Notes on Current Labor Statistics.This section of the Review presents the principal statistical series collected and calculated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics: series on labor force; employment; unemployment; labor compensation; consumer, producer, and international prices; productivity; international comparisons; and injury and illness statistics. In the notes that follow, the data in each group of tables are briefly described; key definitions are given; notes on the data are set forth; and sources of additional information ate cited.General notes The following notes apply to several tables in this section: Seasonal adjustment. Certain monthly and quarterly data are adjusted to eliminate the effect on the data of such factors as climatic conditions, industry production schedules, opening and closing of schools, holiday buying periods, and vacation practices, which might prevent short-term evaluation of the statistical series. Tables containing data that have been adjusted are identified as "seasonally adjusted." (All other data are not seasonally adjusted.) Seasonal effects are estimated on the basis of past experience. When new seasonal factors are computed each year, revisions may affect seasonally adjusted data for several preceding years. Seasonally adjusted data appear in tables 1-14, 16-17, 39, and 43. Seasonally adjusted labor force data in tables 1 and 4-9 were revised in the February 1998 issue of the Review. Seasonally adjusted establishment survey data shown in tables 1, 12-14 and 16-17 were revised in the July 1998 Review and reflect the experience through March 1998. A brief explanation of the seasonal adjustment methodology appears in "Notes on the data." Revisions in the productivity data in table 45 are usually introduced in the September issue. Seasonally adjusted indexes and percent changes from month-to-month and quarter-to-quarter are published for numerous Consumer and Producer Price Index series. However, seasonally adjusted indexes are not published for the U.S. average All-Items CPI. Only seasonally adjusted percent changes are available for this series. Adjustments for price changes. Some data--such as the "real" earnings shown in table 14--are adjusted to eliminate the effect of changes in price. These adjustments are made by dividing current-dollar values by the Consumer Price Index or the appropriate component of the index, then multiplying by 100. For example, given a current hourly wage rate of $3 and a current price index number of 150, where 1982 = 100, the hourly rate expressed in 1982 dollars is $2 ($3/150 x 100 = $2). The $2 (or any other resulting values) are described as "real," "constant," or "1982" dollars. Sources of information Data that supplement the tables in this section are published by the Bureau in a variety of sources. Definitions of each series and notes on the data are contained in later sections of these Notes describing each set of data. For detailed descriptions of each data series, see BLS Handbook of Methods, Bulletin 2490. Users also may wish to consult Major Programs of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Report 919. News releases provide the latest statistical information published by the Bureau; the major recurring releases are published according to the schedule appearing on the back cover of this issue. More information about labor force, employment, and unemployment data and the household and establishment surveys underlying the data are available in the Bureau's monthly publication, Employment and Earnings. Historical unadjusted and seasonally adjusted data from the household survey are available on the Internet: http://stats.bls.gov/cpshome.htm Historically comparable unadjusted and seasonally adjusted data from the establishment survey also are available on the Internet: http://stats.bls.gov/ceshome.htm Additional information on labor force data for sub-States are provided in the BLS annual report, Geographic Profile of Employment and Unemployment. For a comprehensive discussion of the Employment Cost Index, see Employment Cost Indexes and Levels, 1975-95, BLS Bulletin 2466. The most recent data from the Employee Benefits Survey appear in the following Bureau of Labor Statistics bulletins: Employee Benefits in Medium and Large Firms; Employee Benefits in Small Private Establishments; and Employee Benefits in State and Local Governments. More detailed data on consumer and producer prices are published in the monthly periodicals, The CPI Detailed Report and Producer Price Indexes. For an overview of the 1998 revision of the CPI, see the December 1996 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Additional data on international prices appear in monthly news releases. For a listing of available industry productivity indexes and their components, see Productivity Measures for Selected Industries, BLS Bulletin 2491. For additional information on international comparisons data, see International Comparisons of Unemployment, BLS Bulletin 1979. Detailed data on the occupational injury and illness series are published in Occupational Injuries and Illnesses in the United States, by Industry, a BLS annual bulletin. Finally, the Monthly Labor Review carries analytical articles on annual and longer term developments in labor force, employment, and unemployment; employee compensation and collective bargaining; prices; productivity; international comparisons; and injury and illness data. Symbols n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified. n.e.s. = not elsewhere specified. p = preliminary. To increase the timeliness of some series, preliminary figures are issued based on representative but incomplete returns. r = revised. Generally, this revision reflects the availability of later data, but also may reflect other adjustments. Comparative Indicators (Tables 1-3) Comparative indicators tables provide an overview and comparison of major BLS statistical series. Consequently, although many of the included series are available monthly, all measures in these comparative tables are presented quarterly and annually. Labor market indicators include employment measures from two major surveys and information on rates of change in compensation provided by the Employment Cost Index (ECI) program. The labor force participation rate, the employment-to-population ratio, and unemployment rates for major demographic groups based on the Current Population ("household") Survey are presented, while measures of employment and average weekly hours by major industry sector are given using nonfarm payroll data. The Employment Cost Index (compensation), by major sector and by bargaining status, is chosen from a variety of BLS compensation and wage measures because it provides a comprehensive measure of employer costs for hiring labor, not just outlays for wages, and it is not affected by employment shifts among occupations and industries. Data on changes in compensation, prices, and productivity are presented in table 2. Measures of rates of change of compensation and wages from the Employment Cost Index program are provided for all civilian nonfarm workers (excluding Federal and household workers) and for all private nonfarm workers. Measures of changes in consumer prices for all urban consumers; producer prices by stage of processing; overall prices by stage of processing; and overall export and import price indexes are given. Measures of productivity (output per hour of all persons) are provided for major sectors. Alternative measures of wage and compensation rates of change, which reflect the overall trend in labor costs, are summarized in table 3. Differences in concepts and scope, related to the specific purposes of the series, contribute to the variation in changes among the individual measures. Notes on the data Definitions of each series and notes on the data are contained in later sections of these notes describing each set of data. Employment and Unemployment Data (Tables 1; 4-20) Household survey data Description of the series Employment data in this section are obtained from the Current Population Survey, a program of personal interviews conducted monthly by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The sample consists of about 50,000 households selected to represent the U.S. population 16 years of age and older. Households are interviewed on a rotating basis, so that three-fourths of the sample is the same for any 2 consecutive months. Definitions Employed persons include (1) all those who worked for pay any time during the week which includes the 12th day of the month or who worked unpaid for 15 hours or more in a family-operated enterprise and (2) those who were temporarily absent from their regular jobs because of illness, vacation, industrial dispute, or similar reasons. A person working at more than one job is counted only in the job at which he or she worked the greatest number of hours. Unemployed persons are those who did not work during the survey week, but were available for work except for temporary illness and had looked for jobs within the preceding 4 weeks. Persons who did not look for work because they were on layoff are also counted among the unemployed. The unemployment rate represents the number unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor force. The civilian labor force consists of all employed or unemployed persons in the civilian noninstitutional population. Persons not in the labor force are those not classified as employed or unemployed. This group includes discouraged workers, defined as persons who want and are available for a job and who have looked for work sometime in the the past 12 months (or since the end of their last job if they held one within the past 12 months), but are not currently looking, because they believe there are no jobs available or there are none for which they would qualify. The civilian noninstitutional population comprises all persons 16 years of age and older who are not inmates of penal or mental institutions, sanitariums, of homes for the aged, infirm, or needy. The civilian labor force participation rate is the proportion of the civilian noninstitutional population that is in the labor force. The employment-population ratio is employment as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population. Notes on the data From time to time, and especially after a decennial census, adjustments are made in the Current Population Survey figures to correct for estimating errors during the intercensal years. These adjustments affect the comparability of historical data. A description of these adjustments and their effect on the various data series appears in the Explanatory Notes of Employment and Earnings. Labor force data in tables 1 and 4-9 are seasonally adjusted. Since January 1980, national labor force data have been seasonally adjusted with a procedure called X-11 ARIMA which was developed at Statistics Canada as an extension of the standard X11 method previously used by BLS. A detailed description of the procedure appears in the X-11 ARIMA Seasonal Adjustment Method, by Estela Bee Dagum (Statistics Canada, Catalogue No. 12-564E, January 1983). At the end of each calendar year, historical seasonally adjusted data usually are revised, and projected seasonal adjustment factors are calculated for use during the January-June period. Because of the redesign of the survey, seasonally adjusted data back to 1994 usually are revised. In July, new seasonal adjustment factors, which incorporate the experience through June, are produced for the July-December period, but no revisions are made in the historical data. Revisions to household data Data beginning in 1998 are not strictly comparable with data for 1997 and earlier years because of the introduction of new composite estimation procedures and updated population controls. Additional information on these revisions appears in the February 1998 issue of Employment and Earnings. For additional information on national household survey data, contact the Division of Labor Force Statistics: (202) 606-6378. Establishment survey data Description of the series Employment, hours, and earnings data in this section are compiled from payroll records reported monthly on a voluntary basis to the Bureau of Labor Statistics and its cooperating State agencies by about 390,000 establishments representing all industries except agriculture. Industries are classified in accordance with the 1987 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Manual. In most industries, the sampling probabilities are based on the size of the establishment; most large establishments are therefore in the sample. (An establishment is not necessarily a firm; it may be a branch plant, for example, or warehouse.) Self-employed persons and others not on a regular civilian payroll are outside the scope of the survey because they are excluded from establishment records. This largely accounts for the difference in employment figures between the household and establishment surveys. Definitions An establishment is an economic unit which produces goods or services (such as a factory or store) at a single location and is engaged in one type of economic activity. Employed persons are all persons who received pay (including holiday and sick pay) for any part of the payroll period including the 12th day of the month. Persons holding more than one job (about 5 percent of all persons in the labor force) are counted in each establishment which reports them. Production workers in manufacturing include working supervisors and nonsupervisory workers closely associated with production operations. Those workers mentioned in tables 11-16 include production workers in manufacturing and mining; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in the following industries: transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. These groups account for about four-fifths of the total employment on private nonagricultural payrolls. Earnings are the payments production or nonsupervisory workers receive during the survey period, including premium pay for overtime or late-shift work but excluding irregular bonuses and other special payments. Real earnings are earnings adjusted to reflect the effects of changes in consumer prices. The deflator for this series is derived from the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W). Hours represent the average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers for which pay was received, and are different from standard or scheduled hours. Overtime hours represent the portion of average weekly hours which was in excess of regular hours and for which overtime premiums were paid. The Diffusion Index represents the percent of industries in which employment was rising over the indicated period, plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment; 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment. In line with Bureau practice, data for the 1-, 3-, and 6-month spans are seasonally adjusted, while those for the 12-month span are unadjusted. Data are centered within the span. Table 17 provides an index on private nonfarm employment based on 356 industries, and a manufacturing index based on 139 industries. These indexes are useful for measuring the dispersion of economic gains or losses and are also economic indicators. Notes on the data Establishment survey data are annually adjusted to comprehensive counts of employment (called "benchmarks"). The latest adjustment, which incorporated March 1997 benchmarks, was made with the release of May 1998 data, published in the July 1998 issue of the Review. Coincident with the benchmark adjustment, historical seasonally adjusted data were revised to reflect updated seasonal factors and refinement in the seasonal adjustment procedures. Unadjusted data from April 1997 forward and seasonally adjusted data from January 1994 forward are subject to revision in future benchmarks. Revisions in State data (table 11) occurred with the publication of January 1998 data. Beginning in June 1996, the BLS uses the X-12 ARIMA methodology to seasonally adjust establishment survey data. This procedure, developed by the Bureau of the Census, controls for the effect of varying survey intervals (also known as the 4- versus 5-week effect), thereby providing improved measurement of over-the-month changes and underlying economic trends. Revisions of data, usually for the most recent 5-year period, are made once a year coincident with the benchmark revisions. In the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2 months are based on incomplete returns and are published as preliminary in the tables (12-17 in the Review). When all returns have been received, the estimates are revised and published as "final" (prior to any benchmark revisions) in the third month of their appearance. Thus, December data are published as preliminary in January and February and as final in March. For the same reasons, quarterly establishment data (table 1) are preliminary for the first 2 months of publication and final in the third month. Thus, fourth-quarter data are published as preliminary in January and February and as final in March. A comprehensive discussion of the differences between household and establishment data on employment appears in Gloria P. Green, "Comparing employment estimates from household and payroll surveys," Monthly Labor Review, December 1969, pp. 9-20. For additional information on establishment survey data, contact the Division of Monthly Industry Employment Statistics: (202) 606-6555. Unemployment data by State Description of the series Data presented in this section are obtained from the Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) program, which is conducted in cooperation with State employment security agencies. Monthly estimates of the labor force, employment, and unemployment for States and sub-State areas are a key indicator of local economic conditions, and form the basis for determining the eligibility of an area for benefits under Federal economic assistance programs such as the Job Training Partnership Act. Seasonally adjusted unemployment rates are presented in table 10. Insofar as possible, the concepts and definitions underlying these data are those used in the national estimates obtained from the CPS. Notes on the data Data refer to State of residence. Monthly data for all States and the District of Columbia are derived using standardized procedures established by BLS. Once a year, estimates are revised to new population controls, usually with publication of January estimates, and benchmarked to annual average CPS levels. For additional information on data in this series, call (202) 606-6392 (table 10) or (202) 606-6559 (table 11). Compensation and Wage Data (Tables 1-3; 21-27) Compensation and wage data are gathered by the Bureau from business establishments, State and local governments, labor unions, collective bargaining agreements on file with the Bureau, and secondary sources. Employment Cost Index Description of the series The Employment Cost Index (ECI) is a quarterly measure of the rate of change in compensation per hour worked and includes wages, salaries, and employer costs of employee benefits. It uses a fixed market basket of labor--similar in concept to the Consumer Price Index's fixed market basket of goods and services--to measure change over time in employer costs of employing labor. Statistical series on total compensation costs, on wages and salaries, and on benefit costs are available for private nonfarm workers excluding proprietors, the self-employed, and household workers. The total compensation costs and wages and salaries series are also available for State and local government workers and for the civilian nonfarm economy, which consists of private industry and State and local government workers combined. Federal workers are excluded. The Employment Cost Index probability sample consists of about 4,400 private nonfarm establishments providing about 23,000 occupational observations and 1,000 State and local government establishments providing 6,000 occupational observations selected to represent total employment in each sector. On average, each reporting unit provides wage and compensation information on five well-specified occupations. Data are collected each quarter for the pay period including the 12th day of March, June, September, and December. Beginning with June 1986 data, fixed employment weights from the 1980 Census of Population are used each quarter to calculate the civilian and private indexes and the index for State and local governments. (Prior to June 1986, the employment weights are from the 1970 Census of Population.) These fixed weights, also used to derive all of the industry and occupation series indexes, ensure that changes in these indexes reflect only changes in compensation, not employment shifts among industries or occupations with different levels of wages and compensation. For the bargaining status, region, and metropolitan/nonmetropolitan area series, however, employment data by industry and occupation are not available from the census. Instead, the 1980 employment weights are reallocated within these series each quarter based on the current sample. Therefore, these indexes are not strictly comparable to those for the aggregate, industry, and occupation series. Definitions Total compensation costs include wages, salaries, and the employer's costs for employee benefits. Wages and salaries consist of earnings before payroll deductions, including production bonuses, incentive earnings, commissions, and cost-of-living adjustments. Benefits include the cost to employers for paid leave, supplemental pay (including nonproduction bonuses), insurance, retirement and savings plans, and legally required benefits (such as Social Security, workers' compensation, and unemployment insurance). Excluded from wages and salaries and employee benefits are such items as payment-in-kind, free room and board, and tips. Notes on the data The Employment Cost Index for changes in wages and salaries in the private nonfarm economy was published beginning in 1975. Changes in total compensation cost--wages and salaries and benefits combined--were published beginning in 1980. The series of changes in wages and salaries and for total compensation in the State and local government sector and in the civilian nonfarm economy (excluding Federal employees) were published beginning in 1981. Historical indexes (June 1981 = 100) are available on the Internet: http://stats.bls.gov/ecthome.htm For additional information on the Employment Cost Index, contact the Office of Compensation Levels and Trends: (202) 606-6199. Employee Benefits Survey Description of the series Employee benefits data are obtained from the Employee Benefits Survey, an annual survey of the incidence and provisions of selected benefits provided by employers. The survey collects data from a sample of approximately 6,000 private sector and State and local government establishments. The data are presented as a percentage of employees who participate in a certain benefit, or as an average benefit provision (for example, the average number of paid holidays provided to employees per year). Selected data from the survey are presented in table 25 for medium and large private establishments and in table 26 for small private establishments and State and local government. The survey covers paid leave benefits such as lunch and rest periods, holidays and vacations, and personal, funeral, jury duty, military, parental, and sick leave; sickness and accident, long-term disability, and life insurance; medical, dental, and vision care plans; defined benefit and defined contribution plans; flexible benefits plans; reimbursement accounts; and unpaid parental leave. Also, data are tabulated on the incidence of several other benefits, such as severance pay, child-care assistance, wellness programs, and employee assistance programs. Definitions Employer-provided benefits are benefits that are financed either wholly or partly by the employer. They may be sponsored by a union or other third party, as long as there is some employer financing. However, some benefits that are fully paid for by the employee also are included. For example, long-term care insurance and postretirement life insurance paid entirely by the employee are included because the guarantee of insurability and availability at group premium rates are considered a benefit. Participants are workers who are covered by a benefit, whether or not they use that benefit. If the benefit plan is financed wholly by employers and requires employees to complete a minimum length of service for eligibility, the workers are considered participants whether or not they have met the requirement. If workers are required to contribute towards the cost of a plan, they are considered participants only if they elect the plan and agree to make the required contributions. Defined benefit pension plans use predetermined formulas to calculate a retirement benefit, and obligate the employer to provide those benefits. Benefits are generally based on salary, years of service, or both. Defined contribution plans generally specify the level of employer and employee contributions to a plan, but not the formula for determining eventual benefits. Instead, individual accounts are set up for participants, and benefits are based on amounts credited to these accounts. Tax-deferred savings plans are a type of defined contribution plan that allow participants to contribute a portion of their salary to an employer-sponsored plan and defer income taxes until withdrawal. Flexible benefit plans allow employees to choose among several benefits, such as life insurance, medical care, and vacation days, and among several levels of care within a given benefit. Notes on the data Surveys of employees in medium and large establishments conducted over the 1979-86 period included establishments that employed at least 50, 100, or 250 workers, depending on the industry (most service industries were excluded). The survey conducted in 1987 covered only State and local governments with 50 or more employees. The surveys conducted in 1988 and 1989 included medium and large establishments with 100 workers or more in private industries. All surveys conducted over the 1979-89 period excluded establishments in Alaska and Hawaii, as well as part-time employees. Beginning in 1990, surveys of State and local governments and small establishments are conducted in even-numbered years and surveys of medium and large establishments are conducted in odd-numbered years. The small establishment survey includes all private nonfarm establishments with fewer than 100 workers, while the State and local government survey includes all governments, regardless of the number of workers. All three surveys include full- and part-time workers, and workers in all 50 States and the District of Columbia. For additional information on the Employee Benefits Survey, contact the Office of Compensation Levels and Trends (202) 606-6222 or the Internet: http://stats.bls.gov/ebshome.htm Work stoppages Description of the series Data on work stoppages measure the number and duration of major strikes or lockouts (involving 1,000 workers or more) occurring during the month (or year), the number of workers involved, and the amount of