New generation oil-extended EPDM for applications where color counts.The regular paraffinic oils used in ethylene ethylene (ĕth`əlēn') or ethene (ĕth`ēn), H2C=CH2, a gaseous unsaturated hydrocarbon. It is the simplest alkene. propylene propylene /pro·pyl·ene/ (pro´pi-len) a gaseous hydrocarbon, CH3CHdbondCH2. propylene glycol a colorless viscous liquid used as a humectant and solvent in pharmaceutical preparations. diene Dienes are hydrocarbons which contain two double bonds. Dienes are intermediate between alkenes and polyenes. Classes Dienes can be divided into three classes:
n. A polymer that consists of three distinct monomers. [Latin ter, thrice; see trei- in Indo-European roots + polymer.] (EPDM EPDM Ethylene-Propylene-Diene-Monomer EPDM Enterprise Product Data Management EPDM Ethylene Propylene Dimonomer (industrial/commercial piping/plumbing components) EPDM Engineering Product Data Management ) compounds contain aromatic aromatic /ar·o·mat·ic/ (ar?o-mat´ik) 1. having a spicy odor. 2. in chemistry, denoting a compound containing a ring system stabilized by a closed circle of conjugated double bonds or nonbonding electron pairs, e.g. and polar moieties (ref. 1). When a white or colored EPDM article is compounded with the regular paraffinic oil, the initial color and brightness do not meet the required criteria due to the darker color of the oil. The polar and aromatic component in the oil makes the compound more susceptible to ultraviolet An invisible band of radiation at the upper end of the visible light spectrum. With wavelengths from 10 to 400 nm, ultraviolet starts at the end of visible light and ends at the beginning of X-rays. The primary source of ultraviolet light is the sun. (UV) light and/or heat degradation. The color stability during exposure to UV light is poor. The black compounds have superior UV stability as opposed to the colored or white compound. However, the paraffinic oil present in the black compound on prolonged pro·long tr.v. pro·longed, pro·long·ing, pro·longs 1. To lengthen in duration; protract. 2. To lengthen in extent. exposure to the UV light generates stain Stain (microbiology) Any colored, organic compound, usually called dye, used to stain tissues, cells, cell components, or cell contents. The dye may be natural or synthetic. The object stained is called the substrate. or color, which can migrate to the surface paint or colored material in contact. One approach to overcome these difficulties is to use a refined paraffinic oil containing a lower level of aromatics and polar derivatives with a non-oil-extended EPDM grade (clear grade EPDM). Traditionally, the Mooney viscosity of the non oil extended EPDMs are available in the range of 20-90 MU (ML 1+4 @ 125[degrees]C). But it is difficult to incorporate a high level of oil with a clear grade EPDM because of the lubricating effect of the oil incurred during mixing. In addition, the clear grade EPDMs do not allow for very high compound loading. The flexibility in compounding a low cost colored compound is therefore limited. There is clearly a need in the market to offer excellent color stability and freedom to EPDM users to compound for colored articles. Special attention should be given to the expanding thermoplastic A polymer material that turns to liquid when heated and becomes solid when cooled. There are more than 40 types of thermoplastics, including acrylic, polypropylene, polycarbonate and polyethylene. vulcanizate (TPV TPV Temporary Protection Visa (Australia) TPV Terminal Punto Venta TPV Third-Party Verification TPV Thermophotovoltaic TPV Thermoplastic Vulcanizate (thermoplastic elastomer) TPV Total Payment Volume ) market and to the increasing aesthetic demands of the original equipment manufacturers (OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) The rebranding of equipment and selling it. The term initially referred to the company that made the products (the "original" manufacturer), but eventually became widely used to refer to the organization that buys the products and ). To meet present and future market requirements, a new series of EPDMs has been designed to impart the advantages of light color and good color stability to the finished product. This article describes the characteristics of the new generation EPDM grades and gives examples of a few applications for which they have been developed. Experimental The mixing was carried out on a BR 82 internal mixer mixer, either of two electronic devices in which two or more signals are combined. In the type of mixer used in radio receivers, radar receivers, and similar systems, a signal is translated upward or downward in frequency. . Standard laboratory mill mixing procedures were used to incorporate the curatives in a separate mixing step. All the physical tests were carried out according to according to prep. 1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians. 2. In keeping with: according to instructions. 3. ASTM ASTM abbr. American Society for Testing and Materials methods. The lamp source for the UV light discoloration dis·col·or·a·tion n. 1. a. The act of discoloring. b. The condition of being discolored. 2. A discolored spot, smudge, or area; a stain. Noun 1. test had a wavelength range of 300-800 nm and irradiance ir·ra·di·ant adj. Sending forth radiant light. [Latin irradi of 1,250 W/m (2). During the UV degradation, the specimens were kept stationary Stationary can mean:
