU budget, the PAP must take on board and recommend corrective measures to the AU Assembly. The other important matter to be scrutinised here is the brief of the Gender Directorate. The Gender Directorate services or seeks to service all AU organs. The question that arises is whether it should be servicing or whether it should monitor and make recommendations to the AU Commission about gender mainstreaming in AU structures.

Another concern raised in Maputo Declaration regards the PAP Protocol providing for at least one woman in each of the delegations of five. This amendment is necessary. The Protocol provides a procedure for amendments and there is no reason why lobbying cannot be done for such as one of the first activities in the PAP.

It is however emphasised that there is nothing to stop African Parliaments from sending two or three women when they elect the delegates. Women in civil society and women parliamentarians must lobby for this. In some instances, past commitments must be used to leverage women's positions in this regard. For example, in the SADC SADC Southern African Development Community
SADC State Agriculture Development Committee
SADC St Albans District Council (administrative authority for St Albans, Hertfordshire, UK)
SADC Sector Air Defense Commander
 countries, women must invoke the SADC Declaration signed and approved by SADC Heads of States or Governments on September 8, 1997, committing themselves and SADC to the target of 30 per cent women as a minimum in decision-making structures. The delegations to the PAP have an opportunity to realise this commitment by having at least two women. In South Africa, the National Assembly adopted a resolution to send three women to the PAP.

Moving to more opportunities, it is suggested that we first look at the AU and the need for ongoing networking, consultation and strategising. An understanding of the functioning of AU structures, information about the latest developments in the unfolding establishment of the AU structures is critical for this. For instance, it is important for to know that in keeping with the AU Durban decision, Africa has made history by appointing five women out of the ten Commissioners, who will drive AU policy implementation. A woman Commissioner, Julia Joyner (Political Affairs Political Affairs has several meanings:
  • Political Affairs Magazine, the national magazine published by the Communist Party of the United States
  • In the US government, the Senior Advisor to the President on Political Affairs
) is responsible for the Pan-African Parliament. These women will need support to succeed for all women.

The second opportunity--apart from the delegations to the PAP already mentioned above--is the location of women in strategic positions in the PAP structures. Women must consider a mechanism to ensure that one or two of the members of the Bureau are women. At least one of the three Clerks must be a woman. There is need to lobby the AU Commission--especially Joyner--to pursue this approach in their preparatory work towards establishing the PAP. More specifically, this would have to be integrated into the guidelines, which will be issued by the AU Commission to help Parliaments in their own activities towards the inaugural meeting, possibly in January 2004.

When the PAP recruits staff for its own permanent secretariat, women must not only be junior secretaries, cooks and cleaners. They must also be among the senior managers of the staff of PAP. More details on this have to be looked at once the PAP exists and has determined its administrative needs.

In pursuing its oversight function on the progress of Africa in addressing the plight of women as spelt out in numerous policy documents, the PAP should work closely with the parliaments of RECs and other parliamentary fora. This would mean that this could be a standing item on the agenda of the annual consultative fora bringing the PAP together with National Parliaments.

Conclusion

Although the presentation shows that we still have a lot of work to do, it also shows that if women work together, they can turn their challenges into opportunities to realise women's emancipation and a better life for African women. Leaders in civil society, business and professional bodies, politics at local, national and continental levels must work tirelessly tire·less  
adj.
Not yielding to fatigue; untiring or indefatigable.



tireless·ly adv.
 to deliver a better continent through the AU and the PAP. These strategising sessions are critical to share information and insights, and contribute to Africa's development.

La visee de cette presentation est l'echange des informations, des idees et des perspectives du Parlement Pan Africain de l'UA et surtout Sur`tout´

n. 1. A man's coat to be worn over his other garments; an overcoat, especially when long, and fitting closely like a body coat.

Noun 1.
 de profiter de cette occasion pour faire des strategies permettant aux femmes africaines de faire des progres dans la promotion de leur statut.

Historique

L'institution d'un parlement pan africain a ete enoncee pour la premiere fois dans le Traite d'Abuja en 1991. Il figure aussi parmi les neuf (9) organes de l'UA mentionnes dans l'Acte constitutif de cette union. L'Article 17 de l'Acte constitutif dispose qu'il cree le parlement pour "assurer la pleine participation de la population africaine dans l'integration de developpement et l'integration economique du continent ..." Il est alors dit DIT

di-iodotyrosine.
 dans cet article que les renseignements y relatifs seront enonces dans le protocole du PPA PPA 1. Palpation, Percussion & Ausculation 2. Pittsburgh pneumonia agent 3. Postpartum amenorrhea 4. Price per accession 5. Pure pulmonary atresia . Avant de chercher a mieux comprendre le PPA, il convient de survoler certaines discussions a ce sujet. Trois reunions de MP africains meritent d'etre mentionnees.

