Novel dengue virus type 1 from travelers to Yap state, Micronesia.Dengue virus dengue virus n. A virus of the genus Flavivirus that is the cause of dengue. type 1(DENV-1), which was responsible for the dengue fever dengue fever (dĕng`gē, –gā), acute infectious disease caused by four closely related viruses and transmitted by the bite of the Aedes mosquito; it is also known as breakbone fever and bone-crusher disease. outbreak in Yap State, Micronesia, in 2004, was isolated from serum samples of 4 dengue dengue or breakbone fever or dandy fever Infectious, disabling mosquito-borne fever. Other symptoms include extreme joint pain and stiffness, intense pain behind the eyes, a return of fever after brief pause, and a characteristic rash. patients in Japan. Genome sequencing demonstrated that this virus belonged to genotype IV and had a 29-nucleotide deletion in the 3' noncoding region. ********** Dengue virus (DENV DENV Department of Environment (Canada) ) is a mosquitoborne flaviviruses; there are 4 serotypes, DENV-1, -2, -3 and -4. DENV has been found in [greater than or equal to] 100 countries and 2.5 billion people live in areas where dengue is endemic. Fifty to one hundred million cases of dengue infection are estimated to occur annually (1). In Japan, outbreaks of dengue fever occurred in Nagasaki, Hiroshima, Kobe, and Osaka from 1942 to 1945, but none thereafter (2). However, [approximately equal to] 50 imported dengue cases occur annually in Japan. The DENV genome is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA RNA: see nucleic acid. RNA in full ribonucleic acid One of the two main types of nucleic acid (the other being DNA), which functions in cellular protein synthesis in all living cells and replaces DNA as the carrier of genetic of [approximately equal to] 11,000 nucleotides (nt) that encodes 3 structural proteins (capsid capsid /cap·sid/ (kap´sid) the shell of protein that protects the nucleic acid of a virus; it is composed of structural units, or capsomers. cap·sid n. , membrane, and envelope) and 7 nonstructural proteins (NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, and NS5) (3). Surrounding the open reading frame (ORF) are 5' and 3' noncoding regions (NCRs) that form RNA secondary structures (4). These regions are [approximately equal to] 100 and [approximately equal to] 400 nt, respectively (5). Dengue fever developed in 9 Japanese patients in 2004 after they returned from Yap state. We report the genetic characterization of RNA from DENV-1 isolates from these patients. The Study Yap is the westernmost state of the Federated Connected and treated as one. See federated database and federated directories. States of Micronesia and composed of 4 major islands. Yap has a total area of 102 [km.sup.2] and a population of 11,241 (2000 census). The climate is moderate and fairly constant. The mean annual temperature is 27[degrees]C. Relative humidity relative humidity n. The ratio of the amount of water vapor in the air at a specific temperature to the maximum amount that the air could hold at that temperature, expressed as a percentage. ranges from 65% to 100% (annual mean 83%). Rainfall averages 120 inches a year and is seasonal. In 1995, a dengue epidemic caused by DENV-4 occurred in Yap state (6), but no dengue outbreaks have since been reported. However, the Yap Epinet Team reported a dengue outbreak caused by DENV-1 in Yap state that began in the last week of May 2004. A total of 658 reported dengue fever cases (defined by the World Health Organization) occurred as of December 29, 2004. No deaths or dengue hemorrhagic Hemorrhagic A condition resulting in massive, difficult-to-control bleeding. Mentioned in: Hantavirus Infections hemorrhagic pertaining to or characterized by hemorrhage. fever/dengue shock syndrome cases were reported (7). Fever, headache, and diarrhea developed in 7 Japanese adults who visited Yap after their return to Japan in August 2004. DENV infection was serologically confirmed in 5 patients (patients 1-5) by an immunoglobulin M immunoglobulin M n. Abbr. IgM The class of antibodies found in circulating body fluids and the first antibodies to appear in response to an initial exposure to an antigen. (IgM) capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay n. ELISA. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) A diagnostic blood test used to screen patients for AIDS or other viruses. (ELISA ELISA (e-li´sah) Enzyme-Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay; any enzyme immunoassay using an enzyme-labeled immunoreactant and an immunosorbent. ELISA n. ) (Focus Diagnostics Inc., Herndon, VA, USA) and an IgG ELISA IgG ELISA, n.pr a diagnostic test for identifying reactive substances that provoke delayed hypersensitivity of the immune system. A solid-phase immunoassay that uses enzymes to test for IgG subclass reactions. (PANBIO Ltd., Brisbane, Queensland, Australia) at the National Institute of Infectious Diseases infectious diseases: see communicable diseases. in Tokyo, Japan. Of these 5 patients, 4 had a primary DENV infection and 1 had a primary dengue infection and a secondary flavivirus infection. DENV infection was serologically confirmed in the sixth patient at another institute. The seventh patient did not visit a medical facility but had symptoms of dengue fever. In addition, 2 other Japanese patients who traveled to Yap in September 2004 were diagnosed with dengue (data not shown). Four virus isolates (NIID NIID Nederlandse Industriële Inschakeling Defensieopdrachten (Dutch: Netherlands Defence Manufacturers Association) 04-27, -31, -41, and -47) were obtained from serum samples from patients 1-4, respectively. Two hundred microliters of serum samples diluted 1:40 was injected onto C6/36 cells in minimal essential medium supplemented with 2% fetal calf serum. The cells were incubated at 28[degrees]C for 7 days and culture supernatant supernatant /su·per·na·tant/ (-na´tant) the liquid lying above a layer of precipitated insoluble material. supernatant the liquid lying above a layer of precipitated insoluble material. fluids were collected. DENV isolates were used for analysis without any further passage. Complete nucleotide sequencing of RNA of NIID04-27, -31, and -47 and partial sequencing of NIID04-41 were performed. Viral RNA was extracted by using a High Pure RNA extraction kit (Roche Diagnostics Roche Diagnostics Division is a subsidiary of Hoffmann-La Roche which manufactures equipment and reagents for research and medical diagnostic applications. Internally, it is organized into six major business areas: Roche Applied Science, Roche Centralized Diagnostics, Roche , Mannheim, Germany) according to according to prep. 1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians. 2. In keeping with: according to instructions. 3. the manufacturer's instructions, transcribed to cDNA, and amplified by polymerase chain reaction polymerase chain reaction (pŏl`ĭmərās') (PCR), laboratory process in which a particular DNA segment from a mixture of DNA chains is rapidly replicated, producing a large, readily analyzed sample of a piece of DNA; the process is , as described previously (8). The cDNA was purified and sequenced by using the ABI Abi (ā`bī) [short for Abijah], in the Bible, King Hezekiah's mother. (Application Binary Interface) A specification for a specific hardware platform combined with the operating system. PRISM 3100 Avant Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems Applied Biosystems, Inc. (formerly NASDAQ: ABIO) is the original name of a pioneer biotechnology company founded in 1981 in Foster City, California, among the Silicon Valley cities of the southern San Francisco Bay Area. , Foster City, CA, USA). Seventeen pairs of primers were designed based on the DENV-1 NIID02-20 sequence (GenBank accession no. AB178040) and used in the analyses (9). The nucleotide sequences of the viral isolates were compared with published complete sequences of DENV-1 (Table 1). Sequence alignment and analysis were performed by using ATGC ATGC Adenine,Thymine, Guanine, & Cytosine ATGC Asiantaeth Trwyddedu Hywyr A Cherbydau (Welsh: Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency, UK) analysis programs (version 4.02; Genetyx Corp., Tokyo, Japan). Phylogenetic phy·lo·ge·net·ic adj. 1. Of or relating to phylogeny or phylogenetics. 