Necessity to measure PCBs and organochlorine pesticide concentrations in human umbilical cords for fetal exposure assessment.Three types of tissue samples--umbilical cord (UC), umbilical cord umbilical cord (ŭmbĭl`ĭkəl), cordlike structure about 22 in. (56 cm) long in the pregnant human female, extending from the abdominal wall of the fetus to the placenta. serum (CS), and maternal serum (MS)--have often been used to assess fetal fetal /fe·tal/ (fe´tal) of or pertaining to a fetus or the period of its development. fe·tal adj. Of, relating to, or being a fetus. exposure to chemicals. In order to know the relationship of contamination between mothers and fetuses, we measured persistent chemicals in comparable sets of the three tissue samples. Also, we analyzed an·a·lyze tr.v. an·a·lyzed, an·a·lyz·ing, an·a·lyz·es 1. To examine methodically by separating into parts and studying their interrelations. 2. Chemistry To make a chemical analysis of. 3. the association between the chemicals in maternal and fetal tissues to know which tissue is the best sample for fetal exposure assessment. On a wet basis, the chemical concentrations were of the order MS > CS > UC, except for some chemicals such as cis-chlordane and endosulfan endosulfan an organochlorine insecticide. See chlorinated hydrocarbons. . On a lipid lipid Any of a diverse class of organic compounds, found in all living things, that are greasy and insoluble in water. One of the three large classes of substances in foods and living cells, lipids contain more than twice as much energy (calories) per unit of weight as the basis, the concentrations in UC were nearly equal or often higher than in MS, but the concentrations in CS were usually lower than in others. Hexachlorocyclohexanes and penta-, hexa-, and heptachlorinated biphenyls showed an association between the concentrations in UC versus MS, and UC versus CS. These chemicals also showed high correlation coefficients Correlation Coefficient A measure that determines the degree to which two variable's movements are associated. The correlation coefficient is calculated as: between the chemical concentrations in UC of first babies and maternal age maternal age, n the age of the mother at the period of conception. . These chemicals were dosely related to each other when grouped on the basis of their concentrations using cluster analysis Cluster analysis A statistical technique that identifies clusters of stocks whose returns are highly correlated within each cluster and relatively uncorrelated across clusters. Cluster analysis has identified groupings such as growth, cyclical, stable, and energy stocks. . In conclusion, we insist that UC is the best sample to assess fetal contamination status of persistent chemicals. There is a possibility that the assessment based on the contamination levels in CS result in an underestimation. Key words: cord blood cord blood n. Blood present in the umbilical vessels at the time of delivery. , maternal blood, organochlorine or·gan·o·chlo·rine n. Any of various hydrocarbon pesticides, such as DDT, that contain chlorine. pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls polychlorinated biphenyls, (pol´ēklôr´  nā´tid bīfē´n (PCBs), umbilical cord. doi:10.1289/ehp.7330 available via
http://dx.doLorg/[Online 14 December 2004]********** It is believed that humans are exposed to multiple chemicals from food, air, water, and so forth, including natural products; industrial products, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pesticides, and pharmaceuticals; and nonintentional products, such as dioxins. Human fetuses are exposed to multiple chemicals through placenta placenta (pləsĕn`tə) or afterbirth, organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy. It is a unique characteristic of the higher (or placental) mammals. In humans it is a thick mass, about 7 in. in Japan (Mori 2001; Mori et al. 2003; Todaka and Mori 2002), and infants are exposed to these chemicals through milk (Borgert et al. 2003). A number of persistent organochlorine pollutants pollutants see environmental pollution. have been detected in human follicular fluid Follicular fluid is a liquid which fills the follicular antrum and surrounds the ovum in an ovarian follicle. This fluid is rich in hyaluronic acid. External links
n. The fluid within the amnion that surrounds the fetus and protects it from injury. Amniotic fluid The liquid that surrounds the baby within the amniotic sac. (Foster et al. 2000). Because human fetuses and infants are considered significantly more sensitive to a variety of environmental toxicants compared with adults (Branum et al. 2003; Charnley and Putzrath 2001; Needham and Sexton sex·ton n. An employee or officer of a church who is responsible for the care and upkeep of church property and sometimes for ringing bells and digging graves. 2000), the adverse effects of chemicals on these fetuses and infants are of concern. Three types of tissue samples--umbilical cord (UC), umbilical cord serum (CS), and maternal serum (MS)--have often been used to assess fetal exposure to chemicals. There are several reports indicating that the chemical concentrations were higher in maternal blood than in cord blood (Sarcinelli et al. 2003; Waliszewski et al. 2000; Walker et al. 2003). The assessments using cord blood have suggested fetal contamination. However, the chemical concentrations in fetal tissues are still unclear. There are only a few reports using fetal tissues such as UC (Covaci et al. 2002; Grandjean et al. 2001). In order to know the relationship of contamination between mothers and fetuses, we measured persistent chemicals in comparable sets of the three tissue samples (UC, CS, and MS). Also, we analyzed the association between the chemicals in maternal and fetal tissues to know which tissue is the best sample for fetal exposure assessment. Materials and Methods Sample. Thirty-two pregnant women who were general citizens and lived in the cities of Chiba and Yamanashi, near Tokyo, Japan, were surveyed in 2002 and 2003. UC (- 20 cm), maternal blood (10 mL), and cord blood (10 mL) were collected from the cases delivered by cesarean section cesarean section (sĭzâr`ēən), delivery of an infant by surgical removal from the uterus through an abdominal incision. The operation is of ancient origin: indeed, the name derives from the legend that Julius Caesar was born in this . The deliveries were conducted at least 12 hr after the last meal. UC without cord blood and MS and CS were stored at -20[degrees]C until