Multiple choice: recyclers have several options when choosing equipment to shred wood and mixed C&D materials.

If shredders and grinders were sold in the supermarket, the number of choices available is enough to take up far more than just one aisle. Ranging from large-volume tub grinders in smaller shear-shredders, manufacturers are offering a host of equipment of varying throughput and flexibility.

After considering what end produces they are going, to produce and how much material they axe likely to process in a given operating hour or day, recyclers will then be able to compare and contrast a variety of size reduction equipment.

IN THE TUB. Tub grinders have been downsizing material for the forestry and recycling industries for decades. The machines can be built to mammoth proportions, with the larger ones having the ability to chew through tree stumps and other sizable pieces of debris.

Larger tub grinders can be powered by engine combinations creating more than 1.600 hp and make claims to handle tree stumps up to 9 feet in diameter. The specs for one such model claim it can process up to 130 tons per hour of pallets and construction debris.

Larger tub grinders can be powerful by engine combinations creating more than 1,600 hp and make claims to handle tree stumps up to 9 feet in diameter. The specs for one such model claim it can process up to 130 tons per hour of pallets and construction debris.

But they can also be built to smaller specifications with an eye on operating efficiently. DuraTech Industries, Jamestown, N.D., makes model in several sizes. "We've been building tub grinders since 1966," notes Bob Strahm, industrial division sales manager for Dura Tech.

The company's newest machine, the Model 3010, is powwered by a 463-hp Caterpillar electronic engine and features include a heavy-duty hammer mill, a fluid clutch with push-button start-up, a 3-inch-wide oscillating stacking conveyor and a self-cleaning radiator screen.

"We think people in the wood-grinding industry will really be excited about this machine when they see its capabilities," says Strahm, who calls the Model 3010, "a heavy-duty, reliable machine using the latest in technology--a machine that can handle any wood grinding job efficiently and cost-effectively."

Medium-range models such as 800 hp units are still powerful enough to work in large-volume applications. A case study prepared by Vermeer Mfg. Co., Pella, Iowa, describes how a Florida contractor used a Vermeer TG800 machine to clean up several stockpiles of oak land-clearing debris, including pieces more than 4-feet long. "With the TG 800, we finished the job in just over four weeks," notes Steve Lubbers of Consolidated Resource Recovery Inc., Sarasota, Fla. "We hit goal and earned our money because we finished ahead of schedule."

The ruggedness of the tub grinders makes them a first choice among recyclers who want a machine in which they can place a large but often varying volume of material.

"For companies whose businesses extend across a broad range of grinding requirements, the tub grinders are still the most versatile machines on the market," says John Foote, vice president of sales and marketing with Morbark Inc., Winn, Mich.

The major drawback of the machines far recycling applications is their tendency to shoot out pieces of debris in the grinding process. While more often than not these are smaller chips that arc more of a nuisance than anything else, occasionally larger pieces can be hurled from the machines.

Several years ago, a recycling company near Fort Lauderdale, Fla., was operating a tub grinder when a piece of debris shot out of the tub and traveled several dozen yards, landing in a residential front yard, and in Fact knocking the wooden leg off of a man who was sitting on his patio.

In part to avoid such incidents, recyclers have been increasingly looking both at safety modifications for their tub grinders and at grinders and shredders using other configurations and technology to downsize material.

Equipment makers such as Morbark have monitored and responded to this trend and now offer horizontal and vertical-feed grinders as well as slower-speed shredders that process materials in a different way altogether.

ON THE HORIZON. Recyclers who still want grinding power and throughput without the risks of a tub have helped popularize horizontal grinding mills. "The companies involved in high-traffic areas are moving into horizontal machines," says Foote. "The production and safety of those machines make them very popular."

Similar to the enclosed horizontal mills are vertical-feed models, where material is fed to the grinder rotor through an enclosed metallic chute that moves upward until dropping materials onto the spinning rotor.

The Fort Lauderdale recycler who experienced the tub grinding accident eventually switched to a large-volume enclosed-rotor mill made by Continental Biomass Industries Inc. (CBI), Newton, N.H.

Tim Griffing of CBI says the company's Grindall horizontal and vertical-feed mills remain popular with recyclers. "Our number one unit is the vertical-feed 5060 Grindall. It's powerful--with a rotor that weighs 19,000 pounds," notes Griffing. He says the machine can "easily handle" 70 tons per hour of material.

West Salem Machinery, Salem, Ore., is another company that touts its machines as durable pieces of equipment. The company's Model 4064BR features what it dis a "severe-duty" rotor with tungsten carbide hammer tips that can be reversed for maximum wear life. The machine's interior is lined with bolt-in wear-lines that can be have a thickness of up to 2 inches.

Griffing notes that the mixed C&D market is a growth market for these types of machines. "We can handle the metal contamination--our high-inertia rotors with shear pin protection are built to be heavy ,and solid." The Grindall machines .also feature a ballistic chute that safely redirects unshreddables (such as manhole covers and steel rail) that might enter the machine.

The machines are built by several manufacturers in several sizes, meaning recyclers should be able to find a model that suits their production requirements. The machines can also be modified to address a specific application.

