New measles genotype, Uganda.We report the first genetic characterization of wildtype measles viruses from Uganda. Thirty-six virus isolates from outbreaks in 6 districts were analyzed from 2000 to 2002. Analyses of sequences of the nucleoprotein nucleoproteinMacromolecular complex consisting of a protein linked to a nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA. The proteins that combine with DNA are generally of characteristic types called histones and protamines. (N) and hemagglutinin hemagglutinin /he·mag·glu·ti·nin/ (-gloo´ti-nin) an antibody that causes agglutination of erythrocytes. cold hemagglutinin one which acts only at temperatures near 4° C. (H) genes showed that the Ugandan isolates were all closely related, and phylogenetic phy·lo·ge·net·ic adj. 1. Of or relating to phylogeny or phylogenetics. 2. Relating to or based on evolutionary development or history. analysis indicated that these viruses were members of a unique group within clade clade Cladus, subtype Genetics A branch of biological taxa or species that share features inherited from a common ancestor; a single phylogenetic group or line. See Inheritance, Species. D. Sequences of the Ugandan viruses were not closely related to any of the World Health Organization reference sequences representing the 22 currently recognized genotypes. The minimum nucleotide divergence between the Ugandan viruses and the most closely related reference strain, genotype D2, was 3.1% for the N gene and 2.6% for the H gene. Therefore, Ugandan viruses should be considered a new, proposed genotype (d10). This new sequence information will expand the utility of molecular epidemiologic techniques for describing measles transmission patterns in eastern Africa. ********** Measles virus is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus RNA virus n. Any of a group of viruses whose nucleic acid core is composed of RNA, including the picornaviruses, retroviruses, and paramyxoviruses. in the genus Morbillivirus Morbillivirus /Mor·bil·li·vi·rus/ (-vi?rus) measles-like viruses; a genus of viruses of the family Paramyxoviridae, including the agents of measles and canine distemper. Mor·bil·li·vi·rus n. within the family Paramyxoviridae. Infection with this virus is typified by high fever, maculopapular rash Maculopapular rash A rash characterized by raised, spotted lesions. Mentioned in: Scrub Typhus maculopapular rash Dermatology Any rash characterized by minibumps overlying macules, which may be caused by drug allergy, West , conjunctivitis conjunctivitis (kənjəngtəvī`təs), inflammation or infection of the mucosal membrane that covers the eyeball and lines the eyelid, usually acute, caused by a virus or, less often, by a bacillus, an allergic reaction, or an , cough, and coryza coryza /co·ry·za/ (ko-ri´zah) [L.] acute rhinitis. co·ry·za n. See cold. coryza (1). Although a vaccine-preventable disease, it still accounts for [approximately or equal to] 770,000 deaths annually worldwide, half of which occur in Africa (2). This virus is monotypic monotypic said of a genus with only one species. , but genetic variation in the hemagglutinin (H) and nucleoprotein (N) genes can be analyzed by molecular epidemiologic techniques to study transmission patterns. This molecular information, in conjunction with standard case reporting and investigation, is useful in assessing the effectiveness of vaccination programs (3-5). Genetic characterization of wildtype measles virus is a key component of laboratory surveillance activities in all phases of measles control. To facilitate genetic characterization of measles viruses, a uniform nomenclature and analysis protocol was recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) (6). WHO currently recognizes 22 genotypes of measles virus and has established guidelines for the designation of new genotypes (5-8). In Uganda, measles is still endemic despite the availability of a measles vaccine for almost 2 decades. This failure to completely control measles is mainly the result of inadequate coverage of measles immunization immunization: see immunity; vaccination. , which is a single dose of vaccine given at 9 months of age. The reported measles vaccination coverage rate in 2002 was only 74%. Given a seroconversion seroconversion /se·ro·con·ver·sion/ (-con-ver´zhun) the change of a seronegative test from negative to positive, indicating