Osteoarthritis.This is a publication of the National Institutes of Health National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases The National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, or NIAMS, is an institute of the National Institutes of Health, an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. This booklet is not copyrighted. Readers are encouraged to duplicate and distribute as many copies as needed as needed prn. See prn order. . Additional copies of this booklet are available from the National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal musculoskeletal /mus·cu·lo·skel·e·tal/ (-skel´e-t'l) pertaining to or comprising the skeleton and muscles. mus·cu·lo·skel·e·tal adj. Relating to or involving the muscles and the skeleton. and Skin Diseases Information Clearinghouse, NIAMS NIAMS National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (USA) , National Institutes of Health 1 AMS AMS - Andrew Message System Circle, Bethesda, Maryland Bethesda is an urbanized, but unincorporated, area in southern Montgomery County, Maryland, just Northwest of Washington, D.C. It takes its name from a church located there, the Bethesda Presbyterian Church, built in 1820 and rebuilt in 1850, which in turn took its name from 20892-3675, and on the NIAMS Web site at http://www.nih.gov/niams/healthinfo/. Osteoarthritis osteoarthritis or osteoarthrosis or degenerative joint disease Most common joint disorder, afflicting over 80% of those who reach age 70. It does not involve excessive inflammation and may have no symptoms, especially at first. This booklet is for people who have osteoarthritis, their families, and others interested in learning more about the disorder. The booklet describes osteoarthritis and its symptoms and contains information about diagnosis and treatment as well as current research efforts supported by the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) and other components of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). It also discusses pain relief, exercise, and quality of life for people with osteoarthritis. If you have further questions after reading this booklet, you may wish to discuss them with your doctor. What Is Osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis (AH-stee-oh-ar-THREYE-tis) is the most common type of arthritis, especially among older people. Sometimes it is called degenerative joint disease degenerative joint disease n. Abbr. DJD See osteoarthritis. degenerative joint disease Osteoarthritis, see there or osteoarthrosis. Osteoarthritis is a joint disease that mostly affects the cartilage cartilage (kär`təlĭj), flexible semiopaque connective tissue without blood vessels or nerve cells. It forms part of the skeletal system in humans and in other vertebrates, and is also known as gristle. (KAR-til-uj). Cartilage is the slippery tissue that covers the ends of bones in a joint. Healthy cartilage allows bones to glide over one another. It also absorbs energy from the shock of physical movement. In osteoarthritis, the surface layer of cartilage breaks down and wears away. This allows bones under the cartilage to rub together, causing pain, swelling, and loss of motion of the joint. Over time, the joint may lose its normal shape. Also, bone spurs--small growths called osteophytes--may grow on the edges of the joint. Bits of bone or cartilage can break off and float inside the joint space. This causes more pain and damage. People with osteoarthritis usually have joint pain and limited movement. Unlike some other forms of arthritis, osteoarthritis only affects joints, and not internal organs. For example, rheumatoid arthritis--the second most common form of arthritis--affects other parts of the body besides the joints. It begins earlier than osteoarthritis, causes inflammation, and may make people feel sick, tired, and sometimes feverish feverish /fe·ver·ish/ (fe´ver-ish) febrile. fe·ver·ish adj. 1. Having a fever. 2. Relating to or resembling a fever. 3. Causing or tending to cause a fever. . Who Has Osteoarthritis? Osteoarthritis is one of the most frequent causes of physical disability among adults. More than 20 million people in the United States United States, officially United States of America, republic (2005 est. pop. 295,734,000), 3,539,227 sq mi (9,166,598 sq km), North America. The United States is the world's third largest country in population and the fourth largest country in area. probably have the disease. Some younger people get osteoarthritis from a joint injury, but osteoarthritis most often occurs in older people. In fact, by age 65, more than half of the population has x-ray evidence of osteoarthritis in at least one joint. Since the number of older Americans is increasing, so is the number of people with osteoarthritis. Both men and women have the disease. Before age 45, more men have it, while after age 45 osteoarthritis is more common in women. How Does Osteoarthritis Affect People? Osteoarthritis affects each person differently. In some people, it progresses more quickly; in others, the symptoms are more serious. Scientists do not yet know what causes the disease, but they suspect a combination of factors in the body and in the environment. Also, diet, weight, and stresses on the joints from certain jobs affect the disease and how a person reacts to it. Osteoarthritis hurts people in more than their joints: their finances and lifestyles are also affected. Financial effects include * The cost of treatment * Wages lost because of disability. Lifestyle effects include * Depression * Anxiety * Feelings of helplessness * Limits on daily activities * Job limitations * Loss of everyday family joys and responsibilities. Despite these challenges, most people with osteoarthritis can lead active and productive lives. They succeed by using osteoarthritis treatment strategies such as * Pain relief medications * Rest and exercise * Patient education and support programs * Learning self-care and having a "good-health attitude." What Areas Does Osteoarthritis Affect? Osteoarthritis most often occurs at the ends of the fingers, thumbs, neck, lower back, knees, and hips. