Modifiers for low polarity polymers.Ester plasticizers plasticizers mostly triaryl phosphates, such as tricresyl, triphenyl phosphates, which are poisonous. See also triorthocresyl phosphate. have a well-known well-known adj. 1. Widely known; familiar or famous: a well-known performer. 2. Fully known: well-known facts. function in several thermoset A polymer-based liquid or powder that becomes solid when heated, placed under pressure, treated with a chemical or via radiation. The curing process creates a chemical bond that, unlike a thermoplastic, prevents the material from being remelted. See thermoplastic. elastomers and thermoplastics thermoplastics, materials that soften or melt when heated and harden when cooled. Thermoplastic polymers consist of long polymer molecules that are not linked to each other. i.e., have no cross-links. . The distinct advantage of using ester plasticizers is in providing low-temperature properties, or depression of glass transition ([T.sub.g]), of the various polymers. Typically, the [T.sub.g] can be lowered by an ester plasticizer plas·ti·ciz·er n. Any of various substances added to plastics or other materials to make or keep them soft or pliable. plasticizer or -ciser Noun and still result in a strong material. Ester plasticizers modify polymers or provide softening softening /sof·ten·ing/ (sof´en-ing) malacia. softening a change of consistency, with loss of firmness or hardness. of the polymer, lower modulus See modulo. , lower tensile strength tensile strength Ratio of the maximum load a material can support without fracture when being stretched to the original area of a cross section of the material. When stresses less than the tensile strength are removed, a material completely or partially returns to its , increased elongation elongation, in astronomy, the angular distance between two points in the sky as measured from a third point. The elongation of a planet is usually measured as the angular distance from the sun to the planet as measured from the earth. , increased flexibility, lower glass transition, increased tear strength, increased temperature range of usefulness, increased cohesion cohesion: see adhesion and cohesion. Cohesion (physics) The tendency of atoms or molecules to coalesce into extended condensed states. This tendency is practically universal. , modified frictional frictional pertaining to or emanating from friction. frictional acanthosis see acanthosis nigricans. character, improved surface appearance and increased static charge. Ester plasticizers as a whole are solvents or diluents for the amorphous Unorganized or vague. A lack of structure. For example, the amorphous state of a spot on a rewritable optical disc means that the laser beam will not be reflected from it, which is in contrast to a crystalline state which will reflect light. See crystalline. phases of polymers. Glassy polymers that are polar can be plasticized with esters esters (esˑ·terz), n.pl organic compounds synthesized from acids and alcohols, typically possessing fruity aromas. , but careful consideration of chemical structure and solubility solubility Degree to which a substance dissolves in a solvent to make a solution (usually expressed as grams of solute per litre of solvent). Solubility of one fluid (liquid or gas) in another may be complete (totally miscible; e.g. parameters must be exercised. This article will discuss the uses and function of ester plasticizers in low polarity (1) The direction of charged particles, which may determine the binary status of a bit. (2) In micrographics, the change in the light to dark relationship of an image when copies are made. elastomers and plastics. Experimental The formulations used in our experimental investigations of EPDM EPDM Ethylene-Propylene-Diene-Monomer EPDM Enterprise Product Data Management EPDM Ethylene Propylene Dimonomer (industrial/commercial piping/plumbing components) EPDM Engineering Product Data Management , CR, NR and TPV TPV Temporary Protection Visa (Australia) TPV Terminal Punto Venta TPV Third-Party Verification TPV Thermophotovoltaic TPV Thermoplastic Vulcanizate (thermoplastic elastomer) TPV Total Payment Volume compounds are listed in tables 6-10. Test methods Compounds for performance testing Performance Testing covers a broad range of engineering or functional evaluations where a material, product, or system is not specified by detailed material or component specifications: Rather, emphasis is on the final measurable performance characteristics. were mixed in a BR internal mixer mixer, either of two electronic devices in which two or more signals are combined. In the type of mixer used in radio receivers, radar receivers, and similar systems, a signal is translated upward or downward in frequency. , except for curatives, which were added on a two-roll mill. Test specimens for compound performance properties were molded mold 1 n. 1. A hollow form or matrix for shaping a fluid or plastic substance. 