the development of antibodies in response to immunization or infection. rate of [approximately or equal to] 85% for measles vaccine given at 9 months of age, [approximately or equal to] 37% of Ugandan children are expected to remain susceptible to measles. The measles vaccination coverage increased to 83% in 2003 and 2004. The number of measles cases reported to the Ugandan National Health Management Information System ranged from 57,347 in 1997 to 49,871 in 2002. Of the cases reported in 2002, 31% occurred in persons [greater than or equal to] 5 years of age. The Ministry of Health developed a 5-year plan (2002-2006) aimed at reducing the illness and death caused by measles virus. The strategies include increasing routine immunization coverage, conducting vaccination campaigns for children 6 months to 15 years of age, providing vitamin A vitamin A also called retinol Fat-soluble alcohol, most abundant in fatty fish and especially in fish-liver oils. It is not found in plants, but many vegetables and fruits contain beta-carotene (see , and initiating a case-based measles surveillance system. In October 2003, Uganda conducted a catch-up campaign for children 6 months to 15 years of age that reached [approximately or equal to] 13.5 million children with measles vaccine, with a national coverage of 105%. This campaign resulted in a decrease in reported measles cases to 3,522 from January to August 2004, compared with 28,072 in 2003 and 33,633 in 2002 in the same period, with no deaths among confirmed measles cases as of August 2004. Case-based measles surveillance was established in 2003, and by August 2004, >80% of districts were investigating measles cases according to according to prep. 1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians. 2. In keeping with: according to instructions. 3. the guidelines. Some information is available on circulating measles virus genotypes in western, central, and southern Africa
Materials and Methods Specimen Collection and Virus Isolation Specimens for virus isolation were collected from outbreaks in different districts of Uganda Uganda is divided into 80 districts[1] across four administrative regions. Most districts are named after their main commercial and administrative towns. Eleven new districts came into being on 1 July 2006. , sentinel sites, and Mulago hospital, the national teaching and referral hospital, in Kampala from 2000 to 2002. Staff members from the UVRI were part of the outbreak investigation team and responsible for collecting specimens. Urine and nasopharyngeal nasopharyngeal pertaining to the nasal and pharyngeal cavities. nasopharyngeal meatus see nasopharyngeal meatus. nasopharyngeal spasm see reverse sneeze. aspirate as·pi·rate v. To take in or remove by aspiration. n. A substance removed by aspiration. Aspirate The removal by suction of a fluid from a body cavity using a needle. specimens were obtained [less than or equal to] 7 days of onset of a rash according to WHO procedures for laboratory diagnosis of measles viral infection viral infection, n an infection by a pathogenic virus. A virus acts on the cell nucleus, taking over the genetic material within the nucleus and replicating itself. (9) and transported to UVRI for processing by using standard procedures. The specimens were added onto B95a cells (10) that had been seeded into 25-[cm.sup.2] tissue culture flasks and observed daily for characteristic cytopathic effect (CPE (Customer Premises Equipment) Communications equipment that resides on the customer's premises. CPE - Customer Premises Equipment ). Infected cells were harvested when [greater than or equal to] 75% of the culture showed CPE, and viral stocks were prepared and stored at -70[degrees]C in 0.5-mL aliquots. Specimens contaminated contaminated, v 1. made radioactive by the addition of small quantities of radioactive material. 2. made contaminated by adding infective or radiographic materials. 