2. Relating to or based on evolutionary development or history. analyses of nucleotide sequences were conducted with ClustalX software version 1.83 (ftp://ftp-igbmc.u-strasbg.fr/pub/ ClusterW/). A phylogenetic tree phylogenetic tree Diagram showing the evolutionary interrelations of a group of organisms that usually originated from a shared ancestral form. The ancestor is in the tree trunk; organisms that have arisen from it are placed at the ends of tree branches. was reconstructed for aligned nucleotide sequences by using the neighbor-joining method. Bootstrap See boot. (operating system, compiler) bootstrap - To load and initialise the operating system on a computer. Normally abbreviated to "boot". From the curious expression "to pull oneself up by one's bootstraps", one of the legendary feats of Baron von Munchhausen. reassembling analysis of 1,000 replicates was used to assess confidence values for virus groupings. The phylogenetic tree was constructed by using Treeview software version 1.6.6 (http://taxonomy.zoology zoology, branch of biology concerned with the study of animal life. From earliest times animals have been vitally important to man; cave art demonstrates the practical and mystical significance animals held for prehistoric man. .gla.ac.uk/rod/treeview.htm). The full-length RNA genomes of NIID04-27, -31, and -47 were 10,706 nt. A previous study reported that the full-length RNA genome of DENV-1 was 10,735 nt (8). The differences in the genome sequence between NIID04-27 and the other 2 isolates (NIID04-31 and -47) were subtle; identities with NIID04-31 and -47 were 99.94% and 99.92%, respectively. The results suggest that these 3 isolates belong to the same strain. Therefore, we used NIID04-27 as a representative isolate for further analysis. To characterize the molecular structure of the genome, the complete NIID04-27 nucleotide sequence was compared with those of other DENV-1 strains available in GenBank (Table 1). NIID04-27 shared sequence identity ranging from 90.9% to 96.9% (Table 2) with 12 other DENV-1 strains. With respect to the alignment of full-length genomes, some alterations were found in the 3' NCR (NCR Corporation, Dayton, OH, www.ncr.com) A technology company specializing in financial terminal transactions, retail systems and data warehousing. Until the late 1990s, NCR was heavily invested in the hardware side of the industry, known worldwide as a major manufacturer of computers . These alterations included a deletion of 29 nt starting at the 13th position from the ORF termination codon termination codon See stop codon. (Figure 1). The same deletion in the 3' NCR was found in the viral genome amplified directly from the serum sample from patient 1 and was also observed in NIID04-31, -41, and -47. [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] To further analyze the genetic variation in the 3' NCR of DENV-1, we analyzed the sequence of 24 other DENV-1 strains. Only the NIID03-41 strain, which was isolated in our laboratory from a patient returning from the Republic of Seychelles, had a 17-nt deletion in the 3' NCR (Figure 1). The complete genomes of the 25 DENV-1 strains analyzed showed high levels of nucleotide sequence identity in the 3' NCR, except for a small region of 50 nt immediately after the ORF, which is the hypervariable region hypervariable region regions present on light and heavy chains of immunoglobulins where most of the variation in amino acid sequences occurs. These are also sites of antigen binding. . The nucleotide sequence identities in the 3' NCR between NIID04-27 and 12 other DENV-1 strains ranged from 89.3% to 92.5% (Table 2). To understand the genetic relationships and evolution of DENV-1 strains, we also performed phylogenetic analysis of the fully sequenced DENV-1 strains that included NIID04-27 (Figure 2). NIID 04-27 belonged to genotype IV along with A88, 98901518, 98901530, NIID03-41 and West Pac74 .This cluster was called the Pacific group in a previous report (10). NIID04-27 and NIID03-41 are the first DENV-1 strains to have deletions in 3' NCR. [FIGURE 2 OMITTED] Conclusions We have genetically characterized DENV-1 isolate NIID04-27 by determining its complete nucleotide sequence and comparing the sequence with most of the available DENV-1 full-length sequences. Sequence heterogeneity in the 3' NCR of the genus Flavivirus has been reported for tickborne encephalitis encephalitis (ĕnsĕf'əlī`təs), general term used to describe a diffuse inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, usually of viral origin, often