NIST AUTHORS CONTRIBUTE TO ENCYCLOPEDIA OF COMPUTER SCIENCE.The recently published Fourth Edition of the Encyclopedia of Computer Science contains articles by three NIST contributors. The encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work on computers, computing, and computer science. The article on "Markup Markup The difference between an investment's lowest current offering price among dealers and the higher price a dealer charges a customer. Markups occur when dealers act as principals (buying and selling securities from their own accounts, at their own risk), as opposed to brokers (receiving a fee for facilitating a transaction). Languages," explains what a markup language is and how it impacts work on the Web. Descriptions of several types of markup are included as well as methods to create markup. The article describes the origins of HTML, the Hypertext Markup Language, currently the lingua lingua geogra´phica benign migratory glossitis. lingua ni´gra black tongue. lingua plica´ta fissured tongue. lin·gua (l franca of the Web that originated with SGML, the Standard Generalized Markup Language A set of labels that are embedded within text to distinguish individual elements or groups of elements for display or identification purposes. The labels are typically known as "tags." For rendering, markup languages indicate where font and other layout changes start and stop. For content identification, markup languages turn a text document into the equivalent of a database record in which individual data elements can be located for processing.. SGML is also the basis for the Extensible Markup Language See XML. (XML), which is now a driving technology for e-commerce and future Web standards. In addition, the article describes how markup can be used to create documents for use by persons with disabilities, making the Web accessible. The article on "Information Retrieval" details some of the basic principles behind today's search engines. The article describes some of the issues involved in indexing and searching electronic material, either gathered by a WebCrawler (1) A search portal that searches other search engines for results, provides yellow and white page lookup and offers three levels of searching: general Web pages, news and photos. It also provides featured listings and site recommendations by category. For more information, visit www.webcrawler.com. See Web search engines. (2) A Web crawler. See crawler. or as part of an in-house document collection, and points to areas of active research interest. Various types of retrieval applications are reviewed, along with discussion of some of the related legal and social issues raised by retrieval from open sources. The article entitled "Program Libraries, Numerical and Statistical," traces the long history of reusable software libraries developed by researchers and commercial ventures for science and engineering applications. It summarizes current frameworks for the packaging of general-purpose mathematical and statistical software components and indicates sources of both research-grade and commercially supported software libraries. |
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