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Osteoarthritis Basics: the Joint and Its Parts Most joints--the place where two moving bones come together--are designed to protect bone ends from wearing away and to absorb shock from movements like walking or repetitive movements. The joint includes * Cartilage. A hard but slippery coating on the end of each bone. Cartilage, which breaks down and wears away in osteoarthritis, is described in more detail in the box below titled Cartilage: The Key to Healthy Joints. * Joint capsule joint capsule n. See articular capsule. . A tough membrane sac that holds all the bones and other joint parts together. * Synovium (sin-O-vee-um). A thin membrane inside the joint capsule. * Synovial fluid synovial fluid: see joint. . A fluid that lubricates the joint and keeps the cartilage smooth and healthy. * Muscles, ligaments, and tendons. Together, muscles and connective connective - An operator used in logic to combine two logical formulas. See first order logic. tissues keep the bones stable and allow the joint to bend and move. Ligaments are tough, cord-like tissues that connect one bone to another. Tendons are tough, fibrous fibrous /fi·brous/ (fi´brus) composed of or containing fibers. fi·brous adj. Composed of or characterized by fibroblasts, fibrils, or connective tissue fibers. cords that connect muscles to bones. How Do You Know If You Have Osteoarthritis? Usually, osteoarthritis comes on slowly. Early in the disease, joints may ache after physical work or exercise. Osteoarthritis can occur in any joint. Most often it occurs at the hands, hips, knees, or spine. Hands: Osteoarthritis of the fingers is the one type of the disease that seems to be hereditary; that is, it runs in families. More women than men have it, especially after menopause. Small, bony knobs appear on the end joints of the fingers. They are called Heberden's nodes Heb·er·den's nodes pl.n. Small bony growths found on the terminal phalanges of the fingers in osteoarthritis. Heberden's nodes Swelling or deformation of the finger joints closest to the fingertips. . Similar knobs (called Bouchard's [boo-SHARDZ] nodes) can appear on the middle joints of the fingers. Fingers can become enlarged and gnarled gnarled adj. 1. Having gnarls; knotty or misshapen: gnarled branches. 2. Morose or peevish; crabbed. 3. , and may ache or be stiff and numb numb (num) anesthetic (1). numb adj. 1. Being unable or only partially able to feel sensation or pain; deadened or anesthetized. 2. . The base of the thumb joint is also commonly affected by osteoarthritis. This kind of osteoarthritis can be helped by medications, splints splints inflammation of the interosseous ligament between the small and large metacarpal bones of horses and an accompanying periostitis and exostosis production on the small metacarpal bone. The metatarsal bones are similarly but less frequently involved. , or heat treatment. Knees: The knees are the body's primary weight-bearing joints. For this reason, they are among the joints most commonly affected by osteoarthritis. They may be stiff, swollen, and painful, making it hard to walk, climb, get in and out of chairs, and use bathtubs. If not treated, osteoarthritis in the knees can lead to disability. Medications, losing weight, exercise, and walking aids can reduce pain and disability. In severe cases, knee replacement surgery may be helpful. Hips: Osteoarthritis in the hip can cause pain, stiffness, and severe disability. People may feel the pain in their hips, or in their groin, inner thigh, or knees. Walking aids such as canes or walkers can reduce stress on the hip. Osteoarthritis in the hip may limit moving and bending. This can make daily activities such as dressing and foot care a challenge. Walking aids, medication, and exercise can help relieve pain and improve motion. The doctor may recommend hip replacement if the pain is severe and not helped by other methods. Spine: Stiffness and pain in the neck or in the lower back can result from osteoarthritis of the spine. Weakness or numbness numbness /numb·ness/ (num´nes) anesthesia (1). Numbness Loss of feeling or sensation. Mentioned in: Topical Anesthesia of the arms or legs can also result. Some people feel better when they sleep on a firm mattress or sit using back support pillows. Others find help from heat treatment or an exercise program to strengthen the back and abdominal muscles abdominal muscles Clinical anatomy The large muscles of the anterior abdominal wall–external oblique, internal oblique, rectus abdominalis, which help in breathing, support spinal muscles while lifting, and help maintain abdominal organs and GI tract in their . In severe cases, the doctor may suggest surgery to reduce pain and help restore function. How Do Doctors Diagnose Osteoarthritis? No single test can diagnose osteoarthritis. Most doctors use a combination of the following methods to diagnose the disease and rule out other conditions: Clinical History: The doctor begins by asking the patient to describe the symptoms, and when and how the condition started. Good doctor-patient communication is important. The doctor can give a better assessment if the patient gives a good description of pain, stiffness, and joint function, and how they changed over time. It is also important for the doctor to know how the condition is affecting the patient's work and daily life. Finally, the doctor also needs to know about other medical conditions See carpal tunnel syndrome, computer vision syndrome, dry eyes and deep vein thrombosis. and whether the patient is taking any medicines. Physical Examination: The doctor will check the patient's general health. Joints bothering the patient will be examined, including checking reflexes and muscle strength. The doctor will also observe the patient's ability to walk, bend, and carry out activities of daily living. X rays: Doctors take x rays to see how much joint damage has been done. X rays of the affected joint can show such things as cartilage loss, bone damage, and bone spurs Bone spur Also called an osteophyte, it is an outgrowth or ridge that forms on a bone. Mentioned in: Cervical Disk Disease, Cervical Spondylosis bone spur . But there is often a big difference between the severity of osteoarthritis that the x ray shows and the degree of pain and disability the patient has. And x rays may not show early osteoarthritis damage (before much cartilage loss has taken place). Other Tests: The doctor may order blood tests to determine the cause of symptoms. Another common test includes "joint aspiration," where fluid is drawn from the joint for examination. It is usually not difficult to tell if a patient has osteoarthritis. It is more difficult to tell if the disease is causing the patient's symptoms. Osteoarthritis is so common, especially in older people, that other conditions may play a role in the symptoms. The doctor will try to find out what is causing the symptoms, ruling out other disorders and identifying conditions that may make the symptoms worse. The severity of symptoms in osteoarthritis is greatly influenced by the patient's attitudes, anxiety, depression, or daily activity level. How Do Doctors Diagnose Osteoarthritis? No single test can diagnose osteoarthritis. Most doctors use a combination of the following methods to diagnose the disease and rule out other conditions: Clinical History: The doctor begins by asking the patient to describe the symptoms, and when and how the condition started. Good doctor-patient communication is important. The doctor can give a better assessment if the patient gives a good description of pain, stiffness, and joint function, and how they changed over time. It is also important for the doctor to know how the condition is affecting the patient's work and daily life. Finally, the doctor also needs to know about other medical conditions and whether the patient is taking any medicines. Physical Examination: The doctor will check the patient's general health. Joints bothering the patient will be examined, including checking reflexes and muscle strength. The doctor will also observe