n. The ratio of the amount of water vapor in the air at a specific temperature to the maximum amount that the air could hold at that temperature, expressed as a percentage. , and the exposure time was varied for 24, 72 and 168 hours. The development of yellowness was measured by a yellowness index meter. Results and discussion Polymer characteristics A new generation of oil extended EPDMs has been designed using ultra high molecular weight polymers and a "clear paraffinic oil." The raw polymer Mooney viscosity of the ultra high molecular weight polymers ranges from 150-400 [micro]m (ML 1+4 @ 125[degrees]C). The clear paraffinic oils, referred to as "clear oil" in this article, are a family of paraffinic oils with <1% aromatic content and negligible  This article or section is written like a personal reflection or and may require .Please [ improve this article] by rewriting this article or section in an . polar derivatives. The clear oils are obtained by fractionation fractionation /frac·tion·a·tion/ (frak?shun-a´shun) 1. in radiology, division of the total dose of radiation into small doses administered at intervals. 2. , hydrocracking hy·dro·crack·ing n. A process by which the hydrocarbon molecules of petroleum are broken into simpler molecules, as of gasoline or kerosene, by the addition of hydrogen under high pressure and in the presence of a catalyst. , hydrodewaxing and hydrofinishing oil distillates (ref. 2). The refined paraffinic oil thus obtained is highly saturated saturated /sat·u·rat·ed/ (sach´ah-rat?ed) 1. denoting a chemical compound that has only single bonds and no double or triple bonds between atoms. 2. unable to hold in solution any more of a given substance. and virtually water-clear in color. These oils exhibit higher chemical, thermal and light stability when compared to the regular paraffinic oil. The regular paraffinic oils will be referred to as "regular oil" here. The performance of clear vs. regular oil as an extender See Media Center Extender, bus extender and DOS extender. for EPDM in terms of heat and UV stability is shown in figure 1. [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] The regular paraffinic oil in general contains up to 20% aromatic content and polar moieties (ref. 1). Three sets of polymers, namely, clear EPDM (no oil), EPDM extended with 50 phr clear oil and EPDM extended with 50 phr regular oil, were exposed to the UV light for three days. Figure 1 shows the change in color in Verb 1. color in - add color to; "The child colored the drawings"; "Fall colored the trees"; "colorize black and white film" color, colorise, colorize, colour in, colourise, colourize, colour the sample containing regular oil. The color of the clear oil extended polymers remains similar to that of the non-oil-extended sample. When used as the extender oil in EPDM, the clear oil-extended polymer demonstrates improved heat and UV stability as compared to a regular oil extended polymer. The clear oil-extended EPDM gives a much "whiter" EPDM product. This is observed by the lower yellowness index, e.g., YI less than 12 for the clear oil vs. YI greater than 25 for the regular paraffinic oil. The color stability of the raw polymer on storage is better for the clear oil-extended polymer. Table 1 shows the change in yellowness index on accelerated heat aging, 14 days at 60[degrees]C. The yellowness index in table 1 demonstrates the improvement of the color stability of the clear oil-extended polymer as compared to the regular oil-extended polymer. The clear paraffinic oil used in the new generation EPDM exhibits relatively low pour points pour point n. The lowest temperature at which an oil or other liquid will pour under given conditions. and low volatility. The volatility of the oil-extended EPDM is reduced by 50% as measured by ASTM D1416 when the clear oil is used instead of the regular oil with comparable oil viscosity. This property is of particular importance in the automotive industry The automotive industry is the industry involved in the design, development, manufacture, marketing, and sale of motor vehicles. In 2006, more than 69 million motor vehicles, including cars and commercial vehicles were produced worldwide. , where low fogging specifications are required. The polymers in the new generation oil-extended EPDM have ultra high raw polymer Mooney viscosity. The EPDMs are mainly produced by slurry slurry, n a thin mixture of insoluble