transmitted by mosquitoes, in contrast to a bacterial infection of the meninges virus, Japanese encephalitis Japanese Encephalitis Definition Japanese encephalitis is an infection of the brain caused by a virus. The virus is transmitted to humans by mosquitoes. virus, DENV-2, and DENV-4 (11-13). For example, DENV-2 isolated in Texas, Peru, Venezuela, Mexico, and Puerto Rico Puerto Rico (pwār`tō rē`kō), island (2005 est. pop. 3,917,000), 3,508 sq mi (9,086 sq km), West Indies, c.1,000 mi (1,610 km) SE of Miami, Fla. had a 10-nt deletion starting at the 19th nucleotide position from the ORF termination codon (13). The terminus of the 3' NCR has a conserved sequence In biology, conserved sequences are similar or identical sequences that may occur within nucleic acids, proteins or polymeric carbohydrates within multiple species of organism or within different molecules produced by the same organism. and secondary structure. The functions of the 3' NCR of flaviviruses have not been fully determined. The 3' NCR in flaviviruses affects RNA replication but does not affect viral translation (14,15). Introduction of a 30-nt deletion starting at the 212th position from the ORF termination codon in the 3' NCR of DENV-4 reduced the ability of the virus to propagate in vivo in vivo /in vi·vo/ (ve´vo) [L.] within the living body. in vi·vo adj. Within a living organism. in vivo adv. and in vitro in vitro /in vi·tro/ (in ve´tro) [L.] within a glass; observable in a test tube; in an artificial environment. in vi·tro adj. In an artificial environment outside a living organism. (16). We have identified a 29-nt deletion in the 3' NCR of DENV-1 isolated from a dengue patient returning to Japan from Yap. Isolates from 3 other patients infected in the same outbreak also had the same deletion. The DENV-1 strain with a 29-nt deletion in the 3' NCR was responsible for the dengue epidemic in Yap in 2004. The biologic characteristics induced by this deletion should be further analyzed. Acknowledgment We thank doctors from the various clinics and hospitals for providing us with serum samples for laboratory confirmation of dengue infection. This work was supported by a grant for research on emerging and reemerging infectious diseases from the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare, Japan. References (1.) Guzman MG, Kouri G. Dengue: an update. Lancet Infect Dis. 2002;2:33-42. (2.) Takahashi M, Yamada K, Sato Y, Ikawa K, Matsumoto Y, Sano T, et al. Detection of dengue virus-infected patients among passengers at the quarantine station of the New Tokyo International Airport Tokyo International Airport (東京国際空港 . Jpn J Infect Dis. 2002;55:215-6. (3.) Chambers TJ, Hahn CS, Galler R, Rice CM. Flavivirus genome organization, expression, and replication. Annu Rev Microbiol. 1990;44:649-88. (4.) Proutski V, Gritsun TS, Gould EA, Holmes EC. Biological consequences of deletions within the 3'-untranslated region of flaviviruses may be due to rearrangements of RNA secondary structure. Virus Res. 1999;64:107-23. (5.) Markoff L. 5'-and- 3'-non coding regions in flavivirus RNA. Adv Virus Res. 2003;59:177-228. (6.) Savage HM, Fritz CL, Rustein D, Yolwa A, Vorndam V, Gubler DJ. Epidemic of dengue-4 virus in Yap State, Federated States of Micronesia, and implication of Aedes hensilli as an epidemic vector. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1998;58:519-24. (7.) Martin B. Dengue fever type 1 outbreak in Yap. ACTION n-20 2005; 11-2. [cited 2005 Nov 14]. Available from http://www.spc.int/phs/ ENGLISH/Publications/InformACTION/IA20-contents.htm (8.) Barrero PR, Mistchenko AS. Complete genome sequencing of dengue virus type 1 isolated in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Virus Res. 2004;101:135-45. (9.) Tajima S, Nukui Y, Ito M, Takasaki T, Kurane I. Nineteen nucleotides in the variable region of 3' nontranslated region are dispensable dis·pen·sa·ble adj. Capable of being dispensed, administered, or distributed. Used of a drug. for the replication of dengue type 1 virus in vitro. Virus Res. Epub 2005 Oct 24. In press. (10.) Goncalvez AP, Escalante AA, Pujol FH, Ludert JE, Tovar D, Salasa RA, et al. Diversity and evolution of the envelope gene of dengue virus type 1. Virology virology, study of viruses and their role in disease. Many viruses, such as animal RNA viruses and viruses that infect bacteria, or bacteriophages, have become useful laboratory tools in genetic studies and in work on the cellular metabolic control of gene expression . 