3. an infective surface or object. with bacteria or fungi were filtered through a 0.45-[micro]m filter, and tissue culture additions were repeated. Isolates were shipped to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), agency of the U.S. Public Health Service since 1973, with headquarters in Atlanta; it was established in 1946 as the Communicable Disease Center. (CDC See Control Data, century date change and Back Orifice. CDC - Control Data Corporation ) in Atlanta, Georgia, for molecular analysis. Polymerase Chain Reaction polymerase chain reaction (pŏl`ĭmərās') (PCR), laboratory process in which a particular DNA segment from a mixture of DNA chains is rapidly replicated, producing a large, readily analyzed sample of a piece of DNA; the process is and Sequencing At CDC, the isolates were passaged once in B95a cells. RNA RNA: see nucleic acid. RNA in full ribonucleic acid One of the two main types of nucleic acid (the other being DNA), which functions in cellular protein synthesis in all living cells and replaces DNA as the carrier of genetic was extracted from infected cells by using the guanidinium acid-phenol technique (11), and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR RT-PCR reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. See PCR1. ) was used to amplify either the 550 nucleotides (nt) coding for the COOH COOH Carboxylic Acid (functional group) terminus of N or the full-length open reading frame for H (12). PCR PCR polymerase chain reaction. PCR abbr. polymerase chain reaction Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products were purified by using the PCR Preps DNA DNA: see nucleic acid. DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid One of two types of nucleic acid (the other is RNA); a complex organic compound found in all living cells and many viruses. It is the chemical substance of genes. Purification System (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) and analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis Agarose gel electrophoresis is a method used in biochemistry and molecular biology to separate DNA, RNA, or protein molecules by size. This is achieved by moving negatively charged nucleic acid molecules through an agarose matrix with an electric field (electrophoresis). followed by staining with ethidium bromide. Templates were sequenced by using a cycle sequencing reaction with fluorescent dye terminators (Perkin-Elmer, Applied Biosystems Division, Foster City, CA, USA), and the reaction products were analyzed by using an ABI Abi (ā`bī) [short for Abijah], in the Bible, King Hezekiah's mother. (Application Binary Interface) A specification for a specific hardware platform combined with the operating system. 3100 (Perkin-Elmer) automatic sequencer See MIDI sequencer. (music) sequencer - Any system for recording and/or playback of music via a programmable memory which stores music not as audio data, but as some representation of notes. . Sequence data from multiple reactions were analyzed with version 10.1 of the Genetics Computer Group Package (Accelrys, San Diego, CA, USA). Phylogenetic analyses, including bootstrap See boot. (operating system, compiler) bootstrap - To load and initialise the operating system on a computer. Normally abbreviated to "boot". From the curious expression "to pull oneself up by one's bootstraps", one of the legendary feats of Baron von Munchhausen. analysis, were performed by using PAUP PAUP Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony version 4.01 (Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA, USA). The sequence of the 450 nt coding for the 150 amino acids at the COOH terminus of the N gene was obtained for all the isolates, and the entire coding region of the H gene was sequenced for 2 representative isolates. Results Thirty-six measles virus isolates obtained from measles outbreaks (n = 8) and Mulago Hospital (n = 28) from 2000 to 2002 were selected for genetic analysis. Isolates were obtained from 6 districts within Uganda (Table 1 and Figure 1), although most were obtained from patients in Kampala. Viruses were isolated from either urine or respiratory samples collected within 7 days of rash onset. Overall, virus isolations were successful in 14% of the specimens. [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] Sequence data from this report are available from GenBank under accession nos. AY923185-AY923212 and AY923213-AY92321. All sequences were derived from viral isolates that were passaged once in B95a cells. The region of the N gene that is routinely sequenced for genotyping is not affected by tissue culture passage (5,6). Analyses of the sequences of the N gene showed that the Ugandan isolates were all closely related and composed of 2 clusters (Figure 2 and Table 2). Most of the Ugandan