time lost because of stoppage. These data are presented in table 27. Data are largely from newspaper accounts and cover only establishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect or secondary effect of stoppages on other establishments whose employees are idle owing to material shortages or lack of service. Definitions Number of stoppages: The number of strikes and lockouts involving 1,000 workers or more and lasting a full shift or longer. Workers involved: The number of workers directly involved in the stoppage. Number of days idle: The aggregate number of workdays lost by workers involved in the stoppages. Days of idleness as a percent of estimated working time: Aggregate workdays lost as a percent of the aggregate number of standard workdays in the period multiplied by total employment in the period. Notes on the data This series is not comparable with the one terminated in 1981 that covered strikes involving six workers or more. For additional information on work stoppages data, contact the Office of Compensation Levels and Trends: (202) 6066282, or the Internet: http://stats.bls.gov/cbahome.htm Price Data (Tables 2; 28-38) Price data are gathered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from retail and primary markets in the United States. Price indexes are given in relation to a base period--1982 = 100 for many Producer Price Indexes, 1982-84 = 100 for many Consumer Price Indexes (unless otherwise noted), and 1990 = 100 for International Price Indexes. Consumer Price Indexes Description of the series The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of the average change in the prices paid by urban consumers for a fixed market basket of goods and services. The CPI is calculated monthly for two population groups, one consisting only of urban households whose primary source of income is derived from the employment of wage earners and clerical workers, and the other consisting of all urban households. The wage earner index (CPI-W) is a continuation of the historic index that was introduced well over a half-century ago for use in wage negotiations. As new uses were developed for the CPI in recent years, the need for a broader and more representative index became apparent. The all-urban consumer index (CPI-U), introduced in 1978, is representative of the 1993-95 buying habits of about 87 percent of the noninstitutional population of the United States at that time, compared with 32 percent represented in the CPI-W. In addition to wage earners and clerical workers, the CPI-U covers professional, managerial, and technical workers, the self-employed, short-term workers, the unemployed, retirees, and others not in the labor force. The CPI is based on prices of food, clothing, shelter, fuel, drugs, transportation fares, doctors' and dentists' fees, and other goods and services that people buy for day-to-day living. The quantity and quality of these items are kept essentially unchanged between major revisions so that only price changes will be measured. All taxes directly associated with the purchase and use of items are included in the index. Data collected from more than 23,000 retail establishments and 5,800 housing units in 87 urban areas across the country are used to develop the "U.S. city average." Separate estimates for 14 major urban centers are presented in table 29. The areas listed are as indicated in footnote 1 to the table. The area indexes measure only the average change in prices for each area since the base period, and do not indicate differences in the level of prices among cities. Notes on the data In January 1983, the Bureau changed the way in which homeownership costs are measured for the CPI-U. A rental equivalence method replaced the asset-price approach to homeownership costs for that series. In January 1985, the same change was made in the CPI-W. The central purpose of the change was to separate shelter costs from the investment component of home-ownership so that the index would reflect only the cost of shelter services provided by owner-occupied homes. An updated CPI-U and CPI-W were introduced with release of the January 1987 data. For additional information on consumer prices, contact the Division of Consumer Prices and Price Indexes: (202) 606-7000. Producer Price Indexes Description of the series Producer Price Indexes (PPI) measure average changes in prices received by domestic producers of commodities in all stages of processing. The sample used for calculating these indexes currently contains about 3,200 commodities and about 80,000 quotations per month, selected to represent the movement of prices of all commodities produced in the manufacturing; agriculture, forestry, and fishing; mining; and gas and electricity and public utilities sectors. The stage-of-processing structure of PPI organizes products by class of buyer and degree of fabrication (that is, finished goods, intermediate goods, and crude materials). The traditional commodity structure of PPI organizes products by similarity of end use or material composition. The industry and product structure of PPI organizes data in accordance with the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) and the product code extension of the SIC developed by the U.S. Bureau of the Census. To the extent possible, prices used in calculating Producer Price Indexes apply to the first significant commercial transaction in the United States from the production or central marketing point. Price data are generally collected monthly, primarily by mail questionnaire. Most prices are obtained directly from producing companies on a voluntary and confidential basis. Prices generally are reported for the Tuesday of the week containing the 13th day of the month. Since January 1992, price changes for the various commodities have been averaged together with implicit quantity weights representing their importance in the total net selling value of all commodities as of 1987. The detailed data are aggregated to obtain indexes for stage-of-processing groupings, commodity groupings, durability-of-product groupings, and a number of special composite groups. All Producer Price Index data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication. For additional information on producer prices, contact the Division of Industrial Prices and Price Indexes: (202) 606-7705. International Price Indexes Description of the series The International Price Program produces monthly and quarterly export and import price indexes for nonmilitary goods traded between the United States and the test of the world. The export price index provides a measure of price change for all products sold by U.S. residents to foreign buyers. ("Residents" is defined as in the national income accounts; it includes corporations, businesses, and individuals, but does not require the organizations to be U.S. owned nor the individuals to have U.S. citizenship.) The import price index provides a measure of price change for goods purchased from other countries by U.S. residents. The product universe for both the import and export indexes includes raw materials, agricultural products, semifinished manufactures, and finished manufactures, including both capital and consumer goods. Price data for these items are collected primarily by mail questionnaire. In nearly all cases, the data are collected directly from the exporter or importer, although in a few cases, prices are obtained from other sources. To the extent possible, the data gathered refer to prices at the U.S. border for exports and at either the foreign border or the U.S. border for imports. For nearly all products, the prices refer to transactions completed during the first week of the month. Survey respondents are asked to indicate all discounts, allowances, and rebates applicable to the reported prices, so that the price used in the calculation of the indexes is the actual price for which the product was bought or sold. In addition to general indexes of prices for U.S. exports and imports, indexes are also published for detailed product categories of exports and imports. These categories are defined according to the five-digit level of detail for the Bureau of Economic Analysis End-use Classification (SITC), and the four-digit level of detail for the Harmonized System. Aggregate import indexes by country or region of origin are also available. BLS publishes indexes for selected categories of internationally traded services, calculated on an international basis and on a balance-of-payments basis. Notes on the data The export and import price indexes are weighted indexes of the Laspeyres type. Price relatives are assigned equal importance within each harmonized group and are then aggregated to the higher level. The values assigned to each weight category are based on trade value figures compiled by the Bureau of the Census. The trade weights currently used to compute both indexes relate to 1990. Because a price index depends on the same items being priced from period to period, it is necessary to recognize when a product's specifications or terms of transaction have been modified. For this reason, the Bureau's questionnaire requests detailed descriptions of the physical and functional characteristics of the products being priced, as well as information on the number of units bought or sold, discounts, credit terms, packaging, class of buyer or seller, and so forth. When there are changes in either the specifications or terms of transaction of a product, the dollar value of each change is deleted from the total price change to obtain the "pure" change. Once this value is determined, a linking procedure is employed which allows for the continued repricing of the item. For the export price indexes, the preferred pricing is f.a.s. (free alongside ship) U.S. port of exportation. When firms report export prices f.o.b. (free on board), production point information is collected which enables the Bureau to calculate a shipment cost to the port of exportation. An attempt is made to collect two prices for imports. The first is the import price f.o.b, at the foreign port of exportation, which is consistent with the basis for valuation of imports in the national accounts. The second is the import price c.i.f.(costs, insurance, and freight) at the U.S. port of importation, which also includes the other costs associated with bringing the product to the U.S. border. It does not, however, include duty charges. For a given product, only one price basis series is used in the construction of an index. For additional information on international prices, contact the Division of International Prices: (202) 606-7155. Productivity Data (Tables 2; 39-42) Business sector and major sectors Description of the series The productivity measures relate real output to real input. As such, they encompass a family of measures which include single-factor input measures, such as output per unit of labor input (output per hour) or output per unit of capital input, as well as measures of multifactor productivity (output per unit of combined labor and capital inputs). The Bureau indexes show the change in output relative to changes in the various inputs. The measures cover the business, nonfarm business, manufacturing, and nonfinancial corporate sectors. Corresponding indexes of hourly compensation, unit labor costs, unit nonlabor payments, and prices are also provided. Definitions Output per hour of all persons (labor productivity) is the quantity of goods and services produced per hour of labor input. Output per unit of capital services (capital productivity) is the quantity of goods and services produced per unit of capital services input. Multifactor productivity is the quantity of goods and services produced per combined unit of labor and capital inputs. Compensation per hour is total compensation divided by hours at work. Total compensation equals the wages and salaries of employees plus employers' contributions for social insurance and private benefit plans, plus an estimate of these payments for the self-employed (except for nonfinancial corporations in which there are no self-employed). Real compensation per hour is compensation per hour deflated by the change in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers. Unit labor costs are the labor compensation costs expended in the production of a unit of output and are derived by dividing compensation by output. Unit nonlabor payments include profits, depreciation, interest, and indirect taxes per unit of output. They are computed by subtracting compensation of all persons from current-dollar value of output and dividing by output. Unit nonlabor costs contain all the components of unit nonlabor payments except unit profits. Unit profits include corporate profits with inventory valuation and capital consumption adjustments per unit of output. Hours of all persons are the total hours at work of payroll workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid family workers. Labor inputs are hours of all persons adjusted for the effects of changes in the education and experience of the labor force. Capital services are the flow of services from the capital stock used in production. It is developed from measures of the net stock of physical assets--equipment, structures, land, and inventories--weighted by rental prices for each type of asset. Combined units of labor and capital inputs are derived by combining changes in labor and capital input with weights which represent each component's share of total output. The indexes for capital services, labor inputs, and combined units of labor and capital are based on changing weights which are averages of the shares in the current and preceding year (the Tomquist index-number formula). Notes on the data Business sector output is an annually-weighted index constructed by excluding from real gross domestic product (GDP) the following outputs: general government, nonprofit institutions, paid employees of private households, and the rental value of owner-occupied dwellings. Nonfarm business also excludes farming. Private business and private nonfarm business further exclude government enterprises. The measures are supplied by the U.S. Department of Commerce's Bureau of Economic Analysis. Annual estimates of manufacturing sectoral output are produced by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Quarterly manufacturing output indexes from the Federal Reserve Board are adjusted to these annual output measures by the BLS. Compensation data are developed from data of the Bureau of Economic Analysis and the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Hours data are developed from data of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The productivity and associated cost measures in tables 39-42 describe the relationship between output in real terms and the labor and capital inputs involved in its production. They show the changes from period to period in the amount of goods and services produced per unit of input. Although these measures relate output to hours and capital services, they do not measure the contributions of labor, capital, or any other specific factor of production. Rather, they reflect the joint effect of many influences, including changes in technology; shifts in the composition of the labor force; capital investment; level of output; changes in the utilization of capacity, energy, material, and research and development; the organization of production; managerial skill; and characteristics and efforts of the work force. For additional information on this productivity series, contact the Division of Productivity Research: (202) 606-5606. Industry productivity measures Description of the series The BLS industry productivity data supplement the measures for the business economy and major sectors with annual measures of labor productivity for selected industries at the three- and four-digit levels of the Standard Industrial Classification system. The industry measures differ in methodology and data sources from the productivity measures for the major sectors because the industry measures are developed independently of the National Income and Product Accounts framework used for the major sector measures. Definitions Output per employee hour is derived by dividing an index of industry output by an index of aggregate hours of all employees. Output indexes are based on quantifiable units of products or services, or both, combined with value-share weights. Whenever possible, physical quantities are used as the unit of measurement for output. If quantity data are not available for a given industry, data on the constant-dollar value of production are used. The labor input series consist of the hours of all employees (production and nonproduction workers), the hours of all persons (paid employees, partners, proprietors, and unpaid family workers), or the number of employees, depending upon the industry. Notes on the data The industry measures are compiled from data produced by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the Departments of Commerce, Interior, and Agriculture, the Federal Reserve Board, regulatory agencies, trade associations, and other sources. For most industries, the productivity indexes refer to the output per hour of all employees. For some transportation industries, only indexes of output per employee are prepared. For some trade and service industries, indexes of output per hour of all persons (including self-employed) are constructed. For additional information on this series, contact the Division of Industry Productivity Studies: (202) 606-5618. International Comparisons (Tables 43-45) Labor force and unemployment Description of the series Tables 43 and 44 present comparative measures of the labor force, employment, and unemployment--approximating U.S. concepts--for the United States, Canada, Australia, Japan, and several European countries. The unemployment statistics (and, to a lesser extent, employment statistics) published by other industrial countries are not, in most cases, comparable to U.S. unemployment statistics. Therefore, the Bureau adjusts the figures for selected countries, where necessary, for all known major definitional differences. Although precise comparability may not be achieved, these adjusted figures provide a better basis for international comparisons than the figures regularly published by each country. Definitions For the principal U.S. definitions of the labor force, employment, and unemployment, see the Notes section on Employment and Unemployment Data: Household survey data. Notes on the data The adjusted statistics have been adapted to the age at which compulsory schooling ends in each country, rather than to the U.S. standard of 16 years of age and older. Therefore, the adjusted statistics relate to the population aged 16 and older in France, Sweden, and the United Kingdom; 15 and older in Canada, Australia, Japan, Germany, Italy from 1993 onward, and the Netherlands; and 14 and older in Italy prior to 1993. The institutional population is included in the denominator of the labor force participation rates and employment-population ratios for Japan and Germany; it is excluded for the United States and the other countries. In the U.S. labor force survey, persons on layoff who are awaiting recall to their jobs are classified as unemployed. European and Japanese layoff practices are quite different in nature from those in the United States; therefore, strict application of the U.S. definition has not been made on this point. For further information, see Monthly Labor Review, December 1981, pp. 8-11. The figures for one or more recent years for France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom are calculated using adjustment factors based on labor force surveys for earlier years and are considered preliminary. The recent-year measures for these countries, therefore, are subject to revision whenever data from more current labor force surveys become available. There are breaks in the data series for the United States (1990, 1994), France (1992), Italy (1991, 1993), the Netherlands (1988), and Sweden (1987). For the United States, the break in series reflects a major redesign of the labor force survey questionnaire and collection methodology introduced in January 1994. Revised population estimates based on the 1990 census, adjusted for the estimated undercount, also were incorporated. In 1996, previously published data for the 1990-93 period were revised to reflect the 1990 census-based population controls, adjusted for the undercount. Therefore, data for 1994 onward are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years because of the redesign, and data for 1990 onward are not directly comparable with data for 1989 and earlier years because of the introduction of the 1990 census-based population controls, adjusted for the undercount. See the Notes section on Employment and Unemployment Data of this Review. For France, the 1992 break reflects the substitution of standardized European Union Statistical Office (EUROSTAT) unemployment statistics for the unemployment data estimated according to the International Labor Office (ILO) definition and published in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) annual yearbook and quarterly update. This change was made because the EUROSTAT data are more up-to-date than the OECD figures. Also, since 1992, the EUROSTAT definitions are closer to the U.S. definitions than they were in prior years. The impact of this revision was to lower the unemployment tate by 0.1 percentage point in 1992 and 1993, by 0.4 percentage point in 1994, and 0.6 percentage point in 1995. For Italy, the 1991 break reflects a revision in the method of weighting sample data. The impact was to increase the unemployment rate by approximately 0.3 percentage point, from 6.6 to 6.9 percent in 1991. In October 1992, the survey methodology was revised and the definition of unemployment was changed to include only those who were actively looking for a job within the 30 days preceding the survey and who were available for work. In addition, the lower age limit for the labor force was raised from 14 to 15 years. (Prior to these changes, BLS adjusted Italy's published unemployment rate downward by excluding from the unemployed those persons who had not actively sought work in the past 30 days.) The break in the series also reflects the incorporation of the 1991 population census results. The impact of these changes was to raise Italy's adjusted unemployment rate by approximately 1.2 percentage points, from 8.3 to 9.5 percent in fourth-quarter 1992. These changes did not affect employment significantly, except in 1993. Estimates by the Italian Statistical Office indicate that employment declined by about 3 percent in 1993, rather than the nearly 4 percent indicated by the data shown in table 44. This difference is attributable mainly to the incorporation of the 1991 population benchmarks in the 1993 data. Data for earlier years have not been adjusted to incorporate the 1991 census results. For the Netherlands, a new survey questionnaire was introduced in 1992 that allowed for a closer application of ILO guidelines. EUROSTAT has revised the Dutch series back to 1988 based on the 1992 changes. The 1988 revised unemployment rate is 7.6 percent; the previous estimate for the same year was 9.3 percent. There have been two breaks in series in the Swedish labor force survey, in 1987 and 1993. Adjustments have been made for the 1993 break back to 1987. In 1987, a new questionnaire was introduced. Questions regarding current availability were added and the period of active workseeking was reduced from 60 days to 4 weeks. These changes lowered Sweden's 1987 unemployment rate by 0.4 percentage point, from 2.3 to 1.9 percent. In 1993, the measurement period for the labor force survey was changed to represent all 52 weeks of the year rather than one week each month and a new adjustment for population totals was introduced. The impact was to raise the unemployment rate by approximately 0.5 percentage point, from 7.6 to 8.1 percent. Statistics Sweden revised its labor force survey data for 1987-92 to take into account the break in 1993. The adjustment raised the Swedish unemployment rate by 0.2 percentage point in 1987 and gradually rose to 0.5 percentage point in 1992. Beginning with 1987, BLS has adjusted the Swedish data to classify students who also sought work as unemployed. The impact of this change was to increase the adjusted unemployment rate by 0.1 percentage point in 1987 and by 1.8 percentage points in 1994, when unemployment was higher. By 1994, the adjusted unemployment rate had risen from 7.8 to 9.6 percent due to the adjustment to include students. The net effect of the 1987 and 1993 changes and the BLS adjustment for students seeking work lowered Sweden's 1987 unemployment rate from 2.3 to 2.2 percent. For additional information on this series, contact the Division of Foreign Labor Statistics: (202) 606-5654. Manufacturing productivity and labor costs Description of the series Table 45 presents comparative indexes of manufacturing labor productivity (output per hour), output, total hours, compensation per hour, and unit labor costs for the United States, Canada, Japan, and nine European countries. These measures are trend comparisons--that is, series that measure changes over time--rather than level comparisons. There are greater technical problems in comparing the levels of manufacturing output among countries. BLS constructs the comparative indexes from three basic aggregate measures--output, total labor hours, and total compensation. The hours and compensation measures refer to all employed persons (wage and salary earners plus self-employed persons and unpaid family workers) in the United States, Canada, Japan, France, Germany, Norway, and Sweden, and to all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries. Definitions Output, in general, refers to value added in manufacturing from the national accounts of each country. However, the output series for Japan prior to 1970 is an index of industrial production, and the national accounts measures for the United Kingdom are essentially identical to their indexes of industrial production. While methods of deriving national accounts measures differ from country to country, BLS has reviewed these methods and determined that the series are sufficiently comparable for measuring comparative trends in productivity and unit labor costs. The 1977-94 output data for the United States are the gross product originating (value added) measures prepared by the Bureau of Economic Analysis of the U.S. Department of Commerce. Comparable manufacturing output data currently are not available prior to 1977. The 1994-95 percent changes in manufacturing output are based on the trend shown by the industrial production index published by the U.S. Federal Reserve Board for the manufacturing sector. U.S. gross product originating is a chain-type annual-weighted series. (For more information on the U.S. measure, see Robert E. Yuskavage, "Improved Estimates of Gross Product by Industry, 1959-94," Survey of Current Business, August 1996, pp. 133-55.) The Japanese value added series is based upon one set of fixed price weights for the years 1970 through 1996. Output series for the other foreign economies also employ fixed price