2002;303:110-9. (11.) Gritsun TS, Venugopal K, Zanotto PM, Mikhailov MV, Sail AA, Holmes EC, et al. Complete sequence of two tick-borne flaviviruses isolated from Siberia and the UK: analysis and significance of the 5' and 3'-UTRs. Virus Res. 1997;49:27-39. (12.) Nam JH, Chae SL, Won SY, Kim EJ, Yoon KS, Kim BI, et al. Short report: genetic heterogeneity of Japanese encephalitis virus assessed via analysis of the full-length genome sequence of a Korean isolate. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001;65:388-92. (13.) Shurtleff AC, Beasley DW, Chen JJ, Ni H, Suderman MT, Wang H, et al. Genetic variation in the 3' non-coding region of dengue viruses. Virology. 2001 ;281:75-87. (14.) Holden KL, Harris E. Enhancement of dengue virus translation: role of the 3' untranslated region and the terminal 3' stem-loop domain. Virology. 2004;329:119-33. (15.) Tilgner M, Deas TS, Shi PY. The flavivirus-conserved pentanucleotide in the 3' stem-loop of the West Nile virus West Nile virus, microorganism and the infection resulting from it, which typically produces no symptoms or a flulike condition. The virus is a flavivirus and is related to a number of viruses that cause encephalitis. genome requires a specific sequence and structure for RNA synthesis, but not for viral translation. Virology. 2005;331:375-86. (16.) Men R, Bray M, Clark D, Chanock RM, Lai CJ. Dengue type 4 virus mutants containing deletions in the 3' noncoding region of the RNA genome: analysis of growth restriction in cell culture and altered viremia viremia /vi·re·mia/ (vi-re´me-ah) the presence of viruses in the blood. vi·re·mi·a n. The presence of viruses in the bloodstream. pattern and immunogenicity immunogenicity /im·mu·no·ge·nic·i·ty/ (-je-nis´it-e) the property enabling a substance to provoke an immune response, or the degree to which a substance possesses this property. in rhesus monkeys. J Virol. 1996;70:3930-7. Yoko Nukui,* ([dagger]) Shigeru Tajima, * Akira Kotaki,* Mikako Ito, * Tomohiko Takasaki, * Kazuhiko Koike, ([dagger]) and Ichiro Kurane * * National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; and ([dagger]) University of Tokyo “Todai” redirects here. For the restaurant called Todai, see Todai (restaurant). The University of Tokyo (東京大学 , Tokyo, Japan Address for correspondence: Ichiro Kurane, Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; fax: 81-3-5285-1188; email: kurane@nih.go.jp The opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), agency of the U.S. Public Health Service since 1973, with headquarters in Atlanta; it was established in 1946 as the Communicable Disease Center. or the institutions with which the authors are affiliated. Dr Nukui is a graduate student in the Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. Her research interest is vectorborne viral diseases.
Table 1. Dengue virus (DENV) strains used in the study
Virus Strain Origin Year isolated
DENV-1 NIID0427 Yap Island 2004
DENV-1 NIID03-41 Republic of Seychelles 2003
DENV-1 FGA/89 French Guiana 1989
DENV-1 BR/90 Brazil 1990
DENV-1 BR/97-111 Brazil 1997
DENV-1 BR/01-MR Brazil 2001
DENV-1 Abidjan Cote d'Ivoire 1998
DENV-1 Mochizuki Japan 1943
DENV-1 S275/90 Singapore 1990
DENV-1 16007 Thailand 1964
DENV-1 GZ/80 China 1980
DENV-1 A88 Indonesia 1988
DENV-1 Cambodia Cambodia 1998
DENV-1 Djibouti Ethiopia 1998
DENV-1 West Pac 74 Nauru 1974
DENV-1 98901530 Indonesia 1998
DENV-1 98901518 Indonesia 1998
DENV-1 259par00 Paraguay 2000
DENV-1 295arg00 Argentina 2000
DENV-1 ARG9920 Argentina 1999
DENV-1 NIID02-20 Thailand 2002
DENV-1 99-36-1HuNIID Paraguay 1999
DENV-1 01-27-1HuNIID The Philippines 2001
DENV-1 01-32-1HuNIID The Philippines 2001
DENV-1 01-36-1HuNIID Singapore, Malaysia 2001
DENV-1 01-42-1HuNIID Thailand, Cambodia 2001
DENV-1 01-44-1HuNIID Tahiti 2001
DENV-1 01-54-1HuNIID India 2001
DENV-1 01-54b-1HuNIID India 2001
DENV-1 01-61-1HuNIID Cambodia 2001
DENV-1 01-65-1HuNIID Thailand 2001
DENV-1 01-66-1HuNIID Thailand 2001
DENV-2 DENtype2-TB16i Indonesia 2004
DENV-3 DENtype3-TB55i Indonesia 2004
DENV-4 DENtype48976/95 Indonesia 2004
Virus GenBank accession no.