the patient's ability to walk, bend, and carry out activities of daily living. X rays: Doctors take x rays to see how much joint damage has been done. X rays of the affected joint can show such things as cartilage loss, bone damage, and bone spurs. But there is often a big difference between the severity of osteoarthritis that the x ray shows and the degree of pain and disability the patient has. And x rays may not show early osteoarthritis damage (before much cartilage loss has taken place). Other Tests: The doctor may order blood tests to determine the cause of symptoms. Another common test includes "joint aspiration," where fluid is drawn from the joint for examination. It is usually not difficult to tell if a patient has osteoarthritis. It is more difficult to tell if the disease is causing the patient's symptoms. Osteoarthritis is so common, especially in older people, that other conditions may play a role in the symptoms. The doctor will try to find out what is causing the symptoms, ruling out other disorders and identifying conditions that may make the symptoms worse. The severity of symptoms in osteoarthritis is greatly influenced by the patient's attitudes, anxiety, depression, or daily activity level. How Is Osteoarthritis Treated? Most successful treatment programs involve a combination of treatments tailored to the patient's needs, lifestyle, and health. Osteoarthritis treatment has four general goals: * Control pain through drags and other measures. * Improve joint care through rest and exercise. * Maintain an acceptable body weight. * Achieve a healthy lifestyle. Osteoarthritis treatment plans often include ways to manage pain and improve function. Such plans can involve exercise, rest and joint care, pain relief, weight control, medications, surgery, and nontraditional treatment approaches. Exercise: Research shows that one of the best treatments for osteoarthritis is exercise. This activity can improve mood and outlook, decrease pain, increase flexibility, improve the heart and blood flow, maintain weight, and promote general physical fitness. It is also inexpensive and, if done correctly, has few negative side effects Side effects Effects of a proposed project on other parts of the firm. . The amount and form of exercise will depend on which joints are involved, how stable the joints are, and whether a joint replacement has already been done. (See Be a Winner! Practice Self-Care and Keep a Good-Health Attitude.) Rest and Joint Care: Treatment plans include regularly scheduled rest. Patients must learn to recognize the body's signals, and know when to stop or slow down. This prevents pain caused by overexercising. Some patients find that relaxation techniques Relaxation technique A technique used to relieve stress. Exercise, biofeedback, hypnosis, and meditation are all effective relaxation tools. Relaxation techniques are used in cognitive-behavioral therapy to teach patients new ways of coping with stressful , stress reduction, and biofeedback biofeedback, method for learning to increase one's ability to control biological responses, such as blood pressure, muscle tension, and heart rate. Sophisticated instruments are often used to measure physiological responses and make them apparent to the patient, who help. Some use canes and splints to protect joints and take pressure off them. Splints or braces provide extra support for weakened joints. They also keep the joint in proper position during sleep or activity. Splints must be used for limited periods because joints and muscles need to be exercised to prevent stiffness and weakness. An occupational therapist occupational therapist A person trained to help people manage daily activities of living–dressing, cooking, etc, and other activities that promote recovery and regaining vocational skills Salary $51K + 4% bonus. See ADL. or a doctor can help the patient get a properly fitting splint splint, rigid or semiflexible device for the immobilization of displaced or fractured parts of the body. Most commonly employed for fractures of bones, a splint may be a first-aid measure that allows the patient to be moved without displacing the injured part, or it . Pain Relief: People with osteoarthritis may have nonmedical ways to relieve pain. Patients can use warm towels, hot packs, or a warm bath or shower to apply moist heat to the joint. This can relieve pain and stiffness. In some cases, cold packs (a bag of ice or frozen vegetables Frozen vegatables (also freeze-dried vegetables) are commercially packaged vegetables that are sold in the frozen section of the store, usually packaged in either rectangular boxes or plastic bags. wrapped in a towel) can relieve pain or numb the sore area. (Check with a doctor or physical therapist to find out if heat or cold is the best treatment.) Water therapy in a heated pool or whirlpool may also relieve pain and stiffness. For osteoarthritis in the knee, patients may wear insoles or cushioned shoes to redistribute re·dis·trib·ute tr.v. re·dis·trib·ut·ed, re·dis·trib·ut·ing, re·dis·trib·utes To distribute again in a different way; reallocate. weight and reduce joint stress. Weight Control: Osteoarthritis patients who are overweight or obese need to lose weight. Weight loss can reduce stress on weight-bearing joints and limit further injury. A dietician dietician Nutritionist A health professional with specialized training in diet and nutrition can help patients develop healthy eating habits. A healthy diet and regular exercise help reduce weight. Medicines: Doctors use medicines to eliminate or reduce pain and to improve functioning. Doctors consider a number of factors when choosing medicines for their patients with osteoarthritis. Two important factors are the nature of the pain and potential drug side effects. Patients must use medicines carefully and tell doctors about any changes that occur. The following types of medicines are commonly used in treating osteoarthritis: * NSAID's (Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Definition Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are medicines that relieve pain, swelling, stiffness, and inflammation. ). Many NSAID's are used to treat osteoarthritis. Patients can buy some over the counter (for example, aspirin, Advil[R](*), Motrin[R] IB, Aleve[R], ketoprofen). Others need a prescription. These drugs work in a similar way: they fight inflammation or swelling and relieve pain. However, each NSAID NSAID: see nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. is a different chemical, and has slightly different effects in the body. Side effects. NSAID's can cause stomach irritation or affect kidney function. The longer a person uses NSAID's, the more likely he or she is to have side effects, and the more serious those effects can be. Many other drugs cannot be taken with NSAID's, because NSAID's alter the way the body uses or gets rid of these drugs. NSAID's are associated with serious gastrointestinal problems, including ulcers, bleeding, and perforation per·fo·ra·tion n. 1. The act of perforating or the state of being perforated. 