weights, but the weights are updated periodically (for example, every 5 or 10 years). To preserve the comparability of the U.S. measures with those for other economies, BLS uses gross product originating in manufacturing for the United States for these comparative measures. The gross product originating series differs from the manufacturing output series that BLS publishes in its news releases on quarterly measures of U.S. productivity and costs (and that underlies the measures that appear in tables 39 and 41 in this section). The quarterly measures are on a "sectoral output" basis, rather than a value-added basis. Sectoral output is gross output less intrasector transactions. Total labor hours refers to hours worked in all countries. The measures are developed from statistics of manufacturing employment and average hours. The series used for France (from 1970 forward), Norway, and Sweden are official series published with the national accounts. Where official total hours series are not available, the measures are developed by BLS using employment figures published with the national accounts, or other comprehensive employment series, and estimates of annual hours worked. For Germany, BLS uses estimates of average hours worked developed by a research institute connected to the Ministry of Labor for use with the national accounts employment figures. For the other countries, BLS constructs its own estimates of average hours. Denmark has not published estimates of average hours for 1994-96; therefore, the BLS measure of labor input for Denmark ends in 1993. Total compensation (labor cost) includes all payments in cash or in-kind made directly to employees plus employer expenditures for legally required insurance programs and contractual and private benefit plans. The measures are from the national accounts of each country, except those for Belgium, which are developed by BLS using statistics on employment, average hours, and hourly compensation. For France and Sweden, compensation is increased to account for other significant taxes on payroll or employment. For the United Kingdom, compensation is reduced between 1967 and 1991 to account for employment-related subsidies. Self-employed workers are included in the all-employed-persons measures by assuming that their hourly compensation is equal to the average for wage and salary employees. Notes on the data In general, the measures relate to total manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification. However, the measures for France (for all years) and Italy (beginning 1970) refer to mining and manufacturing less energy-related products, and the measures for Denmark include mining and exclude manufacturing handicrafts from 1960 to 1966. The measures for recent years may be based on current indicators of manufacturing output (such as industrial production indexes), employment, average hours, and hourly compensation until national accounts and other statistics used for the long-term measures become available. For additional information on this series, contact the Division of Foreign Labor Statistics: (202) 606-5654. Occupational Injury and Illness Data (Table 46-47) Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Description of the series The Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses collects data from employers about their workers' job-related nonfatal injuries and illnesses. The information that employers provide is based on records that they maintain under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. Self-employed individuals, farms with fewer than 11 employees, employers regulated by other Federal safety and health laws, and Federal, State, and local government agencies are excluded from the survey. The survey is a Federal-State cooperative program with an independent sample selected for each participating State. A stratified random sample with a Neyman allocation is selected to represent all private industries in the State. The survey is stratified by Standard Industrial Classification and size of employment. Definitions Under the Occupational Safety and Health Act, employers maintain records of nonfatal work-related injuries and illnesses that involve one or more of the following: loss of consciousness, restriction of work or motion, transfer to another job, or medical treatment other than first aid. Occupational injury is any injury such as a cut, fracture, sprain, or amputation that results from a work-related event or a single, instantaneous exposure in the work environment. Occupational illness is an abnormal condition or disorder, other than one resulting from an occupational injury, caused by exposure to factors associated with employment. It includes acute and chronic illnesses or disease which may be caused by inhalation, absorption, ingestion, or direct contact. Lost workday injuries and illnesses are cases that involve days away from work, or days of restricted work activity, or both. Lost workdays include the number of workdays (consecutive or not) on which the employee was either away from work or at work in some restricted capacity, or both, because of an occupational injury or illness. BLS measures of the number and incidence rate of lost workdays were discontinued beginning with the 1993 survey. The number of days away from work or days of restricted work activity does not include the day of injury or onset of illness or any days on which the employee would not have worked, such as a Federal holiday, even though able to work. Incidence rates are computed as the number of injuries and/or illnesses or lost work days per 100 full-time workers. Notes on the data The definitions of occupational injuries and illnesses are from Recordkeeping Guidelines for Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 1986). Estimates ate made for industries and employment size classes for total recordable cases, lost workday cases, days away from work cases, and nonfatal cases without lost workdays. These data also are shown separately for injuries. Illness data are available for seven categories: occupational skin diseases or disorders, dust diseases of the lungs, respiratory conditions due to toxic agents, poisoning (systemic effects of toxic agents), disorders due to physical agents (other than toxic materials), disorders associated with repeated trauma, and all other occupational illnesses. The survey continues to measure the number of new work-related illness cases which are recognized, diagnosed, and reported during the year. Some conditions, for example, long-term latent illnesses caused by exposure to carcinogens, often are difficult to relate to the workplace and are not adequately recognized and reported. These long-term latent illnesses are believed to be understated in the survey's illness measure. In contrast, the overwhelming majority of the reported new illnesses are those which are easier to directly relate to workplace activity (for example, contact dermatitis and carpal tunnel syndrome). Most of the estimates are in the form of incidence rates, defined as the number of injuries and illnesses per 100 equivalent full-time workers. For this purpose, 200,000 employee hours represent 100 employee years (2,000 hours per employee). Full detail on the available measures is presented in the annual bulletin, Occupational Injuries and Illnesses: Counts, Rates, and Characteristics. Comparable data for more than 40 States and territories are available from the BLS Office of Safety, Health and Working Conditions. Many of these States publish data on State and local government employees in addition to private industry data. Mining and railroad data are furnished to BLS by the Mine Safety and Health Administration and the Federal Railroad Administration. Data from these organizations are included in both the national and State data published annually. With the 1992 survey, BLS began publishing details on serious, nonfatal incidents resulting in days away from work. Included are some major characteristics of the injured and ill workers, such as occupation, age, gender, race, and length of service, as well as the circumstances of their injuries and illnesses (nature of the disabling condition, part of body affected, event and exposure, and the source directly producing the condition). In general, these data are available nationwide for detailed industries and for individual States at more aggregated industry levels. For additional information on occupational injuries and illnesses, contact the Office of Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions at (202) 606-6180, or access the Internet at: http://www.bls.gov/oshhome.htm Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries The Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries compiles a complete roster of fatal job-related injuries, including detailed data about the fatally injured workers and the fatal events. The program collects and cross checks fatality information from multiple sources, including death certificates, State and Federal workers' compensation reports, Occupational Safety and Health Administration and Mine Safety and Health Administration records, medical examiner and autopsy reports, media accounts, State motor vehicle fatality records, and follow-up questionnaires to employers. In addition to private wage and salary workers, the self-employed, family members, and Federal, State, and local government workers are covered by the program. Institutionalized persons, such as prison inmates, are excluded. To be included in the fatality census, the decedent must have been employed (that is working for pay, compensation, or profit) at the time of the event, engaged in a legal work activity, or present at the site of the incident as a requirement of his or her job. Definition A fatal work injury is any intentional or unintentional wound or damage to the body resulting in death from acute exposure to energy, such as heat or electricity or kinetic energy from a crash, or from the absence of such essentials as heat or oxygen caused by a specific event or incident or series of events within a single workday or shift. Fatalities that occur during a person's commute to or from work are excluded from the census, as well as work-related illnesses, which can be difficult to identify due to long latency periods. Notes on the data Twenty-eight data elements are collected, coded, and tabulated in the fatality program, including information about the fatally injured worker, the fatal incident, and the machinery or equipment involved. Summary worker demographic data and event characteristics are included in a national news release that is available about 8 months after the end of the reference year. The Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries was initiated in 1992 as a joint Federal-State effort. Most States issue summary information at the time of the national news release. For additional information on the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries contact the BLS Office of Safety, Health, and Working Conditions at (202) 606-6175, or the Internet at: http://www.bls.gov/oshhome.htm
1. Labor market indicators
1996
Selected Indicators 1996 1997
IV
Employment data
Employment status of the
civilian noninstitutionalized
population (household survey):(1)
Labor force participation rate 66.8 67.1 67.0
Employment-population ratio 63.2 63.8 63.4
Unemployment rate 5.4 4.9 5.3
Men 5.4 4.9 5.2
16 to 24 years 12.6 11.8 12.3
25 years and over 4.1 3.6 3.9
Women 5.4 5.0 5.5
16 to 24 years 11.3 10.7 11.4
25 years and over 4.3 3.9 4.3
Employment, nonfarm (payroll
data), in thousands:(1)
Total 119,608 122,690 120,655
Private sector 100,189 103,120 101,223
Goods-producing 24,493 24,934 24,648
Manufacturing 18,495 18,657 18,526
Service-producing 95,115 97,756 96,008
Average hours:
Private sector 34.4 34.6 34.50
Manufacturing 41.6 42.0 41.80
Overtime 4.5 4.8 4.5
Employment Cost Index(2)
Percent change in
the ECI, compensation:
All workers (excluding farm,
household and Federal workers) 2.9 3.3 .5
Private industry workers 3.1 3.4 .6
Goods-producing(3) 2.8 2.4 .6
Service-producing(3) 3.2 3.9 .5
State and local
government workers 2.6 2.3 .6
Workers by bargaining
status (private industry):
Union 2.4 2.1 .5
Nonunion 3.1 3.8 .5
Selected Indicators
1997
I II
Employment data
Employment status of the
civilian noninstitutionalized
population (household survey):(1)
Labor force participation rate 67.1 67.1
Employment-population ratio 63.6 63.8
Unemployment rate 5.3 4.9
Men 5.2 4.8
16 to 24 years 12.3 11.5
25 years and over 3.9 3.6
Women 5.4 5.1
16 to 24 years 11.5 10.9
25 years and over 4.2 3.9
Employment, nonfarm (payroll
data), in thousands:(1)
Total 121,461 122,317
Private sector 102,001 102,797
Goods-producing 24,787 24,881
Manufacturing 18,579 18,625
Service-producing 96,674 97,436
Average hours:
Private sector 34.6 34.6
Manufacturing 41.9 42.0
Overtime 4.8 4.8
Employment Cost Index(2)
Percent change in
the ECI, compensation:
All workers (excluding farm,
household and Federal workers) .8 .6
Private industry workers .8 .8
Goods-producing(3) .4 1.0
Service-producing(3) 1.1 .7
State and local
government workers .4 .1
Workers by bargaining
status (private industry):
Union .2 .6
Nonunion 1.1 .8
Selected Indicators
1997
III IV
Employment data
Employment status of the
civilian noninstitutionalized
population (household survey):(1)
Labor force participation rate 67.1 67.1
Employment-population ratio 63.8 64.0
Unemployment rate 4.9 4.7
Men 4.8 4.7
16 to 24 years 11.8 11.6
25 years and over 3.5 3.4
Women 5.0 4.7
16 to 24 years 10.5 10.1
25 years and over 3.9 3.6
Employment, nonfarm (payroll
data), in thousands:(1)
Total 122,995 123,934
Private sector 103,392 104,271
Goods-producing 24,963 25,108
Manufacturing 18,672 18,756
Service-producing 98,032 98,826
Average hours:
Private sector 34.6 34.7
Manufacturing 41.9 42.1
Overtime 4.8 4.9
Employment Cost Index(2)
Percent change in
the ECI, compensation:
All workers (excluding farm,
household and Federal workers) 1.0 .80
Private industry workers .8 .9
Goods-producing(3) .7 .4
Service-producing(3) 1.0 1.1
State and local
government workers 1.3 .5
Workers by bargaining
status (private industry):
Union 1.1 .2
Nonunion .8 1.0
Selected Indicators
1998
I II III
Employment data
Employment status of the
civilian noninstitutionalized
population (household survey):(1)
Labor force participation rate 67.3 67.0 67.0
Employment-population ratio 64.1 64.1 63.9
Unemployment rate 4.7 4.4 4.6
Men 4.5 4.2 4.5
16 to 24 years 11.4 10.5 11.6
25 years and over 3.3 3.1 3.2
Women 4.9 4.6 4.6
16 to 24 years 10.1 9.5 9.9
25 years and over 3.8 3.6 3.5
Employment, nonfarm (payroll
data), in thousands:(1)
Total 124,795 125,516 126,141
Private sector 105,084 105,714 106,249
Goods-producing 25,296 25,315 25,210
Manufacturing 18,825 18,804 18,660
Service-producing 99,500 100,201 100,931
Average hours:
Private sector 34.7 34.6 34.5
Manufacturing 42.0 41.7 41.7
Overtime 4.8 4.6 4.6
Employment Cost Index(2)
Percent change in
the ECI, compensation:
All workers (excluding farm,
household and Federal workers) .8 .8 1.2
Private industry workers .9 .9 1.1
Goods-producing(3) .7 .8 .7
Service-producing(3) 1.0 .8 1.3
State and local
government workers .6 .3 1.5
Workers by bargaining
status (private industry):
Union .4 1.0 1.1
Nonunion 1.0 .8 1.1
(1) Quarterly data seasonally adjusted. (2) Annual changes are December-to-December changes. Quarterly changes are calculated using the last month of each quarter. (3) Goods-producing industries include mining, construction, and manufacturing. Service-producing industries include all other private sector industries. 2. Annual and quarterly percent changes in compensation, prices, and productivity
1997
Selected measures 1996 1997 IV
Compensation data(1,2)
Employment Cost Index--compensation
(wages, salaries, benefits):
Civilian nonfarm 2.9 3.3 0.5
Private nonfarm 3.1 3.4 .6
Employment Cost Index--wages and
salaries:
Civilian nonfarm 3.3 3.8 .6
Private nonfarm 3.4 3.9 .6
Price data(1)
Consumer Price Index (All Urban
Consumers): All Items 3.3 1.7 .5
Producer Price Index:
Finished goods 2.8 -1.2 .7
Finished consumer goods 3.6 -1.4 .6
Capital equipment .4 -.6 1.0
Intermediate materials, supplies,
and components .7 -.8 -.6
Crude materials 14.7 -11.3 7.7
Productivity data(3)
Output per hour of all persons:
Business sector 2.7 1.7 1.5
Nonfarm business sector 2.4 1.4 1.2
Nonfinancial corporations(4) 2.8 2.6 2.1
1997
Selected measures I II III IV
Compensation data(1,2)
Employment Cost Index--compensation
(wages, salaries, benefits):
Civilian nonfarm 0.8 0.6 1.0 0.8
Private nonfarm .8 .8 .8 .9
Employment Cost Index--wages and
salaries:
Civilian nonfarm .9 .7 1.2 .9
Private nonfarm 1.0 .9 1.0 1.0
Price data(1)
Consumer Price Index (All Urban
Consumers): All Items .9 .2 .6 .1
Producer Price Index:
Finished goods -.5 -.4 .2 -.5
Finished consumer goods -.6 -.2 .4 -.8
Capital equipment .1 -.5 -.7 .5
Intermediate materials, supplies,
and components -.3 .1 .2 -.8
Crude materials -11.5 -.4 1.3 -.6
Productivity data(3)
Output per hour of all persons:
Business sector 1.0 2.0 3.7 .9
Nonfarm business sector .5 1.8 3.6 .9
Nonfinancial corporations(4) 1.5 2.5 5.6 1.0
1998
Selected measures I II III
Compensation data(1,2)
Employment Cost Index--compensation
(wages, salaries, benefits):
Civilian nonfarm 0.8 0.8 1.2
Private nonfarm .9 .9 1.1
Employment Cost Index--wages and
salaries:
Civilian nonfarm .9 .7 1.3
Private nonfarm 1.1 .9 1.3
Price data(1)
Consumer Price Index (All Urban
Consumers): All Items .6 .5 .4
Producer Price Index:
Finished goods -.8 .5 -.1
Finished consumer goods -1.0 .8 .0
Capital equipment .0 -.5 -.5
Intermediate materials, supplies,
and components -1.4 .2 .1
Crude materials -8.8 -1.8 -4.8
Productivity data(3)
Output per hour of all persons:
Business sector 4.1 .1 3.1
Nonfarm business sector 3.5 .3 3.0
Nonfinancial corporations(4) 2.6 3.1 4.6
(1) Annual changes are December-to-December changes. Quarterly changes are calculated using the last month of each quarter. Compensation and price data are not seasonally adjusted, and the price data are not computed. (2) Excludes Federal and private household workers. (3) Annual rates of change are computed by comparing annual averages. Quarterly percent changes reflect annual rates of change in quarterly indexes. The data are seasonally adjusted. (4) Output per hour of all employees. NOTE: Dash indicates data not available. 3. Alternative measures of wage and compensation changes
Quarterly average
1997 1998
II III IV I II III
Average hourly compensation:(1)
All persons, business sector 2.6 4.1 5.3 4.9 4.1 3.8
All persons, nonfarm business
sector 2.6 3.9 4.9 4.6 4.0 4.0
Employment Cost Index--
compensation:
Civilian nonfarm(2) .6 1.0 .8 .8 .8 1.2
Private nonfarm .8 .8 .9 .9 .9 1.1
Union .6 1.1 .2 .4 1.0 1.1
Nonunion .8 .8 1.0 1.0 .8 1.1
State and local governments .1 1.3 .5 .6 .3 1.5
Employment Cost Index--wages
and salaries:
Civilian nonfarm(2) .7 1.2 .9 .9 .7 1.3
Private nonfarm .9 1.0 1.0 1.1 .9 1.3
Union .7 1.1 .5 .5 .8 1.3
Nonunion .9 1.0 1.1 1.1 .9 1.3
State and local governments .1 1.6 .5 .5 .2 1.6
Four quarters ending--
1997 1998
II III IV I II III
Average hourly compensation:(1)
All persons, business sector 3.5 3.5 4.0 4.2 4.6 4.5
All persons, nonfarm business
sector 3.4 3.5 3.9 4.0 4.4 4.4
Employment Cost Index--
compensation:
Civilian nonfarm(2) 2.8 3.0 3.3 3.3 3.5 3.7
Private nonfarm 2.9 3.2 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.8
Union 1.6 2.4 2.1 2.3 2.7 2.7
Nonunion 3.2 3.2 3.8 3.7 3.8 4.0
State and local governments 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.5 2.7 3.0
Employment Cost Index--wages
and salaries:
Civilian nonfarm(2) 3.2 3.5 3.8 3.7 3.8 4.0
Private nonfarm 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.3
Union 2.2 2.8 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.2
Nonunion 3.5 3.7 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.4
State and local governments 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.8 3.0 3.0
[TABULAR DATA 4-5 NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] 6. Selected unemployment indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted [Unemployment rates]
Selected categories Annual average 1997 1998
1996 1997 Nov. Dec. Jan.
Characteristic
Total, all workers 5.4 4.9 4.6 4.7 4.7
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years 16.7 16.0 15.2 14.3 14.1
Men, 20 years and over 4.6 4.2 3.9 4.1 3.8
Women, 20 years and over 4.8 4.4 4.0 4.0 4.4
White, total 4.7 4.2 3.9 3.9 4.0
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years 14.2 13.6 12.3 11.2 11.6
Men, 16 to 19 years 15.5 14.3 12.8 11.3 14.2
Women, 16 to 19 years 12.9 12.8 11.6 11.1 8.8
Men, 20 years and over 4.1 3.6 3.4 3.6 3.3
Women, 20 years and over 4.1 3.7 3.4 3.4 3.7
Black, total 10.5 10.0 9.7 9.9 9.3
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years 33.6 32.4 33.3 34.4 30.1
Men, 16 to 19 years 36.9 36.5 35.0 36.2 31.8
Women, 16 to 19 years 30.3 28.7 31.9 33.1 28.5
Men, 20 years and over 9.4 8.5 7.8 8.6 7.9
Women, 20 years and over 8.7 8.8 8.4 8.1 8.0
Hispanic origin, total 8.9 7.7 6.9 7.5 6.9
Married men, spouse present 3.0 2.7 2.4 2.6 2.6
Married women, spouse present 3.6 3.1 2.8 2.8 3.1
Women who maintain families 8.2 8.1 8.1 7.7 7.6
Full-time workers 5.3 4.8 4.4 4.6 4.5
Part-time workers 5.8 5.5 5.4 5.0 5.4
Industry
Nonagricultural wage and salary
workers 5.5 5.0 4.7 4.8 4.7
Mining 5.1 3.8 3.3 3.3 4.0
Construction 10.1 9.0 7.9 8.9 7.9
Manufacturing 4.8 4.2 3.6 3.8 3.9
Durable goods 4.5 3.5 3.1 3.1 3.4
Nondurable goods 5.2 5.1 4.4 4.9 4.5
Transportation and public
utilities 4.1 3.5 3.1 3.3 3.8
Wholesale and retail trade 6.4 6.2 6.2 5.8 5.9
Finance, insurance, and real
estate 2.7 3.0 2.4 2.8 2.6
Services 5.4 4.6 4.4 4.5 4.3
Government workers 2.9 2.6 2.3 2.1 2.4
Agricultural wage and salary
workers 10.2 9.1 8.6 9.7 10.6
Educational attainment(1)
Less than a high school diploma 8.7 8.1 7.5 7.6 7.2
High school graduates, no
college 4.7 4.3 3.8 4.1 3.9
Some college, less than a
bachelor's degree 3.7 3.3 3.1 3.2 3.2
College graduates 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.9 1.9
Selected categories
Feb. Mar. Apr. May June
Characteristic
Total, all workers 4.6 4.7 4.3 4.3 4.5
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years 14.7 15.0 13.1 14.2 13.8
Men, 20 years and over 3.8 3.9 3.4 3.5 3.9
Women, 20 years and over 4.3 4.3 4.1 3.9 4.0
White, total 3.9 4.1 3.6 3.7 3.8
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years 12.3 12.8 11.8 12.0 11.1
Men, 16 to 19 years 14.7 14.9 12.7 14.0 13.1
Women, 16 to 19 years 9.8 10.6 10.7 9.8 8.9
Men, 20 years and over 3.2 3.4 2.9 3.1 3.3
Women, 20 years and over 3.6 3.7 3.4 3.3 3.5
Black, total 9.7 9.2 8.9 9.0 8.2
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years 31.5 29.1 24.7 29.4 20.2
Men, 16 to 19 years 34.7 27.8 23.9 30.2 20.4
Women, 16 to 19 years 28.4 30.3 25.3 28.8 20.1
Men, 20 years and over 7.8 7.6 7.4 6.7 6.9
Women, 20 years and over 8.6 8.2 8.2 8.4 7.7
Hispanic origin, total 6.8 6.9 6.5 6.8 7.6
Married men, spouse present 2.5 2.5 2.2 2.4 2.2
Married women, spouse present 3.1 3.3 2.8 2.8 2.9
Women who maintain families 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.7 6.9
Full-time workers 4.5 4.5 4.2 4.2 4.4
Part-time workers 5.2 5.7 4.8 4.7 5.2
Industry
Nonagricultural wage and salary
workers 4.7 4.7 4.3 4.5 4.7
Mining 2.6 3.7 2.3 1.3 3.9
Construction 7.8 8.6 6.3 8.0 8.0
Manufacturing 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.6 3.6
Durable goods 2.9 3.6 3.5 3.0 2.9
Nondurable goods 5.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.6
Transportation and public
utilities 3.2 3.3 3.1 3.0 3.6
Wholesale and retail trade 5.8 5.4 5.2 5.1 5.7
Finance, insurance, and real
estate 2.6 2.6 2.2 2.0 2.1
Services 4.7 4.7 4.3 4.8 4.7
Government workers 2.3 2.9 2.0 2.4 2.0
Agricultural wage and salary
workers 8.6 9.7 8.0 7.9 8.0
Educational attainment(1)
Less than a high school diploma 7.0 7.2 7.0 6.7 7.2
High school graduates, no
college 4.0 4.2 3.9 3.7 4.0
Some college, less than a
bachelor's degree 3.1 3.3 2.7 3.1 2.9
College graduates 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.7
Selected categories
July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov.
Characteristic
Total, all workers 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.6 4.4
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years 13.8 15.0 15.4 16.0 15.1
Men, 20 years and over 3.9 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.5
Women, 20 years and over 4.0 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.1
White, total 3.8 4.0 3.9 4.0 3.8
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years 11.1 13.1 13.0 13.7 13.0
Men, 16 to 19 years 13.1 14.3 15.0 14.0 14.1
Women, 16 to 19 years 8.9 11.9 10.7 13.4 11.9
Men, 20 years and over 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.0
Women, 20 years and over 3.3 3.5 3.3 3.4 3.4
Black, total 9.7 9.0 9.2 8.6 8.7
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years 28.6 28.8 30.4 29.1 28.4
Men, 16 to 19 years 30.6 29.7 34.1 35.1 34.4
Women, 16 to 19 years 26.4 28.1 26.8 23.8 22.1
Men, 20 years and over 8.9 7.8 7.2 6.9 7.1
Women, 20 years and over 7.9 7.6 8.1 7.5 7.6
Hispanic origin, total 7.2 7.5 7.4 7.2 7.0
Married men, spouse present 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.2
Married women, spouse present 2.8 3.2 2.6 2.6 3.0
Women who maintain families 6.8 6.8 7.6 7.6 7.0
Full-time workers 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.1
Part-time workers 5.3 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.5
Industry
Nonagricultural wage and salary
workers 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.7 4.5
Mining 3.7 3.9 3.0 2.2 2.1
Construction 6.7 7.4 9.0 6.5 7.4
Manufacturing 4.4 3.9 4.1 4.0 3.7
Durable goods 4.3 3.7 3.8 3.1 3.0
Nondurable goods 4.5 4.4 4.6 5.3 4.7
Transportation and public
utilities 3.4 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.1
Wholesale and retail trade 5.6 5.6 5.8 5.7 5.2
Finance, insurance, and real
estate 2.0 2.7 2.3 2.5 2.9
Services 4.5 4.7 4.4 4.8 4.7
Government workers 2.5 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.0
Agricultural wage and salary
workers 8.2 7.0 7.9 6.3 7.4
Educational attainment(1)
Less than a high school diploma 7.2 7.1 6.9 6.8 7.2
High school graduates, no
college 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.0 3.9
Some college, less than a
bachelor's degree 3.0 2.8 3.0 3.0 2.8
College graduates 1.7 1.8 1.6 2.0 1.9
(1) Data refer to persons 25 years and over 7 Duration of unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]
Weeks of Annual average 1997
unemployment 1996 1997 Nov. Dec. Jan.
Less than 5 weeks 2,633 2,538 2,423 2,531 2,488
5 to 14 weeks 2,287 2,138 2,048 1,922 1,971
15 weeks and over 2,316 2,062 1,865 1,964 1,811
15 to 26 weeks 1,053 995 899 936 773
27 weeks and over 1,262 1,067 966 1,028 1,038
Mean duration, in weeks 16.7 15.8 15.6 16.3 15.6
Median duration, in weeks 8.3 8.0 7.8 7.7 7.4
Weeks of 1998
unemployment Feb. Mar. Apr. May June
Less than 5 weeks 2,622 2,858 2,632 2,634 2,519
5 to 14 weeks 1,909 1,979 1,901 1,954 2,084
15 weeks and over 1,830 1,731 1,417 1,462 1,621
15 to 26 weeks 855 841 584 656 852
27 weeks and over 974 891 833 806 769
Mean duration, in weeks 15.6 14.3 14.3 14.6 13.8
Median duration, in weeks 7.2 6.8 6.4 5.9 6.6
Weeks of
unemployment July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov.