use in glassware that had been checked to be without contamination. In the whole-study subjects, 20 mothers had complete samples (MS, CS, and UC), and their average age at delivery was 32.8 [+ or -] 4.0 years. There were 12 mothers without CS samples, and their average age was 31.9 [+ or -] 4.9 years. In total, 32 cases were used for the analysis of correlation between maternal age and chemical concentrations. This study has been approved by the Congress of Medical Bioethics bioethics, in philosophy, a branch of ethics concerned with issues surrounding health care and the biological sciences. These issues include the morality of abortion, euthanasia, in vitro fertilization, and organ transplants (see transplantation, medical). of Chiba University Chiba University (千葉大学 Chiba Daigaku and the University of Yamanashi The University of Yamanashi is a university with campuses in Kofu and Tamaho, Japan. It was founded in 1949 by a merger between Yamanashi University and Yamanashi Medical University, as is formally referred to as the National university corporation, University of Yamanashi. , and all the samples were obtained after receipt of written informed consent. Chemicals measured. We measured 19 organochlorine pesticides: dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane di·chlo·ro·di·phen·yl·tri·chlo·ro·eth·ane n. DDT. (DDT DDT or 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1,-trichloroethane, chlorinated hydrocarbon compound used as an insecticide. First introduced during the 1940s, it killed insects that spread disease and feed on crops. ) and its metabolites Metabolites Substances produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. Mentioned in: Interactions [dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE (Dynamic Data Exchange) A message protocol in Windows that allows application programs to request and exchange data between them automatically. DDE - Dynamic Data Exchange ) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD DDD Direct Distance Dialing DDD Digital/Digital/Digital (audio CD format, recording/mixing/mastering) DDD Degenerative Disc Disease DDD Domain Driven Design DDD Data Display Debugger (GNU Project) ): p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDD], chlordane chlordane (klōr`dān): see insecticide. and its metabolites (cis-chlordane, trans-chlordane, trans-nonachlor, oxychlordane), heptachlor heptachlor: see insecticides. and its metabolites (heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide epoxide /epox·ide/ (e-pok´sid) an organic compound containing a reactive group resulting from the union of an oxygen atom with two other atoms, usually carbon, that are themselves joined together. ), methoxychlor methoxychlor one of the group of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides which cause typical signs of that poisoning. , "drins" (dieldrin dieldrin: see insecticides. , aldrin aldrin (ôl`drĭn): see insecticides. , endrin endrin (ĕn`drĭn): see insecticides. ), endosulfan isomers isomers (ī´sōmurz), n.pl 1. organic compounds having the same empirical formula–i.e. (mixture of [alpha]- and [beta]-endosulfan), hexachlorobenzene (HCB HCB hexachlorobenzene. ), and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH HCH Hexachlorocyclohexane HCH Health Care for the Homeless HCH National Health Care for the Homeless Council HCH Holy Cross Hospital HCH Hypochondroplasia HCH Highline Community Hospital HCH Huntsman Cancer Hospital (Salt Lake City, UT) ) isomers (mixture of [alpha]-, [beta]-, [gamma]-, and [delta]-HCH). We also measured 10 groups of PCB PCB: see polychlorinated biphenyl. PCB in full polychlorinated biphenyl Any of a class of highly stable organic compounds prepared by the reaction of chlorine with biphenyl, a two-ring compound. congeners grouped by their number of chlorines from 1 to 10. Pretreatment pretreatment, n the protocols required before beginning therapy, usually of a diagnostic nature; before treatment. pretreatment estimate, n See predetermination. . MS (4-5 mL), CS (3-4 mL), and UC (17-27 g) were used for the preparation of samples for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry spectrometry /spec·trom·e·try/ (spek-trom´e-tre) determination of the wavelengths or frequencies of the lines in a spectrum. spec·trom·e·try n. . The details were revealed to the public through the homepage of the Ministry of Environment of the Government of Japan (2002). Briefly, the UC samples were homogenized ho·mog·e·nize v. ho·mog·e·nized, ho·mog·e·niz·ing, ho·mog·e·niz·es v.tr. 1. To make homogeneous. 2. a. To reduce to particles and disperse throughout a fluid. b. with ethanol/hexane (1:3) and sodium sulfuric sul·fu·ric adj. Of, relating to, or containing sulfur, especially with valence 6. sulfuric Containing sulfur, especially sulfur with a valence of 6. Compare sulfurous. Adj. 1. anhydride anhydride (ănhī`drīd, –drĭd) [Gr.,=without water], chemical compound formed by removing water, H2O, from another compound; the anhydride can also react with water to form the original compound. by a Polytron PT3100 (Kinematica AG, Littau-Lucerne, Switzerland) after 13C12-labeled PCB, [sup.13][C.sub.6]-labeled [beta]-HCH, [sup.13][C.sub.6]-labeled HCB, 13C9-1abeled endosulfan-I, [sup.13][C.sub.12]-labeled pentaCB, and [sup.13][C.sub.12]-1abeled p,p'-DDT had been added as quantitative standards. After filtration, the filtrate filtrate /fil·trate/ (fil´trat) a liquid or gas that has passed through a filter. fil·trate v. To put or go through a filter. n. and an additional filtrate of the rehomogenate of the residue residue n. in a will, the assets of the estate of a person who has died with a will (died testate) which are left after all specific gifts have been made. Typical language: "I leave the rest, residue and remainder [or just residue] of my estate to my grandchildren. were washed with water twice. The resulting hexane hexane /hex·ane/ (hek´san) a saturated hydrogen obtained by distillation from petroleum. hex·ane n. extract was dehydrated de·hy·drate v. de·hy·drat·ed, de·hy·drat·ing, de·hy·drates v.tr. 1. To remove water from; make anhydrous. 