sequences were in a single cluster in which the sequences differed by [less than or equal to] 6 nt (1.3%). Within this large cluster, 2 groups were composed of 14 and 9 viruses each that had identical N-gene sequences. Nucleotide divergence within the smaller cluster was 0.6%, and overall, Ugandan viruses differed from each other by 0-11 nt (0%-2.4%) in the N gene. Viruses from Mpigi, Kampala, and Jinja were found in both clusters, and viruses from Lira, Wakiso, and Rakai were part of the larger cluster. The sequence of the entire coding region of the H gene was obtained for 2 of the Ugandan viruses (MVi/Kampala.UGA/51.00-1 and MVi/ Kampala.UGA/3.01). The Ugandan H-gene sequences differed by 21 nt (1.1%) and 6 predicted amino acids (Figure 3). [FIGURES 2-3 OMITTED] Phylogenetic analyses based on both N and H gene sequences showed that the Ugandan viruses were members of clade D. However, the sequences of the Ugandan viruses were not closely related to the sequences of any WHO reference sequences that represented the 22 currently recognized genotypes. The Ugandan sequences were closest to the sequence of the genotype D2 reference strain. The minimum nucleotide divergence between the Ugandan viruses and the D2 reference strain was 3.1% for the N gene and 2.6% for the H gene (Table 2). Bootstrap analysis of Ugandan H-gene sequences and the WHO reference sequences showed 100% confidence in the group containing Ugandan viruses. When N-gene sequences were compared with WHO reference sequences and contemporary genotype D2 (13) and D4 (14,15) sequences, bootstrap support for the Ugandan branch was 100% (data not shown). Therefore, based on the current WHO recommendations for designating a new genotype (7,8,16), the Ugandan viruses should be considered as a new genotype of measles. The proposed genotype that includes the Ugandan viruses is genotype d10. Mvi/Kampala.UGA/51.00-1 (GenBank accession nos. N:AY923185, H:AY923213) was chosen as the reference strain for d10 because it represents most isolates and grows to high titers in cell culture. Discussion This is the first report of the genetic characterization of wildtype measles from Uganda and the second that describes characterization of viruses from eastern Africa. Although this study was successful, it highlights some of the difficulties in performing virologic surveillance in developing countries. The relatively low rate of virus isolation in this study was surprising considering that all the specimens were collected within 7 days of rash onset. However, many specimens were not collected properly, and many arrived at the laboratory in poor condition because of inadequate transportation. Better training and adequate specimen-collection equipment and supplies could prevent some of these problems. In addition, many of the specimens were contaminated, and the filtration step for removing the contaminants reduced the viral titer titer /ti·ter/ (ti´ter) the quantity of a substance required to react with or to correspond to a given amount of another substance. . Specimens that do not require reverse cold chain, such as blood spots blood spots spots of blood in hen eggs; an esthetic problem to the breakfast eater. They are of no disease significance and can be prevented by increasing the content of vitamin A in the diet. dried onto filter paper, will improve the efficiency of virologic surveillance in countries such as Uganda. Our results show that the percentage sequence divergence between the N and H gene sequence of the Ugandan virus isolates and the sequences of the reference strains exceeds the recommended threshold for designation of a new measles genotype, which is 2.5% and 2.0% minimum nucleotide divergence for the COOH region of the N and H genes, respectively (7,8,16). Phylogenetic analyses group these viruses in clade D. The results also showed that the Ugandan viruses had sequences that were unique among all previously characterized wildtype measles viruses and constitute a new genotype, which we propose to be genotype d10. All viruses isolated over the 2-year period from 6 districts in Uganda belonged to this single, proposed new genotype. Therefore, d10 should be considered the endemic genotype in Uganda. The degree of genetic relatedness observed for the Ugandan viruses is surprising since these viruses were isolated during a period when measles was widespread