En novembre 2000, l'OUA a organise une reunion de representants des parlements africains a Pretoria, Afrique du Sud, pour discuter de ce qui etait alors le projet de protocole sur le PPA. Lors de cette reunion, le document corrige a ete presente a la reunion La Reunion may refer to:
  • La Reunion (Dallas), a communal settlement near present-day Dallas, Texas
  • Réunion, an island in the Indian Ocean east of Madagascar
 des chefs d'etats en mars 2001, et le protocole y a ete adopte. La raison principale pour laquelle l'Afrique n'a pas de parlement aujourd'hui, c'est qu'on a mis long a realiser l'Article 22 du protocole. Il nous faut une simple majorite des etats membres pour ratifier rat·i·fy  
tr.v. rat·i·fied, rat·i·fy·ing, rat·i·fies
To approve and give formal sanction to; confirm. See Synonyms at approve.
 le protocole et soumettre les outils avant que l'Assemblee ne convoque la premiere reunion du PPA,

Une deuxieme reunion des MP africains a ete organisee a Cape Town. Afrique du Sud, avant le sommet de Durban du lancement de l'UA. Au cours de cette reunion, le President de l'Assemblee Nationale d'Afrique du Sud, Hon Frene Ginwala, a ete mandate pour presenter un rapport de la reunion a l'Assemblee de Durban. Il a ete specialement recommande d'instituer un Comite de coordination pour aider la Commission Interimaire de l'UA a instituer un Parlement panafricain. L'Assemblee de l'UA a approuve cette recommandation. Le Comite de coordination a ete institue au debut de l'an 2003 et s'emploie a aider la nouvelle Commission elue dans les preparatifs du PPA.

La troisieme reunion a eu lieu a Cape Town, Afrique du Sud, avant le sommet de l'UA de Maputo en 2003. Durant cette reunion, des rapports et ratifications ont ete recus, et l'on y a presse le parlement a accelerer le processus. Hon Ginwala y a encore ete mandate pour presenter un rapport au Sommet de Maputo. Les Membres de Parlement ont particulierement presse les representante des etats membres de s'assurer de deposer les outils de ratification a la Commission de l'UA,

La presidente de la commission de l'UA devrait determiner la date de la reunion inaugurale du PPA. Avant cela, chaque Parlement est tenu de nommer ses cinq representants, au nombre desquels doit figurer au moins une femme femme  
adj.
Slang Exhibiting stereotypical or exaggerated feminine traits. Used especially of lesbians and gay men.

n.
1. Slang One who is femme.

2. Informal A woman or girl.
. Les processus de nomination doivent se derouler en vue de l'election du bureau du PPA dont les membres doivent parvenir des cinq regions de l'Afrique. Le bureau du PPA sera constitue d'un president, de quatre Vice-Presidents ainsi que d'un employe de bureau et deux employes de bureau adjoints. Jusqu'a ce que le PPA recrute son propre personnel, la Commission de l'UA appuiera administrativement le PPA et lui fournira des services. Il est prevu que le present Comite de Coordination cesse d'exister des que le bureau sera elu a la reunion inaugurale,

Le Sommet de Maputo a decide que la reunion inaugurale du PPA aurait lieu au plus tard en fin janvier 2004. Mais cela dependra de la ratification de la simple majorite des etats membres et du depot de leurs ratifications a la Commission de l'UA. Des que cette condition est remplie, trente (30) Jours apres, le PPA entre en vigueur. Son Hon Ginwala a officieusement appris de ses homologues Presidents de Parlements que le nombre de ratifications requis est deja obtenu.

Il est absolument necessaire que les femmes africaines et tous les africains progressistes se mettent a la hauteur hauteur

machine-estimated mean fiber length in a top of wool; the basis for the pricing of tops.
 de ce defi pour explorer les voies et moyens de realiser les objectifs de l'UA, en particulier ceux qui touchent les femmes africaines. Ils devraient considerer les domaines strategiques dans lesquels ces objectifs peuvent le mieux etre realises. Ils doivent etre focalises pour maximiser les avantages.