2. To preserve by removing water from (vegetables, for example). using sodium sulfuric anhydride and concentrated by evaporation evaporation, change of a liquid into vapor at any temperature below its boiling point. For example, water, when placed in a shallow open container exposed to air, gradually disappears, evaporating at a rate that depends on the amount of surface exposed, the humidity . One-sixth of the concentrated extract was used for measurement of PCBs, another sixth for that of organochlorine pesticides, and half for the gravimetric gravimetric /grav·i·met·ric/ (grav?i-me´trik) pertaining to measurement by weight; performed by weight, as a gravimetric method of drug assay. grav·i·met·ric adj. 1. fat determination. The MS and CS samples were extracted twice using an ether/hexane (3:1) mixture after addition of the quantitative standards. The resulting ether/hexane extract was dehydrated using sodium sulfuric anhydride and concentrated by evaporation (crude extract). A fourth the crude extract was used for measurement of PCBs, and another fourth for organochlorine pesticides. Measurement of PCBs. After the crude extract was treated with 1 mol/L KOH/ethanol for 18 hr, it was extracted using hexane three times and was concentrated with nitrogen. The concentrate was then eluted through a silica gel silica gel, chemical compound. It is a colloidal form of silica, and usually resembles coarse white sand. It may be prepared by partial dehydration of metasilicic acid, H2SiO3. Because it has many tiny pores, it has great adsorptive power. 60 column (70-230 ASTM-mesh; Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) with 10 mL hexane, evaporated evaporated reduced in volume by evaporation; concentrated to a denser form. to a final volume of 0.1 mL, and analyzed after the addition of [sup.13][C.sub.12]-labeled PCB. PCBs were quantitated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Gas chromatography gas chromatography (GC) Type of chromatography with a gas mixture as the mobile phase. In a packed column, the packing or solid support (held in a tube) serves as the stationary phase (vapour-phase chromatography, or VPC) or is coated with a liquid stationary phase was performed using a Hewlett Packard HP6800 series equipped with a Micromass AutoSpec Ultima mass spectrometer spectrometer Device for detecting and analyzing wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, commonly used for molecular spectroscopy; more broadly, any of various instruments in which an emission (as of electromagnetic radiation or particles) is spread out according to some (Micromass Ltd., Manchester UK). An HT8 fused silica fused silica n. See quartz glass. capillary capillary (kăp`əlĕr'ē), microscopic blood vessel, smallest unit of the circulatory system. Capillaries form a network of tiny tubes throughout the body, connecting arterioles (smallest arteries) and venules (smallest veins). column [0.25 mm inner diameter (i.d.) x 25 m with a 0.33-mm film thickness; SGE SGE Sun Grid Engine (cluster computing) SGE Starport: Galactic Empires (online game) SGE Siegerland Airport (Airport Code) SGE Small Group Evaluation SGE Support Group Europe International Pty Ltd PTY LTD Propriety Limited (company structure in Australia) ., Austin, TX, USA] was used to separate each PCB congener congener /con·ge·ner/ (kon´je-ner) something closely related to another thing, as a member of the same genus, a muscle having the same function as another, or a chemical compound closely related to another in composition and exerting . The column temperature was maintained at 100[degrees]C for 2 min, raised to 180[degrees]C at a rate of 5[degrees]C/min, maintained at 180[degrees]C for 0.5 min, raised to 270[degrees]C at a rate of 20[degrees]C/min, then to 300[degrees]C at a rate of 5[degrees]C/min, and finally maintained at 300[degrees]C for 2 rain. The carrier gas (helium helium (hē`lēəm), gaseous chemical element; symbol He; at. no. 2; at. wt. 4.0026; m.p. below −272°C; at 26 atmospheres pressure; b.p. −268.934°C; at 1 atmosphere pressure; density 0. ) flow rate was 1 mL/min. The ionizing current was 600 [micro]A, the ionizing energy was 38 eV, and the accelerating voltage was 8 kV. The resolution of the mass spectrometer was maintained at approximately > 10,000 (10% valley) throughout, and the analysis was carried out according to according to prep. 1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians. 2. In keeping with: according to instructions. 3. selected ion monitoring. Measurement of organochlorine pesticides. The crude extract was evaporated to a final volume of 0.5 mL and extracted twice with hexane-saturated acetonitrile acetonitrile /ac·e·to·ni·trile/ (as?e-to-ni´tril) a colorless liquid with an etherlike odor used as an extractant, solvent, and intermediate; ingestion or inhalation yields cyanide as a metabolic product. . The resulting acetonitrile extract was added to water and extracted with hexane twice, then dehydrated using sodium sulfuric anhydride, and evaporated with nitrogen. The concentrate was eluted through a Florisil column (1 g/6 cc, Sep-pak Vac Florisil; Waters, Milford, MA, USA) using 10 mL hexane, evaporated to a final volume of 0.1 mL, and analyzed after the addition of fluoranthene-d10. Organochlorine pesticides were quantitated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the same manner as for PCBs, except that the column was a BPX-25 fused silica capillary column, 0.22 mm i.d. x 30 m with a 0.25-mm film thickness (SGE International Pty Ltd.). The column temperature was maintained at 60[degrees]C for 1 min, raised to 300[degrees]C at a rate of 10[degrees]C/min, and finally maintained at 300[degrees]C for 10 min. Lipid contents. Lipid contents in the UC samples were determined gravimetrically, and lipid contents in MS and CS were determined enzymatically as the sum of the total cholesterol, triglycerides Triglycerides Fatty compounds synthesized from carbohydrates during the process of digestion and stored in the body's adipose (fat) tissues. High levels of triglycerides in the blood are associated with insulin resistance. , and phospholipids. Statistical analysis. The statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel (tool) Microsoft Excel - A spreadsheet program from Microsoft, part of their Microsoft Office suite of productivity tools for Microsoft Windows and Macintosh. Excel is probably the most widely used spreadsheet in the world. Latest version: Excel 97, as of 1997-01-14. 2002 (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA). Cluster analysis was performed by the cosine cosine: see trigonometry. See sine. COSINE - Cooperation for Open Systems Interconnection Networking in Europe. A EUREKA project. correlation method using GeneMaths software (version 1.50; Applied Maths BVBA BVBA Besloten Vennootschap met Beperkte Aansprakelijkheid , Sint-MartensLatem, Belgium). Results Detection rate. Tables 1-4 show the concentration of organochlorine pesticides (Tables 1 and 2) and PCBs (Tables 3 and 4) in the three types of tissues (MS, CS, and UC). It became clear that human fetuses were contaminated contaminated, v 1. made radioactive by the addition of small quantities of radioactive material. 