2. A frame or model around or on which something is formed or shaped. 3. Something that is made in or shaped on a mold. as follows: Press temperature 149[degrees]C; press time = 1.25 x t'c (90) minutes and pressure at 5.75 MPa on the sheet surface. Specimens for original properties, low temperature testing, air oven aging and immersions were die cut from molded sheets. Tests used were: * Mooney Mooney is family name, which is probably predominantly derived from the Irish Ó Maonaigh. It can also be spelled Moony, Meaney, Mauney, Moon, Money. The word can refer to: Companies
Meaney spelling Instrument for measuring the viscosity (resistance to internal flow) of a fluid. In one type, the time taken for a given volume of fluid to flow through an opening is recorded. , large rotor rotor: see generator; motor, electric. , one minute preheat pre·heat tr.v. pre·heat·ed, pre·heat·ing, pre·heats To heat (an oven, for example) beforehand. pre·heat  er n. .* Oscillating os·cil·late intr.v. os·cil·lat·ed, os·cil·lat·ing, os·cil·lates 1. To swing back and forth with a steady, uninterrupted rhythm. 2. disc rheometer--ASTM D2084-93, TechPro RheoTech rheometer rhe·om·e·ter n. An instrument for measuring the flow of viscous liquids, such as blood. , round die, 3[degrees] arc, 30 second preheat. * Original properties--tensile, elongation and modulus: ASTM ASTM abbr. American Society for Testing and Materials D412-92, method A, Die C, crosshead cross·head n. A beam that connects the piston rod to the connecting rod of a reciprocating engine. Noun 1. crosshead - a heading of a subsection printed within the body of the text crossheading speed 51.0 cm/min; hardness: ASTM D2240-91, one second reading; specific gravity specific gravity, ratio of the weight of a given volume of a substance to the weight of an equal volume of some reference substance, or, equivalently, the ratio of the masses of equal volumes of the two substances. : ASTM D792-91. Low-temperature--impact (brittleness Brittleness That characteristic of a material that is manifested by sudden or abrupt failure without appreciable prior ductile or plastic deformation. ): ASTM D2137-83, method A; Gehman: ASTM D1053. Air oven aging--ASTM D573-81. Plasticization of polymers Theory One of the most accepted polymer plasticization theories is the free volume increase of a polymer. If the free volume of a polymer is changed at a given temperature, then its [T.sub.g] will also be changed. A common method of lowering glass transition is to mix a polymer with a liquid, such as an ester or oil that contains more free volume than the pure polymer. The plasticizer-polyraer mix will have a greater free volume than the pure polymer; thus, the plasticized polymer must be cooled to a lower temperature to reduce its free volume to the iso-free volume state that defines glass transition temperature The glass transition temperature is the temperature below which the physical properties of amorphous materials vary in a manner similar to those of a solid phase (glassy state), and above which amorphous materials behave like liquids (rubbery state). . Compatibility If plasticizer-polymer compatibility is correct, the two materials will form a homogeneous The same. Contrast with heterogeneous. homogeneous - (Or "homogenous") Of uniform nature, similar in kind. 1. In the context of distributed systems, middleware makes heterogeneous systems appear as a homogeneous entity. For example see: interoperable network. mixture during processing and, once cured, the plasticizer will remain in the compound upon cooling and resting at low temperature. From a practical standpoint The Standpoint is a newspaper published in the British Virgin Islands. It was originally published under the name Pennysaver, largely as a shopping-coupon promotional newspaper, but since emerged as one of the most influential sources of journalism in the , it is only necessary that the compatibility be observed at a plasticizer quantity suitable to produce the desired effect. To achieve a high degree of plasticizer compatibility, it is generally necessary that the plasticizer and polymer have approximately the same polarity. Plasticizers have been described previously as solvents of moderately high molecular weight and low volatility. Their ability to achieve and maintain compatibility with the polymer depends on the same factors that govern the behavior of simpler organic solvents and solutes. The thermodynamic ther·mo·dy·nam·ic adj. 1. Characteristic of or resulting from the conversion of heat into other forms of energy. 