The HC 2400-B by Peterson Pacific Corp., Eugene, Ore., can be equipped with either a 450 hp or 580 hp engine. The larger engine offers throughput of up to 337 cubic yards per hour, according to the company.

While wood and mixed materials are among the most common C&D mate rials to enter such machines, Peterson Pacific has also found a niche with as phalt shingle recyclers. One California recycler endorses the HC 2400-B (customized for the application) as the machine that has best met his need for mining scrap asphalt shingles into half-inch-minus shreds at a rate of 75 tons per hour.

SLOW AND STEADY. For recyclers who want quieter production, lower energy costs and yet need a machine that can handle a mixed material stream slow-speed, high-torque shredders ate providing an alternative.

Other recyclers are using such machines not as an alternative to grinders but as a primary machine that prepares material for further size reduction in a grinding mill.

Long-time grinder manufacturer Morbark has debuted its first slow-speed high-torque shredder at this year's Waste Expo event. Many manufacturers advise recyclers not to be turned away by the adjective "slow-speed," because these machines can still be made to shred material at a productive clip.

John Dorscht, president of SchredMax, Petrolia, Ontario, Canada has spent several years working with and designing shredding equipment. His current company makes high-torque shredders marketed toward recyclers seeking a primary shredder that can handle a mixed stream of materials.

Dorscht has found that demand is out there for high-volume machines. "We started with a small machine and have built increasingly larger models, says Dorscht.

Steady demand has come from mixed C&D recyclers, says Dorscht. "Most C&D recycling facilities accept commingled materials in containers. It comes in all shapes, sizes and lengths."

Dorscht says most of these recycling facilities will hand-pick larger pieces of metal, cardboard and other recyclable material, but that further size reduction is needed before sorting can continue.

"The whole idea behind SchredMax is to reduce material to a size such as 12 or 6 inches and under where it can go on a conveyor and be magnetically and hand-sorted at a manageable size," Dorscht comments.

While to some observers making pieces smaller before pulling them off a conveyor may seem to make the task more difficult, Dorscht says it is necessary to make it safer. "You don't want pickers trying to pick off 80-pound pieces of debris," he notes.

There are a number of manufacturers serving this emerging market, with primary machines having different configurations and specifications.

SSI Shredding Systems Inc,, Wilsonville, Ore., markets its "Primary Waste Reducer" line as purpose-built for high -capacity, volume-reduction evironments.

Very large infeed openings and an aggressive, bi-directional cutter design allow the reducer to accept a wide range of mixed bulky materials. SSI's systems process materials at rates up to 80 tons per hour while achieving up to 70 percent volume reduction, according to the company.

A heavy-duty "open grate" design allows fines, such as small rocks and dirt, to fall through the cutting table without causing unnecessary wear on the curlers.

The SSI primary waste reducer is hydraulically driven for shock-load protection. The slow speed cutting action provides an environmentally friendly operation, including low noise, lowdust, minimal fines, high on-line reliability, and low maintenance. SSI offers its primany waste reducers in stationary and mobile configurations, with one or two shafts.

Among the intended markets for SSI's units are processing mixed C&D debris, furniture, mattresses, carpet, wood wastes, yard debris and municipal and assorted industrial wastes.

Many primary shredder manufacturers, such as Hammel North America, Fort Wayne, Ind., market their machines as offering the ability to handle a wide range of materials while creating minireal dust and noise.

The Hammel Shredder is advertised as being able to handle "whatever you grab," including brick and block, wood and metal flaming, appliances, carpeting, furniture and green waste.

These all-purpose models are finding buyers, with the crowded field being joined by Morbark in 2003. "We believe the growth market for shredders will be with the slow-speed, high-torque machines," says Foote. "The advantages for the contractor are lower operating costs and the ability to process contaminated debris."

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Landfill operators nave been another key market for shredders, and many of them diversify into recycling once they have their machines in place.

John Foote. vice president of sales and marketing with Morbark Inc.. Winn. Mich., says most landfill managers are eager to enter recycling markets if they see an opportunity. "When they buy a shredder with a magnetic end pulley, they are recycling," he notes,

Tim Griffing of Continental Biomass Industries Inc. (CBI). Newton. N.H.. sees metals recovery as the top priority for many landfill operators, "Often. they get the metals out while the rest of the material is ground up and reduced in size to extend the landfill life," he remarks. Beyond metals recovery, many also start to explore the potential markets for wood chips and shreds. "Many landfill operators are turning their end products into saleable, recycled products such as compost, mulch or colored mulch." he adds.

"What they choose to do with the end product determines if they have a profitable recycling program or not." says Foote. "Even if they are just using the shredded end product for daily landfill cover and they are reducing their cost of trucking in lout-sourced] daily cover, then they have a successful recycling program." he contends.

John Dorscht, president of SchredMax, Petrolia, Ontario, Canada. notes that fine materials (soil and particles) can represent as much as 30 percent of a mixed C&D stream. This represents another potential end market in the form of lower-grade soil markets such as for berms or as a sloping and grading material.

The author is editor of Recycling Today and can be contacted via e-mail at [e-mail].