2. made contaminated by adding infective or radiographic materials. 3. an infective surface or object. with multiple chemicals in Japan. However, o,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDD, aldrin, endrin, and methoxychlor were not detected in any of the tissues in this study. Other chemicals were detected in MS and/or UC, but the detection rate was very low in the CS (Tables 1 and 2). In particular, cis-chlordane, endosulfan, p,p'-DDT, dieldrin, p,p'-DDD, and heptachlor were not detected in CS; however, both were detected in MS (detection rate > 70%) and UC. PCB congeners with five to seven chlorines were detected in all samples, whereas other congeners showed a relatively low detection rate in CS (Tables 3 and 4). Contamination levels. The highest concentrations found were p,p'-DDE, HCHs, and HCB in all three tissues both on a lipid basis (Table 1) and wet basis (Table 2). Generally, the chemical concentrations on a wet basis were of the order MS > CS > UC. This is due to the difference in lipid content. Lipid content in MS, CS, and UC (20 complete samples) was 0.76 [+ or -] 0.13%, 0.23 [+ or -] 0.04%, and 0.11 [+ or -] 0.02%, respectively. Remarkably, the concentrations of some chemicals in UC on a wet basis, such as cis-chlordane and endosulfan, were almost equal to those in MS (Table 2). On the other hand, on a lipid basis, the concentrations of the following chemicals in UC were nearly equal or often higher than in MS: HCHs, p,p'-DDT, cis-chlordane, trans-chlordane, endosulfan, and heptachlor epoxide (p < 0.001, paired t-test; Table 1). The chemical concentrations in CS were usually lower than in other tissues. PCB congeners grouped on the basis of their number of chlorines showed different patterns of distribution depending on the number of chlorines. TetraCB and pentaCB concentrations were higher in MS than in UC (p < 0.05, paired t-test), whereas hexaCB and heptaCB concentrations were higher in UC than in MS (p < 0.001, paired t-test) on a lipid basis (Table 3); particularly, heptaCBs and octaCBs showed a high UC:MS ratio. The UC:MS ratio varied according to the number of chlorines in the range of 3-8: UC < MS for congeners with 3-5 chlorines, and UC > MS for congeners with 6-8 chlorines (Table 3). The detection rates of congeners with 1 or 2 chlorines were higher in UC than in MS, whereas those with of 9 or 10 chlorines were higher in MS than in UC. The concentrations (average and median, on a lipid basis) of congeners with 9 or 10 chlorines were higher than those with 1 or 2 chlorines in MS, whereas concentrations of congeners with 1 or 2 chlorines were higher than those with 9 or 10 chlorines in UC. These facts suggest that the accumulation of PCBs in UC is different depending on the number of chlorines; PCB congeners with 1, 2, 6, 7 and 8 chlorines easily accumulate in UC compared with other congeners. Association between the chemical concentrations among chemicals. We reported that correlation existed between total PCBs and other persistent chemicals, such as p,p'-DDE, HCB, and HCHs, in human UC (Mori et al. 2003). To confirm our previous findings, we applied a cluster analysis technique in the present study. We used the cluster analysis to discover "natural" groupings of objects that reflect evolutionary or functional relationships among the objects; some of the cluster analyses often done in toxicogenomics research have this objective (Immermann and Huang 2003). The cluster analysis was performed using cosine correlation matrix Noun 1. correlation matrix - a matrix giving the correlations between all pairs of data sets statistics - a branch of applied mathematics concerned with the collection and interpretation of quantitative data and the use of probability theory to estimate population for chemical concentrations in UC for UC, and the clustering results were represented in the dendrogram A dendrogram is a tree diagram frequently used to illustrate the arrangement of the clusters produced by a clustering algorithm (see cluster analysis). Dendrograms are often used in computational biology to illustrate the clustering of genes. (Figure 1). Consequently, we found that PCBs with 5-8 chlorines and some organochlorines organochlorines see chlorinated hydrocarbons. organochlorines poisoning cause excitement and irritability, tremor, ataxia, weakness, paralysis, convulsions. , such as p,p'-DDE, HCB, and HCHs, were closely related to each other (Figure 1). [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] Association between the chemical concentrations among the three types of tissues. Correlation of organochlorine pesticide pesticide, biological, physical, or chemical agent used to kill plants or animals that are harmful to people; in practice, the term pesticide is often applied only to chemical agents. concentrations among the three types of tissues is shown in Table 5. Some organochlorine pesticides showed no association between MS versus CS and/or between CS versus UC. Between MS versus CS, HCB, HCHs, heptachlor epoxide, and PCBs with chlorines showed a relatively high correlation coefficient (r > 0.7). Between CS versus UC, HCHs, p,p'-DDE, and PCBs with 5-8 chlorines showed relatively high correlation (r > 0.7). Comparing MS and UC, HCHs and PCBs with 4-7 chlorines showed a relatively high correlation coefficient (r > 0.7). Association between the chemical concentrations in UC and maternal age. Several studies have reported that chemical concentrations were dependent upon maternal age at delivery (Mori et al. 2003; Rhainds et al. 1999). Our present results confirmed that HCHs, pentaCBs, hexaCBs, heptaCBs, and octaCBs showed such correlation (Table 5). A significant correlation was found between CS versus UC and age versus UC (r = 0.75; Table 5). Also, relatively significant correlation was found between MS versus UC and age versus UC (r = 0.64; Table 5). However, we found no correlation between MS versus CS and age versus UC (r = 0.04; Table 5). That is, HCHs, pentaCBs, hexaCBs, and heptaCBs tended to show relatively high association of concentrations in CS versus UC and MS versus UC. Also, these chemicals showed high correlation coefficients between the chemical concentrations in UC of first babies and maternal age. Discussion