2. Of or relating to thermodynamics. basis for such interactions is expressed by Hildebrand solubility parameters, defined as the square root of cohesive cohesive, n the capability to cohere or stick together to form a mass. energy density. Plasticizer compatibility with an amorphous polymer (or the amorphous phase of a partially crystalline Like a crystal. It implies a uniform structure of molecules in all dimensions. For example, phase change technology, widely used for rewritable optical discs, uses crystalline spots (bits) to reflect the laser beam. Amorphous, non-crystalline bits do not reflect light. polymer) normally requires solubility parameter (1) Any value passed to a program by the user or by another program in order to customize the program for a particular purpose. A parameter may be anything; for example, a file name, a coordinate, a range of values, a money amount or a code of some kind. ([delta]) values that do not differ by more than +/-1.5 (cal./cc). Solubility parameters for both polymers and plasticizers are conveniently calculated by the additive additive In foods, any of various chemical substances added to produce desirable effects. Additives include such substances as artificial or natural colourings and flavourings; stabilizers, emulsifiers, and thickeners; preservatives and humectants (moisture-retainers); and method of Small (ref. 1), who derived individual parameters for various atoms and groups in the molecules. Compilations of molar molar /mo·lar/ (mo´lar) 1. pertaining to a mole of a substance. 2. a measure of the concentration of a solute, expressed as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. Symbol M, , or mol/L. attraction constants, commonly known as Small's constants, are given in many handbooks. Table 1 lists polymers and plasticizers from high to low polarity. Thermoplastic elastomers Thermoplastic elastomers (TPE), sometimes referred to as thermoplastic rubbers, are a class of copolymers or a physical mix of polymers (usually a plastic and a rubber) which consist of materials with both thermoplastic and elastomeric properties. Olefinic thermoplastic elastomers can be subdivided into two major areas, TPO (Twisted Pair Only) Refers to the use of twisted pair wire when other options are available. For example, a TPO suffix at the end of 3com Ethernet adapter model numbers indicates the card has only an RJ45 connector. and TPV. Thermoplastic olefins ThermoPlastic Olefin (TPO) is a trade name that refers to polymer/filler blends usually consisting of some fraction of PP (polypropylene), PE (polyethylene), BCPP (block copolymer polypropylene), rubber, and a reinforcing filler. and thermoplastic elastomers are based on blends of vulcanized rubber India rubber, vulcanized. - Knight. See also: Vulcanize and semi-crystalline plastics such as polypropylene polypropylene (pŏl'ēprō`pəlēn), plastic noted for its light weight, being less dense than water; it is a polymer of propylene. It resists moisture, oils, and solvents. , PP. Polypropylene in its isotactic Isotactic polymers refer to those polymers formed by branched monomers that have the characteristic of having all the branch groups on the same side of the polymeric chain. and syndiotactic A syndiotactic macromolecule in polymer chemistry is a tacticity essentially comprising alternating enantiomeric configurational base units which have chiral or prochiral atoms in the main chain in a unique arrangement with respect to their adjacent constitutional units. forms can become very brittle (jargon) brittle - Said of software that is functional but easily broken by changes in operating environment or configuration, or by any minor tweak to the software itself. Also, any system that responds inappropriately and disastrously to abnormal but expected external stimuli; e. at low temperature due to its inherent crystallinity Crystallinity refers to the degree of structural order in a solid. In a crystal, the atoms or molecules are arranged in a regular, periodic manner. In a gas, the relative positions of the atoms or molecules are completely random. and relatively high [T.sub.g]. Based on work done by Ellul of AES (ref. 2), it was discovered that certain "non-polar" aliphatic aliphatic /al·i·phat·ic/ (al?i-fat´ik) pertaining to any member of one of the two major groups of organic compounds, those with a straight or branched chain structure. al·i·phat·ic adj. esters, in particular monomeric monomeric /mono·mer·ic/ (mon?o-mer´ik) 1. pertaining to, composed of, or affecting a single segment. 