in the country. Previous genetic analyses of wildtype measles viruses from countries with endemic measles have shown more genetic heterogeneity within a genotype, which suggested the presence of multiple chains of transmission (12,17,18). The Ugandan viruses have a unique genetic signature that clearly distinguishes them from other African viruses. During the time when d10 viruses were isolated in Uganda, genotype D4 viruses were circulating in nearby Kenya (15) and genotypes D4 and D8 were detected in Ethiopia (14). Genotype B3, the most prevalent genotype in western Africa, has also been detected in Sudan and Democratic Republic of Congo, which are north and west, respectively, of Uganda (18-23). D2 and D4 are the most frequently detected genotypes in southern Africa (24), while genotype C2 viruses were detected in northern Africa in Morocco (25). Baseline virologic surveillance has not been conducted in Tanzania, Rwanda, or Burundi, the countries that border Uganda to the south. Therefore, the exact geographic distribution of genotype d10 viruses is unknown. The purpose of virologic surveillance is to establish the transmission pathways of measles virus. Both Uganda and Kenya have initiated accelerated measles control activities and successfully completed a baseline survey of viral genotypes. Molecular epidemiologic techniques will now be very useful in monitoring the transmission pathways in eastern Africa, contribute to the development of effective measles control strategies, and document the success of the measles vaccination program. Acknowledgments This work was done at the Uganda Virus Research Institute and CDC. We thank the Mulago Hospital staff, sentinel hospital staff, and district surveillance officers for collecting some of the specimens. Special thanks go to Ezekiel Mupere for collecting the specimens for the initial virus isolation in 2000; Irene Lubega, Mukasa Gelatius, Mark Grabowsky, and Robert Perry for facilitating collection of some specimens used in this study; and Fred Baliraine for reviewing the manuscript. This study was supported by the Ministry of Health of Uganda, WHO, and CDC. References (1.) Griffin DE. Measles. In: Knipe DM, Howley PM, editors. Fields virology virology, study of viruses and their role in disease. Many viruses, such as animal RNA viruses and viruses that infect bacteria, or bacteriophages, have become useful laboratory tools in genetic studies and in work on the cellular metabolic control of gene expression . 4th ed. Philadelphia: Williams and Wilkins; 2001. p. 1401-41. (2.) World Health Organization. Measles mortality reduction and regional elimination strategic plan 2001-2005. Geneva Geneva, canton and city, Switzerland Geneva (jənē`və), Fr. Genève, canton (1990 pop. 373,019), 109 sq mi (282 sq km), SW Switzerland, surrounding the southwest tip of the Lake of Geneva. : The Organization. 2001. (3.) Rota JS, Heath JL, Rota PA, King GE, Celma ML, Carabana J. et al. Molecular epidemiology molecular epidemiology Molecular medicine An evolving field that combines the tools of standard epidemiology–case studies, questionnaires and monitoring of exposure to external factors with the tools of molecular biology–eg, restriction endonucleases, of measles virus: identification of pathways of transmission and implications for measles elimination. J Infect Dis. 1996;173:32-7. (4.) Muller CP, Mulders MN. Molecular epidemiology in measles control. In: Leitner T, editor. The molecular epidemiology of human viruses. Amsterdam: Kluer Academic; 2002. p. 237-72. (5.) Rota PA, Bellini WJ. Update on the global distribution of genotypes of wild type measles viruses. J Infect Dis. 2003;187(Suppl 1):S270-6. (6.) World Health Organization. Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI EPI exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. ). Standardization of the nomenclature for describing the genetic characteristics of wild-type measles viruses. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 1998;73:265-9. (7.) World Health Organization. Nomenclature for describing the genetic characteristics of wild-type measles viruses (update). Part I. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2001;76:242-7. (8.) World Health Organization. Nomenclature for describing the genetic characteristics of wild-type measles viruses (update). Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2001;76:249-51. (9.) World Health Organization. Manual for the laboratory diagnosis of measles viral infection. Geneva: The Organization, 1999. (10.) Kobune F, Sakata H, Sugiura A. Marmoset marmoset (mär`məzĕt'), name for many of the small, squirrellike New World monkeys of the family Callithricidae. Members of this family are all found in tropical South America, with one species found also in Central America. lymphoblastoid cells as a sensitive host for isolation of measles virus. J Virol. 1990;64:700-5. (11.) Chomczynski P, Sacchi N. Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction Guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction is an extraction method for isolating RNA, DNA and protein. This method is widely used in molecular biology, and is often referred to as the TRIzol method, after the name of the Invitrogen product. . Anal Biochem. 1987;162:156-9. (12.) Liffick SL, Thi TN, Xu W, Li Y. Phoung LH, Bellini WJ, et al. Genetic characterization of contemporary wild-type measles viruses from Vietnam and the People's Republic of China: identification of two genotypes within clade H. Virus Res. 2001;77:81-7. (13.) Rota PA, Liffick SL, Rota JS, Katz RS, Redd S, Papania M, et al. Molecular epidemiology of measles viruses in the United States, 1997-2001. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002;8:902-8. (14.) Nigatu W, Jin L, Cohen cohen or kohen (Hebrew: “priest”) Jewish priest descended from Zadok (a descendant of Aaron), priest at the First Temple of Jerusalem. The biblical priesthood was hereditary and male. BJ, Nokes DJ, Etana M, Cutts FT, et al. Measles virus strains circulating in Ethiopia 1998-1999: molecular characterization using oral fluid samples and identification of a new genotype. J Med Virol. 2001;65:373-80. (15.) Mbugua, FM, Okoth FA, Gray M, Kamau T, Kalu A, Eggers Eggers may refer to:
(16.) World Health Organization. Update of the nomenclature for describing the genetic characteristics of wild-type measles viruses: new genotypes and reference strains. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2003;78:229-32. (17.) Xu W, Tamin A, Rota, JS, Zhang L, Bellini WJ, Rota PA. New genetic group of measles virus isolated in the People's Republic of China. Virus Res. 1998;54:147-56. (18.) Hanses F, Truong AT, Ammerlaan W, Ikusika O, Adu F, Oyefolu AO, et al. Molecular epidemiology of Nigerian and Ghanaian measles virus isolates reveals a genotype circulating widely in western and central Africa. J Gen Virol. 1999;80:871-7. (19.) Outlaw MC, Jaye A, Whittle HC, Pringle CR. Clustering of hemagglutinin gene sequences of measles viruses isolated in the Gambia. Virus Res. 1997;48:125-31. (20.) Truong AT, Ammerlaan W, Hartter HK, Adu F, Omilabu SA, Oyefolu AO, et al. Genotypic and antigenic characterization of hemagglutinin proteins of African measles virus isolates. Virus Res. 1999;62:89-95. (21.) Kouomou DW, Nerrienet E, Mfoupouendoun J, Tene G, Whittle H, Wild TF. Measles virus strains circulating in Central and West Africa: geographical distribution of two B3 genotypes. J Med Virol. 2002;68:433-40. (22.) Mulders MN, Venard V, Njayou M, Edorh AP, Bola bo·la also bo·las n. A rope with weights attached, used especially in South America to catch cattle or game by entangling their legs. [From American Spanish bolas, pl. OAO OAO Orbiting Astronomical Observatory OAO Over and Out OAO One And Only OAO Ontario Association of Orthodontists OAO Owned and Operated OAO Ontario Association of Optometrists OAO Opticians Association of Ohio OAO Orthogonalized Atomic Orbital , Kehinde MO. et al. Low genetic diversity despite hyperendemicity of hepatitis B Hepatitis B Definition Hepatitis B is a potentially serious form of liver inflammation due to infection by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It occurs in both rapidly developing (acute) and long-lasting (chronic) forms, and is one of the most common chronic virus genotype E throughout West Africa. J Infect Dis. 2004;190:400-8. (23.) El Mubarak HS, van de Bildt MW, Mustafa OA, Vos HW, Mukhtar Mukhtar, meaning "chosen" in Arabic, refers to the head of a village or mahalle (urban district) in many Arab countries. The name refers to the fact that mukhtars are usually selected by some consensual or participatory method, often involving an election. MM, Ibrahim SA, et al. Genetic characterization of wild-type measles viruses circulating in suburban Khartoum, 1997-2000. J Gen Virol. 