We investigated the distribution of organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in three types of tissues (UC, CS, and MS). We analyzed the chemical contamination See: contamination. status mainly on a lipid basis because the liposolubility rate is thought to be a major factor influenced by rates of accumulation and elimination from tissues and organs (Parham et al. 1997) and because the existing differences depend principally on lipid content of the tissues (Henriksen et al. 1998). Several studies have reported that the concentration levels of persistent chemicals showed association between cord blood and maternal blood (Sala et al. 2001; Waliszewski et al. 2000; Walker et al. 2003). In our study, we found strong correlation between MS versus CS (Table 5) in some organochlorine pesticides and PCB congeners. Also, Grandjean et al. (2001) showed high associations between cord blood and UC. The tendency was confirmed in our study of HCHs, p,p'-DDE, and some PCB congeners (Table 5). However, we found no report that compared the concentration levels among UC, CS, and MS. Hence, we compared the data among these three tissues. In the present study, we found that the chemical concentrations were often higher in UC than in CS on a lipid basis, and the detection rates and the concentrations in CS were often lower than in MS and UC. In past studies, chemical concentrations were higher in adipose tissues adipose tissue (ăd`əpōs'): see connective tissue. adipose tissue or fatty tissue Connective tissue consisting mainly of fat cells, specialized to synthesize and contain large globules of fat, within a than in serum (Lopez-Carrillo et al, 1999; Pauwels et al. 2000), and in other studies, concentrations were higher in serum lipid serum lipid Any major lipid in the circulation–total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TGs. See Cholesterol, Triglyceride. than in breast tissues (Waliszewski et al. 2003). Moreover, as suggested by Pauwels et al. (2000), the concentration levels of persistent chemicals varied dramatically depending on the tissues (Tables 1 and 3). One of the reasons for the confusion may be the pharmacokinetics pharmacokinetics /phar·ma·co·ki·net·ics/ (fahr?mah-ko-ki-net´iks) the action of drugs in the body over a period of time, including the processes of absorption, distribution, localization in tissues, biotransformation, and excretion. of chemicals in blood. Mohammed et al. (1990) and Noren et al. (1999) reported that chemicals in blood are bound to lipoproteins Lipoproteins The packages in which cholesterol and triglycerides travel throughout the body. Mentioned in: Lipoproteins Test lipoproteins (lip´ōprō´tēns), n. and albumin albumin (ălby  `mən) [Lat.,=white of egg], member of a class of water-soluble, heat-coagulating proteins. Albumins are widely distributed in plant and animal tissues, e.g. rather than
being dissolved in lipid, and the distribution in plasma vary according
to the chemicals. It is possible that a free form of chemicals is
distributed by simple equilibrium, but distribution or transport of
bound form of chemicals to protein in blood is more complicated, so the
chemical concentration in CS might be lower than in MS and UC. Further
studies on the distribution of contaminants in different body tissues
and fetal tissues are required.In conclusion, we believe that UC is the best sample to assess fetal contamination status of persistent chemicals. There is a possibility that assessment based on the contamination levels in CS result in an underestimation.
Table 1. Organochlorine pesticide concentrations (pg/g-lipid) in three
types of tissue.
Organochlorine Detection (a)
pesticide, tissue (%) Mean [+ or -] SD
HCB
MS 100 15,500 [+ or -] 6,220
CS 100 10,900 [+ or -] 3,680 **
UC 95 17,700 [+ or -] 6,360 (##)
HCHs
MS 100 27,400 [+ or -] 10,630
CS 100 33,800 [+ or -] 19,300
UC 100 36,200 [+ or -] 14,920 **
p,p'-DDT
MS 80 3,380 [+ or -] 3,240
CS 0 --
UC 50 5,550 [+ or -] 7,160 **
o,p'-DDT
MS 15 38 [+ or -] 104
CS 0 --
UC 0 --
p,p'-DDE
MS 100 89,700 [+ or -] 33,600
CS 100 33,000 [+ or -] 16,500 **
UC 100 79,600 [+ or -] 26,200 (##)
p,p'-DDD
MS 85 766 [+ or -] 982
CS 0 --
UC 15 215 [+ or -] 527
cis-Chlordane
MS 100 240 [+ or -] 165
CS 0 --
UC 70 1,220 [+ or -] 1,230 **
trans-Chlordane
MS 95 320 [+ or -] 257
CS 20 198 [+ or -] 449
UC 55 644 [+ or -] 848 **
Oxychlordane
MS 85 2,640 [+ or -] 4,160
CS 40 978 [+ or -] 1,630
UC 60 2,120 [+ or -] 2,100
trans-Nonachlor
MS 100 7,230 [+ or -] 2,840
CS 80 3,780 [+ or -] 6,470
UC 100 7,660 [+ or -] 2,580
Dieldrin
MS 70 495 [+ or -] 454
CS 0 --
UC 45 1,970 [+ or -] 3,170 *
Endosulfan
MS 90 380 [+ or -] 267
CS 0 --
UC 70 2,090 [+ or -] 2,440 **
Heptachlor --
MS 25 150 [+ or -] 272
CS 0 --
UC 10 505 [+ or -] 1,620
Heptachlor epoxide
MS 100 142 [+ or -] 729
CS 95 1,580 [+ or -] 844
UC 100 2,790 [+ or -] 1,280 **,(##)
Organochlorine 25th
pesticide, tissue Minimum percentile Median
HCB
MS 3,600 10,000 16,000
CS 5,200 8,800 11,000
UC ND 16,000 18,000
HCHs
MS 13,000 22,000 26,000
CS 12,000 24,000 28,000
UC 18,000 26,000 30,000
p,p'-DDT
MS ND 1,000 2,400
CS
UC ND ND 1,100
o,p'-DDT
MS ND ND ND
CS -- -- --
UC -- -- --
p,p'-DDE
MS 19,000 71,000 93,000
CS 14,000 22,000 28,000
UC 29,000 64,000 78,000
p,p'-DDD
MS ND 200 360
CS -- --
UC ND ND ND
cis-Chlordane
MS 63 110 200
CS -- --
UC ND ND 1,200
trans-Chlordane
MS ND 160 240
CS ND ND ND
UC ND ND 290
Oxychlordane
MS ND 620 1,200
CS ND ND ND
UC ND ND 1,900
trans-Nonachlor
MS 2,000 5,600 7,000
CS ND 1,400 1,900
UC 2,500 6,200 6,700
Dieldrin
MS ND ND 440
CS -- -- --
UC ND ND ND
Endosulfan
MS ND 280 340
CS -- -- --
UC ND ND 1,600
Heptachlor
MS ND ND ND
CS -- --
UC ND ND ND
Heptachlor epoxide
MS 310 950 1,200
CS ND 1,100 1,500
UC 160 2,000 2,700
Organochlorine 75th
pesticide, tissue percentile Maximum
HCB
MS 17,800 31,000
CS 12,000 18,000
UC 20,000 28,000
HCHs
MS 30,000 55,000
CS 39,000 100,000
UC 45,000 69,000
p,p'-DDT
MS 5,100 11,000
CS
UC 9,300 19,000
o,p'-DDT
MS ND 340
CS -- --
UC -- --
p,p'-DDE
MS 110,000 150,000
CS 42,000 75,000
UC 90,000 140,000
p,p'-DDD
MS 950 3,800
CS -- --
UC ND 1,600
cis-Chlordane
MS 330 660
CS -- --
UC 1,700 4,400
trans-Chlordane
MS 430 1,200
CS ND 1,400
UC 1,200 3,000
Oxychlordane
MS 3,900 19,000
CS 1,600 6,300
UC 3,700 6,100
trans-Nonachlor
MS 9,000 14,000
CS 3,800 30,000
UC 8,300 14,000
Dieldrin
MS 770 1,600
CS -- --
UC 2,200 9,600
Endosulfan
MS 460 1,100
CS -- --
UC 2,900 9,400
Heptachlor
MS 100 700
CS -- --
UC ND 6,500
Heptachlor epoxide
MS 1,700 3,000
CS 1,900 3,400
UC 3,500 6,000
ND, not detected.
