Multifocal avian influenza (H5N1) outbreak.

During March 2006, an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1)occurred in multiple poultry farms in Israel. The epidemiologic investigation and review of outbreak mitigation efforts uncovered gaps in planning for and containing the outbreak, thus affording valuable lessons applicable to other countries in similar settings.

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On March 16, 2006, samples taken from a commercial turkey farm in southern Israel due to unexpected mortality rates (>0.7% per day) were positive for avian influenza subtype H5 by PCR. Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtype H5N1 was later confirmed by virus isolation. Eight more outbreak foci in commercial poultry farms in small settlements were identified within 2 weeks (Table 1). We briefly describe key findings of the outbreak investigation and lessons learned from our outbreak mitigation experience.

The Study

Epidemiologic investigation was performed by a joint team of veterinary and public health epidemiologists, administrators, and law enforcement officials. Descriptive epidemiology as well as cross-matching of available records were also performed to identify common factors associated with [greater than or equal to] 2 foci and to establish potential flow of events. These records included log books of the affected farms, which contained daily mortality rates, identification of vehicles entering, personnel working and visiting the farm in the previous 30 days, and affiliated slaughterhouses.

In February 2006, influenza virus (H5N1) was detected for the first time in Egypt (1); in March 2006, outbreaks were detected simultaneously in the Palestinian Authority's Gaza Strip and Israel. Later in March 2006, a single case was detected in Jordan (2). Molecular characterization of the isolates from Israel and Gaza performed in the Veterinary Services Central Laboratory showed that they were different from influenza (H5N1) viruses recently isolated in Indonesia (3); they belonged to a single strain and were closely related to other HPAI (H5N1) strains isolated during this period in European, Asian, and African countries.

Turkey farms, accounting for 10% of Israeli poultry farms, were unproportionally involved in this outbreak (6/9 outbreak foci). The relative prevalence of turkey farms in the southern district near the Gaza Strip (50% of farms); the close interactions between personnel at farms of the same poultry type; and the higher susceptibility of turkeys to avian influenza virus (4) may be plausible explanations.

Several epidemiologic links between outbreak foci were identified (Table 1). These links and the near-simultaneous detection of several outbreak foci specifically on turkey farms, increase the likelihood that the virus disseminated through use of shared vehicles or by personnel. Alternatively, the involvement of 2 heavy breeder farms (farms F, H) characterized by strict biosafety procedures to prevent such transmission, and the fact that all 9 farms used open sheds, may support the role of migratory birds in disease transmission.

Because all epidemiology-trained veterinarians were assigned to regional outbreak containment at multiple foci, initiation of coordinated epidemiologic investigation in the farms was delayed by up to 10 days. Therefore, precrisis allocation of designated epidemiology-trained veterinarian investigators and joint investigation team training could be an important component of avian influenza preparedness plans.

The key control measures taken, the case definitions used, and the guiding principles for oseltamivir prophylactic treatment are summarized in Table 2. Israeli-Palestinian cooperation allowed coordination of cross-border mitigation efforts (5). Overall, these control measures enabled full outbreak containment within 17 days, without further recurrences (as of August 2007).

Rapid recruitment of teams willing and able to take part in culling and burial proved highly challenging. The Israeli Ministry of Defense was therefore assigned to coordinate and execute these efforts (through its civilian contractors) and did so effectively. Teams involved in poultry eradication activities were instructed to use N95 masks, disposable gowns, and safety goggles. Yet in hindsight, the investigation showed that, in some cases, the equipment was not used properly (e.g., gowns left open, mask lowered to uncover the nose) due to the challenging physical conditions in the hot and humid poultry houses. Shorter work shifts within the farms and better education of uninitiated workers are therefore key logistical aspects of preparedness.

Oseltamivir chemoprophylaxis (75 mg/day until 7 days after last exposure to poultry) was given to all culling teams, including poultry workers in the 3-km protection zones surrounding the infected farm. This policy was in accordance with European Center for Disease Prevention and Control guidelines (6), but not with the guidelines of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (7) or the World Health Organization (8) that recommend against providing prophylactic treatment to low-risk exposure groups. This extensive approach proved helpful in recruiting culling workers, relieving their fears, and in reassuring the local population potentially exposed to the infected poultry. Also, only a minute fraction (425 prophylactic courses) of the Israeli pandemic preparedness stockpile had to be used.