2. An abnormal opening in a hollow organ or viscus, as one made by rupture or injury. Perforation A hole. . They should be used with caution in people over 65 and in those with any history of ulcers or gastrointestinal bleeding gastrointestinal bleeding Any hemorrhage into the GI tract lumen, from esophagus–eg, from ruptured esophageal varices, to anus–eg from hemorrhoids . COX-2 inhibitors Cox-2 Inhibitors Definition Cox-2 inhibitors are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) which selectively inhibit cyclooxygenase-2. The cyclooxygenases are required for the creation of prostaglandins. . Two new NSAID's, Celebrex[R] and Vioxx[R], from a class of drugs known as COX-2 inhibitors, are now being used against osteoarthritis. These medicines reduce inflammation like traditional NSAID's, but cause fewer gastrointestinal side effects. * Acetaminophen acetaminophen (əsēt'əmĭn`əfĭn), an analgesic and fever-reducing medicine similar in effect to aspirin. It is an active ingredient in many over-the-counter medicines, including Tylenol and Midol. . A non-anti-inflammatory pain reliever (for example, TYLENOL[R]). This drug does not irritate the stomach, and is less likely than NSAID's to cause long-term side effects. Research has shown that in many patients with osteoarthritis, acetaminophen relieves pain as effectively as NSAID's. Warning: Patients with liver disease Liver Disease Definition Liver disease is a general term for any damage that reduces the functioning of the liver. Description The liver is a large, solid organ located in the upper right-hand side of the abdomen. , heavy alcohol drinkers, and those on blood-thinning medicines should use acetaminophen with caution. * Other Medicines. Doctors may prescribe several other medicines for osteoarthritis. They include: Topical pain-relieving creams, rubs, and sprays (for example, capsaicin capsaicin /cap·sa·i·cin/ (kap-sa´i-sin) an alkaloid irritating to the skin and mucous membranes, the active ingredient of capsicum; used as a topical counterirritant and analgesic. cap·sa·i·cin n. cream) applied directly to the skin. Mild narcotic narcotic, any of a number of substances that have a depressant effect on the nervous system. The chief narcotic drugs are opium, its constituents morphine and codeine, and the morphine derivative heroin. See also drug addiction and drug abuse. painkillers, which--while very effective--are addictive and rarely used. Corticosteroids Corticosteroids Definition Corticosteroids are group of natural and synthetic analogues of the hormones secreted by the hypothalamic-anterior pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis, more commonly referred to as the pituitary gland. , powerful anti-inflammatory hormones made naturally in the body or man made for use as drugs. Corticosteroids are typically injected into affected joints to relieve pain temporarily. This is a short-term measure, not recommended for more than two or three times per year. Hyaluronic acid hyaluronic acid: see mucopolysaccharide. Hyaluronic acid A polysaccharide which is an integral part of the gel-like substance of animal connective tissue; it supposedly serves as a lubricant and shock absorbent in the joints. , a new medicine for joint injection, used to treat osteoarthritis of the knee. This substance is a normal component of the joint, involved in joint lubrication lubrication, introduction of a substance between the contact surfaces of moving parts to reduce friction and to dissipate heat. A lubricant may be oil, grease, graphite, or any substance—gas, liquid, semisolid, or solid—that permits free action of and nutrition. Many patients experience pain relief after a series of three to five injections. Most medicines used to treat osteoarthritis have side effects. So it is important for patients to learn about the drugs they are taking. Even nonprescription non·pre·scrip·tion adj. Sold legally without a physician's prescription; over-the-counter. drugs should be checked. Several groups of patients are at high risk for side effects. Those patients are people with a history of peptic ulcers Peptic ulcers Wounds in the stomach and duodenum caused by stomach acid and the bacterium Helicobacter pylori. Mentioned in: Tube Compression of the Esophagus and Stomach or digestive tract digestive tract n. See alimentary canal. Digestive tract The organs that perform digestion, or changing of food into a form that can be absorbed by the body. bleeding, those taking oral corticosteroids or anticoagulants Anticoagulants Drugs that suppress, delay, or prevent blood clots. Anticoagulants are used to treat embolisms. Mentioned in: Embolism, Heart Valve Replacement (blood thinners blood thinner n. A drug used to prevent the formation of blood clots. blood thinner Vox populi Anticoagulant, see there ), those who smoke, and those who consume alcohol. Patients may be able to help reduce side effects by taking some drugs with food. Others should avoid stomach irritants such as alcohol, tobacco, and caffeine. Some patients take other medicines to try to protect their stomachs by coating the stomach or blocking stomach acids. These measures help, but are not always completely effective. Surgery: For some people, surgery helps relieve the pain and disability of osteoarthritis. Surgery may be performed to * Resurface re·sur·face v. re·sur·faced, re·sur·fac·ing, re·sur·fac·es v.tr. To cover with a new surface: resurfacing a road; resurfaced the floor. v.intr. (smooth out) bones. * Reposition bones. * Replace joints. Surgeons may replace affected joints with artificial joints called prostheses Prostheses A synthetic object that resembles a missing anatomical part. Mentioned in: Microphthalmia and Anophthalmia . These joints can be made from metal alloys, high-density plastic, and ceramic material, and can be joined to bone surfaces by special cements. Artificial joints can last from 10 to 15 years or more. About 10 percent may need revision. Surgeons choose the design and components of prostheses according to according to prep. 1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians. 2. In keeping with: according to instructions. 3. their patient's weight, sex, age, activity level, and other medical conditions. * Remove loose pieces of bone or cartilage from the joint to improve joint function. The decision to use surgery depends on several things. Both surgeon and patient consider the patient's level of disability, intensity of pain, interference with lifestyle, age, and occupation. Currently, more than 80 percent of osteoarthritis surgery cases involve replacing the hip or knee joint. After surgery and rehabilitation rehabilitation: see physical therapy. , the patient usually feels less pain and swelling, and can move more easily. Nontraditional Approaches: Among the alternative therapies for treating osteoarthritis are * Acupuncture acupuncture (ăk`y  pŭng'chər), technique of traditional Chinese medicine, in which a number of very fine metal needles are inserted into the skin at specially designated points. . Some people have found pain relief using acupuncture
(the use of fine needles inserted at specific points on the skin).