* Detection rate is shown as a percentage (n = 20). * p < 0.05 and
** p < 0.001 compared with MS. (##) p < 0.001 compared with CS.
Table 2. Organochlorine pesticide concentrations (pg/g-wet) in three
types of tissue.
Organochlorine Detection (a)
pesticide, tissue (%) Mean [+ or -] SD
HCB
MS 100 120 [+ or -] 55.2
CS 100 23.9 [+ or -] 8.42 **
UC 95 19.6 [+ or -] 6.52 **
HCHs
MS 100 208 [+ or -] 84.7
CS 100 74.5 [+ or -] 39.3 **
UC 100 39.8 [+ or -] 7.8 **,(##)
pp'-DDT
MS 80 26.40 [+ or -] 26.5
CS 0 --
UC 50 5.76 [+ or -] 7.53 *
op'-DDT
MS 15 0.32 [+ or -] 0.89
CS 0 --
UC 0 --
pp'-DDE
MS 100 680.0 [+ or -] 277
CS 100 71.9 [+ or -] 30.7 **
UC 100 86.5 [+ or -] 26.1 **,(#)
pp'-DDD
MS 85 6.11 [+ or -] 7.99
CS 0 --
UC 15 0.26 [+ or -] 0.63
cis-Chlordane
MS 100 1.81 [+ or -] 1.25
CS 0 --
UC 70 1.20 [+ or -] 1.19
trans-Chlordane
MS 95 2.46 [+ or -] 2.45
CS 20 0.41 [+ or -] 0.90
UC 55 0.68 [+ or -] 0.91 *
Oxychlordane
MS 85 22.80 [+ or -] 45.4
CS 40 2.19 [+ or -] 3.45
UC 60 2.48 [+ or -] 2.50
trans-Nonachlor
MS 100 55.00 [+ or -] 23.2
CS 80 8.02 [+ or -] 12.1 **
UC 100 8.52 [+ or -] 3.17 **
Dieldrin
MS 70 3.75 [+ or -] 3.30
CS 0 --
UC 45 2.02 [+ or -] 3.01
Endosulfan
MS 90 2.90 [+ or -] 2.07
CS 0 --
UC 70 2.83 [+ or -] 2.61
Heptachlor
MS 25 1.44 [+ or -] 2.58
CS 0 --
UC 10 0.57 [+ or -] 1.82
Heptachlor epoxide
MS 100 10.70 [+ or -] 5.67
CS 95 3.51 [+ or -] 1.80 **
UC 100 2.89 [+ or -] 1.03 **
Organochlorine 25th
pesticide, tissue Minimum percentile Median
HCB
MS 20 81 120
CS 13 20 23
UC ND 17 20
HCHs
MS 100 160 190
CS 33 49 70
UC 17 29 35
pp'-DDT
MS ND 8.0 17
CS -- -- --
UC ND ND 1.0
op'-DDT
MS ND ND ND
CS -- -- --
UC -- -- --
pp'-DDE
MS 190 480 640
CS 26 50 72
UC 31 76 88
pp'-DDD
MS ND 1.6 2.7
CS -- -- --
UC ND ND ND
cis-Chlordane
MS 0.54 0.70 1.3
CS -- -- --
UC ND ND 1.1
trans-Chlordane
MS ND 1.2 1.9
CS ND ND ND
UC ND ND 0.25
Oxychlordane
MS ND 4.9 11
CS ND ND ND
UC ND ND 2.3
trans-Nonachlor
MS 15 38 53
CS ND 3.1 4.3
UC 2.9 6.8 7.9
Dieldrin
MS ND ND 3.4
CS -- -- --
UC ND ND 2.7
Endosulfan
MS ND 2 2.6
CS -- -- --
UC ND ND 1.9
Heptachlor
MS ND ND ND
CS -- -- --
UC ND ND ND
Heptachlor epoxide
MS 2.3 6.9 9
CS ND 2.4 3.3
UC 0.3 2.2 3.1
Organochlorine 75th
pesticide, tissue percentile Maximum
HCB
MS 140 230
CS 25 46
UC 23 33
HCHs
MS 240 430
CS 82 190
UC 48 95
pp'-DDT
MS 42 90
CS -- --
UC 11 27
op'-DDT
MS ND 3
CS -- --
UC -- --
pp'-DDE
MS 900 1,200
CS 95 130
UC 94 150
pp'-DDD
MS 7.1 30
CS -- --
UC ND 2.1
cis-Chlordane
MS 2.6 4.8
CS -- --
UC 2.0 4.4
trans-Chlordane
MS 3.1 12
CS ND 2.9
UC 1.1 2.9
Oxychlordane
MS 24 210
CS 3.6 12
UC 4.5 6.9
trans-Nonachlor
MS 68 100
CS 9.7 56
UC 10.3 17
Dieldrin
MS 5.9 10
CS -- --
UC 2.6 8.5
Endosulfan
MS 3.9 8.4
CS -- --
UC 3.3 10
Heptachlor
MS 1.2 7.2
CS -- --
UC ND 7.2
Heptachlor epoxide
MS 13 24
CS 4.2 7.3
UC 3.5 5.1
ND, not detected.