Less than 5 weeks 2,625 2,675 2,639 2,857 2,468
5 to 14 weeks 1,983 1,960 1,999 1,841 2,038
15 weeks and over 1,600 1,647 1,651 1,589 1,630
15 to 26 weeks 793 820 733 699 742
27 weeks and over 807 827 918 890 888
Mean duration, in weeks 14.3 13.5 14.3 14.3 14.6
Median duration, in weeks 6.6 6.9 6.6 5.8 6.7
8. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands] Reason for Annual average 1997 unemployment 1996 1997 Nov. Dec. Jan. Job losers(1) 3,370 3,037 2,886 2,991 2,807 On temporary layoff 1,021 931 815 961 860 Not on temporary layoff 2,349 2,106 2,071 2,030 1,947 Job leavers 774 795 655 692 808 Reentrants 2,512 2,338 2,229 2,170 2,229 New entrants 580 569 560 552 518 Percent of unemployed Job losers(1) 46.6 45.1 45.6 46.7 44.1 On temporary layoff 14.1 13.8 12.9 15.0 13.5 Not on temporary layoff 32.5 31.3 32.7 31.7 30.6 Job leavers 10.7 11.8 10.3 10.8 12.7 Reentrants 34.7 34.7 35.2 33.9 35.0 New entrants 8.0 8.4 8.8 8.6 8.1 Percent of civilian labor force Job losers(1) 2.5 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.0 Job leavers .6 .6 .5 .5 .6 Reentrants 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.6 New entrants .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 Reason for 1998 unemployment Feb. Mar. Apr. May June Job losers(1) 2,795 2,980 2,631 2,772 2,819 On temporary layoff 821 980 696 786 841 Not on temporary layoff 1,975 2,000 1,935 1,986 1,978 Job leavers 786 744 625 748 766 Reentrants 2,266 2,215 2,096 2,033 2,096 New entrants 543 549 511 493 532 Percent of unemployed Job losers(1) 43.7 45.9 44.9 45.8 45.4 On temporary layoff 12.8 15.1 11.9 13.0 13.5 Not on temporary layoff 30.9 30.8 33.0 32.8 31.8 Job leavers 12.3 11.5 10.7 12.4 12.3 Reentrants 35.5 34.1 35.7 33.6 33.7 New entrants 8.5 8.5 8.7 8.2 8.6 Percent of civilian labor force Job losers(1) 2.0 2.2 1.9 2.0 2.1 Job leavers .6 .5 .5 .5 .6 Reentrants 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 New entrants .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 Reason for unemployment July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Job losers(1) 2,908 2,852 2,902 2,815 2,743 On temporary layoff 966 978 939 831 844 Not on temporary layoff 1,941 1,874 1,963 1,984 1,900 Job leavers 799 740 724 734 654 Reentrants 2,042 2,132 2,195 2,170 2,156 New entrants 463 503 487 589 545 Percent of unemployed Job losers(1) 46.8 45.8 46.0 44.6 45.0 On temporary layoff 15.6 15.7 14.9 13.2 13.8 Not on temporary layoff 31.3 30.1 31.1 31.5 31.2 Job leavers 12.9 11.9 11.5 11.6 10.7 Reentrants 32.9 34.2 34.8 34.4 35.4 New entrants 7.5 8.1 7.7 9.3 8.9 Percent of civilian labor force Job losers(1) 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 Job leavers .6 .5 .5 .5 .5 Reentrants 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 New entrants .3 .4 .4 .4 .4 (1) Includes persons who completed temporary jobs. 9. Unemployment rates by sex and age, monthly data seasonally adjusted [Civilian workers]
Annual Average 1997
1996 1997 Nov. Dec. Jan.
Total, 16 years and over 5.4 4.9 4.6 4.7 4.7
16 to 24 years 12.0 11.3 10.9 10.6 10.8
16 to 19 years 16.7 16.0 15.2 14.3 14.1
16 to 17 years 18.9 18.2 17.6 17.7 17.3
18 to 19 years 15.2 14.5 13.6 11.7 11.6
20 to 24 years 9.3 8.5 8.4 8.5 8.9
25 years and over 4.2 3.8 3.4 3.6 3.5
25 to 54 years 4.3 3.9 3.5 3.7 3.6
55 years and over 3.4 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.7
Men, 16 years and over 5.4 4.9 4.5 4.7 4.5
16 to 24 years 12.6 11.8 11.6 11.1 11.2
16 to 19 years 18.1 16.9 15.6 14.2 16.4
16 to 17 years 20.8 19.1 18.2 18.4 18.3
18 to 19 years 16.3 15.4 14.1 11.1 14.9
20 to 24 years 9.5 8.9 9.3 9.3 8.1
25 years and over 4.1 3.6 3.2 3.5 3.3
25 to 54 years 4.2 3.7 3.3 3.6 3.4
55 years and over 3.3 3.1 2.9 3.4 3.1
Women, 16 years and over 5.4 5.0 4.7 4.6 4.8
16 to 24 years 11.3 10.7 10.1 10.2 10.4
16 to 19 years 15.2 15.0 14.7 14.3 11.6
16 to 17 years 16.9 17.2 17.0 17.0 16.3
18 to 19 years 14.0 13.6 13.0 12.4 8.2
20 to 24 years 9.0 8.1 7.4 7.6 9.7
25 years and over 4.3 3.9 3.6 3.6 3.7
25 to 54 years 4.4 4.1 3.8 3.9 3.9
55 years and over 3.5 2.9 2.6 2.1 2.3
1998
Feb. Mar. Apr. May June
Total, 16 years and over 4.6 4.7 4.3 4.3 4.5
16 to 24 years 10.8 10.7 9.5 10.0 10.6
16 to 19 years 14.7 15.0 13.1 14.2 14.6
16 to 17 years 18.5 16.9 15.2 15.8 18.2
18 to 19 years 11.3 13.7 11.6 13.2 12.3
20 to 24 years 8.5 8.0 7.4 7.6 8.1
25 years and over 3.5 3.6 3.2 3.3 3.4
25 to 54 years 3.6 3.8 3.3 3.4 3.5
55 years and over 2.7 2.9 2.5 2.4 2.5
Men, 16 years and over 4.5 4.6 4.0 4.2 4.4
16 to 24 years 11.7 11.2 9.7 11.0 10.8
16 to 19 years 17.0 16.5 14.0 16.0 15.3
16 to 17 years 21.0 18.5 14.9 17.9 21.0
18 to 19 years 13.1 15.2 13.3 14.8 11.8
20 to 24 years 8.7 8.1 7.3 8.1 8.2
25 years and over 3.2 3.4 3.0 3.0 3.2
25 to 54 years 3.2 3.5 3.0 3.1 3.3
55 years and over 2.9 3.1 2.6 2.4 2.5
Women, 16 years and over 4.8 4.9 4.6 4.4 4.7
16 to 24 years 9.8 10.1 9.2 9.0 10.3
16 to 19 years 12.3 13.4 12.1 12.3 13.9
16 to 17 years 16.0 15.2 15.5 13.5 15.1
18 to 19 years 9.5 12.2 9.8 11.4 12.7
20 to 24 years 8.3 7.9 7.5 6.9 8.0
25 years and over 3.8 3.9 3.6 3.5 3.6
25 to 54 years 4.1 4.1 3.7 3.8 3.8
55 years and over 2.4 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.6
July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov.
Total, 16 years and over 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.6 4.4
16 to 24 years 10.3 11.1 11.0 10.5 9.9
16 to 19 years 13.8 15.0 15.4 16.0 15.1
16 to 17 years 15.2 17.1 17.9 18.8 18.4
18 to 19 years 12.9 13.8 13.8 14.2 13.1
20 to 24 years 8.2 8.7 8.3 7.2 6.7
25 years and over 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.4
25 to 54 years 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.4
55 years and over 2.8 2.6 2.7 2.6 3.1
Men, 16 years and over 4.6 4.4 4.6 4.4 4.2
16 to 24 years 11.4 11.4 12.1 11.0 10.3
16 to 19 years 15.9 15.8 17.7 16.8 16.6
16 to 17 years 17.3 18.6 20.7 21.8 20.2
18 to 19 years 14.6 14.2 15.7 13.5 14.6
20 to 24 years 8.7 8.9 8.7 7.5 6.5
25 years and over 3.4 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.1
25 to 54 years 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.0
55 years and over 2.9 2.5 3.1 2.8 3.1
Women, 16 years and over 4.4 4.7 4.5 4.7 4.6
16 to 24 years 9.1 10.7 9.8 10.1 9.4
16 to 19 years 11.5 14.2 12.9 15.1 13.4
16 to 17 years 12.9 15.5 14.8 15.6 16.4
18 to 19 years 11.2 13.3 11.9 14.8 11.4
20 to 24 years 7.7 8.6 7.9 6.9 7.0
25 years and over 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.7
25 to 54 years 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.8
55 years and over 2.6 2.8 2.3 2.4 3.0
10. Unemployment rates by State, seasonally adjusted
State Oct. Sept. Oct.
1997 1998 1998(P)
Alabama 4.9 4.2 4.4
Alaska 7.6 5.9 6.1
Arizona 4.3 4.2 3.6
Arkansas 5.0 5.0 5.4
California 6.2 6.0 5.9
Colorado 3.0 3.6 3.7
Connecticut 4.8 3.9 3.8
Delaware 3.5 3.4 3.5
District of Columbia 8.3 8.9 9.0
Florida 4.6 4.2 4.3
Georgia 4.2 3.9 3.9
Hawaii 6.1 6.1 5.8
Idaho 5.3 5.0 5.0
Illinois 4.7 4.5 4.4
Indiana 3.6 3.1 2.8
Iowa 2.9 2.6 2.6
Kansas 3.6 3.7 3.6
Kentucky 5.0 4.1 4.2
Louisiana 5.9 6.1 5.0
Maine 5.4 4.3 4.5
Maryland 5.0 4.3 4.1
Massachusetts 3.9 3.3 3.3
Michigan 4.0 3.6 3.7
Minnesota 3.1 2.4 2.2
Mississippi 5.7 5.3 5.0
Missouri 4.1 3.7 3.8
Montana 5.4 5.2 5.5
Nebraska 2.2 2.1 2.3
Nevada 4.0 3.8 3.8
New Hampshire 3.0 2.4 2.9
New Jersey 5.0 4.7 4.5
New Mexico 6.0 6.5 6.5
New York 6.3 5.5 5.4
North Carolina 3.6 3.5 3.6
North Dakota 1.9 2.5 2.6
Ohio 4.5 4.3 4.3
Oklahoma 3.9 4.3 4.3
Oregon 5.6 5.7 5.7
Pennsylvania 5.0 4.5 4.7
Rhode Island 5.1 4.9 5.2
South Carolina 3.8 3.3 3.8
South Dakota 2.9 2.4 2.6
Tennessee 5.2 4.1 4.0
Texas 5.2 5.0 4.9
Utah 3.0 3.3 3.2
Vermont 3.8 3.2 3.2
Virginia 3.7 3.1 3.1
Washington 4.5 5.1 4.8
West Virginia 6.7 6.4 6.6
Wisconsin 3.6 3.2 3.4
Wyoming 4.8 4.6 4.8
P = preliminary 11. Employment of workers on nonfarm payrolls by State, seasonally adjusted [In thousands]
Oct. Sept. Oct.
State 1997 1998 1998(P)
Alabama 1,870.7 1,886.1 1883.9
Alaska 268.1 273.9 274.3
Arizona 2,000.5 2,092.9 2092
Arkansas 1,107.2 1,125.5 1125.8
California 13,318.5 13,656.0 13688.8
Colorado 2,001.8 2,062.0 2068.8
Connecticut 1,627.2 1,640.7 1649.4
Delaware 392.5 403.1 404.0
District of Columbia 612.9 612.2 611.2
Florida 6,508.8 6,728.4 6745.9
Georgia 3,664.2 3,752.8 3751.1
Hawaii 533.4 531.0 526.3
Idaho 512.9 519.1 522.6
Illinois 5,816.0 5,880.0 5887.5
Indiana 2,868.9 2,884.9 2882.9
Iowa 1,419.1 1,442.2 1448.7
Kansas 1,281.9 1,309.2 1312.5
Kentucky 1,720.3 1,756.4 1755.3
Louisiana 1,863.9 1,884.8 1884.9
Maine 558.5 567.9 569.2
Maryland 2,263.3 2,298.8 2314.9
Massachusetts 3,144.8 3,210.3 3212.2
Michigan 4,473.4 4,554.9 4571.4
Minnesota 2,504.5 2,547.5 2560.8
Mississippi 1,112.7 1,119.3 1,121.0
Missouri 2,649.5 2,686.7 2683.9
Montana 386.6 370.1 370.7
Nebraska 864.0 878.8 883.5
Nevada 901.9 940.5 947.7
New Hampshire 573.4 569.3 572.7
New Jersey 3,748.4 3,815.0 3816.6
New Mexico 712.2 722.2 723.2
New York 8,075.7 8,187.1 8205.8
North Carolina 3,704.2 3,753.3 3759.4
North Dakota 314.4 317.5 316.5
Ohio 5,409.0 5,475.6 5484.4
Oklahoma 1,397.3 1,436.7 1436.3
Oregon 1,537.8 1,566.7 1569.7
Pennsylvania 5,425.9 5,491.8 5486.5
Rhode Island 451.9 455.2 454.4
South Carolina 1,730.6 1,804.3 1805.9
South Dakota 356.3 361.0 361.7
Tennessee 2,595.9 2,625.9 2629.1
Texas 8,703.4 8,938.6 8955.5
Utah 1,003.7 1,027.8 1030.4
Vermont 279.5 283.7 282.5
Virginia 3,259.8 3,340.1 3344.1
Washington 2,529.9 2,603.4 2610.9
West Virginia 716.9 721.7 725.5
Wisconsin 2,674.5 2,717.0 2717.5
Wyoming 223.4 226.2 225.9
P = preliminary NOTE: Some data in this table may differ from data published elsewhere because of the continual updating of the data base. [TABULAR DATA 12 NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] 14. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry, seasonally adjusted
Annual average 1997
Industry 1996 1997 Nov. Dec.
PRIVATE SECTOR (in
current dollars) $11.82 $12.28 $12.47 $12.50
Goods-producing 13.47 13.92 14.10 14.15
Mining 15.62 16.17 16.48 16.46
Construction 15.47 16.03 16.24 16.34
Manufacturing 12.77 13.17 13.34 1,337
Excluding overtime 12.12 12.45 12.61 1,263
Service-producing 11.26 11.73 11.93 11.95
Transportation and public
utilities 14.45 14.93 15.10 15.16
Wholesale trade 12.87 13.44 13.72 13.71
Retail trade 7.99 8.34 8.49 8.51
Finance, insurance, and
real estate 12.80 13.33 13.65 13.66
Services 11.79 12.28 12.48 12.50
PRIVATE SECTOR (in
constant (1982) dollars) 7.43 7.55 762 7.63
1998
Industry Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.
PRIVATE SECTOR (in
current dollars) $12.54 $12.59 $12.63 $12.70
Goods-producing 14.16 14.21 14.25 14.25
Mining 16.47 16.76 16.82 16.72
Construction 16.27 16.34 16.40 16.45
Manufacturing 13.38 13.42 13.46 13.44
Excluding overtime 12.66 12.69 12.73 12.76
Service-producing 12.00 12.06 12.10 12.19
Transportation and public
utilities 15.21 15.25 15.27 15.32
Wholesale trade 13.75 13.81 13.84 13.88
Retail trade 8.56 8.59 8.64 8.70
Finance, insurance, and
real estate 13.72 13.83 13.85 14.00
Services 12.54 12.60 12.65 12.76
PRIVATE SECTOR (in
constant (1982) dollars) 7.66 7.69 7.72 7.74
1998
Industry May June July Aug.
PRIVATE SECTOR (in
current dollars) $12.73 $12.76 $12.79 $12.85
Goods-producing 14.27 14.28 14.31 14.39
Mining 16.77 16.73 16.88 17.10
Construction 16.46 16.51 16.64 16.67
Manufacturing 13.47 13.47 13.42 13.52
Excluding overtime 12.78 12.76 12.71 12.81
Service-producing 12.23 12.26 12.30 12.35
Transportation and public
utilities 15.31 15.29 15.33 15.35
Wholesale trade 14.00 13.98 14.07 14.16
Retail trade 8.72 8.73 8.78 8.83
Finance, insurance, and
real estate 14.03 14.07 14.10 14.16
Services 12.81 12.87 12.90 12.95
PRIVATE SECTOR (in
constant (1982) dollars) 7.73 7.75 7.75 7.78
1998
Industry Sept. Oct.(p) Nov.(p)
PRIVATE SECTOR (in
current dollars) $12.87 $12.90 $12.93
Goods-producing 14.39 14.43 14.47
Mining 17.15 17.21 17.30
Construction 16.57 16.68 16.76
Manufacturing 13.57 13.57 13.59
Excluding overtime 12.90 12.89 12.90
Service-producing 12.38 12.40 12.44
Transportation and public
utilities 15.42 15.37 15.40
Wholesale trade 14.14 14.19 14.20
Retail trade 8.86 884 8.85
Finance, insurance, and
real estate 14.17 14.25 14.37
Services 12.99 13.03 13.06
PRIVATE SECTOR (in
constant (1982) dollars) 7.79 7.79 -
- Data not available. (P) = preliminary. 15. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on provide nonfarm payrolls, by industry
Annual Average 1997
Industry 1996 1997 Nov. Dec.
PRIVATE SECTOR $11.82 $12.28 $12.53 $12.53
MINING 15.62 16.17 16.41 16.52
CONSTRUCTION 15.47 16.03 16.28 16.37
MANUFACTURING 12.77 13.17 13.36 13.47
Durable goods 13.33 13.73 13.95 14.07
Lumber and wood products 10.44 10.77 10.91 10.93
Furniture and fixtures 10.15 10.55 10.69 10.79
Stone, clay, and glass
products 12.82 13.18 13.36 13.39
Primary metal industries 14.97 15.22 15.38 15.42
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products 17.80 18.03 18.28 18.15
Fabricated metal products 12.50 12.79 12.93 13.03
Industrial machinery and
equipment 13.59 14.07 14.30 14.41
Electronic and other electrical
equipment 12.18 12.70 13.00 13.13
Transportation equipment 17.19 17.56 17.94 18.09
Motor vehicles and equipment 17.74 18.06 18.53 18.66
Instruments and related
products 13.13 13.51 13.66 13.68
Miscellaneous manufacturing 10.38 10.59 10.71 10.80
Nondurable goods 11.97 12.33 12.48 12.58
Food and kindred products 11.20 11.49 11.60 11.71
Tobacco products 19.35 19.27 17.88 18.69
Textile mill products 9.69 10.03 10.16 10.25
Apparel and other textile
products 7.96 8.25 8.32 8.42
Paper and allied products 14.67 15.04 15.22 15.27
Printing and publishing 12.65 13.05 13.24 13.30
Chemicals and allied products 16.17 16.58 16.85 16.92
Petroleum and coal products 19.32 20.18 20.39 20.55
Rubber and miscellaneous
plastics products 11.24 11.57 11.64 11.76
Leather and leather products 8.57 8.98 9.14 9.21
TRANSPORTATION AND
PUBLIC UTILITIES 14.45 14.93 15.19 15.17
WHOLESALE TRADE 12.87 13.44 13.76 13.72
RETAIL TRADE 7.99 8.34 8.51 8.51
FINANCE, INSURANCE,
AND REAL ESTATE 12.80 13.33 13.72 13.64
SERVICES 11.79 12.28 12.57 12.61
1998
Industry Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.
PRIVATE SECTOR $12.60 $12.65 $12.68 $12.69
MINING 16.65 16.89 16.89 16.84
CONSTRUCTION 16.25 1,621 16.29 16.34
MANUFACTURING 13.40 13.41 13.47 13.46
Durable goods 13.96 13.96 14.02 13.96
Lumber and wood products 10.90 10.91 10.95 10.99
Furniture and fixtures 10.75 10.77 10.80 10.85
Stone, clay, and glass
products 13.39 13.45 13.46 13.63
Primary metal industries 15.47 15.46 15.52 15.66
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products 18.33 18.34 18.32 18.66
Fabricated metal products 12.99 12.98 13.01 12.89
Industrial machinery and
equipment 14.34 14.36 14.36 14.32
Electronic and other electrical
equipment 13.00 12.97 13.06 13.09
Transportation equipment 17.75 17.77 17.92 17.71
Motor vehicles and equipment 18.24 18.31 18.52 18.35
Instruments and related
products 13.64 13.67 13.73 13.75
Miscellaneous manufacturing 10.79 10.79 10.79 10.76
Nondurable goods 12.56 12.57 12.63 12.71
Food and kindred products 11.67 11.64 11.70 11.75
Tobacco products 18.49 18.24 18.54 18.94
Textile mill products 10.26 10.26 10.29 10.39
Apparel and other textile
products 8.41 8.38 8.43 8.47
Paper and allied products 15.18 15.20 15.27 15.44
Printing and publishing 13.27 13.32 13.36 13.32
Chemicals and allied products 16.89 16.94 16.97 17.15
Petroleum and coal products 20.63 20.91 21.16 20.99
Rubber and miscellaneous
plastics products 11.74 1,177 11.78 11.84
Leather and leather products 9.32 9.29 9.32 9.28
TRANSPORTATION AND
PUBLIC UTILITIES 15.27 15.29 15.24 15.27
WHOLESALE TRADE 13.77 13.85 13.86 13.90
RETAIL TRADE 8.63 8.62 8.67 8.70
FINANCE, INSURANCE,
AND REAL ESTATE 13.70 13.95 13.97 13.98
SERVICES 12.66 12.75 12.77 12.77
1998
Industry May June July Aug.
PRIVATE SECTOR $12.70 $12.66 $12.66 $12.74
MINING 16.73 16.73 16.81 16.94
CONSTRUCTION 16.42 16.44 16.63 16.74
MANUFACTURING 13.47 13.43 13.37 1,344
Durable goods 13.98 13.94 1,377 13.93
Lumber and wood products 11.06 11.10 11.18 11.19
Furniture and fixtures 10.79 10.81 10.90 10.95
Stone, clay, and glass
products 13.58 13.58 13.60 13.63
Primary metal industries 15.54 15.53 15.56 15.44
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products 18.55 18.53 18.49 18.46
Fabricated metal products 13.02 13.00 12.89 13.06
Industrial machinery and
equipment 14.36 14.40 14.42 14.44
Electronic and other electrical
equipment 13.05 13.08 13.15 13.12
Transportation equipment 17.65 17.45 16.88 17.32
Motor vehicles and equipment 18.16 17.84 16.87 17.60
Instruments and related
products 13.75 13.71 13.74 13.76
Miscellaneous manufacturing 10.79 10.82 10.84 10.83
Nondurable goods 12.71 12.69 12.79 12.73
Food and kindred products 11.78 11.76 11.80 11.75
Tobacco products 20.35 20.89 20.66 19.06
Textile mill products 10.37 10.36 10.36 10.38
Apparel and other textile
products 8.46 8.50 8.48 8.54
Paper and allied products 15.50 15.45 15.63 15.53
Printing and publishing 13.32 13.33 13.43 13.46
Chemicals and allied products 17.11 17.05 17.19 17.14
Petroleum and coal products 20.80 20.71 20.81 20.78
Rubber and miscellaneous
plastics products 11.85 11.81 11.91 11.84
Leather and leather products 9.33 9.35 9.16 9.29
TRANSPORTATION AND
PUBLIC UTILITIES 15.21 15.22 15.31 15.33
WHOLESALE TRADE 13.96 13.89 13.99 14.13
RETAIL TRADE 8.71 8.70 8.71 8.74
FINANCE, INSURANCE,
AND REAL ESTATE 13.99 13.93 13.94 14.11
SERVICES 12.75 12.70 12.67 12.75
1998
Industry Sept. Oct.(p) Nov.(p)
PRIVATE SECTOR $12.89 $12.92 $12.99
MINING 17.16 1,714 17.27
CONSTRUCTION 16.76 16.85 16.80
MANUFACTURING 13.60 13.54 13.61
Durable goods 14.08 14.03 14.10
Lumber and wood products 11.19 11.23 11.27
Furniture and fixtures 1,098 10.98 10.96
Stone, clay, and glass
products 13.82 13.68 13.68
Primary metal industries 15.61 15.28 15.35
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products 18.75 18.09 18.20
Fabricated metal products 13.18 13.19 13.23
Industrial machinery and
equipment 14.53 14.54 14.63
Electronic and other electrical
equipment 13.26 13.15 13.30
Transportation equipment 17.53 17.49 17.57
Motor vehicles and equipment 17.85 17.70 17.78
Instruments and related
products 13.84 13.81 13.87
Miscellaneous manufacturing 10.96 11.01 11.00
Nondurable goods 12.91 12.83 12.89
Food and kindred products 11.95 11.82 11.94
Tobacco products 18.03 17.08 17.49
Textile mill products 10.48 10.44 10.50
Apparel and other textile
products 8.62 8.65 8.65
Paper and allied products 15.83 15.58 15.63
Printing and publishing 13.64 13.62 13.56
Chemicals and allied products 17.31 17.23 17.30
Petroleum and coal products 20.80 21.01 20.94
Rubber and miscellaneous
plastics products 11.98 11.90 11.98
Leather and leather products 9.37 9.44 9.42
TRANSPORTATION AND
PUBLIC UTILITIES 15.46 15.38 15.48
WHOLESALE TRADE 14.10 14.13 14.25
RETAIL TRADE 8.90 8.85 8.87
FINANCE, INSURANCE,
AND REAL ESTATE 14.10 14.21 14.44
SERVICES 12.97 13.01 13.15
(p) = preliminary. NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmarks revision. 13 Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls, by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted
Annual Average 1997 1998
Industry 1996 1997 Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb.