Tout Tout

To promote a security in order to attract buyers.


tout

To foster interest in a particular company or security. For example, a broker might tout a security to a client in the hope that the client will purchase the security.
 d'abord, etablissons le contexte convenable ou se situe une discussion ou entretien sur le role du PPA en considerant l'Acte constitutif de l'UA. A cet effet, je me permets de souligner deux objectifs et un principe de l'UA.

Dans l'article 4, l'Acte constitutif enonce les PRINCIPES qui regiront les operations de l'union, 4(1) prevoit la "Promotion de l'egalite entre les sexes[??];

Il est important d'examiner l'objectif, les forces et les fonctions du PPA afin de comprendre la necessite de la participation des femmes. Il convient egalement d'examiner l'Acte constitutif de l'UA pour situer et localiser une bonne n. 1. A female servant charged with the care of a young child.  comprehension du role du PPA. De ce fait, il convient de souligner deux objectifs et un principe de l'UA.

Article 3(g) "Promouvoir les principes et institutions democratiques, populaires, la participation populaire et la bonne gouvernance." 3(h) "Promouvoir et proteger les droits de l'homme et des peuples conformement a la Charte africaine des droits de l'homme et des peuples et d'autres instruments relatifs aux droits de l'homme"

Dans l'article 4, l'Acte constitutif enonce les PRINCIPES qui regiront les operations de l'union. Le point 4(1) prevoit la "Promotion de l'egalite entre les sexes[??];

Le deuxieme texte que nous devons consulter pour une enonciation plus detaillee des puissances et fonctions du PPA est bien-sur le protocole du PPA, qui est prevu dans l'Acte constitutif. Le PPA deviendra eventuellement une institution ayant une puissance puis·sance  
n.
Power; might.



[Middle English, from Old French, from poissant, powerful, present participle of pooir, to be able; see power.
 legislative complete dont les membres seront elus par le suffrage universel des adultes, mais il disposera initialement d'une capacite et d'une puissance consultative. Cette disposition lui permet d'examiner toute question sur laquelle il souhaiterait avoir une position ou une opinion, d'avancer ces opinions et de les faire connaitre a l'Assemblee et a tous les citoyens africains.

Quelques provisions des Articles 11 sur "Fonctions et Puissances" et 12 sur "Regles, procedures et Organisation du Parlement Panafricain", ont ete soulignees.

L'article 11(1) dispose que le PPA "Examine, discute ou exprime une opinion sur n'importe quel autre sujet, soit de par sa propre initiative ou a la requete de l'Assemblee ou d'autres organes politiques et fait des recommandations qu'il juge importantes en termes de, inter-alia, Iles questions relatives aux droits de l'homme, la consolidation des institutions democratiques, et la culture de la democratie ainsi que la promotion de la bonne gouvernance et l'autorite de la loi.'

L'article 11(2) renvoie a son budget et au budget de l'UA sur lequel il peut faire des recommandations en vue de consideration avant son approbation par l'Assemblee de l'UA.

L'article 12(13) dispose de l'etablissement de comites qui ont la charge du fonctionnement du PPA conformement a ses regles procedurales.

Dans l'article 18, le protocole envisage en·vis·age  
tr.v. en·vis·aged, en·vis·ag·ing, en·vis·ag·es
1. To conceive an image or a picture of, especially as a future possibility: envisaged a world at peace.

2.
 une cooperation etroite entre le PPA, les Parlements regionaux de communautes economiques et les Parlements nationaux, grace, entre autres, au forums consultatifs annuels pour "discuter des questions d'interet communs."

L'Article 11(9) dispose de la liberte du PPA de considerer et decider de son propre travail TRAVAIL. The act of child-bearing.
     2. A woman is said to be in her travail from the time the pains of child-bearing commence until her delivery. 5 Pick. 63; 6 Greenl. R. 460.
     3.
 et programme. Il "effectue toute autre teche jugee appropriee pour la realisetloe des objectifs etablis dans l'article 3 de ce Protocole"

Il convient ici d'examiner les objectifs du PPA en gardant gar·dant  
adj. Heraldry
Variant of guardant.