DENV-1 AB204803
DENV-1 AB195673
DENV-1 AF226687
DENV-1 AF226685
DENV-1 AF311956
DENV-1 AF513110
DENV-1 AF298807
DENV-1 AB074760
DENV-1 M87512
DENV-1 AF180817
DENV-1 AF350498
DENV-1 AB074761
DENV-1 AF309641
DENV-1 AF298808
DENV-1 U88535
DENV-1 AB189121
DENV-1 AB189120
DENV-1 AF514883
DENV-1 AF514885
DENV-1 AY277664
DENV-1 AB178040
DENV-1 AB111065
DENV-1 --
DENV-1 --
DENV-1 AB111067
DENV-1 AB111069
DENV-1 AB111070
DENV-1 --
DENV-1 --
DENV-1 AB111071
DENV-1 AB111072
DENV-1 --
DENV-2 AY858036
DENV-3 AY858048
DENV-4 AY762085
Table 2. Pairwise comparisons of full-length genome and 3' noncoding
region sequences of dengue virus type 1 (DENV-1) strains *
% identify of nucleotide
Virus NIID BR/97
strain 04-27 FGA/89 BR/90 -111 Abidjan Mochizuki
Full-length genome
NIID0427 91.5# 91.5# 91.3# 90.9# 93.4#
FGA/89 89.5# 98.3 97.9 94.5 93.7
BR/90 89.5# 99.4 98.8 94.5 93.9
BR/97-111 89.3# 98.7 99.4 94.4 93.7
Abidjan 89.7# 94.0 93.8 94.2 92.9
Mochizuki 91.2# 94.8 94.7 94.9 93.4
S275/90 91.2# 91.7 91.5 91.9 96.6 94.4
16007 90.8# 96.2 95.9 95.7 93.2 97.4
GZ/80 90.2# 94.1 93.8 94.4 93.6 97.4
A88 92.5# 93.8 93.6 93.8 92.3 96.8
Cambodia 89.9# 92.1 92.1 92.1 96.4 94.4
Djibouti 89.5# 92.1 91.9 91.9 95.3 95.3
WestPac74 91.4# 95.1 94.9 95.1 93.8 93.8
3' noncoding region
% identify of nucleotide
Virus
strain S275/90 16007 GZ/80 A88 Cambodia Djibouti
Full-length genome
NIID0427 91.9# 93.1# 92.3# 96.9# 91.7# 91.7#
FGA/89 93.4 93.5 92.5 92.3 92.0 92.1
BR/90 93.7 93.7 92.7 92.3 92.2 92.0
BR/97-111 93.5 93.5 92.5 92.2 92.1 91.8
Abidjan 92.8 92.9 92.1 92.0 91.7 91.6
Mochizuki 95.0 95.4 96.1 94.6 95.3 95.2
S275/90 93.8 96.1 93.0 96.4 95.2
16007 93.4 94.2 94.2 93.7 93.5
GZ/80 94.4 95.7 93.3 96.7 98.0
A88 92.9 96.8 95.5 92.7 92.7
Cambodia 96.9 93.6 95.1 92.8 95.9
Djibouti 96.9 94.0 95.5 93.2 97.6
WestPac74 93.2 97.2 95.1 97.2 93.0 93.4
3' noncoding region
% identify of nucleotide
Virus West
strain Pac74
Full-length genome
NIID0427 95.6#
FGA/89 93.3
BR/90 92.9
BR/97-111 92.8
Abidjan 92.3
Mochizuki 95.1
S275/90 93.7
16007 94.7
GZ/80 93.9
A88 97.2
Cambodia 93.4
Djibouti 93.3
WestPac74
3' noncoding region
Note: Figures in boldface indicated with #.
* The percentage nucleotide sequence identities of the complete genomes
are shown in the upper right half of the table. The percentage
nucleotide sequence identities of the 3' noncoding region of the
genomes are shown in the lower left half of the table. The percentage
sequence homologies between NIID04-27 and each of 12 other DENV-1
strains are shown in boldface.
|
|
||||||||||||||||||||
Printer friendly
Cite/link
Email
Feedback
Reader Opinion