material floating in liquid. slurry solids in suspension. Used as a method of feeding pigs—slurry is pumped through fixed lines and delivered to troughs by hoses equipped with gasoline pump fittings. polymerization polymerization Any process in which monomers combine chemically to produce a polymer. The monomer molecules—which in the polymer usually number from at least 100 to many thousands—may or may not all be the same. technology (ref. 3). This technology offers the advantage of polymerizing extremely high molecular weight elastomers. The ultra high molecular weight EPDM provides excellent physical properties and good set properties. They also exhibit outstanding hot green strength, superior dimensional stability dimensional stability, n See stability, dimensional. after extrusion and excellent collapse resistance during pressureless curing. Pre-dispersing EPDM with oil facilitates the smooth processing of a high molecular weight polymer. Since a large amount of oil has already been pre-dispersed into the polymer, it is convenient for EPDM users to incorporate the residual oil residual oil n. The low-grade oil products that remain after the distillation of petroleum, used in adhesives, roofing compounds, and asphalt manufacture. Noun 1. in a highly loaded formulation formulation /for·mu·la·tion/ (for?mu-la´shun) the act or product of formulating. American Law Institute Formulation . The polymers are extended with 75-100 parts of paraffinic oil. Therefore, in several compounding formulations, additional oil is not required. The oil-extended polymers are designed to have a compound Mooney viscosity within the general processing window, with the added advantage of ultra high raw polymer Mooney. This also allows very high loading of the compound for cost reduction. EPDMs extended with regular paraffinic oil are available in the market. In the past, the compounds formulated for·mu·late tr.v. for·mu·lat·ed, for·mu·lat·ing, for·mu·lates 1. a. To state as or reduce to a formula. b. To express in systematic terms or concepts. c. for color stability could not apply the advantage of oil-extended polymers. A series of new generation EPDMs extended with clear paraffinic oil has been developed to offer the advantages of formulating light color compounds and excellent color stability. Table 2 lists EPDMs with clear and regular oil used in the present study. The polymers have an ethylene content (corrected) in the range of 59-66 wt. % and an ENB level in the range of 4-10 wt. %. The Mooney viscosity (ML 1+4 @ 125[degrees]C) of the polymers is 45-55 gm. The combination of chemical composition and Mooney viscosity of the polymers has been customized to accommodate a broad range of application areas. Applications for new generation oil-extended EPDM Thermoplastic vulcanizates The usage of EPDM/polyolefin based TPV is continually expanding in the automotive, construction, medical and other industrial products markets. The EPDM selection is important in TPV formulations since the EPDM constitutes one third of typical medium hardness TPV (ref. 4). The elastomer elastomer (ĭlăs`təmər), substance having to some extent the elastic properties of natural rubber. The term is sometimes used technically to distinguish synthetic rubbers and rubberlike plastics from natural rubber. component in the TPV should provide maximum elastic elastic Of or relating to the demand for a good or service when the quantity purchased varies significantly in response to price changes in the good or service. property improvement per unit volume, efficient vulcanization vulcanization (vŭl'kənəzā`shən), treatment of rubber to give it certain qualities, e.g., strength, elasticity, and resistance to solvents, and to render it impervious to moderate heat and cold. , uniform dispersion dispersion, in chemistry dispersion, in chemistry, mixture in which fine particles of one substance are scattered throughout another substance. A dispersion is classed as a suspension, colloid, or solution. of small and highly crosslinked particles and full freedom in color selection. Table 3 illustrates a typical TPV base formulation for 65 A durometer hardness. 5459R is mixed with regular paraffinic oil and 5459C is mixed with clear paraffinic oil. The rubber content in the formulation is 30%. The ultra high molecular weight polymers exhibit very high elastic response, which is required to maintain the elastic properties of a TPV. As opposed to the conventional vulcanization of thermoset A polymer-based liquid or powder that becomes solid when heated, placed under pressure, treated with a chemical or via radiation. The curing process creates a chemical bond that, unlike a thermoplastic, prevents the material from being remelted. See thermoplastic. articles, the dynamic vulcanization of TPV demands a very fast cure time. A moderate to high level of ENB promotes a rapid vulcanization reaction. In addition to the ENB