Preliminary research shows that acupuncture may be a useful component in
an osteoarthritis treatment plan for some patients. (See the Current
Research section.)* Folk Remedies. Some patients seek alternative therapies for their pain and disability. Some of these alternative therapies have included wearing copper bracelets, drinking herbal teas, and taking mud baths mud baths warm mud applied on skin supposedly to retain fresh, young complexion (1940s). [Am. Hist.: Griffith, 198] See : Fads . While these practices are not harmful, some can be expensive. They also cause delays in seeking medical treatment. To date, no scientific research shows these approaches to be helpful in treating osteoarthritis. Be a Winner! Practice Self-Care and Keep a "Good-Health Attitude" People with osteoarthritis can enjoy good health despite having the disease. How? By learning self-care skills and developing a "good-health attitude." Self-care is central to successfully managing the pain and disability of osteoarthritis. Patients have a much better chance for a rewarding lifestyle when they educate themselves about the disease and take part in their own care. Working actively with a team of health care providers enables people with the disease to minimize pain, share in decision-making about treatment, and feel a sense of control over their lives. Research shows that patients who take part in their own care report less pain and make fewer doctor visits. They also enjoy a better quality of life. Self-Help and Education Programs: Three kinds of programs help people learn about osteoarthritis, learn self-care, and improve their good-health attitude. These programs are * Patient education programs * Arthritis self-management programs * Arthritis support groups. These programs teach about osteoarthritis, its treatments, exercise and relaxation, patient/health care provider communication, and problem solving problem solving Process involved in finding a solution to a problem. Many animals routinely solve problems of locomotion, food finding, and shelter through trial and error. . Research has shown that these programs have clear and long-lasting benefits. Exercise: Regular physical activity plays a key role in self-care and wellness. Two types of exercise are important in osteoarthritis management. Therapeutic exercises keep joints working as well as possible. Aerobic conditioning Aerobic conditioning is a process whereby one trains the heart to pump blood more efficiently, allowing more oxygen to get to muscles and organs. Aerobic conditioning is used to train people to perform better while doing something for a long period of time, running a mile exercises improve strength and fitness, and control weight. Patients should be realistic when they start exercising. They should learn how to exercise correctly, because exercising incorrectly can actually cause problems. Most people with osteoarthritis exercise best when pain is least severe. Start with an adequate warmup and begin exercising slowly. Resting frequently ensures a good workout. It also reduces the risk of injury. A physical therapist can evaluate how a patient's muscles are working. This information helps the therapist develop a safe, personalized per·son·al·ize tr.v. per·son·al·ized, per·son·al·iz·ing, per·son·al·iz·es 1. To take (a general remark or characterization) in a personal manner. 2. To attribute human or personal qualities to; personify. exercise program to increase strength and flexibility. Many people enjoy sports or other activities in their exercise program. Good activities include swimming and aquatic exercise, walking, running, biking, cross-country skiing cross-country skiing Skiing in open country over rolling, hilly terrain. It originated in Scandinavia as a means of travel as well as recreation. The skies used are longer, narrower, and lighter than those used in Alpine skiing, and bindings allow more heel movement. , and using exercise machines and exercise videotapes. (For more information on exercise and arthritis, see the illustration below.) People with osteoarthritis should check with their doctor or physical therapist before embarking on an exercise program. Health care providers will suggest what exercises are best for you, how to warm up safely, and when to avoid exercising a joint affected by arthritis. Pain medications and ice applications may make exercising easier. Body, Mind, Spirit: Making the most of good health requires careful attention to the body, mind, and spirit. People with osteoarthritis must plan and develop daily routines that maximize their quality of life and minimize disability. They also need to evaluate these routines periodically to make sure they are working well. Good health also requires a positive attitude. People must decide to make the most of things when faced with the challenges of osteoarthritis. This attitude--a good-health mindset--doesn't just happen. It takes work, every day. And with the right attitude, you will enjoy it. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Current Research The leading role in osteoarthritis research is played by the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), within the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The NIAMS funds many researchers across the United States to study osteoarthritis. It has established a Specialized Center of Research devoted to osteoarthritis. Also, a large number of researchers study arthritis at the NIAMS Multipurpose mul·ti·pur·pose adj. Designed or used for several purposes: a multipurpose room; multipurpose software. multipurpose Adjective Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Disease Centers. These centers conduct basic, laboratory, and clinical research aimed at understanding the causes, treatment options, and prevention of arthritis and musculoskeletal diseases. Center researchers also study professional, patient, and public education; epidemiology; and health services health services Managed care The benefits covered under a health contract . For years, scientists thought that osteoarthritis was simply a disease of "wear and tear" that occurred in joints as people got older. In the last decade, however, research has shown that there is more to the disorder than aging alone. The production, maintenance, and breakdown of cartilage, as well as bone changes in osteoarthritis, are now seen as a series or "cascade" of events. Many researchers are trying to discover where in that cascade of events things go wrong. By understanding what goes wrong, they hope to find new ways to prevent or treat osteoarthritis. Some key areas of research are described below. Animal Models: Animals help researchers understand how diseases work and why they occur. In osteoarthritis, animal models help researchers learn many things about osteoarthritis. They help reveal what happens to cartilage, how treatment strategies might work, and what might prevent the disease. Animal models also help scientists study osteoarthritis in very early stages, before it causes joint damage. Diagnostic Tools: Some scientists want to find ways to detect osteoarthritis at earlier stages so that they can treat it earlier. They seek specific abnormalities in the blood, joint fluid, or urine of people with the disease. Other scientists use new technologies to analyze differences in cartilage from different joints. For example, many people have osteoarthritis in the knees or hips, but