Music for the People: Popular Music and Dance in Interwar Britain.

Music for the People: Popular Music and Dance in Interwar Britain. By James J. Nott (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. xiv plus 274 pp.).

James J. Nott pursues a completely original theme in this useful book. He provides an outline of changes in the provision and nature of music and dancing in Britain between the wars, taking account of the growing impact of radio, the gramophone, the cinema and the palais de danse, and looking at the emergence, acceptance and cultural negotiation of new musical genres, especially those broadly associated with the expanding (and overlapping) categories of jazz and dance music. He mines unexpected sources (the archive of the Performing Right Society) alongside less surprising ones (Mass-Observation and the BBC Written Archive). He charts the tensions between (for example) the BBC's Reithian mission to educate and 'improve' and the need to sustain an audience (and to keep hold of star performers) in the face of more populist competition from the commercial radio stations that challenged its monopoly, broadcasting from the European continent; or the ways in which commercial public provision for music and dancing expanded while at the same time the radio and gramophone encouraged listening (at the expense of music-making) in the home. He shows awareness of issues of race, ethnicity, gender, class and regional differences, and tries to address questions of Americanization and the homogenisation of popular culture. All this is very helpful, and the book will be a valuable quarry of information for future researchers. It should certainly be bought. But it is, ultimately, disappointing, due mainly to a persistent failure to look outwards from a narrow definition of the necessary reading or to engage with developments in cultural studies and related disciplines.

This is the book of an Oxford doctoral thesis, placed firmly within the empirical traditions of that university, and with the vices as well as the virtues that have become familiar. The concept of 'popular' is discussed at an early stage, and the term is equated, in a commonsense way, with "the most widely disseminated items in the mass media," taking it as read that during this period what matters is commercial provision by big business. It is also assumed that the 'culture industries' gave consumers what they wanted, while putting a commercial agenda (which favoured 'respectability' in pursuit of the broadest possible markets) ahead of any possible notions of 'social control' or the promotion of political stability. This puts the book firmly in the conservative populist camp of Golby and Purdue, whose work is (surprisingly) not consulted. (1) It also takes for granted the absolute dominance of commercial leisure provision at the time of the First World War, ignoring Gary Cross's argument in Time and Money that the inter-war years saw the key struggle between lifestyles that prioritised the maximisation of free time and the enjoyment of relatively uncommodified leisure, and the maximisation of income together with high levels of consumer spending, a battle that was largely won and lost in the United States and Britain during the 1920s and 1930s. (2) As a result it plays down non-commercial provision, treating 'folk' music and dancing with something approaching contempt while ignoring the literature on it, (3) giving the powerfully surviving brass band movement very short shrift, (4) ignoring the great traditions of choral singing in (for example) West Yorkshire and South Wales, (5) paying no heed at all to the immense amount of popular music-making associated with church and chapel (still very important cultural influences, as Callum Brown argues, until the 1960s), (6) and assuming a decline in domestic music-making that cannot be substantiated solely by reference to falling sales of musical instruments and sheet music, given that the gramophone and the radio might be, to borrow Peter Bailey's words, 'additive' rather than 'substitutive' contributions to the cultural life of individuals and families. (7) The absence of any use of, or reference to, oral history or autobiography, which provide the best routes into understanding domestic leisure, helps to explain these problems, while the refusal of any borrowings from adjacent disciplines may account for the tendency for the overview chapters to subside into speculative catalogues devoid of analytical or explanatory bite. (8)