(a) Detection rate is shown as a percentage (n = 20). * p < 0.05
and ** p < 0.001 compared with MS. (#) p < 0.05 and (##) p < 0.001
compared with CS.
Table 3. PCB concentrations (pg/g-lipid) in three types of tissue.
Detection (a)
PCB, tissue (%) Mean [+ or -] SD Minimum
MonoCBs
MS 25 8.4 [+ or -] 30.5 ND
CS 0 -- --
UC 95 480 [+ or -] 405 * ND
DiCBs
MS 70 44 [+ or -] 37 ND
CS 0 -- --
UC 80 354 [+ or -] 276 ** ND
TriCBs
MS 100 1,630 [+ or -] 639 720
CS 65 1,630 [+ or -] 1770 ND
UC 90 1,210 [+ or -] 977 ND
TetraCBs
MS 100 7,000 [+ or -] 2120 4,000
CS 95 4,360 [+ or -] 3750 ** ND
UC 95 3,190 [+ or -] 2,200 ** ND
PentaCBs
MS 100 15,000 [+ or -] 4,630 7,700
CS 100 12,700 [+ or -] 6,080 ** 3,700
UC 100 13,200 [+ or -] 6,100 * 5,100
HexaCBs
MS 100 25,600 [+ or -] 8,410 11,000
CS 100 31,200 [+ or -] 11,000 ** 14,000
UC 100 32,600 [+ or -] 12,000 ** 13,000
HeptaCBs
MS 100 9,640 [+ or -] 3,610 3,900
CS 100 12,300 [+ or -] 5,420 ** 3,500
UC 100 15,200 [+ or -] 5,860 **,(##) 7,700
OctaCBs
MS 100 1,750 [+ or -] 718 590
CS 75 1,700 [+ or -] 1,380 ND
UC 100 3,130 [+ or -] 1,360 **,(##) 1,700
NonaCBs
MS 70 212 [+ or -] 174 ND
CS 35 146 [+ or -] 291 ND
UC 50 148 [+ or -] 221 ND
DecaCBs
MS 85 114 [+ or -] 65 ND
CS 35 130 [+ or -] 257 ND
UC 55 148 [+ or -] 173 * ND
Total PCBs
MS 100 61,500 [+ or -] 18,400 29,000
CS 100 63,800 [+ or -] 23,300 31,000
UC 100 70,000 [+ or -] 26,100 *,(#) 34,000
25th 75th
PCB, tissue percentile Median percentile Maximum
MonoCBs
MS ND ND 28 110
CS -- -- -- --
UC 100 470 640 1,400
DiCBs
MS ND 44 67 120
CS -- -- -- --
UC 220 370 450 1,200
TriCBs
MS 1200 1400 2,000 2,900
CS ND 1,500 2,200 6,700
UC 560 1100 1,800 3,900
TetraCBs
MS 7,400 7,100 8,000 12,000
CS 1,800 3,300 5,600 14,000
UC 2,100 3,000 4,000 10,000
PentaCBs
MS 11,000 15,000 18,000 25,000
CS 8,000 13,000 17,000 24,000
UC 7,900 12,000 18,000 25,000
HexaCBs
MS 20,000 26,000 30,000 42,000
CS 23,000 31,000 38,000 51,000
UC 24,000 35,000 40,000 53,000
HeptaCBs
MS 7,400 8,600 12,000 17,000
CS 8,000 12,000 13,500 23,000
UC 11,000 14,000 20,000 29,000
OctaCBs
MS 1,500 1,800 2,500 3,100
CS 830 1,400 2,600 4,400
UC 2,100 2,700 3,900 5,900
NonaCBs
MS ND 220 290 530
CS ND ND 200 1,200
UC ND 60 210 910
DecaCBs
MS 91 115 150 240
CS ND ND 220 1,100
UC ND 96 255 570
Total PCBs
MS 46,000 61,000 72,000 96,000
CS 44,000 63,000 77,000 110,000
UC 47,000 73,000 88,000 130,000
ND, not detected.
(a) Detection rate is shown as a percentage (n = 20). * p < 0.05
and ** p < 0.001 compared with MS. (#) p < 0.05 and (##) p < 0.001
compared with CS.
Table 4. PCB concentrations (a) (pg/g-wet) in three types of tissue.