few have it in their ankles. Can ankle cartilage be different? Does it age differently? Answering these questions will help us understand the disease better. Genetic Studies: Researchers suspect that inheritance plays a role in 25 to 30 percent of osteoarthritis cases. Scientists have identified a mutation (a gene defect) affecting collagen, an important part of cartilage in patients with an inherited kind of osteoarthritis that starts at an early age. The mutation weakens collagen protein, which may break or tear more easily under stress. Scientists are looking for Looking for In the context of general equities, this describing a buy interest in which a dealer is asked to offer stock, often involving a capital commitment. Antithesis of in touch with. other mutations in osteoarthritis. In the future, a test to determine who carries the genetic defect (or defects) could help people reduce their risk for osteoarthritis with lifestyle adjustments. Comprehensive Treatment Strategies: Effective treatment for osteoarthritis takes more than drugs or surgery. Getting help from a variety of care professionals can often improve patient treatment and self-care. (See Health Professionals Who Treat Osteoarthritis.) Research shows that adding patient education and social support is a low-cost, effective way to decrease pain and reduce the amount of medicine used. Exercise plays a key part in comprehensive treatment. Researchers are studying exercise in greater detail, finding out just how to use it in treating or preventing osteoarthritis. For example, several scientists have looked at knee osteoarthritis and exercise. They have found that * The level of muscle strength in the thigh muscle (quadriceps quadriceps /quad·ri·ceps/ (kwod´ri-seps) having four heads. quad·ri·ceps n. The large four-part extensor muscle at the front of the thigh. adj. ) is very important. Strengthening this muscle can relieve symptoms and prevent more damage. * Walking can result in better functioning and increased walking distance. * People with knee osteoarthritis who were active in an exercise program feel less pain. They also function better. Research has also shown that losing extra weight can help people with osteoarthritis. Most importantly Adv. 1. most importantly - above and beyond all other consideration; "above all, you must be independent" above all, most especially , weight loss may reduce the risk of developing osteoarthritis of the knee in overweight or obese people. Using NSAID's: Many patients have pain that persists despite the use of simple pain relievers like acetaminophen. Some of these patients use NSAID's instead. Health care providers are concerned about long-term NSAID use because dangerous side effects can result. Scientists are working to design and test new, safer NSAID's. One example currently available is a class of drugs called COX-2 inhibitors. These medicines relieve symptoms and are less likely to produce serious side effects such as stomach ulcers stomach ulcer n → úlcera de estómago stomach ulcer n → ulcère m à l'estomac stomach ulcer stomach n → and bleeding, which are associated with long-term NSAID use. Drugs To Prevent Joint Damage: No treatment actually prevents osteoarthritis or reverses or blocks the disease process once it begins. Present treatments just relieve the symptoms. Researchers are looking for drugs that would prevent, slow down, or reverse joint damage. One experimental antibiotic drug, doxycycline doxycycline /doxy·cy·cline/ (dok?se-si´klen) a semisynthetic broad-spectrum tetracycline antibiotic, active against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative organisms; used also as d. calcium and d. hyclate. , may stop certain enzymes from damaging cartilage. The drug has responded well in clinical studies, but more studies are needed. Researchers are also studying growth factors or other natural chemical messengers. These potential medicines may be able to stimulate cartilage growth or repair. Acupuncture: Licensed acupuncture therapists insert very fine needles into the skin at various points on the body. Scientists think that the needles stimulate the release of natural, pain-relieving chemicals produced by the brain or the nervous system. Researchers are looking at acupuncture treatment of patients who have knee osteoarthritis. Early findings suggest that traditional Chinese acupuncture is effective in some patients as an additional therapy for osteoarthritis, reducing pain and improving function. Nutritional Supplements Nutritional Supplements Definition Nutritional supplements include vitamins, minerals, herbs, meal supplements, sports nutrition products, natural food supplements, and other related products used to boost the nutritional content of the diet. : Nutritional supplements are often reported as helpful in treating osteoarthritis. Such reports should be viewed with caution, however, since very few studies have carefully evaluated the role of nutritional supplements in osteoarthritis. * Glucosamine glucosamine /glu·co·sa·mine/ (gloo-ko´sah-men) an amino derivative of glucose, occurring in glycosaminoglycans and a variety of complex polysaccharides such as blood group substances. and chondroitin sulfate chondroitin sulfate /chon·dro·i·tin sul·fate/ (kon-dro´i-tin) 1. a glycosaminoglycan that predominates in connective tissue, particularly cartilage, bone, and blood vessels, and in the cornea. 2. . Both of these nutrients are found in small quantities in food, and are components of normal cartilage. Scientific studies on these two nutritional supplements have not yet shown that they affect the disease. They may relieve symptoms in some patients, however. The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, n.pr established in 1998 as a Center of the National Institutes of Health. Supports and conducts research on complementary and alternative med-icine and informs healthcare pro-fessionals about at NIH is supporting a clinical trial to test whether either glucosamine or chondroitin sulfate alone, or in combination with each other, reduces pain and improves function. Patients using this therapy should do so only under the supervision of their doctor, as part of an overall treatment program with exercise, relaxation, and pain relief. * Vitamins D and C. Progression of the disease appears to be less in patients with high levels of vitamin D vitamin D Any of a group of fat-soluble alcohols important in calcium metabolism in animals to form strong bones and teeth and prevent rickets and osteoporosis. It is formed by ultraviolet radiation (sunlight) of sterols (see steroid) present in the skin. or C intake. More studies are needed to confirm these reports. Hyaluronic Acid: Injecting this substance into the knee joint provides long-term pain relief for some people with osteoarthritis. Hyaluronic acid is a natural component of cartilage and joint fluid. It lubricates and absorbs shock in the joint. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA FDA abbr. Food and Drug Administration FDA, n.pr See Food and Drug Administration. FDA, n.pr the abbreviation for the Food and Drug Administration. ) recently approved this therapy for patients with osteoarthritis of the knee if they do not get relief from exercise, physical therapy, or simple analgesics Analgesics Definition Analgesics are medicines that relieve pain. Purpose Analgesics are those drugs that mainly provide pain relief. . Researchers are testing whether hyaluronic acid can slow down the progression of osteoarthritis. Estrogen: In studies of older women, scientists found a lower risk of osteoarthritis in women who had used oral estrogens Estrogens Hormones produced by the ovaries, the female sex glands. Mentioned in: Acne, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome estrogens (es´trōjenz), n. for hormone replacement therapy Hormone Replacement Therapy Definition Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is the use of synthetic or natural female hormones to make up for the decline or lack of natural hormones produced in a woman's body. . The researchers suspect that low estrogen levels could increase risk for the disease. Further studies are needed to answer this question. Tissue Engineering: This technology involves removing cells from the body and replacing them to improve certain body functions. NIAMS researchers are exploring three types of tissue engineering for use in treating osteoarthritis. * Enzyme engineering Enzyme engineering (or enzyme technology) is the application of fermentation process using catalytic activity of isolated enzymes, to produce new metabolites or to convert some compounds into anothers (biotransformation). . Certain body chemicals called enzymes may help cartilage to break down. Scientists are working to genetically engineer cells that would inhibit these enzymes These Enzymes is an American hardcore/punk band featuring members of the All-American Rejects and Sons of Abraham. Biography These Enzymes was formed in late 2003 by All-American Rejects members Mike Kennerty (guitar) and Chris Gaylor (drums) along with former Sons of and prevent the damage they cause. Cells are removed from the body, genetically changed, and then injected back into the affected joint. They live in the joint and protect it from damaging enzymes. * Cartilage cell cartilage cell n. See chondrocyte. replacement. Researchers remove cartilage cells from the patient's own joint, clone or grow new cells using tissue culture and other laboratory techniques Laboratory techniques are the sum of procedures used on natural sciences such as chemistry, biology, physics in order to conduct an experiment, all of them follow scientific method; while some of them involves the use of complex laboratory equipment from laboratory glassware to , and inject the newly grown cells into the patient's joint. Patients with cartilage cell replacement have decreased osteoarthritis symptoms. Actual cartilage repair is limited, however. * Stem cell transplantation Stem Cell Transplantation Definition Stem cells are basic human cells that reproduce (replicate) easily, providing a continuous source of new, sometimes different types of cells. . Stem cells stem cells, unspecialized human or animal cells that can produce mature specialized body cells and at the same time replicate themselves. Embryonic stem cells are derived from a blastocyst (the blastula typical of placental mammals; see embryo), which is very young are primitive cells In geometry, solid state physics and mineralogy, particularly in describing crystal structure, a primitive cell, is a minimum cell corresponding to a single lattice point of a structure with translational symmetry in 2D, 3D, or other dimensions. that can transform into other kinds of cells, such as muscle or bone cells. They are usually taken from bone marrow. In the future, researchers hope to insert stem cells into cartilage where they will make new cartilage. If successful, this process could be used to repair damaged cartilage and avoid the need for surgical joint replacements with metal or plastics. Hope for the Future Research is opening up new avenues of treatment for people with osteoarthritis. A balanced, comprehensive approach is still the key to staying active and healthy with the disease. People with osteoarthritis should combine exercise, relaxation education, social support, and medicines in their treatment strategies. Meanwhile, as scientists unravel the complexities of the disease, new treatments and prevention methods should appear. They will improve the quality of life for people with osteoarthritis and their families. A Healthy Joint In a healthy joint, the ends of bones are encased en·case tr.v. en·cased, en·cas·ing, en·cas·es To enclose in or as if in a case. en·case  ment n. in smooth
cartilage. Together, they are protected by a joint capsule lined with a
synovial membrane synovial membranen. The connective-tissue membrane that lines the cavity of a synovial joint and produces the synovial fluid. Also called synovium. that produces synovial fluid. The capsule and fluid protect the cartilage, muscles, and connective tissues. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] A Joint With Osteoarthritis With osteoarthritis, the cartilage becomes worn away. Spurs grow out from the edge of the bone, and synovial fluid increases. Altogether, the joint feels stiff and sore. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Cartilage: the Key to Healthy Joints Cartilage is 65 to 80 percent water. Three other substances make up the rest of cartilage tissue: collagen, proteoglycans proteoglycans (prō´tēōglī´kans), n.pl the mucopolysaccharides bound to protein chains occurring in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue. , and chondrocytes. * Collagen (KAHL-uh-jen). A fibrous protein. Collagen is also the building block of skin, tendon, bone, and other connective tissues. * Proteoglycans (PRO-tee-uh-GLY-kanz). A combination of proteins and sugars. Strands of proteoglycans and collagen weave together and form a mesh-like tissue. This allows cartilage to flex and absorb physical shock. * Chondrocytes (KAHN-druh-sytz). Cells that grow all through the cartilage. They mainly help cartilage stay healthy and grow. Sometimes, however, they release substances called enzymes that destroy collagen and other proteins. Researchers are trying to learn more about chondrocytes. The Warning Signs of Osteoarthritis * Steady or intermittent pain in a joint * Stiffness after getting out of bed * Joint swelling or tenderness in one or more joints * A crunching feeling or sound of bone rubbing on bone * Hot, red, or tender? Probably not osteoarthritis. Check with your doctor about other causes, such as rheumatoid arthritis rheumatoid arthritis Chronic, progressive autoimmune disease causing connective-tissue inflammation, mostly in synovial joints. It can occur at any age, is more common in women, and has an unpredictable course. . * Not always pain. Not everyone with osteoarthritis feels pain. In fact, only a third of people with osteoarthritis in their x rays report pain or other symptoms. On the Move: Fighting Osteoarthritis With Exercise You can use exercises to keep strong and limber, extend your range of movement, and reduce weight. Ask your doctor or physical therapist what exercises are best for you. Strength: Exercise bands are inexpensive devices that add resistance. Aerobics: Activities that keep your lungs and circulation systems in shape. Range of Motion: These activities keep the joints limber. Agility: Many of these exercises help you to maintain daily living skills. Neck and Back Strength: Don't forget to keep your spine strong and limber. Ask your doctor or physical therapist what exercises are best for you. Ask for guidelines on exercising when a joint is sore or if swelling is present. Also, check if you should 1) use drugs