content, the ultra high molecular weight of the polymer contributes to a tightly crosslinked network. TPV properties improve as the size of the elastomer particle is reduced and distributed uniformly throughout the matrix. The elastomer dispersion and distribution requires the assistance of an oil. The incorporation of an oil during TPV production is challenging because of the lower shears shears cutting instruments for the removal of wool—sheep shears, or for trimming the hooves of sheep and goats—hoof shears. hoof shears a rugged pair of shears like secateurs but with sharp-pointed blades. involved in the extruder. Predispersion of the oil in the EPDM improves both the dispersion and distribution of the EPDM phase in TPV. Previously, EPDM polymers with predispersed oil were only available with regular paraffinic oils. This limited the compound design from a color perspective. The new generation oil-extended EPDMs have been designed to offer full freedom in color selection in the TPV application. For interior automotive applications, the reduced volatility in the clear oil-extended EPDMs will help to meet the low fogging requirements. The clear oil-extended EPDMs can also be used in thermoplastic olefins ThermoPlastic Olefin (TPO) is a trade name that refers to polymer/filler blends usually consisting of some fraction of PP (polypropylene), PE (polyethylene), BCPP (block copolymer polypropylene), rubber, and a reinforcing filler. (TPO (Twisted Pair Only) Refers to the use of twisted pair wire when other options are available. For example, a TPO suffix at the end of 3com Ethernet adapter model numbers indicates the card has only an RJ45 connector. ). Light colored profiles Extruded profiles are an example of light colored industrial products used in the automotive and construction markets. Table 4 gives two highly loaded formulations for colored profiles. The compounds have been formulated with pastel pastel (păstĕl`), artists' medium of chalk and pigment, tempered with weak gum water and usually molded in the form of sticks; also a work done in this medium. Pastel was in use in Italy in the 15th cent. and is doubtless much older. blue and green colorants using two sets of oil-extended EPDM grades. The pastel blue formulation pairs 5567R with regular paraffinic oil and 5567C with clear paraffinic oil. The pastel green formulation is an example where no additional oil is required as 100 phr of oil is already pre-dispersed in the polymer. The properties of the clear oil-extended grade have been compared with the regular oil-extended grade. Table 5 gives the compound and physical properties of two sets of colored not of the white race; - commonly meaning, esp. in the United States, of negro blood, pure or mixed. See also: Color profiles. The compound Mooney viscosity is comparable for regular and clear oil formulations. The Mooney viscosity stays within the desired processing window of an extrusion operation in spite of the high loading level. The cure characteristics in a sulfur cure recipe are also similar. The mechanical properties and compression set are comparable. The hot air aging behavior does not show any significant difference within the tested range (nine days/100[degrees]C). The initial color of both the regular and clear oil-extended blue compounds was similar. The initial color of the pastel green compounds had a higher yellowness index for the regular oil-extended compound vs. the clear oil-extended compound. The cured samples were exposed to UV light for an extended period of time. The blue and green compounds containing regular oil developed a yellow color upon UV exposure. Figure 2 shows the development of yellowness in the blue compound. The compound with clear oil exhibits excellent color stability for 168 hours under UV exposure, whereas the sample with regular oil shows color degradation after 24 hours. Figure 3 shows the increasing yellowness index in the pastel blue sample. [FIGURES 3-4 OMITTED] This example clearly demonstrates that for applications requiring color matching and/or UV stability, clear oil-extended EPDM grades are recommended. Roll cover--light color Table 6 shows a 40 A durometer natural color roll cover formulation. Silica silica or silicon dioxide, chemical compound, SiO2. It is insoluble in water, slightly soluble in alkalies, and soluble in dilute hydrofluoric acid. Pure silica is colorless to white. , talc and clay are used as the filler fill·er 1 n. One that fills, as: a. Something added to augment weight or size or fill space. b. A composition, especially a semisolid that hardens on drying, used to fill pores, cracks, or holes in wood, plaster, . 