Detection (a)
PCB, tissue (%) Mean [+ or -] SD Minimum
MonoCBs
MS 25 0.10 [+ or -] 0.21 ND
CS 0 -- --
UC 95 0.52 [+ or -] 0.47 ND
DiCBs
MS 70 8.65 [+ or -] 0.28 ND
CS 0 -- --
UC 80 0.38 [+ or -] 0.30 ND
TriCBs
MS 100 13.0 [+ or -] 6.14 6.1
CS 65 3.78 [+ or -] 4.42 ** ND
UC 90 1.38 [+ or -] 1.15 **, (#) ND
TetraCBs
MS 100 53.2 [+ or -] 17.75 22
CS 95 9.59 [+ or -] 8.32 ** ND
UC 95 3.69 [+ or -] 3.13 **, (##) ND
PentaCBs
MS 100 115 [+ or -] 42.3 51
CS 100 27.5 [+ or -] 12.8 ** 8.6
UC 100 14.6 [+ or -] 7.54 **, (##) 5.2
HexaCBs
MS 100 195 [+ or -] 68.4 90
CS 100 69.3 [+ or -] 25.9 ** 26
UC 100 36.1 [+ or -] 15.3 **, (##) 16
HeptaCBs
MS 100 73.3 [+ or -] 26.7 34
CS 100 27.9 [+ or -] 13.8 ** 6.2
UC 100 17.1 [+ or -] 8.26 **, (##) 8.6
OctaCBs
MS 100 14.5 [+ or -] 5.57 4.6
CS 75 4.03 [+ or -] 3.96 ** ND
UC 100 3.57 [+ or -] 1.86 **, (#) 1.4
NonaCBs
MS 70 1.54 [+ or -] 1.26 ND
CS 35 0.32 [+ or -] 0.64 ND
UC 50 0.17 * [+ or -] 0.27 * ND
DecaCBs
MS 85 0.87 [+ or -] 0.50 ND
CS 35 0.29 [+ or -] 0.58 ND
UC 55 0.18 [+ or -] 0.23 ** ND
Total PCBs
MS 100 467 [+ or -] 154 220
CS 100 139 [+ or -] 56.4 ** 56
UC 100 77.4 [+ or -] 35.5 **, (##) 35
25th 75th
PCB, tissue percentile Median percentile Maximum
MonoCBs
MS ND ND 0.02 0.68
CS -- -- -- --
UC 0.16 0.36 0.82 1.7
DiCBs
MS ND 0.35 0.52 0.89
CS -- -- -- --
UC 0.24 0.36 0.50 1.2
TriCBs
MS 8.5 10 15 31
CS ND 3.6 4.8 17
UC 0.45 1.3 1.8 4.4
TetraCBs
MS 40 50 65 91
CS 4.2 6.9 13 35
UC 2.4 2.9 4.5 15
PentaCBs
MS 81 110 140 190
CS 19 26 34 54
UC 10 13 18 37
HexaCBs
MS 140 210 240 340
CS 51 68 88 130
UC 26 35 43 78
HeptaCBs
MS 55 73 94 120
CS 19 26 32 61
UC 12 16 20 43
OctaCBs
MS 11 15 18 26
CS 1.4 3.4 5.1 16
UC 2.1 3.4 4.3 8.3
NonaCBs
MS ND 1.6 2.5 3.8
CS ND ND 0.52 2.7
UC ND 0.065 0.26 1.1
DecaCBs
MS 0.73 0.86 1.0 1.7
CS ND ND 0.49 2.5
UC ND 0.094 0.33 0.85
Total PCBs
MS 340 490 570 780
CS 100 130 180 270
UC 57 73 91 190
ND, not detected.
(a) Detection rate is shown as a percentage (n = 20).
* p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.001 compared with MS.
(#) p < 0.05 and (##) p < 0.001 compared with CS.
Table 5. Correlation coefficients (r) of chemicals among tissues
and between maternal age and chemical concentrations in UC of
first babies.
Between
maternal
age and
concentrations
Among tissues (a) in UC of first
babies
MS vs. CS CS vs. UC MS vs. UC (age vs. UC)
HCB 0.73 0.30 0.39 -0.16
HCHs 0.72 0.76 0.80 0.83
p,p'-DDE 0.46 0.76 0.29 0.28
cis-Chlordane -- -- 0.03 -0.02
trans-Nonachlor 0.18 0.20 0.11 0.47
Endosulfan -- -- 0.19 -0.20
Heptachlor epoxide 0.72 0.22 0.02 0.10
TriCBs -- -- 0.35 -0.03
TetraCBs 0.51 0.41 0.73 0.37
PentaCBs 0.83 0.89 0.84 0.75
HexaCBs 0.87 0.87 0.82 0.76
HeptaCBs 0.68 0.85 0.72 0.85
OctaCBs 0.32 0.70 0.47 0.81
NonaCBs -- -- -0.25 --
DecaCBs -- -- 0.40 --
Total PCBs 0.82 0.82 0.81 0.80
Correlation 0.04 0.75 0.64 --
coefficients
(r) (b)
between "among
tissues" and
age vs. UC
--, not calculated.
(a) The values shown were calculated when the detection rate
in the tissue was [greater than or equal to] 70%.
(b) Total PCBs were excluded from this calculation.
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Environ Res 91:143-150.Todaka E, Mori C. 2002. Necessity to establish new risk assessment and risk communication for human fetal exposure to multiple endocrine disruptors in Japan. Congent Anom Kyto 42:87-93. Waliszewski SM, Aguirre AA, Infanzon RM, Siliceo J. 2000. Carry-over of persistent organochlorine pesticides through placenta to fetus fetus, term used to describe the unborn offspring in the uterus of vertebrate animals after the embryonic stage (see embryo). In humans, the fetal stage begins seven to eight weeks after fertilization of the egg, when the embryo assumes the basic shape of the newborn . Salud Publica Mex 42:384-390. Waliszewski SM, Infanzon RM, Hart M. 2003. Differences in persistent organochlorine pesticides concentration between breast adipose tissue and blood serum Blood serum A component of blood. Mentioned in: Bites and Stings blood serum the residual fluid of blood after clotting has occurred. It is plasma after the fibrinogen has been removed. . Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 70:920-926. Walker JB, Seddon L, McMullen E, Houseman J, Tofflemire K, Corriveau A, et al. 2003. Organochlorine levels in maternal and blood plasma in Arctic Canada. Sci Total Environ 302:27-52. Hideki Fukata, (1,2) Mariko Omori, (1,2,3,4) Hisao Osada, (2,5) Emiko Todaka, (2,4,6) and Chisato Mori (2,4) (1) Department of Environmental Medical Science, (2) Environmental Health Science Project for Future Generations, (3) Department of Reproductive Medicine, and (4) Department of Bioenvironmental bi·o·en·vi·ron·men·tal adj. Having to do with the relationship between the environment and living organisms: Bioenvironmental engineers are studying the effects of toxic chemicals on life in the area. Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; (5) Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology obstetrics and gynecology Medical and surgical specialty concerned with the management of pregnancy and childbirth and with the health of the female reproductive system. , Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan; (6) Center for Environment, Health and Field Sciences, Chiba University, Kashiwa, Japan Address correspondence to C. Mori, Department of Bioenvironmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670 Japan. Telephone: 81-43-226-2017. Fax: 81-43-226-2018. E-mail: cmori@faculty.chiba-u.jp This work was supported by grants from the Ministry of the Environment (Government of Japan) and the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (Government of Japan). Received 16 June 2004; accepted 14 December 2004. |
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