Timely and full (market price) compensation to farmers was key in encouraging prompt reporting and achieving trust and cooperation of poultry owners in culling and gathering epidemiologic data. Culling was performed by administering organophosphate poison in the flock's drinking water after 24 hours of water deprivation. This method proved lacking, as not all birds died as a result of this process. In certain cases, birds had to be manually slaughtered, a method that potentially exposes workers to increased risk for infection. Alternative culling methods such as use of asphyxiating foam are now considered for future outbreaks. The birds were buried above large polyethylene sheets within or in close proximity to the farm, and lime was applied to accelerate decomposition. Composting, a more environmentally friendly method that prevents ground water contamination (9), is considered for healthy birds culled in the protection zone. Only a few valuable birds (i.e., in zoos) were vaccinated with stockpiled H5N2 vaccines, because in some cases these vaccines may increase circulation of H5N1 viruses by allowing asymptomatic infections (10,11) potentially leading to continuous silent spread of the disease among birds (and subsequently to humans).

The Israeli public proved quite attentive to risk communication efforts as shown by the results of a national telephone survey conducted at the peak of the outbreak by the Israeli Center for Disease Control. Among a random sample of Israelis [greater than or equal to] 21 years of age, 34 (62%) of 552 interviewees who were aware of the outbreak and generally consumed poultry products did not reduce poultry consumption at all due to the outbreak. In contrast, a recent preevent survey in the United States has shown that 40% of respondents would stop eating poultry products altogether if the H5N1 virus was detected. (12). This outbreak was also not associated with a massive increase in "worried well" hospital admissions. Only 24 patients (21 adults and 3 children) came to local hospitals due to self-defined or general practitioner-defined suspected avian flu during March 2006. Five of these 24 persons (4 adults and 1 child) indeed met the case definition of suspected case and were hospitalized, but none had laboratory-confirmed H5N1 infection. These results are probably derived, at least in part, from the effective frontline risk communication efforts of the district health officers who offered guidance to local general practitioners and the anxious public at the outbreak scene.

Conclusions

Preparedness planning for avian influenza should account for the unique challenges associated with a simultaneous multifocal outbreak, including personnel recruitment and allocation; coordination of all parties involved in outbreak mitigation and investigation; simultaneous culling and disposal in multiple sites; and coordinated central and local risk communication efforts. Outbreak containment, even in these settings, could be achieved without the use of vaccines, which should be kept as a measure of last resort. Case definition and antiviral prophylactic policies may be revised ad hoc according to the unfolding events and in response to the medical and psychological needs of each population. The lessons learned and described in our study may serve to refine preparedness plans elsewhere in view of the increasing global dissemination of this virus.

Acknowledgments

We thank our colleagues at the Israeli Ministry of Health and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development for their pivotal roles in mitigating this outbreak.

References

(1.) World Health Organization. Outbreak news: avian influenza, Egypt. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2006;81:106.

(2.) World Organization for Animal Health. Avian influenza in Jordan, follow-up report 3. Paris: the Organization; 2006. [cited 2007 Jul 8]. Available from http://www.oie.int/eng/info/hebdo/ais_11.htm

(3.) Banet-Noach C, Panshin A, Golender N, Simanov L, Rozenblut E, Pokamunski S, et el. Genetic analysis of nonstructural genes (NS1 and NS2) of H9N2 and H5N1 viruses recently isolated in Israel. Virus Genes. 2007;34:157-68.

(4.) Tumpey TM, Kapczynski DR, Swayne DE. Comparative susceptibility of chickens and turkeys to avian influenza A H7N2 virus infection and protective efficacy of a commercial avian influenza H7N2 virus vaccine. Avian Dis. 2004;48:167-76.

(5.) Leventhal A, Ramlawi A, Belbiesi A, Balicer RD. Regional collaboration in the Middle East to deal with H5N1 avian flu. BMJ. 2006;333:856-8.

(6.) European Center for Disease Prevention and Control. ECDC guidelines to minimize the risk of humans acquiring highly pathogenic avian influenza from exposure to infected birds or animals. [cited 2007 Jul 8]. Available from http://www.ecdc.eu.int/documents/pdf/ H5N1_occupational_guidance_ecdc_051019.pdf

(7.) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim guidance for protection of persons involved in U.S. avian influenza outbreak disease control and eradication activities. [cited 2007 Jul 8]. Available from http://www.cdc.gov/flu/avian/professional/pdf/protectionguid. pdf

(8.) World Health Organization. WHO rapid advice guidelines on pharmacological management of humans infected with avian influenza A (H5N1) virus. WHO/PSM/PAR/2006.6. Geneva: The Organization; 2006. [cited 2007 Jul 8]. Available from http://www.who.int/ medicines/publications/who_psm_par_2006.6.pdf

(9.) United States Environmental Protection Agency. Disposal of domestic birds infected by avian influenza--an overview of considerations and options. Washington: The Agency. [cited 2007 Jul 8]. Available from http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/homeland/flu.pdf

(10.) Webster RG, Peiris M, Chen H, Guan Y. H5N1 outbreaks and enzootic influenza. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006; 12:3-8.