5459R is mixed with regular paraffinic oil and 5459C is mixed with clear paraffinic oil. Since the polymer is already extended with 100 phr of oil, only an additional 25 phr of oil is required to achieve a durometer hardness of 40 A. Table 7 presents the cure behavior and physical properties of the roll cover compound in a sulfur cure formulation. The compound Mooney viscosity is approximately 45 gm for both compounds. The mechanical properties and the compression set are similar. The aging behavior is marginally better for the clear oil sample under the tested conditions. A remarkable difference is observed in the color stability under UV light. The initial color for both samples is similar. Figure 4 shows the color stability of the clear oil sample after exposure to the UV light for 168 hours. The regular oil sample starts developing yellowness after 24 hours of UV exposure. Golf club grip In general, the UV stability of a carbon black filled compound is superior to a colored compound. However, with prolonged exposure to heat and UV, there is deterioration de·te·ri·o·ra·tion n. The process or condition of becoming worse. of color even in the black compound. In applications where a colored material comes in contact with a black compound, there can be migration of stain or color from the black compound to the colored part. In those particular applications, it is important that the black part is compounded with the clear oil. For black compounds where there is a very stringent demand for UV stability, clear oil-extended EPDM is again recommended. Light colored patterns are introduced on black golf club grips by painting the surface. With prolonged exposure to sunlight, the colored patterns are stained from the black compound. To overcome this problem, the UV stability of the black compound has to be improved. This can be achieved by using clear oil in the compounding formulation. Table 8 shows two different golf grip formulations. Formulation #1 does not require additional oil. In formulation #2, 4969R is mixed with regular paraffinic oil and 4969C is mixed with clear paraffinic oil. A high ENB polymer is used for faster cure in the injection molding injection molding n. A manufacturing process for forming objects, as of plastic or metal, by heating the molding material to a fluid state and injecting it into a mold. operation. The physical properties are shown in table 9. The compound and physical properties are comparable for the regular oil and clear oil compounds in both formulations (table 9). On exposure to UV light, there is a slow development of yellow color for the regular oil compounds. The color deterioration for the samples compounded using formulation #2 is shown in figure 5. [FIGURE 5 OMITTED] Although the color degradation in the black compound is a slow process, it still can contribute to the contact staining staining /stain·ing/ (stan´ing) 1. artificial coloration of a substance to facilitate examination of tissues, microorganisms, or other cells under the microscope. For various techniques, see under stain. 2. . Using clear oil-extended polymer would avoid staining and migration of color due to the low volatiles and improved UV stability of the clear oil. Light colored sponge In the past, sponge compounds formulated for color stability could not utilize the advantage of high molecular weight polymers. High molecular weight EPDMs allow high loading and offer good cell structure formation in sponge compounds. For soft sponge compounds, the high molecular weight of the polymer offers superior dimensional stability/collapse resistance during extrusion operation. Table 10 shows sponge formulations using a medium ENB and a high ENB polymer extended with 100 phr oil. 5459R and 4969R are mixed with regular paraffinic oil, and 5459C and 4969C are mixed with clear oil. The initial green and yellow colors for the regular oil and clear oil samples were slightly different. The clear oil samples were brighter, whereas the regular oil samples had higher yellowness index values. Figure 6 demonstrates the color stability of the sponge under UV light. [FIGURE 6 OMITTED] The sponge samples exhibit excellent color stability under UV light when compounded with clear oil. With increasing exposure to the UV light, the sample with regular oil darkens and its surface starts hardening hardening, in metallurgy, treatment of metals to increase their resistance to penetration. A metal is harder when it has small grains, which result when the metal is cooled rapidly. . The color stability after heat and UV exposure is significantly improved by using the clear oil-extended EPDMs. Peroxide peroxide (pərŏk`sīd), chemical compound containing two oxygen atoms, each of which is bonded to the other and to a radical or some element other than oxygen; e.g. cure The earlier examples demonstrated that there were no adverse effects on cure characteristics and physical properties with the use of clear oil-extended EPDMs in sulfur cured compounds. In a few instances, there is marginal improvement in the mechanical properties for the sulfur cured clear oil compounds. The present section discusses the effect on a peroxide cure formulation. Table 11 gives a