Adj. 1. gardant - looking forward
full-face, guardant

heraldry - the study and classification of armorial bearings and the tracing of genealogies
 a l'esprit l'Article 11(9). Il est important de se rappeler de l'article 12 (13) relatif a l'institution des comites du PPA. Pour etre focalise Verb 1. focalise - concentrate on a particular place or spot; "The infection has localized in the left eye"
focalize, localise, localize

lie - be located or situated somewhere; occupy a certain position

2.
, les objectifs devraient constituer la base des structures et programmes du PPA. A cet effet, soulignons les themes suivants tires de l'Article 3 :

a) Droits de l'homme et democratie: A titre titre

titer.
 d'exemple: Charte africaine des droits de l'homme et des peuples (ACPHR) / et son protocole sur les droits de la femme La Femme is a women-only beach in Marina, Egypt which caters to Muslims who want to swim in comfort away from prying and prurient view of "men and cameras". External links
  • Egypt unveils no-peeking zone - Mariam Fam (AP) October 26, 2005


[1]
 africaine (Protocole des femmes).

b) Bonne gouvernance, transparence et obligation de rendre compte des etats membres: Le Mecanisme africain de revision par les pairs (MARP MARP Most At Risk Populations
MARP Michigan Association of Railroad Passengers (Livonia, MI)
MARP Mining and Rehabilitation Program (Australia)
MARP Mecanismo Africano de Revisão de Pares
) du Nouveau nou·veau  
adj.
New and different, often fashionably so: "The perfect [Los Angeles] combination: a gas station that is also a nouveau convenience store" 
 Partenariat pour le Developpement de l'Afrique (NEPAD) ;

c) Paix, securite et stabilite: Conseil pour la Securite et la Paix (CSP (1) (Certified Systems Professional) An earlier award for successful completion of an ICCP examination in systems development. See ICCP.

(2) (Commerce Service P
)

d) Autonomie et recouvrement economique collectives: NEPAD (Nouveau partenariat pour le developpement de l'Afrique)

e) Cooperation parmi les communautes economiques regionales (CER Cer

goddess of violent death. [Gk. Myth.: Kravitz, 75]

See : Death



CER - Canonical Encoding Rules
)

Les themes enonces ci-haut presentent la possibilite d'organiser le travail du PPA, specialement en termes de fonction directrice qui existe bien qu'il ne soit explicitement mentionne nulle part. Dans chacun de ces themes, les questions des femmes se soulevent et doivent etre envisagees comme une question en souffrance permettant d'evaluer comment le continent assure le suivi des accords et engagements passes tels que la Convention sur l'Elimination de Toutes les Formes (language, music) Formes - An object-oriented language for music composition and synthesis, written in VLISP.

["Formes: Composition and Scheduling of Processes", X. Rodet & P. Cointe, Computer Music J 8(3):32-50 (Fall 1984)].
 de Discrimination a l'Egard des Femmes (CEDEF CEDEF Convention sur l'élimination de toutes les formes de Discrimination à l'égard des Femmes (French) ), les Plate-formes d'action de Daker et de Beijing, le Protocole des femmes, le NEPAD, etc.

Une autre opportunite est celle Celle (tsĕl`ə), city (1994 pop. 73,670), Lower Saxony, N Germany, on the Aller River. Its manufactures include food products, electronic components, chemicals, and textiles. Wax processing and horse breeding are important locally.  de s'assurer que le PPA se maintienne en contact, surveille et controle tous les autres organes, structures et travaux de l'UA. Bien que cette option paraisse ideale, elle pourrait etre tres vaste et inefficace. Au niveau ou nous en sommes, l'UA dispose de 17 organes potentiels. D'autre part, il existe 7 (sept) comites specialises, et 10 (dix) sujets distincts qui feront l'objet de deliberations du Conseil executif des 'ministres des affaires etrangeres. A tout ceci s'ajoutent les domaines importants des porte-feuilles des Commissaires de l'UA. Certains de ces organes et comites se chevauchent. En dehors DEHORS. Out of; without. By this word is understood something out of the record, agreement, will, or other thing spoken of; something foreign to the matter in question.  de rapports specifiques ou de questions soulevees dans le PPA, il serait difficile de restructurer les comites du PPA pour repondre e ces autres nombreux corps et porte--feuilles de l'UA. Je propose que l'accent soit mis sur les provisions du Protocole pour nous guider dans cette question difficile. S'il y a lieu, plusieurs autres comites seront crees avec le temps Le Temps is one of Switzerland's leading daily newspapers. The French language newspaper is published in Geneva and has editorial offices in Geneva, Lausanne, Berne and Zurich. .