(11.) Savill NJ, St Rose SG, Keeling MJ, Woolhouse ME. Silent spread of H5N1 in vaccinated poultry. Nature. 2006;442:757.

(12.) Condry SC, Hallman WK, Vata M, Cuite CL. Avian influenza in poultry: Americans' knowledge, perceptions, and responses. Publication no. RR-0507-014. New Brunswick (NJ): Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Food Policy Institute; 2007.

Ran D. Balicer, * ([dagger]) Shmuel Reznikovich, ([dagger]) Elyakum Berman, ([double dagger]) Michael Pirak, ([double dagger]) Amnon Inbar, ([double dagger]) Shimon Pokamunski, ([double dagger]) and Itamar Grotto * ([dagger])

* Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel; ([dagger]) Israeli Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel; and ([double dagger]) Veterinary Services of the Israeli Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Beit Dagan, Israel

Address for correspondence: Ran D. Balicer, Epidemiology Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 27 Hagilgal St, Ramat-Gan 52392, Israel; email: [e-mail]

Dr Balicer is an epidemiologist and public health specialist. As an advisor to the Israeli Ministry of Health, he serves as coeditor of the Ministry Avian and Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Plans. His research is focused on public health policy and epidemiology of infectious diseases.

Table 1. Confirmed highly pathogenic avian
influenza (H5N1) outbreaks in Israel *

Focus                                 Biosecurity
ID       District     Poultry type     standards

A        Southern      Meat type        Normal
                        turkeys

B        Southern      Meat type        Normal
                        turkeys

C        Southern      Meat type        Normal
                        turkeys

D       Jerusalem      Meat type        Normal
                        turkeys

E        Southern       Broilers        Normal

F        Southern    Heavy breeders      High

G       Jehuda and     Meat type        Normal
         Samaria        turkeys

H       Jerusalem    Heavy breeders      High

I        Southern      Meat type        Normal
                        turkeys

                                             Epidemiologic links
                  Date (2006)                   (identifiers)

Focus   Increased
ID      no. deaths   Report   Diagnosis   Culling    FS    SH    Vet.

A         Mar 14     Mar 15    Mar 16     Mar 17     A     A,B    A

B         Mar 14     Mar 16    Mar 16     Mar 18     B      A     B

C         Mar 15     Mar 16    Mar 17     Mar 20     A      B     A

D         Mar 15     Mar 16    Mar 17     Mar 18     A      A     D

E         Mar 13     Mar 19    Mar 19     Mar 21    A,C     C     E

F         Mar 19     Mar 19    Mar 19     Mar 21     D      *     F

G         Mar 21     Mar 21    Mar 22     Mar 23     D      *     G

H         Mar 28     Mar 28    Mar 28     Mar 30     A      *     E

I         Mar 30     Mar 31    Mar 31      Apr 1     A      *     B

* No slaughtering took place in the 30 days before or during
the outbreak period. ID, identifier, FS, feed supplier; SH,
slaughterhouse, Vet., veterinarian.

Table 2. Veterinary and public health measures taken during
the highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) outbreak in
Israel, by proximity to infected poultry

                       Location by proximity to outbreak focus

                                              Protection zone
Measure taken           Infected flock            (<3 km)

Management of            Stamping out           Stamping out
poultry

Poultry products          Destroyed              Destroyed
management

Poultry contacts       Self-monitoring        Self-monitoring
monitoring

Case definition       Close contact with     Close contact with
of human suspected     poultry and any       poultry and severe
avian influenza             ILI *                   ILI ([dagger])

Oseltarnivir         All poultry contacts   All poultry contacts
prophylaxis to          (including all         (including all
poultry contacts      culling and burial     culling and burial
                            teams)                 teams)

                       Location by proximity to outbreak focus

                      Surveillance zone       Outside outbreak
Measure taken             (3-10 km)            area (>10 km)

Management of        Active surveillance:    Passive and active
poultry               transportation of         surveillance
                     poultry and hatching
                      eggs allowed only
                        following PCR
                      testing of samples
                     within the previous
                             72 h

Poultry products         Released for         No restrictions
management            consumption after
                     clinical examination
                     of the laying flocks
                       proved negative

Poultry contacts             None                   None
monitoring

Case definition              None                   None
of human suspected
avian influenza

Oseltarnivir                 None                   None
prophylaxis to
poultry contacts

* ILI, influenza-like illness: respiratory
symptoms and fever (>37.5[degrees]C).

([dagger]) ILI as defined above, in severity
that requires hospitalization.