black-filled peroxide cure formulation for good heat resistance. A medium ENB polymer with high raw polymer Mooney viscosity extended with 100 phr oil is used in the formulation. Table 12 compares the cure characteristics and physical properties of the compounds containing regular oil and clear oil. The Mooney viscosity of both compounds is similar, which indicates that the effect of plasticization remains comparable. The moving die rheometer rhe·om·e·ter n. An instrument for measuring the flow of viscous liquids, such as blood. (MDR MDR, n See multidrug resistance. MDR, n the abbreviation for minimum daily requirement, specifically the Minimum Daily Requirements for Specific Nutrients compiled by the United States Food and Drug Administration. ) data show a high torque for the clear oil compound. There is a slight increase in the tensile strength tensile strength Ratio of the maximum load a material can support without fracture when being stretched to the original area of a cross section of the material. When stresses less than the tensile strength are removed, a material completely or partially returns to its and modulus See modulo. and a decrease in the elongation elongation, in astronomy, the angular distance between two points in the sky as measured from a third point. The elongation of a planet is usually measured as the angular distance from the sun to the planet as measured from the earth. and tear strength for the samples compounded with clear oil as compared to the regular oil. The compression set is lower for the clear oil sample. This indicates that the compounds with clear oil exhibit tighter crosslinking in a peroxide cure formulation. Consequently, the heat aging behavior is improved. The observed effect is attributed to the significant reduction of the aromatic content in the clear paraffinic oil. The aromatics in the regular paraffinic oil interfere with the crosslinking reaction involving peroxide radicals. The cure behavior and physical properties are improved by substituting regular oil-extended EPDM with clear oil-extended EPDM in a peroxide cure recipe. Compatibility of additives Polar rubber chemicals have limited solubility solubility Degree to which a substance dissolves in a solvent to make a solution (usually expressed as grams of solute per litre of solvent). Solubility of one fluid (liquid or gas) in another may be complete (totally miscible; e.g. in non-polar EPDM rubber EPDM rubber (ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber) is an elastomer which is characterized by wide range of applications. EPDM rubber is used in vibrators and seals; glass-run channel; radiator, garden and appliance hose; tubing; washers; belts; and electrical insulation. . Once the concentration of rubber chemicals exceeds the solubility level, issues with blooming A condition with older CCD devices that causes distortion at the pixel level. It occurs when the electrical charge created exceeds the storage capacity of the device and spills over into adjacent pixels. Newer CCDs incorporate anti-blooming circuitry to drain the excess charge. See CCD. may arise. The factors which affect the solubility level of polar ingredients in an EPDM compound include the type and level of (a) EPDM, (b) filler, (c) oil and (d) polar additives. The clear paraffinic oils contain a minimal amount of polar and aromatic moieties compared to the regular paraffinic oils. Substituting regular paraffinic oil with clear paraffinic oil will reduce the overall polarity (1) The direction of charged particles, which may determine the binary status of a bit. (2) In micrographics, the change in the light to dark relationship of an image when copies are made. of the EPDM compound. Although no blooming was noticed on the colored and black compounds discussed here, it is recommended that blooming effects should be checked in individual recipes. Conclusions The new generation oil-extended EPDMs offer: * Improved color stability of colored articles under UV exposure; brighter color of white/light color compounds and better color matching/control of colored compounds; for black compounds in contact with colored material, no staining or color migration; * Opportunities in TPV application to expand its domain to other non-traditional areas: and new possibilities in TPO applications. This article discusses a few examples for colored rubber articles. The new generation EPDM predispersed with clear paraffinic oil could be used for several other extruded, calendered cal·en·der n. A machine in which paper or cloth is made smooth and glossy by being pressed through rollers. tr.v. cal·en·dered, cal·en·der·ing, cal·en·ders , injection, compression and transfer molded mold 1 n. 1. A hollow form or matrix for shaping a fluid or plastic substance. 2. A frame or model around or on which something is formed or shaped. 3. Something that is made in or shaped on a mold. industrial rubber products.