En retenant la position de l'atelier de l'UA de mai 2002 sur l'lntegration de genre, il a ete suggere qu'un bureau d'integration de genre dans le PPA soit localise v. t. 1. Same as localize.

Verb 1. localise - identify the location or place of; "We localized the source of the infection"
localize, place
 dans le bureau du PPA. En effet, c'est le plus grand Departement du PPA. Par ce bureau il serait aussi possible de rester en contact et de superviser d'autres activites d'integration de genre a travers l'ensemble de l'UA, par exemple, avec la Direction de genre de l'UA.

Defis et opportunites

Le premier probleme, c'est que les femmes ne figurent presque pas dans les principaux corps de l'UA. Il n'existe pas une seule femme Chef d'Etat. Il n' y a donc aucune femme dans la plus haute haute  
adj.
Fashionably elegant: "In Washington, haute gastronomy is at least as important as the national economy" Ann L. Trebbe.
 structure de l'Assemblee de l'UA. Il n'y a que deux ou trois femmes Ministres des affaires etrangeres, et donc presque pas de presence feminine dans le Conseil Executif de l'UA, qui traite de toutes les affaires Les Affaires is a French language weekly business newspaper, based in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is owned by Medias Transcontinental, a wholly owned subsidiary of Transcontinental Inc.  et fait des recommandations a l'Assemblee de l'UA. Il est aussi important de mentionner que les regles et procedures de cette organisation enoncent l'un de ses pouvoirs et fonctions dans la Regie 4 (u) comme etant "d'essurer la promotion de l'egalite entre les sexes dans tous les programmes de l'Union'.

Il est absolument necessaire qu'il y ait plusieurs femmes au PPA et aussi davantage de femmes Ministres des affaires etrangeres. Il est possible d'utiliser la Regle 2 du Conseil Executif, qui cree la possibilite pour les gouvernements ou les etats membres d'accrediter dument tout autre ministre au Conseil executif. C'est une possibilite qu'il convient de prendre serieusement en compte si les femmes trouvent que des Que.D (aka Q.Diesel) is a hip hop artist from Detroit, Michigan. He is known for his affiliation with Slum Village and world renowned producer and artist J Dilla, who also happens to be his cousin. He has released several twelve inch white labels with various record labels in the U.  ministres relevant d'autres ministeres pourraient traiter certaines questions avec plus d'efficacite, surtout ceux responsables du porte--feuille "des affaires feminines'. Il serait convenable de faire pression sur des chefs d'etat en faveur de cette question.

Examen ex·a·men  
n.
An examination; an investigation.



[Latin exmen, a weighing out; see examine.]

Noun 1.
 rapide de la liste de preoccupations enoncees dans la declaration de Maputo sur l'integration de genre et la participation effective des femmes dans l'Union africaine, 2003.

La "Direction de genre de l'UA accuse un serieux manque man·qué  
adj.
Unfulfilled or frustrated in the realization of one's ambitions or capabilities: an artist manqué; a writer manqué.
 de ressources. Generalement, le succes ou l'echec d'une structure depend de ressources qui lui sont attribuees ou refusees. Le PPA devrait tenir compte de cette question dans le budget de l'UA et recommander des mesures correctives correspondantes a l'Assemblee de l'UA. Il convient aussi d'examiner de tres pres le mandat de la Direction de genre. La Direction de genre est chargee ou alors se propose d'offrir des services a tous les organes de l'UA. La question qui se pose, c'est de savoir si elle devrait offrir des services ou si elle devrait plutot superviser et faire des recommandations a la Commission de l'UA en ce qui concerne l'integration transversale de genre dans toutes les structures de l'UA.

Une autre preoccupation soulignee dans la Declaration de Maputo est relative a la prevision d'au moins une femme dans chacune des delegations de cinq stipulee dans le Protocole du PPA. Cet amendement est necessaire. Le Protocole dispose d'une procedure d'amendements et il n'y a pas de raison que nous ne fassions pas pression en faveur de celle-la en tant que l'une des premieres activites du PPA.