PRIVATE SECTOR 34.4 34.6 34.7 34.7 34.8 34.7
GOODS-PRODUCING 41.0 41.3 41.2 41.4 41.6 41.4
MINING 45.3 45.4 45.2 44.9 45.4 44.4
MANUFACTURING 41.6 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.1 42.0
Overtime hours 4.5 4.8 4.9 5.0 4.9 4.8
Durable goods 42.4 42.8 42.9 43.0 42.8 42.8
Overtime hours 4.8 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.1
Lumber and wood
products 40.8 41.0 41.1 41.0 41.2 41.1
Furniture and
fixtures 39.4 40.2 40.6 40.7 41.0 41.0
Stone clay, and
glass products 43.3 43.2 42.9 43.6 43.7 43.6
Primary metal
industries 44.2 44.9 45.2 45.2 45.2 44.8
Blast furnaces
and basic steel
products 44.5 44.9 45.3 45.4 46.0 45.4
Fabricated metal
products 42.4 42.6 42.7 42.9 42.7 42.7
Industrial machi-
nery and equipment 43.1 43.6 43.7 43.7 43.6 43.4
Electronic and
other electrical
equipment 41.5 42.0 42.0 42.0 41.8 41.9
Transportation
equipment 44.0 44.5 44.1 44.5 43.9 43.8
Motor vehicles and
equipment 44.9 45.0 44.5 44.9 43.9 43.8
Instruments and
related products 41.7 42.0 42.2 41.9 41.9 42.0
Miscellaneous
manufacturing 39.7 40.4 40.5 40.6 40.4 40.4
Nondurable goods 40.5 40.9 41.0 41.0 41.1 40.9
Overtime hours 4.1 4.4 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.4
Food and kindred
products 41.0 41.3 41.5 41.6 41.8 41.5
Textile mill
products 40.6 41.4 41.5 41.7 41.8 41.5
Apparel and other
textile products 37.0 37.3 37.2 37.5 37.4 37.4
Paper and allied
products 43.3 43.7 44.0 43.7 43.6 43.4
Printing and
publishing 38.2 38.5 38.8 38.6 38.5 38.5
Chemicals and
allied products 43.2 43.2 43.4 43.2 43.5 43.4
Rubber and miscel-
lanous plastics
products 41.5 41.8 42.0 42.1 42.0 41.8
Leather and lea-
ther products 38.1 38.4 38.2 38.4 38.3 38.8
SERVICE-PRODUCING 32.7 32.9 32.9 32.9 33.0 33.0
TRANSPORTATION AND
PUBLIC UTILITIES 39.6 39.7 39.9 39.9 40.0 39.9
WHOLESALE TRADE 38.3 38.4 38.5 38.3 38.5 38.5
RETAIL TRADE 28.8 28.9 29.0 28.9 29.0 29.0
1998
Industry Mar. Apr. May June July Aug.
PRIVATE SECTOR 34.6 34.5 34.7 34.6 34.6 34.6
GOODS-PRODUCING 41.0 40.8 41.1 41.0 41.1 41.1
MINING 43.8 44.1 44.6 43.8 44.8 43.8
MANUFACTURING 41.8 41.4 41.8 41.8 41.7 41.7
Overtime hours 4.8 4.5 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6
Durable goods 42.5 41.9 42.4 42.3 42.2 42.3
Overtime hours 5.0 4.6 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8
Lumber and wood
products 41.2 41.2 41.2 41.3 41.2 41.2
Furniture and
fixtures 40.7 40.7 40.7 41.0 40.7 40.7
Stone clay, and
glass products 43.2 43.3 43.5 43.2 43.5 43.6
Primary metal
industries 44.6 43.9 44.5 44.4 43.6 44.1
Blast furnaces
and basic steel
products 45.3 44.9 45.6 45.1 43.8 44.5
Fabricated metal
products 42.4 41.8 42.6 42.5 42.4 42.3
Industrial machi-
nery and equipment 43.3 42.6 43.0 43.2 43.0 43.1
Electronic and
other electrical
equipment 41.4 41.1 41.4 41.4 41.3 41.7
Transportation
equipment 43.4 42.1 43.3 42.7 42.6 42.6
Motor vehicles and
equipment 43.5 42.0 43.3 42.4 41.7 42.3
Instruments and
related products 41.5 41.3 41.4 41.3 41.3 41.4
Miscellaneous
manufacturing 40.5 40.1 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.1
Nondurable goods 40.8 40.7 41.0 40.9 41.0 40.9
Overtime hours 4.4 4.2 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.3
Food and kindred
products 41.5 41.3 41.8 41.7 42.0 41.5
Textile mill
products 41.2 41.0 41.3 41.1 41.0 41.0
Apparel and other
textile products 37.2 37.7 37.4 37.4 37.4 37.5
Paper and allied
products 43.4 43.0 43.5 43.6 43.5 43.3
Printing and
publishing 38.4 38.2 38.4 38.2 38.4 38.5
Chemicals and
allied products 43.4 43.1 43.1 43.2 43.0 43.3
Rubber and miscel-
lanous plastics
products 41.5 41.7 42.1 42.0 42.1 41.6
Leather and lea-
ther products 37.9 37.3 37.3 37.6 37.0 38.1
SERVICE-PRODUCING 32.8 32.9 33.0 32.9 32.9 32.9
TRANSPORTATION AND
PUBLIC UTILITIES 39.8 39.6 39.8 39.5 39.6 39.3
WHOLESALE TRADE 38.3 38.3 38.5 38.2 38.3 38.4
RETAIL TRADE 28.9 29.0 29.1 29.0 29.1 29.0
1998
Industry Sept. Oct.(p) Nov.(p)
PRIVATE SECTOR 34.4 34.6 34.6
GOODS-PRODUCING 40.8 41.1 41.0
MINING 43.2 43.7 43.7
MANUFACTURING 41.6 41.7 41.6
Overtime hours 4.5 4.5 4.5
Durable goods 42.2 42.3 42.2
Overtime hours 4.7 4.6 4.6
Lumber and wood
products 40.6 41.1 41.3
Furniture and
fixtures 40.1 40.5 40.2
Stone clay, and
glass products 43.3 43.5 43.3
Primary metal
industries 43.7 43.6 43.7
Blast furnaces
and basic steel
products 44.2 43.7 43.0
Fabricated metal
products 42.3 42.2 42.1
Industrial machi-
nery and equipment 42.7 42.7 42.1
Electronic and
other electrical
equipment 41.5 41.5 41.5
Transportation
equipment 43.7 43.6 43.8
Motor vehicles and
equipment 44.3 43.8 44.3
Instruments and
related products 41.0 41.1 41.0
Miscellaneous
manufacturing 39.6 39.8 39.5
Nondurable goods 40.8 40.9 40.9
Overtime hours 4.3 4.3 4.4
Food and kindred
products 41.7 41.5 41.8
Textile mill
products 40.4 41.1 40.8
Apparel and other
textile products 37.3 37.3 37.4
Paper and allied
products 43.6 43.6 43.6
Printing and
publishing 38.1 38.2 38.1
Chemicals and
allied products 43.2 43.3 43.1
Rubber and miscel-
lanous plastics
products 41.7 41.8 41.6
Leather and lea-
ther products 37.4 37.4 37.4
SERVICE-PRODUCING 32.8 32.9 32.9
TRANSPORTATION AND
PUBLIC UTILITIES 39.3 39.4 39.3
WHOLESALE TRADE 38.2 38.3 38.5
RETAIL TRADE 29.0 29.1 29.0
(p) = preliminary NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. 17. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted [In percent]
Timespan and year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June
Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries
Over 1-month span:
1996 50.8 64.6 59.6 56.6 62.8 61.0
1997 58.0 61.4 59.8 63.6 610.1 54.6
1998 63.8 58.7 59.6 56.9 56.6 59.0
Over 3-month span:
1996 61.9 62.8 64.0 63.8 63.5 64.9
1997 64.9 63.3 65.6 66.2 63.9 61.2
1998 68.4 67.3 64.2 61.7 60.4 58.4
Over 6-month span:
1996 62.8 65.4 64.7 65.7 66.2 65.0
1997 67.6 67.0 65.3 64.9 65.6 67.3
1998 72.1 70.9 69.4 63.5 64.5 61.8
Over 12-month span:
1996 64.5 66.7 64.5 65.6 68.5 67.3
1997 69.8 67.6 69.2 70.1 69.8 69.8
1998 71.2 69.5 69.5 65.9 63.9 -
Manufacturing payrolls, 139 industries
Over 1-month span:
1996 42.8 54.7 48.2 42.1 55.4 50.7
1997 49.3 54.3 50.0 56.8 51.4 52.2
1998 55.8 51.8 52.5 48.6 45.0 47.8
Over 3-month span:
1996 43.9 46.8 46.0 47.5 46.4 49.3
1997 54.3 49.3 54.3 54.0 55.4 50.4
1998 60.1 59.0 50.7 46.4 43.2 38.8
Over 6-month span:
1996 42.1 45.3 46.4 47.1 48.2 48.6
1997 54.3 54.3 51.4 52.9 51.4 55.0
1998 61.5 56.8 52.2 39.2 40.6 34.5
Over 12-month span:
1996 43.5 47.5 45.3 45.3 50.4 49.6
1997 57.2 52.5 54.7 56.5 57.9 57.6
1998 50.7 51.1 50.4 41.4 37.8 -
Timespan and year July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries
Over 1-month span:
1996 57.3 61.5 56.0 62.5 62.2 60.7
1997 61.1 59.1 60.0 64.3 62.4 64.9
1998 55.1 53.9 53.5 51.0 56.0 -
Over 3-month span:
1996 64.2 61.5 63.9 64.2 67.0 66.6
1997 60.1 65.9 67.4 68.1 70.8 71.9
1998 57.2 56.7 55.9 54.6 - -
Over 6-month span:
1996 66.4 66.0 66.2 67.6 66.9 66.3
1997 68.0 67.3 70.6 72.3 73.3 72.6
1998 58.1 58.0 - - - -
Over 12-month span:
1996 67.7 66.4 68.0 69.9 69.1 68.3
1997 71.2 71.2 71.1 73.0 72.9 72.3
1998 - - - - - -
Manufacturing payrolls, 139 industries
Over 1-month span:
1996 47.1 55.4 47.8 52.9 54.3 55.4
1997 50.4 48.9 56.5 57.2 56.1 60.8
1998 39.6 47.5 43.2 38.5 38.8 -
Over 3-month span:
1996 51.4 50.0 53.6 51.1 57.6 54.7
1997 47.5 52.2 57.9 62.6 64.7 65.5
1998 36.7 34.2 41.7 33.5 - -
Over 6-month span:
1996 51.1 50.4 52.9 52.9 53.2 52.2
1997 56.8 57.6 60.4 64.4 67.6 65.8
1998 31.3 29.5 - - - -
Over 12-month span:
1996 50.4 48.6 51.1 55.0 54.0 51.8
1997 58.6 58.6 60.4 60.4 59.4 58.3
1998 - - - - - -
- Data not available. NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment. Data for the 2 most recent months shown in each span are preliminary. See the "Definitions" in this section. See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. 18. Annual data: Employment status of the population [Numbers in thousands]
1989 1990 1991
Civilian noninstitutional population 186,393 189,164 190,925
Civilian labor force 123,869 125,840 126,346
Labor force participation rate 66.5 66.5 66.2
Employed 117,342 118,793 117,718
Employment-population ratio 63.0 62.8 61.7
Agriculture 3,199 3,223 3,269
Nonagricultural industries 114,142 115,570 114,499
Unemployed 6,528 7,047 8,628
Unemployment rate 5.3 5.6 6.8
Not in the labor force 62,523 63,324 64,578
1992 1993 1994
Civilian noninstitutional population 192,805 194,838 196,814
Civilian labor force 128,105 129,200 131,056
Labor force participation rate 66.4 66.3 66.6
Employed 118,492 120,259 123,060
Employment-population ratio 61.5 61.7 62.5
Agriculture 3,247 3,115 3,409
Nonagricultural industries 115,245 117,144 119,651
Unemployed 9,613 8,940 7,996
Unemployment rate 7.5 6.9 6.1
Not in the labor force 64,700 65,638 65,758
1995 1996 1997
Civilian noninstitutional population 198,584 200,591 203,133
Civilian labor force 132,304 133,943 136,297
Labor force participation rate 66.6 66.8 67.1
Employed 124,900 126,708 129,558
Employment-population ratio 62.9 63.2 63.8
Agriculture 3,440 3,443 3,399
Nonagricultural industries 121,460 123,264 126,159
Unemployed 7,404 7,236 6,739
Unemployment rate 5.6 5.4 4.9
Not in the labor force 66,280 66,647 66,837
19. Annual data: Employment levels by industry [In thousands]
Industry 1989 1990 1991
Total employment 107,884 109,403 108,249
Private sector 90,105 91,098 89,847
Goods-producing 25,254 24,905 23,745
Mining 692 709 689
Construction 5,171 5,120 4,650
Manufacturing 19,391 19,076 18,406
Service-producing 82,630 84,497 84,504
Transportation and public utilities 5,614 5,777 5,755
Wholesale trade 6,187 6,173 6,081
Retail trade 19,475 19,601 19,284
Finance insurance and real estate 6,668 6,709 6,646
Services 26,907 27,934 28,336
Government 17,779 18,304 18,402
Federal 2,988 3,085 2,966
State 4,182 4,305 4,355
Local 10,609 10,914 11,081
Industry 1992 1993 1994
Total employment 108,601 110,713 114,163
Private sector 89,956 91,872 95,036
Goods-producing 23,231 23,352 23,908
Mining 635 610 601
Construction 4,492 4,668 4,986
Manufacturing 18,104 18,075 18,321
Service-producing 85,370 87,361 90,256
Transportation and public utilities 5,718 5,811 5,984
Wholesale trade 5,997 5,981 6,162
Retail trade 19,356 19,773 20,507
Finance insurance and real estate 6,602 6,757 6,896
Services 29,052 30,197 31,579
Government 18,645 18,841 19,128
Federal 2,969 2,915 2,870
State 4,408 4,488 4,576
Local 11,267 11,438 11,682
Industry 1995 1996 1997
Total employment 117,191 119,608 122,690
Private sector 97,885 100,189 103,120
Goods-producing 24,265 24,493 24,934
Mining 581 580 592
Construction 5,160 5,418 5,686
Manufacturing 18,524 18,495 18,657
Service-producing 92,925 95,115 97,756
Transportation and public utilities 6,132 6,253 6,395
Wholesale trade 6,378 6,482 6,648
Retail trade 21,187 21,597 22,011
Finance insurance and real estate 6,806 6,911 7,091
Services 33,117 34,454 36,040
Government 19,305 19,419 19,570
Federal 2,822 2,757 2,699
State 4,635 4,606 4,594
Local 11,849 12,056 12,276
NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. 20. Annual data: Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm payrolls, by industry
Industry 1989 1990 1991
Private sector:
Average weekly hours 34.6 34.5 34.3
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) 9.66 10.01 10.32
Average: weekly earnings (in dollars) 334.24 345.35 353.98
Mining:
Average weekly hours 43.0 44.1 44.4
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) 13.26 13.68 14.19
Average weekly earnings (in dollars) 570.18 603.29 630.04
Construction:
Average weekly hours 37.9 38.2 38.1
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) 13.54 13.77 14.00
Average weekly earnings (in dollars) 513.17 526.01 533.40
Manufacturing:
Average weekly hours 41.0 40.8 40.7
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) 10.48 10.83 11.18
Average weekly earnings (in dollars) 429.68 441.86 455.03
Transportation and public utilities:
Average weekly hours 38.3 38.4 38.1
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) 12.57 12.92 13.20
Average weekly earnings (in dollars) 481.43 496.13 502.92
Wholesale trade:
Average weekly hours 38.0 38.1 38.1
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) 10.39 10.79 11.15
Average weekly earnings (in dollars) 394.82 411.10 424.82
Retail trade:
Average weekly hours 28.9 28.8 28.6
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) 6.53 6.75 6.94
Average weekly earnings (in dollars) 188.72 194.40 198.48
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Average weekly hours 35.8 35.8 35.7
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) 9.53 9.97 10.39
Average weekly earnings (in dollars) 341.17 356.93 370.92
Services:
Average weekly hours 32.6 32.5 32.4
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) 9.38 9.83 10.23
Average weekly earnings (in dollars) 305.79 319.48 331.45
Industry 1992 1993 1994
Private sector:
Average weekly hours 34.4 34.5 34.7
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) 10.57 10.83 11.12
Average: weekly earnings (in dollars) 363.61 373.64 385.86
Mining:
Average weekly hours 43.9 44.3 44.8
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) 14.54 14.60 14.88
Average weekly earnings (in dollars) 638.31 646.78 666.62
Construction:
Average weekly hours 38.0 38.5 38.9
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) 14.15 14.38 14.73
Average weekly earnings (in dollars) 537.70 553.63 573.00
Manufacturing:
Average weekly hours 41.0 41.4 42.0
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) 11.46 11.74 12.07
Average weekly earnings (in dollars) 469.86 486.04 506.94
Transportation and public utilities:
Average weekly hours 38.3 39.3 39.7
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) 13.43 13.55 13.78
Average weekly earnings (in dollars) 514.37 532.52 547.07
Wholesale trade:
Average weekly hours 38.2 38.2 38.4
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) 11.39 11.74 12.06
Average weekly earnings (in dollars) 435.10 448.47 463.10
Retail trade:
Average weekly hours 28.8 28.8 28.9
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) 7.12 7.29 7.49
Average weekly earnings (in dollars) 205.06 209.95 216.46
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Average weekly hours 358.0 35.8 35.8
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) 10.82 11.35 11.83
Average weekly earnings (in dollars) 387.36 406.33 423.51
Services:
Average weekly hours 32.5 32.5 32.5
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) 10.54 10.78 11.04
Average weekly earnings (in dollars) 342.55 350.35 358.80
Industry 1995 1996 1997
Private sector:
Average weekly hours 34.5 34.4 34.6
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) 11.43 11.82 12.28
Average: weekly earnings (in dollars) 394.34 406.61 424.89
Mining:
Average weekly hours 44.7 45.3 45.4
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) 15.30 15.62 16.17
Average weekly earnings (in dollars) 683.91 707.59 734.12
Construction:
Average weekly hours 38.9 39.0 38.9
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) 15.09 15.47 16.03
Average weekly earnings (in dollars) 587.00 603.33 623.57
Manufacturing:
Average weekly hours 41.6 41.6 42.0
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) 12.37 12.77 13.17
Average weekly earnings (in dollars) 514.59 531.23 553.14
Transportation and public utilities:
Average weekly hours 39.4 39.6 39.7
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) 14.13 14.45 14.93
Average weekly earnings (in dollars) 556.72 572.22 592.72
Wholesale trade:
Average weekly hours 38.3 38.3 38.4
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) 12.43 12.87 13.44
Average weekly earnings (in dollars) 476.07 492.92 516.10
Retail trade:
Average weekly hours 28.8 28.8 28.9
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) 7.69 7.99 8.34
Average weekly earnings (in dollars) 221.47 230.11 241.03
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
Average weekly hours 35.9 35.9 36.1
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) 12.32 12.80 13.33
Average weekly earnings (in dollars) 442.29 459.52 481.21
Services:
Average weekly hours 32.4 32.4 32.6
Average hourly earnings (in dollars) 11.39 11.79 12.28
Average weekly earnings (in dollars) 369.04 382.00 400.33
[TABULAR DATA 21-22 NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] 23. Employment Cost Index, benefits, private industry workers by occupation and industry group [June 1989 = 100]
1996 1997
Series
Sept. Dec. Mar. June
Private Industry workers 138.1 138.6 139.4 140.1
Workers, by occupational
group:
White-collar workers 139.5 139.7 140.8 141.5
Blue-collar workers 136.2 137.0 137.2 138.0
Workers, by industry
division:
Goods-producing 138.8 139.7 139.9 140.9
Service-producing 137.2 137.4 138.5 139.2
Manufacturing 138.8 139.8 139.9 141.0
Nonmanufacturing 137.5 137.9 138.9 139.5
Series 1997 1998
Sept. Dec. Mar. June
Private Industry workers 140.8 141.8 142.6 143.7
Workers, by occupational
group:
White-collar workers 142.0 143.4 144.7 145.6
Blue-collar workers 138.8 139.0 139.1 140.4
Workers, by industry
division:
Goods-producing 141.5 141.5 141.5 142.5
Service-producing 139.8 141.4 142.7 143.8
Manufacturing 141.4 141.7 141.7 142.4
Nonmanufacturing 140.2 141.5 142.7 143.9
Percent change
3 12
Series 1998 months months
Sept. ended ended
Sept. 1998
Private Industry workers 144.5 0.6 2.6
Workers, by occupational
group:
White-collar workers 146.6 .7 3.2
Blue-collar workers 141.0 .4 1.6
Workers, by industry
division:
Goods-producing 143.0 .4 1.1
Service-producing 144.9 .8 3.6
Manufacturing 142.6 .1 0.8
Nonmanufacturing 145.0 .8 3.4
24. Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers by bargaining status, region, and area size [June 1989 = 100]
Series 1996 1997
Sept. Dec. Mar. June Sept.