2002;83:1437-43. (24.) Kreis S, Vardas E, Whistler T. Sequence analysis of the nucleocapsid nucleocapsid /nu·cleo·cap·sid/ (noo?kle-o-kap´sid) a unit of viral structure, consisting of a capsid with the enclosed nucleic acid. nu·cle·o·cap·sid n. gene of measles virus isolates from South Africa identifies a new genoytpe. J Gen Virol. 1997;78:1581-7. (25.) Alla A, Liffick SL, Newton BR, Elaouad R, Rota PA, Bellini WJ. Genetic analysis of measles viruses isolated in Morocco. J Med Virol. 2002;68:441-4. Apollo Muwonge, * Miriam Nanyunja, * ([dagger]) Paul A. Rota, ([double dagger]) Josephine Bwogi, * Luis Lowe, ([double dagger]) Stephanie L. Liffick, ([double dagger]) William J. Bellini, ([double dagger]) and Sempala Sylvester * * Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda; ([dagger]) World Health Organization, Kampala, Uganda; and ([double dagger]) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Mr Muwonge is a senior laboratory technologist in Uganda. His main areas of research are diagnosis, surveillance, and control of polio, measles, and rubella rubella or German measles, acute infectious disease of children and young adults. It is caused by a filterable virus that is spread by droplet spray from the respiratory tract of an infected individual. . Address for correspondence: Paul A. Rota, Measles Virus Section, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Mailstop C22, Atlanta, GA, USA, 30333; fax: 404-639-4187; email: prota@ cdc.gov
Table 1. Wildtype measles viruses isolated in Uganda, 2000-2002 *
WHO name and genotype Collection date
MVi/Kampala UGA/10.00-1 [d10] ([dagger]) 3/5/2000
MVi/Kampala UGA/10.00-2[d10] 3/6/2000
MVi/Mpigi UGA/18.00[d10] ([dagger]) 4/27/2000
MVi/Kampala UGA/42.00-1[d10] 10/10/2000
MVi/Kampala UGA/42.00-2[d10] 10/16/2000
MVi/Kampala UGA/43.00-1[d10] 10/23/2000
MVi/Kampala UGA/43.00-2[d10] 10/23/2000
MVi/Kampala UGA/45.00[d10] 11/6/2000
MVi/Kampala UGA/46.00-1[d10] 11/8/2000
MVi/Kampala UGA/46.00-2[d10] 11/13/2000
MVi/Kampala UGA/49.00-1[d10] 11/28/2000
MVi/Kampala UGA/49.00-2[d10] 11/30/2000
MVi/Kampala UGA/50.00[d10] 12/11/2000
MVi/Kampala UGA/51.00-1[d10] ([double dagger]) 12/12/2000
MVi/Kampala UGA/51.00-2[d10] 12/18/2000
MM/Kampala UGA/51.00-3[d10] ([dagger]) 12/18/2000
MVi/Kampala UGA/51.00-4[d10] 12/18/2000
MVi/Kampala UGA/3.01[d10] 1/15/2001
MVi/Kampala UGA/4.01-1[d10] ([dagger]) 1/24/2001
MVi/Kampala UGA/4.01-2[d10] 1/24/2001
MVi/Kampala UGA/6.01[d10] 2/8/2001
MVi/Kampala UGA/8.01[d10] 2/22/2001
MVi/Kampala UGA/9.01[d10] 2/27/2001
MVi/Lira UGA/12.01[d10] 3/19/2001
MVi/Kampala UGA/12.01[d10] 3/25/2001
MVi/Kampala UGA/15.01-1[d10] 4/9/2001
MVi/Kampala UGA/15.01-2[d10] 4/10/2001
MVi/Kampala UGA/15.01-3[d10] 4/11/2001
MVi/Rakai UGA/17.01[d10] 4/23/2001
MVi/Mpigi UGA/18.01-1[d10] 5/4/2001
MVi/Mpigi UGA/18.01-2[d10] 5/4/2001
MVi/Mpigi UGA/18.01-3[d10] 5/5/2001
MVi/Kampala UGA/32.01-1[d10] 8/7/2001
MVi/Kampala UGA/32.01-2[d10] 8/7/2001
MVi/Wakiso UGA/32.01[d10] 8/8/2001
MVi/Jinja UGA/8.02[d10] ([dagger]) 2/24/2002
* WHO, World Health Organization.
([dagger]) Members of the second, smaller cluster of Ugandan
viruses.
([double dagger]) Reference strain for proposed genotype d10.
Table 2. Percentage genetic distance between wildtype measles
viruses from Uganda and World Health Organization reference
strains
Nucleoprotein gene Hemagglutinin gene
Genotype * (range) ([dagger]) ([double dagger])
A 5.1-6.2 2.2
B1 6.8-8.2 3.2
B2 6.4-7.7 4.0
B3-NY USA/94 6.6-7.9 3.8
C1 5.1-5.9 2.3
C2-Erlangen Due/90 8.6-9.9 3.1
D1 4.4-5.7 2.2
D2 3.1-4.4 2.6
D3 4.8-6.4 3.5
D4 5.5-6.4 3.1
D5-Palau BLA/93 4.8-6.4 3.1
D6 5.7-7.0 2.4
D7-Illinois USA/99 7.7-9.0 3.0
D8 5.3-6.6 3.0
D9 5.7-7.3 3.0
E 5.5-6.8 2.9
F 6.2-7.5 3.0
G1 7.7-9.0 4.2
G2 7.2-8.6 4.6
G3 6.8-8.2 5.3
H1 7.9-8.8 5.5
H2 7.3-9.0 4.6
* One reference sequence was used for each comparison. For a genotype
with >1 reference sequence, the indicated sequence was used for
comparison.
([dagger]) Range of percentage nucleotide differences between all
Uganda sequences and the reference sequences for the nucleoprotein
gene.
([double dagger]) Since we had only 2 Ugandan hemagglutinin gene
sequences, the lowest percentage difference is shown. However, both
percentages did not vary by [greater than or equal to] 0.1%.
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