Il est convenable d'insister sur le fait que rien ne devrait empecher les Parlements africains d e nommer deux ou trois femmes dans leurs delegations. Des femmes de la societe civile et des femmes parlementaires doivent organiser des campagnes de pression en faveur de cette possibilite. Dans certains cas, il faudrait utiliser les engagements passes pour rehausser les positions des femmes a ce niveau. A titre d'exemple dans les pays de la SADC, les femmes devraient invoquer la declaration de la SADC signee sign·ee  
n.
One who has signed a document, such as a contract or petition.
 et approuvee par les Chefs d'Etats ou gouvernements de la SADC le 8 septembre 1997, dans laquelle ceux-ci s'engageaient a nommer au moins 30 % de femmes dans les structures de prise de decision. Les delegations de ces pays au PPA ont l'occasion de realiser cet engagement en y nommant eu moins deux femmes. L'Assemblee nationale sud africaine a adopte la resolution d'envoyer trois femmes au PPA.

Avant d'explorer davantage d'opportunites, il convient que nous examinions d'abord tes activites de l'UA et les exigences courantes de cooperation, de tenir des consu[tations et d'elaborer des strategies. Pour y parvenir, il est necessaire de bien comprendre le fonctionnement des structures de l'UA et d'obtenir des informations sur les derniers progres instituant ses structures. A titre d'exemple, il nous est important de savoir que l'Afrique a pris une decision remarquable en se conformant a la decision de l'UA a Durban de nommer cinq femmes sur les 10 Commissaires qui participeront a la mise en auvre de la politique de l'UA. Une femme commissaire Commissaire may refer to:
  • Commissaire (cycling), an official in competitive cycle sport, analogulous to a referee or judge
  • The French word for commissioner
, Mme Julia Joyner (Affaires politiques) est responsable du Parlement Pan-africain. Rappelons-nous que pour reussir, ces femmes auront besoin du soutien de toutes les femmes.

La deuxieme opportunite,--en dehors des delegations du PPA deja mentionnees plus haut--est le situation de femmes dans des positions strategiques des structures du PPA. Les femmes doivent penser a un mecanisme permettant d'assurer qu'un ou deux des membres du Departement soient des femmes. Il faudrait qu'au moins l'un des trois (3) agents du bureau soient des femmes. Nous devons presser la Commission de l'UA,--specialement Mme Joyner--d'appliquer cette approche dans leur travail de preparation en vue de l'institution du PPA. Plus specifiquement, il faudrait integrer cette disposition dans les lignes directrices, qui seront tracees par la Commission de l'UA pour aider les Parlements dans leurs activites relatives a la reunion inaugurale, qui se tiendra probablement en janvier 2004.

Quand le PPA commencera a recruter des employes pour son secretariat permanent, il ne faudrait pas que les femmes n'y figurent qu'en tant que simples secretaires, cuisinieres et femmes de menage, mais elles devraient aussi figurer parmi les cadres du PPA. Il faudrait examiner ceci de plus pres des que le PPA commencera d'exister et qu'il aura determine ses besoins administratifs.

En suivant sa fonction generale sur les progres que fait l'Afrique dans le traitement du sort des femmes conformement aux dispositions de plusieurs documents politiques, le PPA devrait travailler de pres avec les Parlements regionaux des communautes economiques ou les forums parlementaires. Cela implique que cette question pourrait etre un point en souffrance de l'ordre du jour du jour  
adj.
1. Prepared for a given day: The soup du jour is cream of potato.

2. Most recent; current: the trend du jour.
 des forums consultatifs nationaux rassemblant le PPA et les Parlements nationaux.

Conclusion

Bien que le present expese montre qu'il nous reste encore beaucoup beau·coup   also boo·coo or boo·koo Chiefly Southern U.S.
adj.
Many; much: beaucoup money.

n. pl.
 a de travail e faire, il demontre aussi que si les femmes travaillent ensemble, elles peuvent transformer transformer, electrical device used to transfer an alternating current or voltage from one electric circuit to another by means of electromagnetic induction.  leurs defis en occasions pour realiser l'emancipation des femmes et promouvoir une vie meilleure pour les femmes africaines. Les leaders de la societe civile, de corps professionnels et commerciaux, de politiques aux niveaux continental, national et local, doivent travailler sans relache en vue de la realisation d'un meilleur continent au moyen de l'UA et du PPA. Ces sessions strategiques sont cruciales peur les echanges d'informations, et surtout pour nos contributions au developpement du continent africain.
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Author:Mbete, Baleka
Publication:Our Rights
Geographic Code:60AFR
Date:Jul 1, 2003
Words:5239
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