COMPENSATION
Workers, by bargaining status(1)
Union 130.1 130.8 131.0 131.8 133.2
Goods-producing 129.2 129.8 130.0 131.2 132.3
Service-producing 131.0 131.7 131.9 132.4 134.0
Manufacturing 129.8 130.6 130.8 131.7 133.0
Nonmanufacturing 129.9 130.4 130.6 131.5 132.9
Nonunion 129.7 130.4 131.8 132.8 133.9
Goods-producing 130.4 131.3 132.0 133.2 134.0
Service-producing 129.2 129.9 131.5 132.5 133.7
Manufacturing 131.7 132.5 133.1 134.4 135.1
Nonmanufacturing 128.9 129.6 131.1 132.2 133.4
Workers, by area region(1)
Northeast 130.6 131.1 132.2 133.1 134.0
South 128.8 129.7 130.8 131.5 132.5
Midwest (formerly North
Central) 131.3 132.1 133.3 134.7 136.2
West 128.3 128.9 130.3 131.4 132.5
Workers, by area size(1)
Metropolitan areas 130.0 130.6 131.7 132.8 133.9
Other areas 128.7 130.2 131.4 132.4 133.8
Series
COMPENSATION
Workers, by bargaining status(1)
Union 124.8 125.4 126.0 126.9 128.3
Goods-producing 123.2 123.6 124.1 125.4 126.6
Service-producing 126.8 127.6 128.2 128.8 130.4
Manufacturing 124.5 125.2 125.6 126.5 127.8
Nonmanufacturing 124.9 125.5 126.1 127.1 128.6
Nonunion 126.9 127.7 129.1 130.3 131.6
Goods-producing 127.3 128.0 128.9 130.2 131.2
Service-producing 126.6 127.5 129.1 130.2 131.6
Manufacturing 128.8 129.6 130.3 131.7 132.6
Nonmanufacturing 126.1 127.0 128.5 129.7 131.1
Workers, by area region(1)
Northeast 127.0 127.7 128.8 129.8 130.7
South 126.0 127.0 128.5 129.4 130.6
Midwest (formerly North
Central) 126.9 127.7 129.0 130.4 132.2
West 125.8 126.5 127.7 128.9 130.2
Workers, by area size(1)
Metropolitan areas 126.7 127.4 128.7 129.9 131.1
Other areas 125.0 126.5 127.7 128.8 130.4
Series 1997 1998
Dec. Mar. June Sept.
COMPENSATION
Workers, by bargaining status(1)
Union 133.5 134.0 135.3 136.8
Goods-producing 132.5 132.7 134.3 135.6
Service-producing 134.5 135.3 136.2 138.0
Manufacturing 133.3 133.6 134.6 136.0
Nonmanufacturing 133.2 133.9 135.3 136.9
Nonunion 135.3 136.7 137.8 139.3
Goods-producing 134.7 135.9 136.9 137.7
Service-producing 135.3 136.7 138.0 139.7
Manufacturing 135.9 137.2 138.0 138.9
Nonmanufacturing 134.9 136.3 137.5 139.1
Workers, by area region(1)
Northeast 135.0 136.0 137.0 138.7
South 134.6 135.5 136.4 137.6
Midwest (formerly North
Central) 139.6 138.3 139.6 140.9
West 133.4 135.2 136.6 138.5
Workers, by area size(1)
Metropolitan areas 135.1 136.4 137.5 139.1
Other areas 135.3 135.9 137.1 138.2
Series
COMPENSATION
Workers, by bargaining status(1)
Union 128.9 129.6 130.7 132.4
Goods-producing 127.1 127.9 129.4 131.0
Service-producing 131.2 131.8 132.2 134.1
Manufacturing 128.6 129.6 130.4 132.2
Nonmanufacturing 129.1 129.6 130.8 132.4
Nonunion 133.0 134.5 135.7 137.4
Goods-producing 132.0 133.6 134.7 135.7
Service-producing 133.2 134.6 135.9 137.9
Manufacturing 133.5 135.1 136.2 137.3
Nonmanufacturing 132.6 134.0 135.3 137.1
Workers, by area region(1)
Northeast 131.6 132.6 133.8 135.4
South 133.0 134.0 134.9 136.5
Midwest (formerly North
Central) 133.0 134.7 136.0 137.5
West 131.2 132.9 134.5 136.7
Workers, by area size(1)
Metropolitan areas 132.3 133.8 135.1 136.9
Other areas 132.0 132.5 133.4 134.7
Percent Percent
3 3
Series months months
ended ended
Sept. 1998
COMPENSATION
Workers, by bargaining status(1)
Union 1.1 2.7
Goods-producing 1.0 2.5
Service-producing 1.3 3.0
Manufacturing 1.0 2.3
Nonmanufacturing 1.2 3.0
Nonunion 1.1 4.0
Goods-producing 0.6 2.8
Service-producing 1.2 4.5
Manufacturing 0.7 2.8
Nonmanufacturing 1.2 4.3
Workers, by area region(1)
Northeast 1.2 3.5
South 0.9 3.8
Midwest (formerly North
Central) 0.9 3.5
West 1.4 4.5
Workers, by area size(1)
Metropolitan areas 1.2 3.9
Other areas 0.8 3.3
Series
COMPENSATION
Workers, by bargaining status(1)
Union 1.3 3.2
Goods-producing 1.2 3.5
Service-producing 1.4 2.8
Manufacturing 1.4 3.4
Nonmanufacturing 1.2 3.0
Nonunion 1.3 4.4
Goods-producing 0.7 3.4
Service-producing 1.5 4.8
Manufacturing 0.8 3.5
Nonmanufacturing 1.3 4.6
Workers, by area region(1)
Northeast 1.2 3.6
South 1.2 4.5
Midwest (formerly North
Central) 1.1 4.0
West 1.6 5.0
Workers, by area size(1)
Metropolitan areas 1.3 4.4
Other areas 1.0 3.3
(1) The indexes are calculated differently from those for the occupation and industry groups. For a detailed description of the index calculation, see the Monthly Labor Preview Technical Note, "Estimation procedures for the Employment Cost Index," May 1982. 25. Percent of full-time employees participating in employer-provided benefit plans, and in selected features within plans, medium and large private establishments, selected years, 1980-93
Item 1980 1982 1984
Scope of survey (in 000's) 21,352 21,043 21,013
Number of employees (in 000's):
With medical care 20,711 20,412 20,383
With life insurance 20,498 20,201 20,172
With defined benefit plan 17,936 17,676 17,231
Time-off plans
Participants with:
Paid lunch time 10 9 9
Average minutes per day - 25 26
Paid rest time 75 76 73
Average minutes per day - 25 26
Paid funeral leave - - -
Average days per occurrence - - -
Paid holidays 99 99 99
Average days per year 10.1 10.0 9.8
Paid personal leave 20 24 23
Average days per year - 3.8 3.6
Paid vacations 100 99 99
Paid sick leave 62 67 67
Unpaid maternity leave - - -
Unpaid paternity leave - - -
Insurance plans
Participants in medical care plans 97 97 97
Percent of participants
with coverage for:
Home health care - - 46
Extended care facilities 58 62 62
Physical exam - - 8
Percent of participants with employee
contribution required for:
Self coverage 26 27 36
Average monthly contribution - - $11.93
Family coverage 46 51 58
Average monthly contribution $35.93
Participants in life insurance plans 96 96 96
Percent of participants with:
Accidental death and dismemberment
insurance 69 72 74
Survivor income benefits - - -
Retiree protection available - 64 64
Participants in long-term disability
insurance plans 40 43 47
Participants in sickness and accident
insurance plans 54 51 51
Retirement plans
Participants in defined 84 84 82
benefit pension plans
Percent of participants with:
Normal retirement prior to age 65 55 58 63
Early retirement available 98 97 97
Ad hoc pension increase - - 47
in last 5 years
Terminal earnings formula 53 52 54
Benefit coordinated 45 45 56
with Social Security
Participants in defined - - -
contribution plans
Participants in plans with
tax-deferred savings arrangements - - -
Other benefits
Employees eligible for:
Flexible benefits plans - - -
Reimbursement accounts - - -
Item 1986 1988 1989
Scope of survey (in 000's) 21,303 31,059 32,428
Number of employees (in 000's):
With medical care 20,238 27,953 29,834
With life insurance 20,451 28,574 30,482
With defined benefit plan 16,190 19,567 20,430
Time-off plans
Participants with:
Paid lunch time 10 11 10
Average minutes per day 27 29 26
Paid rest time 72 72 71
Average minutes per day 26 26 26
Paid funeral leave 88 85 84
Average days per occurrence 3.2 3.2 3.3
Paid holidays 99 96 97
Average days per year 10.0 9.4 9.2
Paid personal leave 25 24 22
Average days per year 3.7 3.3 3.1
Paid vacations 100 98 97
Paid sick leave 70 69 68
Unpaid maternity leave - 33 37
Unpaid paternity leave - 16 18
Insurance plans
Participants in medical care plans 95 90 92
Percent of participants
with coverage for:
Home health care 66 76 75
Extended care facilities 70 79 80
Physical exam 18 28 28
Percent of participants with employee
contribution required for:
Self coverage 43 44 47
Average monthly contribution $12.80 $19.29 $25.31
Family coverage 63 64 66
Average monthly contribution $41.40 $60.07 $72.10
Participants in life insurance plans 96 92 94
Percent of participants with:
Accidental death and dismemberment
insurance 72 78 71
Survivor income benefits 10 8 7
Retiree protection available 59 49 42
Participants in long-term disability
insurance plans 48 42 45
Participants in sickness and accident
insurance plans 49 46 43
Retirement plans
Participants in defined 76 63 63
benefit pension plans
Percent of participants with:
Normal retirement prior to age 65 64 59 62
Early retirement available 98 98 97
Ad hoc pension increase 35 26 22
in last 5 years
Terminal earnings formula 57 55 64
Benefit coordinated 62 62 63
with Social Security
Participants in defined 60 45 48
contribution plans
Participants in plans with
tax-deferred savings arrangements 33 36 41
Other benefits
Employees eligible for:
Flexible benefits plans 2 5 9
Reimbursement accounts 5 12 23
Item 1991 1993
Scope of survey (in 000's) 31,163 28,728
Number of employees (in 000's):
With medical care 25,865 23,519
With life insurance 29,293 26,175
With defined benefit plan 18,686 16,015
Time-off plans
Participants with:
Paid lunch time 8 9
Average minutes per day 30 29
Paid rest time 67 68
Average minutes per day 28 26
Paid funeral leave 80 83
Average days per occurrence 3.3 3.0
Paid holidays 92 91
Average days per year 10.2 9.4
Paid personal leave
Average days per year 3.3 3.1
Paid vacations 96 97
Paid sick leave 67 65
Unpaid maternity leave 37 60
Unpaid paternity leave 26 53
Insurance plans
Participants in medical care plans 83 82
Percent of participants
with coverage for:
Home health care 81 86
Extended care facilities 80 82
Physical exam 30 42
Percent of participants with employee
contribution required for:
Self coverage 51 61
Average monthly contribution $26.60 $31.55
Family coverage 69 76
Average monthly contnDutlon $96.97 $107.42
Participants in life insurance plans 94 91
Percent of participants with:
Accidental death and dismemberment
insurance 71 76
Survivor income benefits 6 5
Retiree protection available 44 41
Participants in long-term disability
insurance plans 40 41
Participants in sickness and accident
insurance plans 45 44
Retirement plans
Participants in defined 59 56
benefit pension plans
Percent of participants with:
Normal retirement prior to age 65 55 52
Early retirement available 98 95
Ad hoc pension increase 7 6
in last 5 years
Terminal earnings formula 56 61
Benefit coordinated 54 48
with Social Security
Participants in defined 48 49
contribution plans
Participants in plans with
tax-deferred savings arrangements 44 43
Other benefits
Employees eligible for:
Flexible benefits plans 10 12
Reimbursement accounts 36 52
NOTE: Dash indicates data not available. [TABULAR DATA 26-29 NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] 30. Annual data: Consumer Price Index, U.S. city average, all items and major groups [1982-84 = 100]
Series 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers:
All items:
Index 124.0 130.7 136.2 140.3 144.5
Percent change 4.8 5.4 4.2 3.0 3.0
Food and beverages:
Index 124.9 132.1 136.8 138.7 141.6
Percent change 5.7 5.8 3.6 1.4 2.1
Housing:
Index 123.0 128.5 133.6 137.5 141.2
Percent change 3.8 4.5 4.0 2.9 2.7
Apparel:
Index 118.6 124.1 128.7 131.9 133.7
Percent change 2.8 4.6 3.7 2.5 1.4
Transportation:
Index 114.1 120.5 123.8 126.5 130.4
Percent change 5.0 5.6 2.7 2.2 3.1
Medical care:
Index 149.3 162.8 177.0 190.1 201.4
Percent change 7.7 9.0 8.7 7.4 5.9
Other goods and services:
Index 147.7 159.0 171.6 183.3 192.9
Percent change 7.8 7.7 7.9 6.8 5.2
Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners
and Clerical Workers:
All items
Index 122.6 134.3 134.3 138.2 142.1
Percent change 4.8 5.2 4.1 2.9 2.8
Series 1994 1995 1996 1997
Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers:
All items:
Index 148.2 152.4 156.9 160.5
Percent change 2.6 2.8 3.0 2.3
Food and beverages:
Index 144.9 148.9 153.7 157.7
Percent change 2.3 2.8 3.2 2.6
Housing:
Index 144.8 148.5 152.8 156.8
Percent change 2.5 2.6 2.9 2.6
Apparel:
Index 133.4 132.0 131.7 132.9
Percent change 0.2 -1.0 -0.2 .9
Transportation:
Index 134.3 139.1 143.0 144.3
Percent change 3.0 3.6 2.8 0.9
Medical care:
Index 211.0 220.5 228.2 234.6
Percent change 4.8 4.5 3.5 2.8
Other goods and services:
Index 198.5 206.9 215.4 224.8
Percent change 2.9 4.2 4.1 4.4
Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners
and Clerical Workers:
All items
Index 145.6 149.8 154.1 157.6
Percent change 2.5 2.9 2.9 2.3
[TABULAR DATA 31-33 NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] 33. Annual data: Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing [1982 = 100] Index 1989 1990 1991 1992 Finished goods Total 113.6 119.2 121.7 123.2 Foods 118.7 124.4 124.1 123.3 Energy 65.7 75.0 78.1 77.8 Other 122.1 126.6 131.1 134.2 Intermediate materials, supplies, and components Total 112.0 114.5 114.4 114.7 Foods 112.7 117.9 115.3 113.9 Energy 76.1 85.5 85.1 84.3 Other 120.2 120.9 121.4 122.0 Crude materials for further processing Total 103.1 108.9 101.2 100.4 Foods 111.2 113.1 105.5 105.1 Energy 75.9 85.9 80.4 78.8 Other 95.8 107.3 97.5 94.2 Index 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Finished goods Total 124.7 125.5 127.9 131.3 131.8 Foods 125.7 126.8 129.0 133.6 134.5 Energy 78.0 77.0 78.1 83.2 83.4 Other 135.8 137.1 140.0 142.0 142.4 Intermediate materials, supplies, and components Total 116.2 118.5 124.9 125.7 125.6 Foods 115.6 118.5 119.5 125.3 123.2 Energy 84.6 83.01 84.1 89.8 89.0 Other 123.8 127.1 135.2 134.0 134.2 Crude materials for further processing Total 102.4 101.8 102.7 113.8 111.1 Foods 108.4 106.5 105.8 121.5 112.2 Energy 76.7 72.1 69.4 85.0 87.3 Other 94.1 97.0 105.8 105.7 103.5 [TABULAR DATA 34-35 NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] 36. U.S. export price indexes by end-use category [1995 = 100]
Category 1997 1997
Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar.
ALL COMMODITIES 98.6 98.2 97.5 97.2 96.6
Foods, feeds, and beverages 100.2 99.3 96.9 95.0 93.8
Agricultural foods, feeds, 100.7 100.0 97.6 96.2 94.7
and beverages
Nonagricultural (fish, 95.7 94.1 90.9 83.8 85.6
beverages) food products
Industrial supplies and 94.5 93.7 92.3 92.0 90.9
materials
Agricultural industrial 94.0 92.7 88.3 87.1 87.5
supplies and materials
Fuels and lubricants 110.7 110.2 107.1 106.1 103.3
Nonagricultural supplies
and materials, excluding
fuel and building 92.3 91.4 90.4 90.3 89.7
materials
Selected building 89.3 89.3 89.1 88.5 88.0
materials
Capital goods 99.3 98.9 98.8 98.8 98.5
Electric and electrical 102.2 102.2 101.7 101.1 101.3
generating equipment
Nonelectrical machinery 96.4 95.9 95.8 95.8 95.5
Automotive vehicles, parts, 102.3 102.3 102.3 102.2 102.2
and engines
Consumer goods, excluding 102.6 102.7 102.5 102.5 102.5
automotive
Nondurables, manufactured 102.0 102.1 102.2 102.2 102.3
Durables, manufactured 102.1 102.0 101.7 101.6 101.3
Agricultural commodities 99.1 98.3 95.6 94.2 93.7
Nonagricultural commodities 98.5 98.1 97.7 97.5 97.2
Category 1998
Apr. May June July
ALL COMMODITIES 96.5 96.6 96.1 95.8
Foods, feeds, and beverages 92.9 93.8 93.2 94.4
Agricultural foods, feeds, 93.7 94.7 94.1 94.8
and beverages
Nonagricultural (fish, 85.7 85.6 84.7 91.5
beverages) food products
Industrial supplies and 91.0 90.9 90.4 89.3
materials
Agricultural industrial 87.0 87.5 90.3 88.9
supplies and materials
Fuels and lubricants 102.2 102.2 100.8 95.7
Nonagricultural supplies
and materials, excluding
fuel and building 89.5 89.4 88.7 87.9
materials
Selected building 87.5 86.6 86.0 86.2
materials
Capital goods 98.3 98.2 97.7 97.4
Electric and electrical 100.8 100.8 100.5 100.5
generating equipment
Nonelectrical machinery 95.2 95.2 94.5 94.1
Automotive vehicles, parts, 102.3 102.3 102.3 102.4
and engines
Consumer goods, excluding 102.2 102.3 101.9 101.9
automotive
Nondurables, manufactured 102.1 102.2 102.0 102.0
Durables, manufactured 101.1 101.3 100.7 100.5
Agricultural commodities 92.2 93.1 93.1 93.4
Nonagricultural commodities 97.0 96.9 96.4 96.0
Category 1998
Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov.
ALL COMMODITIES 95.3 94.8 94.7 94.9
Foods, feeds, and beverages 90.9 88.1 88.6 90.6
Agricultural foods, feeds, 90.5 87.6 88.0 90.3
and beverages
Nonagricultural (fish, 97.0 94.9 96.1 95.8
beverages) food products
Industrial supplies and 88.9 88.0 87.5 87.4
materials
Agricultural industrial 87.6 86.0 84.6 82.9
supplies and materials
Fuels and lubricants 94.0 92.9 93.9 93.5
Nonagricultural supplies
and materials, excluding
fuel and building 87.7 86.8 86.2 86.3
materials
Selected building 87.0 86.8 86.8 86.5
materials
Capital goods 97.2 97.2 97.1 97.0
Electric and electrical 100.2 100.1 100.0 99.7
generating equipment
Nonelectrical machinery 93.9 93.9 93.8 93.7
Automotive vehicles, parts, 102.4 102.4 102.8 102.9
and engines
Consumer goods, excluding 101.9 102.0 102.1 102.1
automotive
Nondurables, manufactured 101.8 102.0 102.2 102.3
Durables, manufactured 100.9 100.9 100.9 100.8
Agricultural commodities 89.6 87.0 87.1 88.6
Nonagricultural commodities 95.9 95.7 95.6 95.6
37. U.S. import price indexes by end-use category [1995 = 100]
Category 1997 1998
Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar.
ALL COMMODITIES 97.6 96.6 95.3 94.4 93.6
Foods, feeds, and beverages 97.9 98.1 97.7 96.7 96.6
Agricultural foods, feeds, 95.2 95.7 95.3 93.6 93.4
and beverages
Nonagricultural (fish, 105.2 104.1 103.9 104.7 104.9
beverages) food products
Industrial supplies and 101.8 98.6 94.6 92.2 89.9
materials
Fuels and lubricants 111.5 103.3 93.9 87.9 81.0
Petroleum and petroleum 107.7 100.4 90.4 84.5 76.9
products
Paper and paper 84.4 83.3 82.4 81.3 81.6
base stocks
Materials associated with
nondurable supplies and 94.3 93.8 92.7 92.2 91.8
materials
Selected building 108.3 107.6 105.0 104.7 104.6
materials
Unfinished metals 96.4 95.5 94.0 93.8 94.0
associated with durable
goods
Nonmetals associated with 94.2 94.2 93.7 92.6 923.0
durable goods
Capital goods 89.4 89.0 88.2 87.4 87.0
Electric and electrical 96.6 96.0 95.5 95.8 95.5
generating equipment
Nonelectrical machinery 87.0 86.5 85.7 84.7 84.2
Automotive vehicles, parts, 101.4 101.3 101.3 101.3 101.4
and engines
Consumer goods, excluding 99.1 99.2 99.0 99.2 98.6
automotive
Nondurables, manufactured 100.8 101.0 101.0 101.0 100.9
Durables, manufactured 97.1 97.2 96.9 96.6 96.3
Nonmanufactured consumer 100.1 99.4 98.9 105.8 98.1
goods
Category 1998
Apr. May June July
ALL COMMODITIES 93.3 93.2 92.6 91.8
Foods, feeds, and beverages 97.4 96.4 97.1 96.3
Agricultural foods, feeds, 94.3 92.7 92.8 92.6
and beverages
Nonagricultural (fish, 105.5 105.8 108.3 105.9
beverages) food products
Industrial supplies and 89.7 89.9 88.2 86.4
materials
Fuels and lubricants 81.2 81.7 78.5 75.1
Petroleum and petroleum 77.2 77.6 74.2 70.2
products
Paper and paper 81.4 80.9 81.7 81.2
base stocks
Materials associated with
nondurable supplies and 91.3 91.3 91.1 89.8
materials
Selected building 104.3 102.5 99.7 102.8
materials
Unfinished metals 94.1 95.4 92.9 90.6
associated with durable
goods
Nonmetals associated with 91.6 91.3 91.5 90.2
durable goods
Capital goods 86.5 86.2 85.6 850.0
Electric and electrical 95.0 94.7 94.8 94.1
generating equipment
Nonelectrical machinery 83.7 83.4 82.7 82.0
Automotive vehicles, parts, 101.3 101.1 101.0 100.9
and engines
Consumer goods, excluding 98.3 98.3 98.2 98.1
automotive
Nondurables, manufactured 100.7 100.7 100.9 100.8
Durables, manufactured 95.9 95.8 95.3 95.1
Nonmanufactured consumer 97.5 99.3 98.7 98.7
goods
Category 1998
Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov.