Table 1--color stability of raw polymer
Polymer Sample form Yellowness index
0 days 9 days 14 days
Clear oil Bale 10 13 13
Regular oil Bale 28 32 35
Clear oil Pressed film 5 6 6
Regular oil Pressed film 16 20 27
Table 2--clear paraffinic oil extended EPDM
Clear oil Regular Mooney ENB E
oil ML(1+4) (wt. %) (wt. %)
@ 125[degrees]C (corrected)
5459C 5459R 54 4 59
4969C 4969R 43 10 63
5567C 5567R 46 5 66
Clear oil Oil
(phr)
5459C 100
4969C 100
5567C 75
Table 3--typical TPV base formulation
Hardness 65 durometer A
5459R or 5459C 200
Polypropylene 50
Talc filler 40
Paraffinic oil (regular or clear) 35
ZnO 4
Stabilizer 1
Stearic acid 0.5
Phenolic resin/tin (II) chloride 6/1
Table 4--colored profile formulation
Formulation Pastel blue Pastel green
5567R or 5567C 175 0
4969R or 4969C 0 200
Calcined kaolin clay 100 100
Calcium carbonate 150 150
Talc 30 30
Paraffinic oil (regular or clear) 25 0
Zinc oxide 15 15
Stearic acid 1 1
Calcium oxide 4.8 4.8
Titanium dioxide 5 5
Paraffin wax 5 5
Color, inorganic, blue 0.5 0
Color, inorganic, green 0 0.5
Sulfur 0.5 0.5
MBT 3 3
ZDBC 1.5 1.5
TMTD 0.8 0.8
DTDM 0.8 0.8
Total (phr) 517.9 517.9
Table 5--compound and physical properties of
colored profile
Formulation Pastel blue Pastel green
Regular oil/clear oil 5567R 5567C 4969R 4969R
Mooney viscosity, 34 36 36 36
ML(1+4)@ 121[degrees]C
MDR rheometer at 177[degrees]C
MH, (dN.m) 15 13 14 14
ML, (dN.m) 1.2 1.7 1.3 1.3
ts2, (min.) 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8
t90, (min.) 8.6 8.0 7.7 7.8
Vulcanized properties
Hardness, durometer A 48 49 48 48
Tensile strength (MPa) 6.0 7.0 5.4 5.7
Ultimate elongation (%) 565 543 674 676
Modulus @ 300% (MPa) 1.8 2.0 2.3 2.3
Die C tear, (kN/m) 18 20 19 20
Aging in air oven, 9 days/
100[degrees]C
Hardness change (points) 7 6 8 8
Tensile change (%) -17 -16 -22 -22
Elongation change (%) -22 -20 -31 -28
Compression set, 22 h./
70[degrees]C, (%) 19 17 23 18
Table 6--roll cover formulation
5459R or 5459C 200
Silica 40
Talc 25
Hard clay 50
Paraffinic oil (regular or clear) 25
Zinc oxide 5
Stearic acid 1
PEG wax 2
Sulfur 1.5
ZDBC 0.8
MBT 1.2
TMTD 0.8
Total (phr) 352.3
Table 7--compound and physical properties)
of light color roll cover
Regular oil/clear oil 5459R 5459C
Mooney viscosity,
ML(1+4)@121[degrees]C 44 46
MDR rheometer at 177[degrees]C
MH, (dN.m) 12.4 12.8
ML, (dN.m) 3.3 3.4
ts2, (min.) 1 1
t90, (min.) 23 19
Vulcanized properties
Hardness, durometer A 42 39
Tensile strength (MPa) 12 12
Ultimate elongation (%) 689 686
Die C tear, (kN/m) 20 21
Aging in air oven, 9 days/100[degrees]C
Hardness change (points) 9 10
Tensile change (%) 3 3
Elongation change (%) -54 -32
Compression set, 22 h./70[degrees]C, (%) 20 21
Table--8 formulations for golf club grip
Formulation #1 #2
4969R or 4969C 200 200
Carbon black, N 550 5 100
Silica 55 15
Silane 1 1
Paraffinic oil (regular or clear) 0 50
Zinc oxide 5 5
Stearic acid 1 1
Polyethylene glycol 0 2
Tackifier 1 1
Sulfur 0.7 1
MBT 2 1.5
TMTD 0.7 0.7
DTDM 1.5 0
DPTT 0.5 0.8
TDEC 0 0.7
