No-lab hands-on science.Check out these two classic hands-on experiments after you've read "Animal Action Stars!" (p. 10) and "Gone With the Wind" (p. 15). They're fun, easy, and foolproof! LUNG POWER In "Animal Action Stars!" you learned how oxygen helps your cells turn glucose into energy. And more air in your lungs translates into more oxygen for muscle power. How much air can your lungs hold? Do this experiment to find out. YOU NEED: empty 1-gallon milk container with lid * large, deep pan * 1 meter of rubber tubing * 1 large measuring cup * crayon crayon, any drawing material available in stick form. The term includes charcoal, conte crayon, chalk, pastel, grease crayon, litho crayon, and children's wax colors. * metric ruler * marker * lab partner TO DO: 1. Fill the pan with 5 cm (2 in.) of water. 2. Pour 250 ml of water into the milk container. Mark the water line--write 250 ml. Add another 250 ml, then mark the new water line as 500 ml. Continue to add water this way until the container is full. Cap the bottle. 3. Turn the container upside down and place it in the pan with the opening completely underwater. 4. Carefully remove the lid. Slide about 10 cm (4 in.) of the tubing into the container's opening. 5. Hold your nose and exhale exhale /ex·hale/ (eks´hal) to breathe out. ex·hale v. 1. To breathe out. 2. To emit a gas, vapor, or odor. normally into tube. Mark the water level with a crayon. The displaced displaced see displacement. volume is the tidal volume tidal volume n. The volume of air inspired or expired in a single breath during regular breathing. Also called tidal air. tidal volume, n , or amount of air in a normal breath. To find your vital capacity, or maximum amount of air you can force in or out, take a deep breath and exhale deeply into the tube. Mark it. CONCLUSIONS: Repeat experiment with a lab partner. Are your results different? Why? DON'T STOP NOW: Does exercise alter lung capacity? MAKE A TORNADO tornado, dark, funnel-shaped cloud containing violently rotating air that develops below a heavy cumulonimbus cloud mass and extends toward the earth. The funnel twists about, rises and falls, and where it reaches the earth causes great destruction. Tornadoes are dangerous. If you're not a meteorologist trained to observe them from a safe distance, here's how you can study one up close. YOU NEED: two 1-liter clear plastic soda bottles * water * food coloring * electrical tape Electrical tape is a type of pressure-sensitive tape used to insulate electrical wires and other material that conduct electricity. It can be made of many plastics, but vinyl is most popular; it stretches better, giving a more effective and longer lasting insulation. TO DO: 1. Peel the labels off the bottles. Remove the lids. 2. Pour water into one bottle until it's about three-fourths full. Add a few drops of food coloring. 3. Hold the empty bottle upside down over the water-filled bottle. Tape the mouths of the bottles together tightly with a long strip of electrical tape. 4. Turn the joined bottles upside down So that the water-filled bottle is on top, and quickly swirl the bottles for about 5 seconds. Place the bottles on a table, with the empty bottle on the bottom. As the water drains Wa´ter drain` 1. A drain or channel for draining off water. into the lower bottle, your liquid "tornado" should form on top. CONCLUSION: What forces make a tornado form? How can you change the size, shape, or duration of the tornado you made? DON'T STOP NOW: Research how many tornadoes have occurred in the U.S. since 1990. Create a line graph In graph theory, the line graph L(G) of an undirected graph G is a graph such that
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