ALL COMMODITIES 91.4 91.6 91.8 91.3
Foods, feeds, and beverages 94.0 95.4 96.4 95.1
Agricultural foods, feeds, 89.9 91.7 93.0 91.7
and beverages
Nonagricultural (fish, 104.9 104.8 105.2 103.8
beverages) food products
Industrial supplies and 85.8 86.8 87.0 84.8
materials
Fuels and lubricants 74.2 78.2 79.6 73.3
Petroleum and petroleum 69.8 74.3 75.8 68.3
products
Paper and paper 80.2 80.0 80.2 79.3
base stocks
Materials associated with
nondurable supplies and 88.8 88.5 88.6 89.2
materials
Selected building 104.2 104.4 101.0 101.9
materials
Unfinished metals 90.1 88.9 88.6 87.4
associated with durable
goods
Nonmetals associated with 89.7 88.9 88.5 88.6
durable goods
Capital goods 84.9 84.5 84.4 84.7
Electric and electrical 94.1 92.6 92.9 93.6
generating equipment
Nonelectrical machinery 81.9 81.6 81.5 81.7
Automotive vehicles, parts, 100.7 100.6 100.8 101.2
and engines
Consumer goods, excluding 97.9 97.8 98.1 98.2
automotive
Nondurables, manufactured 100.8 100.8 101.1 101.2
Durables, manufactured 94.9 94.7 95.0 95.3
Nonmanufactured consumer 97.1 97.6 97.7 96.7
goods
38. U.S. international price Indexes for selected categories of services [1990 = 100, unless otherwise indicated]
Category 1996
Sept. Dec.
Air freight (inbound) (9/90 = 100) 95.6 95.0
Air freight (outbound) (9/92 = 100) 98.9 99.2
Air passenger fares (U.S. carriers) 107.3 101.6
Air passenger fares
(foreign carriers) 105.5 100.7
Ocean liner freight (inbound) 98.0 98.4
Category 1997
Mar. June Sept. Dec.
Air freight (inbound) (9/90 = 100) 89.5 89.9 88.5 86.5
Air freight (outbound) (9/92 = 100) 99.8 99.2 99.6 97.7
Air passenger fares (U.S. carriers) 97.1 112.1 109.2 99.5
Air passenger fares
(foreign carriers) 98.5 106.1 104.6 99.7
Ocean liner freight (inbound) 97.6 96.8 94.9 92.9
Category 1998
Mar. June Sept.
Air freight (inbound) (9/90 = 100) 82.9 83.4 81.8
Air freight (outbound) (9/92 = 100) 97.2 96.0 95.8
Air passenger fares (U.S. carriers) 99.3 107.8 107.3
Air passenger fares
(foreign carriers) 97.6 102.4 104.0
Ocean liner freight (inbound) 93.0 103.2 105.0
39. Indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, and unit costs, quarterly data seasonally adjusted [1992 = 100]
Quarterly indexes
1995 1996
Item IV I II III IV
Business
Output per hour of all 101.8 103.0 103.8 103.8 104.2
persons
Compensation per hour 108.2 108.9 110.4 111.4 112.3
Real compensation per
hour 98.6 98.5 98.9 99.3 99.2
Unit labor costs 106.2 105.7 106.3 107.3 107.8
Unit nonlabor payments 109.6 111.9 112.1 111.5 111.8
Implicit price deflator 107.4 107.9 108.4 108.8 109.2
Nonfarm business
Output per hour of all 102.0 103.1 103.8 103.8 104.0
persons
Compensation per hour 108.0 108.7 110.1 111.0 111.9
Real compensation per
hour 98.4 98.3 98.7 98.9 98.9
Unit labor costs 105.8 105.4 106.0 107.0 107.5
Unit nonlabor payments 110.3 112.3 112.3 111.6 112.2
Implicit price deflator 107.4 107.9 108.2 108.6 109.2
Nonfinancial corporations
Output per hour of all 106.1 106.4 107.3 108.0 108.6
employees
Compensation per hour 107.3 107.7 109.0 110.1 110.8
Real compensation per
hour 97.8 97.4 97.7 98.1 97.9
Total unit costs 100.5 100.6 100.7 100.8 100.9
Unit labor costs 101.1 101.2 101.7 101.9 102.1
Unit nonlabor costs 98.8 98.7 97.9 97.5 97.4
Unit profits 149.0 153.7 154.1 155.3 155.4
Unit nonlabor payments 112.7 113.9 113.5 113.5 113.5
Implicit price deflator 104.9 105.4 105.5 105.7 105.8
Manufacturing
Output per hour of all 110.8 111.9 113.2 114.7 115.5
persons
Compensation per hour 109.3 109.2 110.3 111.2 111.9
Real compensation per
hour 99.6 98.8 98.9 99.1 98.9
Unit labor costs 98.6 97.6 97.5 97.0 96.9
Quarterly indexes
1997
Item I II III IV
Business
Output per hour of all 104.4 104.8 105.8 106.0
persons
Compensation per hour 113.2 113.9 115.0 116.5
Real compensation per
hour 99.5 99.8 100.3 101.0
Unit labor costs 108.5 108.7 108.8 109.9
Unit nonlabor payments 112.4 113.2 113.8 112.4
Implicit price deflator 109.9 110.3 110.6 110.8
Nonfarm business
Output per hour of all 104.1 104.5 105.4 105.6
persons
Compensation per hour 112.9 113.6 114.6 116.0
Real compensation per
hour 99.2 99.5 99.9 100.6
Unit labor costs 108.5 108.7 108.8 109.8
Unit nonlabor payments 112.9 113.7 114.6 113.3
Implicit price deflator 110.0 110.4 110.8 111.1
Nonfinancial corporations
Output per hour of all 108.9 109.6 111.1 111.3
employees
Compensation per hour 111.8 112.5 113.6 115.0
Real compensation per
hour 98.2 98.5 99.0 99.7
Total unit costs 101.2 101.2 100.7 101.3
Unit labor costs 102.6 102.6 102.3 103.3
Unit nonlabor costs 97.3 97.1 96.4 95.7
Unit profits 156.6 157.3 161.7 155.7
Unit nonlabor payments 113.7 113.8 114.5 112.3
Implicit price deflator 106.2 106.3 106.3 106.3
Manufacturing
Output per hour of all 116.7 118.1 120.7 121.9
persons
Compensation per hour 113.1 114.2 115.7 118.0
Real compensation per
hour 99.4 100.0 100.9 102.3
Unit labor costs 97.0 96.7 95.9 96.8
Quarterly indexes
1998
Item I II III IV
Business
Output per hour of all 107.1 107.1 107.8 108.8
persons
Compensation per hour 117.9 119.1 120.2 121.4
Real compensation per
hour 102.2 102.7 103.2 103.7
Unit labor costs 110.2 111.2 111.5 111.5
Unit nonlabor payments 112.2 110.5 110.4 110.6
Implicit price deflator 110.9 111.0 111.1 111.2
Nonfarm business
Output per hour of all 106.6 106.6 107.3 108.3
persons
Compensation per hour 117.4 118.5 119.7 120.7
Real compensation per
hour 101.7 102.2 102.7 103.1
Unit labor costs 110.1 111.1 111.5 111.5
Unit nonlabor payments 113.2 111.6 111.4 111.7
Implicit price deflator 111.2 111.3 111.5 111.6
Nonfinancial corporations
Output per hour of all 112.1 112.9 114.1 -
employees
Compensation per hour 116.0 117.3 118.5 -
Real compensation per
hour 100.5 101.1 101.7 -
Total unit costs 101.4 101.7 101.6 -
Unit labor costs 103.5 103.9 103.8 -
Unit nonlabor costs 95.4 95.5 95.2 -
Unit profits 153.5 150.4 151.8 -
Unit nonlabor payments 111.5 110.7 110.9 -
Implicit price deflator 106.2 106.1 106.1 -
Manufacturing
Output per hour of all 122.4 123.6 125.0 126.8
persons
Compensation per hour 119.2 119.9 120.9 121.8
Real compensation per
hour 103.2 103.4 103.7 104.0
Unit labor costs 97.3 97.0 96.7 96.1
- Data not available. 40. Annual indexes of multifactor productivity and related measures, selected years [1992 = 100]
Item 1960 1970 1980 1989
Private business
Productivity:
Output per hour of all persons 50.8 70.1 83.8 95.5
Output per unit of capital services 117.3 117.1 107.3 103.8
Multifactor productivity 70.7 86.5 95.3 100.0
Output 34.0 51.6 72.6 97.8
Inputs:
Labor input 60.6 68.3 80.5 99.6
Capital services 29.0 44.1 67.7 94.2
Combined units of labor and capital 48.0 59.7 762.0 97.8
input
Capital per hour of all persons 43.3 59.9 78.1 92.0
Private nonfarm business
Productivity:
Output per hour of all persons 54.3 72.2 85.6 95.9
Output per unit of capital services 126.1 124.1 111.4 104.6
Multifactor productivity 74.9 89.4 97.6 100.5
Output 33.7 51.8 73.1 98.1
Inputs:
Labor input 56.4 66.6 79.3 99.5
Capital services 26.7 41.8 65.6 93.9
Combined units of labor and capital 45.0 58.0 74.9 97.7
input
Capital per hour of all persons 43.0 58.2 76.8 91.7
Manufacturing
Productivity:
Output per hour of all persons 42.1 54.5 70.4 90.7
Output per unit of capital services 125.6 116.3 101.5 103.5
Multifactor productivity 72.9 84.2 87.3 100.4
Output 38.7 56.8 75.7 97.1
Inputs:
Hours of all persons 92.0 104.2 107.5 107.1
Capital services 48.8 74.6 93.8
Item 1990 1991 1993 1994
Private business
Productivity:
Output per hour of all persons 96.1 96.7 100.1 100.6
Output per unit of capital services 102.1 98.6 100.7 102.3
Multifactor productivity 99.6 98.1 100.1 100.6
Output 98.6 96.9 102.7 107.0
Inputs:
Labor input 100.2 99.0 102.9 107.1
Capital services 96.5 98.3 102.0 104.6
Combined units of labor and capital 99.0 98.7 102.6 106.3
input
Capital per hour of all persons 94.1 98.1 99.4 98.3
Private nonfarm business
Productivity:
Output per hour of all persons 96.3 96.9 100.1 100.6
Output per unit of capital services 102.6 98.8 100.8 102.1
Multifactor productivity 99.8 98.4 100.1 100.5
Output 98.8 97.0 103.0 107.1
Inputs:
Labor input 100.2 98.8 103.1 107.2
Capital services 96.3 98.2 102.2 104.8
Combined units of labor and capital 99.0 98.6 102.9 106.5
input
Capital per hour of all persons 93.8 98.1 99.3 98.5
Manufacturing
Productivity:
Output per hour of all persons 93.0 95.1 102.2 105.3
Output per unit of capital services 101.3 97.3 101.8 105.2
Multifactor productivity 99.8 98.6 101.2 104.4
Output 97.5 95.5 103.6 109.1
Inputs:
Hours of all persons 104.8 100.4 101.4 103.6
Capital services 96.3 98.2 101.7 103.6
Item 1995 1996 1997
Private business
Productivity:
Output per hour of all persons 101.0 103.7 105.2
Output per unit of capital services 101.9 102.3 102.6
Multifactor productivity 100.7 102.4 103.1
Output 110.0 114.7 120.1
Inputs:
Labor input 109.8 112.3 116.2
Capital services 108.0 112.2 117.1
Combined units of labor and capital 109.3 112.1 1165.0
input
Capital per hour of all persons 99.2 101.4 102.6
Private nonfarm business
Productivity:
Output per hour of all persons 101.2 103.7 104.9
Output per unit of capital services 101.8 102.1 102.1
Multifactor productivity 100.8 102.3 102.7
Output 110.4 115.0 120.2
Inputs:
Labor input 109.9 112.3 116.6
Capital services 108.4 112.6 117.7
Combined units of labor and capital 109.5 112.4 117.0
input
Capital per hour of all persons 99.4 101.6 102.8
Manufacturing
Productivity:
Output per hour of all persons 109.4 113.8 -
Output per unit of capital services 106.8 107.0 -
Multifactor productivity 108.4 110.7 -
Output 113.8 118.0 -
Inputs:
Hours of all persons 104.0 103.7 -
Capital services 106.6 110.3 -
- Data not available. NOTE: Productivity and output in this table have not been revised for consistency with the December 1991 comprehensive revisions to the National Income and Product Accounts. 41. Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years [1992 = 100]
Item 1960 1970 1980 1988 1989
Business
Output per hour 51.4 70.6 84.2 94.7 95.5
of all persons
Compensation per hour 13.7 23.6 54.5 83.6 85.9
Real compensation per hour 64.7 85.4 92.8 99.1 97.2
Unit labor costs 26.6 33.5 64.7 88.3 90.0
Unit nonlabor payments 24.6 30.6 59.6 64.1 91.3
Implicit price deflator 25.8 32.4 62.8 86.8 90.4
Nonfarm business
Output per hour 54.8 72.7 86.0 95.3 95.8
of all persons
Compensation per hour 14.3 23.8 54.8 83.7 86.0
Real compensation per hour 67.8 86.1 93.4 99.3 97.3
Unit labor costs 26.1 32.8 63.8 87.8 89.7
Unit nonlabor payments 24.0 30.3 58.6 83.8 90.7
Implicit price deflator 25.3 31.9 61.9 86.4 90.0
Nonfinancial corporations
Output per hour 54.5 69.1 80.4 96.9 95.5
of all employees
Compensation per hour 15.6 25.4 56.7 64.9 87.1
Real compensation per hour 73.9 91.7 96.5 100.7 98.5
Total unit costs 27.8 36.1 70.2 88.2 92.5
Unit labor costs 28.6 36.7 91.0 87.7 91.1
Unit nonlabor costs 25.3 34.3 69.2 89.7 96.3
Unit profits 47.7 42.0 64.4 103.8 96.0
Unit nonlabor payments 31.5 36.4 67.9 93.6 96.2
Implicit price deflator 29.6 36.6 69.7 89.6 92.8
Manufacturing
Output per hour 42.1 54.4 70.4 90.5 90.7
of all persons
Compensation per hour 14.9 23.8 55.8 64.2 86.9
Real compensation per hour 70.7 86.2 95.0 99.9 98.3
Unit labor costs 35.5 43.8 79.3 93.0 95.8
Unit nonlabor payments 26.7 29.3 79.7 90.3 95.1
Implicit price deflator 30.1 34.9 79.5 91.4 95.3
Item 1990 1991 1994 1995 1996
Business
Output per hour 96.1 96.7 100.7 101.0 103.7
of all persons
Compensation per hour 90.8 95.1 104.4 106.8 110.7
Real compensation per hour 97.4 98.0 98.8 98.4 99.0
Unit labor costs 94.4 98.3 103.7 105.8 106.8
Unit nonlabor payments 93.5 96.6 106.8 108.8 111.8
Implicit price deflator 94.1 97.7 104.8 106.9 108.6
Nonfarm business
Output per hour 96.3 97.0 100.6 101.2 103.7
of all persons
Compensation per hour 90.7 95.1 104.2 106.7 110.4
Real compensation per hour 97.3 98.0 98.7 98.2 98.7
Unit labor costs 94.2 98.1 103.6 105.4 106.5
Unit nonlabor payments 93.1 96.8 107.3 109.9 112.1
Implicit price deflator 93.8 97.6 104.9 107.0 108.5
Nonfinancial corporations
Output per hour 96.1 97.6 103.5 104.7 107.6
of all employees
Compensation per hour 91.5 95.7 104.1 106.2 109.5
Real compensation per hour 98.2 98.5 98.5 97.8 97.9
Total unit costs 96.2 99.3 100.3 100.8 100.7
Unit labor costs 95.2 98.0 100.6 101.4 101.7
Unit nonlabor costs 99.1 103.0 99.7 99.0 97.9
Unit profits 94.6 93.9 134.5 143.6 154.6
Unit nonlabor payments 97.9 100.5 109.4 111.4 113.6
Implicit price deflator 96.1 98.8 103.4 104.7 105.6
Manufacturing
Output per hour 93.0 95.1 105.3 109.4 113.8
of all persons
Compensation per hour 91.0 95.8 105.8 108.3 110.7
Real compensation per hour 97.7 98.7 100.1 99.7 99.0
Unit labor costs 97.9 100.7 100.5 99.0 97.2
Unit nonlabor payments 99.4 98.8 102.8 106.9 109.5
Implicit price deflator 98.8 99.5 100.9 101.9 103.9
Item 1997 1998
Business
Output per hour 105.2 107.7
of all persons
Compensation per hour 114.7 119.7
Real compensation per hour 100.3 103.0
Unit labor costs 109.0 111.1
Unit nonlabor payments 112.9 110.9
Implicit price deflator 110.4 111.0
Nonfarm business
Output per hour 104.9 107.2
of all persons
Compensation per hour 114.3 119.1
Real compensation per hour 99.9 102.5
Unit labor costs 108.9 111.1
Unit nonlabor payments 113.6 112.0
Implicit price deflator 110.6 111.4
Nonfinancial corporations
Output per hour 110.3 -
of all employees
Compensation per hour 113.3 -
Real compensation per hour 99.0 -
Total unit costs 101.1 -
Unit labor costs 102.7 -
Unit nonlabor costs 96.6 -
Unit profits 157.8 -
Unit nonlabor payments 113.6 -
Implicit price deflator 106.3 -
Manufacturing
Output per hour 119.4 124.4
of all persons
Compensation per hour 115.3 120.4
Real compensation per hour 100.8 103.7
Unit labor costs 96.6 96.8
Unit nonlabor payments - -
Implicit price deflator - -
[TABULAR DATA 42 NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] 43. Unemployment rates, approximating U.S. concepts, in nine countries, quarterly data seasonally adjusted
Country Annual
average 1996 1997
1996 1997 IV I II III IV
United States 5.4 4.9 5.3 5.3 4.9 4.9 4.7
Canada 9.7 9.2 9.9 9.6 9.4 9.0 8.9
Australia 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.7 8.7 8.6 8.3
Japan 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.5
France 12.5 12.4 12.6 12.4 12.5 12.5 12.3
Germany 7.2 - 7.5 7.7 7.7 7.8 7.8
Italy 12.1 12.3 12.0 12.3 12.3 12.2 12.3
Sweden 9.9 - 10.4 10.6 10.4 9.5 8.8
United Kingdom 8.2 - 7.9 7.4 7.2 6.9 6.6
Country 1998
I II III
United States 4.7 4.4 4.6
Canada 8.6 8.4 8.3
Australia 8.1 8.1 8.2
Japan 3.7 4.2 4.3
France 12.0 11.8 11.7
Germany 7.7 7.5 7.4
Italy 12.1 12.4 12.4
Sweden 8.4 8.2 8.2
United Kingdom 6.4 6.2 6.3