such as analgesics or anti-inflammatories (NSAID's) to make exercising easier, or 2) use ice afterwards. Questions to Ask Your Doctor or Pharmacist pharmacist /phar·ma·cist/ (fahr´mah-sist) one who is licensed to prepare and sell or dispense drugs and compounds, and to make up prescriptions. phar·ma·cist n. About Medicines * How often should I take this medicine? * Should I take this medicine with food or between meals? * What side effects can I expect? * Should I take this medicine with other prescription medicines I take? * Should I take this medicine with the over-the-counter medicines I take? Treatment Approaches to Osteoarthritis * Exercise * Rest and joint care * Pain relief techniques * Weight control * Medicines * Surgery * Alternative therapies Health Professionals Who Treat Osteoarthritis Many types of health professionals care for people with osteoarthritis: * Rheumatologists. Doctors who specialize in treating arthritis and related conditions that affect joints, muscles, and bones. * Physical therapists, Health professionals who work with patients to improve joint function. * Occupational therapists. Health professionals who teach ways to protect joints, minimize pain, and conserve energy. * Dieticians. Health professionals who teach ways to use a good diet to improve health and maintain a healthy weight. * Nurse educators A nurse educator is a nurse who teaches and prepares licensed practical nurses (LPN) and registered nurses (RN) for entry into practice positions. Nurse Educators also teach in graduate programs at Master’s and doctoral level which prepare advanced practice nurses, nurse . Nurses who specialize in helping patients understand their overall condition and implement their treatment plans. * Physiatrists (rehabilitation specialists). Doctors who help patients make the most of their physical potential. * Licensed acupuncture therapists. Health professionals who reduce pain and improve physical functioning by inserting fine needles into the skin at various points on the body. * Orthopaedists. Doctors who specialize in treatment of and surgery for bone diseases. * Psychologists. Health professionals who help patients cope with difficulties in the home and workplace resulting from their conditions. * Social Workers. Professionals who assist patients with social challenges caused by disability, unemployment, financial hardships, home health care, and other needs resulting from their conditions. Self-Management Programs Do Help People with osteoarthritis find that self-management programs help them * Understand the disease * Reduce pain while remaining active * Cope physically, emotionally, and mentally * Have greater control over the disease * Build confidence in their ability to live an active, independent life. Enjoy a "Good-Health Attitude" * Focus on your abilities instead of disabilities. * Focus on your strengths instead of weaknesses. * Break down activities into small tasks that you can manage. * Incorporate fitness and nutrition into daily routines. * Develop methods to minimize and manage stress. * Balance rest with activity. * Develop a support system of family, friends, and health professionals. (*) Note: Brand names included in this booklet are provided as examples only. Their inclusion does not mean they are endorsed by the National Institutes of Health or any other Government agency. Also, if a certain brand name is not mentioned, this does not mean or imply that the product is unsatisfactory. Additional Resources National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NAMSIC) National Institutes of Health 1 AMS Circle Bethesda, MD 20892-3675 (301) 495-4484 TTY: (301) 565-2966 Fax: (301) 718-6366 NIAMS Fast Facts-For health information that is available by fax 24 hours a day, call (301) 881-2731 from a fax machine telephone. World Wide Web address: http://www.nih/gov/niams/ This clearinghouse, a public service sponsored by the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), provides information about various forms of arthritis and rheumatic diseases Rheumatic disease A type of disease involving inflammation of muscles, joints, and other tissues. Mentioned in: Temporal Arteritis . The clearinghouse distributes patient and professional education materials and also refers people to other sources of information. Arthritis Foundation 1330 West Peachtree Street Atlanta, GA 30309 (404) 872-7100 (800) 283-7800, or call your local chapter (listed in the telephone directory) World Wide Web address: http://www.arthritis.org/ This is the main voluntary organization devoted to arthritis. The foundation publishes a free pamphlet on osteoarthritis and a magazine for members on arthritis and related conditions. They also provide up-to-date information on research and treatment, nutrition, alternative therapies, and self-management strategies. Chapters nationwide offer exercise programs, classes, support groups, physician referral physician referral A physician's recommendation to a Pt to consult another physician for a 2nd opinion. Cf Self-referral. services, and free literature. American College of Rheumatology 1800 Century Place, Suite 250 Atlanta, GA 30345 (404) 633-3777 Fax: (404) 633-1870 World Wide Web address: http://www.rheumatology.org/ This association provides referrals to rheumatologists and physical and occupational therapists who have experience working with people who have osteoarthritis. The organization also provides educational materials and guidelines. Acknowledgments The NIAMS gratefully acknowledges the assistance of John Klippel, M.D., and Joan McGowan, Ph.D., NIAMS, NIH; Kenneth D. Brandt, M.D., Indiana University School of Medicine The Indiana University School of Medicine is the medical school of Indiana University, part of the Indiana University Purdue University at Indianapolis (IUPUI) campus located in Indianapolis, Indiana. Established in 1903, the school had an initial class of 25 students. , Indianapolis; Marc C. Hochberg, M.D., M.P.H., University of Maryland, Baltimore University of Maryland, Baltimore, (also known as UMB) was founded in 1807. It is one of the oldest universities in the United States and comprises some of the oldest professional schools in the nation and world. ; and Roland Moskowitz, M.D., University Hospital of Cleveland, Ohio "Cleveland" redirects here. For the Cleveland metropolitan area, see . For other uses, see Cleveland (disambiguation). Cleveland is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County, the most populous county in the state. , in the preparation and review of this publication. Special thanks also go to the patients who reviewed this publication and provided valuable input. Debbie Novak of Johnson, Bassin, and Shaw, Inc. wrote this booklet. About NIAMS and NAMSIC The NIAMS, a part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), leads the Federal medical research effort in arthritis and musculoskeletal and skin diseases. The NIAMS supports research and research training throughout the United States as well as on the NIH campus in Bethesda, Maryland, and disseminates health and research information. The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NAMSIC) is a public service sponsored by the NIAMS that provides health information and information sources. Additional information and research updates can be found on the NIAMS Web site at http://www.nih.gov/niams/. |
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