Total (phr) 273.5 379.7
Table 9--physical properties of golf club grip
compounds
Formulation #1 #2
Regular oil/clear oil 4969R 4969R
Mooney viscosity, 44 4969C 28 4969C
ML(1+4)@121[degrees]C 46 26
MDR rheometer at 177[degrees]C
MH, (dN.m) 13.2 11.0
ML, (dN.m) 2.5 13.6 1.6 13.0
ts2, (min.) 1.1 2.6 0.6 1.4
t90, (min.) 10 1.2 5 0.6
Vulcanized properties 10 6
Hardness, durometer A 48 44
Tensile strength (MPa) 11 48 12 45
Ultimate elongation (%) 479 10 473 13
Modulus @ 300% (MPa) 3.6 487 6.4 464
Die C tear, (kN/m) 32 41 29 6.5
Aging in air oven, 9 days/
100[degrees]C 31 28
Hardness change (points) 7 8
Tensile change (%) 7 4 -11 5
Elongation change (%) -22 5 -28 -5
Compression set, 22 h./
70[degrees]C, (%) 10 -15 10 -25
Table 10--formulations for light colored sponge
Formulation Green Yellow
5459R or 5459C 200 0
4969R or 4969C 0 200
Hard clay 100 100
Paraffinic oil (regular or clear) 60 60
Factice 10 10
Polyethylene glycol 3 3
Zinc oxide active 5 5
Stearic acid 3 3
Titanium dioxide 5 5
Calcium oxide 6.4 6.4
Color, inorganic, green 0.5 0
Color, inorganic, yellow 0 0.5
Sulfur 1.5 1.5
MBT 0.75 0.75
TMTD 1 1
Surface treated urea 2 2
Blowing agent, azodicarbonamide 6 6
Total 404 404
Table 11--peroxide cure formulation
5459R or 5459C 200
N550 100
N774 50
Paraffinic oil 50
ZnO 5
Stearic acid 1
Acrylic crosslinking agent (coagent) 2
Dicumyl peroxide (40% active) 7
Total (phr) 375
Table 12--effect of clear oil in a peroxide cure
formulation
Regular oil/clear oil 5459R 5459C
Mooney viscosity, ML(1+4)@100[degrees]C 77 80
MDR rheometer at 160[degrees]C
MH, (dN.m) 10.2 11.7
ML, (dN.m) 2.5 2.6
ts2, (min.) 1.1 1.0
t90, (min.) 5.0 5.0
Vulcanized properties
Hardness, durometer A 49 50
Tensile strength (MPa) 10 12
Ultimate elongation (%) 490 363
Modulus @300% (MPa) 5.7 8.7
Die C Tear, (kN/m) 22 19
Aging in air oven, 168 h./150[degrees]C
Elongation/change (%) 304/-38 264/-28
Compression set, 22 h./150[degrees]C, (%) 14 11
References (1.) ASTM D2226: Standard classification for various types of petroleum oils for rubber compounding use. (2.) W.D. Nash, paper no. 59, ACS (Asynchronous Communications Server) See network access server. Rubber Division Meeting, October 2001, Cleveland, OH. (3.) S. Bhattacharjee, H. Bender and D. Padliya, paper no. 144, ACS Rubber Division Meeting, October 2001, Cleveland, OH. (4.) Handbook of Thermoplastic Elastomers Thermoplastic elastomers (TPE), sometimes referred to as thermoplastic rubbers, are a class of copolymers or a physical mix of polymers (usually a plastic and a rubber) which consist of materials with both thermoplastic and elastomeric properties. , eds. B. Walker and C. Rader, 1988, 2nd ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York New York, state, United States New York, Middle Atlantic state of the United States. It is bordered by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic Ocean (E), New Jersey and Pennsylvania (S), Lakes Erie and Ontario and the Canadian province of . |
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