The basic problem here is the limited extent of the author's contextual reading. Some of the gaps are quite astonishing, such as the failure to take account of Dave Russell's Popular music in England 1840-1914 (Manchester, 1987). The author seems to have decided that nothing prior to 1914 is relevant to his remit, which gets him into trouble on several occasions. The statement (p. 149) that "before the widespread adoption of 'holidays with pay' opportunities to visit such (seaside) resorts were limited for the working class" is a case in point: not that they were unlimited (and this flaccid use of language is a recurrent problem), but that this suggests that they rarely took place, which is quite simply wrong. (9) The assumption in Chapter 6 that there was hardly any commercial provision for working-class dancing before 1914 is also erroneous, as J.B. Priestley knew with respect to Lancashire. (10) An encounter with the work of Susan Pennybacker would have warned against simplistic assumptions about the use of fire regulations to regulate London's music-halls. (11) Going beyond 1914, an indication of the enduring importance through and beyond the inter-war years of a range of working-class cultural forms that are neglected in this book, such as the working men's club (about which Dr. Nott seems to know nothing), can be found in Chapter 5, with no mention of what seems to have become a forgotten classic, Richard Hoggart's The uses of literacy (London, 1957): this is another astonishing and damaging omission from the bibliography. Hoggart's awareness of the popular cultural significance of hymns like Abide with me is an example of the avenues that an acquaintance with his book might have opened out here. It is also a pity that Dr. Nott has not used John Sedgwick's book on the cinema and popular culture in the inter-war years, which might have revised his ideas about the most popular films and performers; (12) and the lack of reference to work on women's leisure by (for example) Langhamer, Parratt and Oliver is also unfortunate. (13) The idea that dancing was the only exercise available to most working-class women may be defensible, but it ignores the importance of (for example) cycling, rambling and team sports in the inter-war years, which should certainly not be played down. (14)

All this adds up to a disappointingly one-dimensional treatment of the author's chosen theme. He has a lot of useful information to impart on the rise of commercial leisure in relation to music and dancing during the inter-war years, but it would be a great mistake to assume that he has told us the whole story. His bias towards the commercial, and his dismissive attitude to all other forms of popular music and dance in this period, coupled with his failure to get a grip on the longer-term context of the developments he describes, combine to distort the picture he presents, with the result that this book falls into that frustrating category of important works that have to be treated with caution and reservations. This is a matter for regret.

ENDNOTES

1. J. Golby and W. Purdue, The civilisation of the crowd (second edn., Stroud, 1999).

2. Gary Cross, Time and money (London, 1993)

3. Georgina Boyes, The imagined village (Manchester, 1993).

4. Dave Russell, Popular music in England 1840-1914 (Manchester, 1987).

5. Ibid.; Gareth Williams, Valleys of song: music and society in Wales, 1840-1914 (Cardiff, 1998).

6. Callum Brown, The death of Christian Britain (London, 2000).

7. Peter Bailey, Leisure and class in Victorian England (London, 1978).

8. For oral history providing insights into domestic leisure see, for example, Lyn Murfin, Popular leisure in the Lake Counties (Manchester, 1991); Elizabeth Roberts, A woman's place (Oxford, 1984). There is, for example, no reference to journals such as Media, Culture and Society.

9. J.K. Walton. "The demand for working-class seaside holidays in Victorian England," Economic History Review 34 (1981), pp. 249-65; idem., The British seaside: holidays and resorts in the twentieth century (Manchester, 2000). The incorrect spelling of Morecambe is also suggestive of a lack of grip.

10. J.B. Priestley, English journey (London, 1934), p. 266.

11. Susan Pennybacker, A vision for London, 1899-1914: labour, everyday life and the LCC experiment (London, 1995).

12. John Sedgwick, Popular filmgoing in the 1930s (Exeter, 2000).

13. Claire Langhamer, Women's leisure in England 1920-1960 (Manchester, 2000); Catriona Parratt, More than mere amusement: working-class women's leisure in England 1750-1914 (Boston, Mass., 2001); Elizabeth Oliver, "Liberation or limitation? A study of women's leisure in Bolton, 1919-1939," Ph.D. thesis, Lancaster University, 1997.

14. See, for example, Harvey Taylor, A claim on the countryside (Edinburgh, 1997).

John K. Walton

University of Central Lancashire