(1) Quarterly rates are for the first month of the quarter, - Data not available. NOTE: Quarterly figures for France, Germany, and the United Kingdom are calculated by applying annual adjustment factors to current published data, and therefore should be viewed as less precise indicators of unemployment under U.S. concepts than the annual figures. See "Notes on the data" for information on breaks in series. For further qualifications and historical data, see Comparative Labor Force Statistics, 10 Countries (Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1996). 44. Annual data: Employment status of the working-age population, approximating U.S. concepts, 10 countries [Numbers in thousands] Employment status and country 1988 1989 1990 Civilian labor force United States' 21,669 123,869 125,840 Canada 13,900 14,151 14,329 Australia 7,974 8,228 8,444 Japan 60,860 61,920 63,050 France 23,980 24,170 24,300 Germany 28,610 28,840 29,410 Italy 22,680 22,530 22,670 Netherlands 6,310 6,430 6,640 Sweden 4,494 4,552 4,597 United Kingdom 28,270 28,580 28,730 Participation rate(2) United States' 65.9 68.5 66.5 Canada 67.2 67.5 67.3 Australia 63.3 64.0 64.6 Japan 61.9 62.2 62.6 France 56.2 56.1 56.0 Germany 55.1 55.2 55.3 Italy 47.4 47.3 47.2 Netherlands 54.2 54.7 56.1 Sweden 68.9 67.3 67.4 United Kingdom 63.5 64.0 64.1 Employed United States' 114,968 117,342 118,793 Canada 12,819 13,086 13,165 Australia 7,398 7,720 7,859 Japan 59,310 60,500 61,710 France 21,520 21,850 22,100 Germany 26,800 27,200 27,950 Italy 20,870 20,770 21,080 Netherlands 5,830 5,980 6,230 Sweden 4,410 4,480 4,513 United Kingdom 25,850 26,510 26,740 Employment-population ratio(3) United States' 62.3 63.0 62.8 Canada 62.0 62.4 61.9 Australia 58.7 60.1 60.1 Japan 60.4 60.8 61.3 France 50.4 50.7 50.9 Germany 51.6 52.0 52.6 Italy 43.7 43.6 43.9 Netherlands 50.0 50.9 52.6 Sweden 65.7 66.2 66.1 United Kingdom 58.1 59.3 59.6 Unemployed United States' 6,701 6,528 7,047 Canada 1,082 1,065 1,164 Australia 576 508 585 Japan 1,550 1,420 1,340 France 2,460 2,320 2,200 Germany 1,810 1,640 1,460 Italy 1,790 1,760 1,590 Netherlands 480 450 410 Sweden 84 72 84 United Kingdom 2,420 2,070 1,990 Unemployment rate United States' 5.5 5.3 5.8 Canada 7.8 7.5 8.1 Australia 7.2 6.2 6.9 Japan 2.5 2.3 2.1 France 10.3 9.6 9.1 Germany 6.3 5.7 5.0 Italy 7.9 7.8 7.0 Netherlands 7.6 7.2 6.2 Sweden 1.9 7.0 1.8 United Kingdom 8.6 1.6 6.9 Employment status and country 1991 1992 1993 Civilian labor force United States' 126,346 128,105 129,200 Canada 14,408 14,482 14,663 Australia 8,490 8,562 8,619 Japan 64,280 65,040 65,470 France 24,490 24,570 24,660 Germany 29,760 30,030 29,950 Italy 22,940 22,910 22,760 Netherlands 6,750 6,950 7,090 Sweden 4,591 4,520 4,443 United Kingdom 28,610 28,410 28,310 Participation rate(2) United States' 66.2 66.4 66.3 Canada 66.7 65.9 65.5 Australia 64.1 63.9 63.6 Japan 63.2 63.4 63.3 France 56.0 55.8 55.6 Germany 55.4 55.1 54.2 Italy 47.7 47.5 48.1 Netherlands 56.5 57.8 58.5 Sweden 67.0 65.7 64.5 United Kingdom 63.7 63.1 82.8 Employed United States' 117,718 118,492 120,259 Canada 12,916 12,842 13,015 Australia 7,676 7,637 7,680 Japan 62,920 63,620 63,810 France 22,140 22,010 21,750 Germany 28,480 28,660 28,230 Italy 21,360 21,230 20,430 Netherlands 6,350 6,560 6,620 Sweden 4,447 4,265 4,028 United Kingdom 26,090 25,530 25,340 Employment-population ratio(3) United States' 61.70 61.50 61.70 Canada 59.80 58.40 58.20 Australia 57.90 57.00 56.60 Japan 61.80 62.00 61.70 France 50.60 50.00 49.10 Germany 53.00 52.60 51.10 Italy 44.50 44.00 43.10 Netherlands 53.20 54.50 54.70 Sweden 64.90 62.00 58.50 United Kingdom 58.00 56.70 56.20 Unemployed United States' 8,628 9,613 8,940 Canada 1,492 1,640 1,649 Australia 814 925 939 Japan 1,360 1,420 1,660 France 2,350 2,560 2,910 Germany 1,280 1,370 1,720 Italy 1,580 1,680 2,330 Netherlands 400 390 470 Sweden 144 255 415 United Kingdom 2,520 2,880 2,970 Unemployment rate United States' 6.8 7.5 6.9 Canada 10.4 11.3 11.2 Australia 9.6 10.8 10.9 Japan 2.1 2.2 2.5 France 9.6 10.4 11.8 Germany 4.3 4.6 5.7 Italy 6.9 7.3 10.2 Netherlands 5.9 5.6 6.6 Sweden 3.1 5.6 9.3 United Kingdom 8.8 10.1 10.5 Employment status and country 1994 1995 1996 Civilian labor force United States' 131,056 132,304 133,943 Canada 14,832 14,928 15,145 Australia 8,776 9,001 9,127 Japan 65,780 65,990 66,450 France 24,760 24,810 25,080 Germany 29,860 29,710 29,590 Italy 22,640 22,700 22,820 Netherlands 7,190 7,270 7,320 Sweden 4,418 4,460 4,459 United Kingdom 28,280 28,480 28,620 Participation rate(2) United States' 66.6 66.6 66.8 Canada 65.3 64.8 64.9 Australia 63.9 64.6 64.6 Japan 63.1 62.9 63.0 France 55.5 55.2 55.4 Germany 53.7 53.2 52.8 Italy 47.5 47.6 47.7 Netherlands 59.0 59.3 59.4 Sweden 63.9 64.3 64.3 United Kingdom 62.5 62.7 62.7 Employed United States' 123,060 124,900 126,708 Canada 13,292 13,506 13,676 Australia 7,921 8,235 8,344 Japan 63,860 63,890 64,200 France 21,710 21,890 21,950 Germany 27,920 27,770 27,470 Italy 20,080 19,970 20,050 Netherlands 6,670 6,760 6,850 Sweden 3,992 4,056 4,019 United Kingdom 25,550 26,000 26,280 Employment-population ratio(3) United States' 62.50 62.90 63.20 Canada 58.50 58.60 58.60 Australia 57.70 59.10 59.10 Japan 61.30 60.90 60.90 France 48.70 48.70 48.50 Germany 50.20 49.70 49.00 Italy 42.10 41.80 41.90 Netherlands 54.70 55.20 55.60 Sweden 57.60 58.40 57.90 United Kingdom 56.50 57.20 57.60 Unemployed United States' 7,996 7,404 7,236 Canada 1,541 1,422 1,469 Australia 856 766 783 Japan 1,920 2,100 2,250 France 3,050 2,920 3,130 Germany 1,940 1,940 2,120 Italy 2,560 2,720 2,760 Netherlands 520 510 470 Sweden 426 404 440 United Kingdom 2,730 2,480 2,340 Unemployment rate United States' 6.1 5.6 5.4 Canada 10.4 9.5 9.7 Australia 9.7 8.5 8.6 Japan 2.9 3.2 3.4 France 12.3 11.8 12.5 Germany 6.5 6.5 7.2 Italy 11.3 12.0 12.1 Netherlands 7.2 7.0 6.4 Sweden 9.6 9.1 9.9 United Kingdom 9.7 8.7 8.2 Employment status and country 1997 Civilian labor force United States' 136,297 Canada 15,354 Australia 9,220 Japan 67,200 France 25,170 Germany Italy 22,860 Netherlands - Sweden - United Kingdom Participation rate(2) United States' 67.1 Canada 64.8 Australia 64.3 Japan 63.2 France 55.2 Germany - Italy 47.7 Netherlands - Sweden - United Kingdom - Employed United States' 129,558 Canada 13,941 Australia 8,429 Japan 64,900 France 22,040 Germany - Italy 20,050 Netherlands - Sweden - United Kingdom Employment-population ratio(3) United States' 63.80 Canada 58.90 Australia 58.80 Japan 61.00 France 48.40 Germany - Italy 41.90 Netherlands - Sweden - United Kingdom - Unemployed United States' 6,739 Canada 1,414 Australia 791 Japan 2,300 France 3,130 Germany - Italy 2,810 Netherlands - Sweden - United Kingdom - Unemployment rate United States' 4.9 Canada 9.2 Australia 8.6 Japan 3.4 France 12.4 Germany - Italy 12.3 Netherlands - Sweden - United Kingdom - (1) Data for 1994 are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years. For additional information, see the box note under "Employment and Unemployment Data" in the notes to this section. (2) Labor force as a percent of the working-age population. (3) Employment as a percent of the working-age population. NOTE: See "Notes on the data" for information on breaks in series for the Unitex States, France, Italy, the Netherlands, and Sweden. Dash indicates data no available. available. 45. Annual indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 12 countries [1992= 100]
Item and country 1960 1970 1973 1980
Output per hour
United States - - - 71.9
Canada 40.7 59.2 69.6 75.2
Japan 14.0 38.0 48.1 63.9
Belgium 17.8 32.7 42.6 64.5
Denmark 29.9 52.7 66.9 90.3
France 23.0 45.5 53.9 70.5
Germany 29.1 52.0 61.0 77.2
Italy 19.6 36.8 43.9 64.0
Netherlands 19.5 38.6 48.8 69.8
Norway 36.7 57.8 67.6 76.7
Sweden 27.6 52.8 62.1 74.0
United Kingdom 30.2 43.3 51.4 54.4
Output
United States - - - 77.3
Canada 34.2 60.5 76.8 85.4
Japan 10.7 38.8 50.0 59.9
Belgium 30.7 57.6 70.6 78.2
Denmark 40.8 68.0 79.5 91.3
France 32.4 66.9 80.1 92.7
Germany 41.5 70.9 78.5 85.3
Italy 21.5 44.8 54.1 78.7
Netherlands 31.9 59.8 68.0 77.8
Norway 56.5 89.1 2.2 103.6
Sweden 46.5 81.7 88.5 91.8
United Kingdom 67.8 90.4 99.7 87.2
Total hours
United States 92.2 104.5 10.5 107.6
Canada 84.2 102.2 10.4 113.6
Japan 76.3 102.3 4.0 93.8
Belgium 172.1 176.3 65.6 121.4
Denmark 136.5 129.0 18.8 101.1
France 140.6 147.0 148.7 131.5
Germany 142.6 136.3 128.6 110.5
Italy 109.6 121.8 123.4 123.0
Netherlands 163.3 155.1 139.3 111.4
Norway 154.0 154.3 151.2 135.0
Sweden 168.3 154.7 142.6 124.0
United Kingdom 224.6 208.8 194.1 160.5
Compensation per hour
United States 14.9 23.8 28.6 55.8
Canada 10.6 18.1 22.3 48.3
Japan 4.3 16.5 26.8 58.6
Belgium 5.6 14.1 21.7 52.7
Denmark 4.6 13.3 20.5 49.6
France 4.3 10.5 14.9 41.3
Germany 8.1 20.8 29.1 53.8
Italy 1.6 4.6 7.0 27.9
Netherlands 6.4 20.3 31.8 64.7
Norway 4.7 1.8 17.0 39.0
Sweden 4.1 10.8 15.2 37.4
United Kingdom 3.1 6.4 9.6 33.7
Unit labor costs:
National currency basis
United States - - - 77.6
Canada 26.0 30.5 32.0 64.2
Japan 30.9 43.3 55.7 91.7
Belgium 31.2 43.3 50.8 81.8
Denmark 15.4 25.2 30.6 55.0
France 18.7 23.0 27.6 58.6
Germany 28.0 40.0 47.7 69.7
Italy 8.0 12.6 16.0 43.7
Netherlands 33.0 52.7 65.1 92.7
Norway 12.9 20.4 25.1 50.8
Sweden 14.9 20.5 24.4 50.6
United Kingdom 10.3 14.8 18.8 62.1
Unit labor costs:
U.S. dollar basis
United States - - - 77.6
Canada 32.4 35.3 38.7 66.4
Japan 10.9 15.3 26.1 51.5
Belgium 20.1 28.0 42.1 90.0
Denmark 13.5 20.3 30.7 58.9
France 20.2 22.0 32.9 73.5
Germany 10.5 17.1 28.1 59.9
Italy 15.9 24.7 34.0 62.9
Netherlands 15.4 25.6 41.2 82.1
Norway 11.3 17.8 27.2 63.9
Sweden 16.8 23.0 32.7 69.6
United Kingdom 16.4 20.1 26.0 81.7
Item and country 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
Output per hour
United States 94.3 97.8 97.0 97.7 98.2
Canada 91.1 91.0 92.4 95.2 95.0
Japan 81.2 84.8 89.5 95.4 99.4
Belgium 88.7 91.8 96.7 96.9 99.1
Denmark 90.6 94.1 99.6 99.1 99.6
France 86.7 92.7 97.4 99.1 98.7
Germany 88.3 91.5 94.3 98.9 101.8
Italy 85.0 86.6 89.4 92.8 95.3
Netherlands 91.7 93.8 97.1 98.5 99.6
Norway 93.3 92.1 94.6 96.6 97.5
Sweden 90.1 90.8 93.8 95.0 95.0
United Kingdom 78.1 82.6 86.2 89.2 93.9
Output
United States 97.9 104.5 104.0 102.5 98.7
Canada 103.2 109.3 110.8 106.6 98.8
Japan 78.4 84.6 90.2 96.3 101.4
Belgium 88.7 93.1 98.9 101.0 100.7
Denmark 99.3 100.8 104.3 102.7 101.7
France 91.1 96.3 101.6 103.5 101.7
Germany 88.0 90.9 94.0 99.1 102.8
Italy 88.5 94.8 98.6 100.4 99.7
Netherlands 89.5 92.8 96.9 100.1 100.6
Norway 110.7 105.3 101.3 100.2 98.3
Sweden 107.7 110.2 111.6 110.6 103.6
United Kingdom 94.5 101.5 105.5 105.4 100.1
Total hours
United States 103.9 106.8 107.2 104.9 100.6
Canada 113.2 120.2 120.0 112.0 103.9
Japan 96.6 99.8 100.8 100.9 102.0
Belgium 100.0 101.5 102.3 104.3 101.6
Denmark 109.6 107.2 104.7 103.7 102.1
France 105.1 104.0 104.4 104.5 103.0
Germany 99.7 99.3 99.6 100.2 101.0
Italy 104.1 109.5 110.2 108.2 104.6
Netherlands 97.6 98.9 99.7 101.6 101.0
Norway 118.6 114.3 107.1 103.7 100.8
Sweden 119.5 121.4 119.0 116.4 109.0
United Kingdom 121.0 122.8 122.4 118.1 106.6
Compensation per hour
United States 80.8 84.0 86.8 91.0 95.7
Canada 75.9 78.5 83.2 89.5 94.7
Japan 77.9 79.2 84.2 90.7 95.9
Belgium 79.3 81.0 85.2 89.9 95.4
Denmark 80.1 82.9 87.7 92.7 95.9
France 79.7 82.7 87.2 91.8 963.0
Germany 76.5 79.5 83.3 89.4 95.0
Italy 66.1 68.7 75.5 84.0 93.1
Netherlands 87.8 87.7 88.5 90.8 95.2
Norway 78.5 83.3 87.2 92.3 97.5
Sweden 67.3 71.7 79.4 87.6 95.4
United Kingdom 65.9 70.3 75.1 83.4 92.9
Unit labor costs:
National currency basis
United States 85.7 85.9 89.5 93.1 97.5
Canada 83.3 86.3 90.0 94.0 99.6
Japan 96.0 93.4 94.0 95.0 96.5
Belgium 89.5 88.3 88.1 92.7 96.3
Denmark 88.4 88.2 88.1 93.6 96.3
France 92.0 89.3 89.5 92.6 97.6
Germany 86.7 86.9 88.3 90.4 93.3
Italy 77.8 79.4 84.4 90.5 97.7
Netherlands 95.8 93.5 91.1 92.1 95.6
Norway 84.1 90.4 92.2 95.6 100.0
Sweden 74.7 79.0 84.7 92.3 100.4
United Kingdom 84.5 85.0 87.2 93.5 99.0
Unit labor costs:
U.S. dollar basis
United States 85.7 85.9 89.5 93.1 97.5
Canada 75.9 84.8 91.9 97.3 105.0
Japan 84.2 92.4 86.3 83.1 90.9
Belgium 77.0 77.1 71.9 89.2 90.6
Denmark 77.9 79.0 72.6 91.3 90.8
France 81.0 79.3 74.3 90.0 91.5
Germany 75.3 77.3 73.4 87.3 87.7
Italy 73.9 75.1 75.8 93.0 97.0
Netherlands 83.1 83.1 75.5 88.9 89.8
Norway 77.5 86.1 82.9 95.0 95.7
Sweden 68.5 75.0 76.4 90.8 96.6
United Kingdom 78.4 85.8 80.8 94.5 99.1
Item and country 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Output per hour
United States 102.1 108.1 115.1 120.2 125.6
Canada 3.3 105.7 108.4 106.6 109.6
Japan 100.5 101.8 109.3 111.9 118.8
Belgium 104.1 110.0 109.4 110.6 116.8
Denmark 105.5 - - - -
France 101.8 110.4 114.3 117.9 125.9
Germany 100.7 108.0 112.0 116.7 123.6
Italy 104.5 107.4 113.9 114.4 117.4
Netherlands 101.9 114.2 119.6 122.6 -
Norway 100.6 101.4 102.0 102.6 103.2
Sweden 106.7 116.1 122.4 125.4 133.6
United Kingdom 105.6 109.2 107.6 106.2 107.2
Output
United States 103.5 112.2 119.8 124.5 124.5
Canada 105.9 112.7 118.3 119.5 126.8
Japan 96.0 95.4 100.6 103.2 108.6
Belgium 96.9 101.4 104.5 104.7 109.4
Denmark 100.0 101.2 106.2 109.3 114.0
France 96.2 101.3 105.3 107.5 112.8
Germany 91.8 93.5 94.3 93.8 97.0
Italy 96.6 101.9 107.5 106.1 108.6
Netherlands 98.2 104.2 107.5 109.1 -
Norway 102.7 106.7 109.0 111.4 114.8
Sweden 101.3 115.7 130.1 132.9 40.3
United Kingdom 101.5 106.2 108.0 108.3 109.9
Total hours
United States 101.4 103.8 104.1 103.6 104.7
Canada 102.5 106.6 109.1 112.1 115.8
Japan 95.6 93.7 92.0 92.2 91.4
Belgium 93.2 92.2 95.6 94.6 93.7
Denmark 94.8 - - - -
France 94.5 91.8 92.0 91.2 89.7
Germany 91.2 86.6 84.2 80.4 78.5
Italy 92.4 94.8 94.4 92.8 92.5
Netherlands 96.4 91.3 89.8 89.0 -
Norway 102.1 105.2 106.9 108.6 111.3
Sweden 94.9 99.6 106.3 106.0 105.0
United Kingdom 96.1 97.3 100.4 102.0 102.5
Compensation per hour
United States 102.9 105.6 107.8 112.1 116.1
Canada 99.8 100.4 103.7 106.0 108.8
Japan 104.6 106.7 109.5 110.5 114.0
Belgium 105.0 108.4 111.6 114.1 116.5
Denmark 102.4 - - - -
France 103.6 106.2 107.7 109.4 112.6
Germany 106.0 111.8 117.8 123.7 126.5
Italy 107.1 106.6 112.3 119.4 125.2
Netherlands 103.7 108.2 111.1 114.5 -
Norway 101.5 104.4 109.2 114.4 119.6
Sweden 98.0 101.1 106.2 113.4 118.3
United Kingdom 106.2 108.2 108.6 110.9 115.2
Unit labor costs:
National currency basis
United States 100.8 97.7 94.5 93.3 92.4
Canada 96.6 95.0 95.6 99.4 99.3
Japan 104.1 104.9 100.1 98.8 96.0
Belgium 100.9 98.6 102.0 103.1 99.7
Denmark 97.0 99.7 101.9 101.2 102.2
France 101.8 96.2 94.2 92.8 89.4
Germany 105.3 103.6 105.2 106.0 102.4
Italy 102.5 99.2 98.6 104.4 106.6
Netherlands 101.8 94.8 92.9 93.4 -
Norway 100.9 102.9 107.1 111.5 115.9
Sweden 91.8 87.0 86.8 90.4 88.5
United Kingdom 100.5 99.1 101.0 104.4 107.5
Unit labor costs:
U.S. dollar basis
United States 100.8 97.7 94.5 93.3 92.4
Canada 90.5 84.0 84.2 88.1 86.6
Japan 118.8 130.1 135.1 115.1 100.5
Belgium 93.8 94.8 111.3 107.0 89.5
Denmark 90.3 94.7 109.8 105.3 93.4
France 95.1 91.8 100.0 96.1 81.1
Germany 99.4 99.8 114.7 110.0 92.2
Italy 80.3 75.8 74.6 83.4 77.1
Netherlands 96.3 91.6 101.8 97.4 -
Norway 88.3 90.7 105.0 107.3 101.6
Sweden 68.6 65.7 70.8 78.5 67.5
United Kingdom 85.5 86.0 90.2 92.3 99.6
- Data not available. [TABULAR DATA 46 NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] 47. Fatal occupational injuries by event or exposure, 1992-97
Fatalities
Event or exposure(1) 1992-96 1996(2)
Average Number
Total 6,331 6,202
Transportation incidents 2,587 2,601
Highway incident 1,287 1,346
Collision between vehicles, mobile equipment 640 667
Moving in same direction 104 96
Moving in opposite directions, oncoming 228 220
Moving in intersection 125 153
Vehicle struck stationary object or equipment 231 243
Noncollision incident 343 352
Jackknifed or overturned--no collision 250 266
Nonhighway (farm, industrial premises) incident 400 374
Overturned 213 206
Aircraft 334 324
Worker struck by a vehicle 369 353
Water vehicle incident 106 119
Railway 78 74
Assaults and violent acts 1,275 1,165
Homicides 1,032 927
Shooting 839 761
Stabbing 78 80
Other, including bombing 115 86
Self-inflicted injuries 213 204
Contact with objects and equipment 998 1,010
Struck by object 568 582
Struck by falling object 365 403
Struck by flying object 69 58
Caught in or compressed by equipment or objects 289 285
Caught in running equipment or machinery 147 146
Caught in or crushed in collapsing materials 122 131
Falls 645 691
Fall to lower level 562 610
Fall from ladder 87 97
Fall from roof 130 149
Fall from scaffold, staging 79 88
Fall on same level 56 52
Exposure to harmful substances or environments 596 533
Contact with electric current 327 281
Contact with overhead power lines 128 116
Contact with temperature extremes 42 33
Exposure to caustic, noxious, 121 123
or allergenic substances 75 76
Inhalation of substances 105 95
Oxygen deficiency 81 70
Drowning, submersion
Fires and explosions 193 185
Other events or exposures(a) 37 17
Event or exposure(1) 1997
Number Percent
Total 6,218 100
Transportation incidents 2,599 42
Highway incident 1,387 22
Collision between vehicles, mobile equipment 639 10
Moving in same direction 103 2
Moving in opposite directions, oncoming 229 4
Moving in intersection 142 2
Vehicle struck stationary object or equipment 280 5
Noncollision incident 384 6
Jackknifed or overturned--no collision 295 5
Nonhighway (farm, industrial premises) incident 377 6
Overturned 216 3
Aircraft 261 4
Worker struck by a vehicle 367 6
Water vehicle incident 109 2
Railway 93 1
Assaults and violent acts 1,103 18
Homicides 856 14
Shooting 705 11
Stabbing 73 1
Other, including bombing 78 1
Self-inflicted injuries 212 3
Contact with objects and equipment 1,034 17
Struck by object 578 9
Struck by falling object 384 6
Struck by flying object 53 1
Caught in or compressed by equipment or objects 320 5
Caught in running equipment or machinery 189 3
Caught in or crushed in collapsing materials 118 2
Falls 715 11
Fall to lower level 652 10
Fall from ladder 116 2
Fall from roof 154 2
Fall from scaffold, staging 87 1
Fall on same level 44 1
Exposure to harmful substances or environments 550 9
Contact with electric current 297 55
Contact with overhead power lines 138 2
Contact with temperature extremes 40 1
Exposure to caustic, noxious, 123 2
or allergenic substances 59 1
Inhalation of substances 87 1
Oxygen deficiency 70 1
Drowning, submersion
Fires and explosions 196 3
Other events or exposures(a) 21 -
(1) Based on the 1992 BLS Occupational Injury and Illness Classification Structures. (2) The BLS news release issued August 7, 1997, reported a total of 6,112 fatal work injuries for calendar year 1996. Since then, an additional 90 job-related fatalities were identified, bringing the total job-related fatality count for 1996 to 6,202. (3) Includes the category"Bodily reaction and exertion." NOTE: Totals for major categories may include sub-categories not shown separately. Percentages may not add to totals because of rounding. Dashes indicate less that 0.5 percent or data that are not available or that do not meet publication criteria. |
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