2. in genetics, determined by a gene or genes at a single locus. tallates and sebacates, can effect a large depression in [T.sub.g] of the polypropylene amorphous component. In this work, the plasticizer was distributed equally in the polypropylene and the vulcanized vul·ca·nize tr.v. vul·ca·nized, vul·ca·niz·ing, vul·ca·niz·es To improve the strength, resiliency, and freedom from stickiness and odor of (rubber, for example) by combining with sulfur or other additives in the presence of heat elastomer elastomer (ĭlăs`təmər), substance having to some extent the elastic properties of natural rubber. The term is sometimes used technically to distinguish synthetic rubbers and rubberlike plastics from natural rubber. EPDM phases. Several ester plasticizers and a paraffinic oil were mixed with the EPDM rubber EPDM rubber (ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber) is an elastomer which is characterized by wide range of applications. EPDM rubber is used in vibrators and seals; glass-run channel; radiator, garden and appliance hose; tubing; washers; belts; and electrical insulation. to determine [T.sub.g] and physical properties. The [T.sub.g] at various volume fractions of these plasticizers is listed in table 2. The ester plasticizers provided significantly lower [T.sub.g] than the paraffinic oil. Plasticization of polypropylene, effect on [T.sub.g] and comparison to EPDM The data reported by Ellul (ref. 2), shows that DOS is an excellent plasticizer for the amorphous phase of polypropylene and gives significant depression of [T.sub.g]. Isooctyl tallate (Plasthall 100) and paraffinic oil were also mixed with polypropylene and compared to DOS for [T.sub.g]. Table 3 lists the results. Comparison of the tallate (P100) and sebacate ester (DOS) shows the [T.sub.g] behavior to be similar. Effect of various plasticizers on [T.sub.g] of dynamically vulcanized EPDM-polypropylene TPEs The way to successful plasticization of dynamically vulcanized blends of elastomer and polypropylene was to identify plasticizers which had a low [T.sub.g] and high boiling point boiling point, temperature at which a substance changes its state from liquid to gas. A stricter definition of boiling point is the temperature at which the liquid and vapor (gas) phases of a substance can exist in equilibrium. , and which were compatible over a broad temperature range with both rubber and polyolefin polyolefin synthetic material used for surgical sutures, e.g. in polyethylene and polypropylene sutures. plastic components. The study conducted by AES evaluated various diluents ranging from mineral or synthetic oils Synthetic oil is oil consisting of chemical compounds which were not originally present in crude oil (petroleum) but were artificially made (synthesized) from other compounds. to various types of esters. Their effect on [T.sub.g] of TPV based on an EPDM/PP TPE TPE Thermoplastic Elastomer TPE Terminal de Paiement Electronique (French) TPE Total Power Exchange TPE Twisted Pair Ethernet TPE Tampines Expressway (Singapore) TPE Therapeutic Plasma Exchange is shown in table 4. The data clearly demonstrate that certain types of esters are extremely effective in lowering the glass transition temperatures of both EPDM and polypropylene components of the TPE. The data also indicate that only the amorphous component of the polypropylene is plasticized, while the crystalline fraction remains essentially intact. This is an extremely important finding, because it implies that semicrystalline polymers can be successfully plasticized with certain aliphatic esters without much detraction de·trac·tion n. 1. The act of detracting or taking away. 2. A derogatory or damaging comment on a person's character or reputation; disparagement: of elevated temperature performance. Polymeric polymeric /poly·mer·ic/ (pol?i-mer´ik) exhibiting the characteristics of a polymer. pol·y·mer·ic adj. 1. Having the properties of a polymer. 2. esters of 6,000 molecular weight were found to be ineffective due to lower compatibility with EPDM and PP. Low-temperature impact strength One method used for measuring the strength of a compound at low temperature is notched Izod impact. Table 5 lists the impact strength for several esters and paraffinic oil at -40[degrees]C in a TPV. Low polarity polymer modifiers As we have seen with previous work in TPV polymers, EPDM polymers are difficult to plasticize plas·ti·cize tr. & intr.v. plas·ti·cized, plas·ti·ciz·ing, plas·ti·ciz·es To make or become plastic. plas with esters that are sufficiently compatible to avoid the plasticizer exuding (bleeding) to the surface of the elastomer upon cooling and solidification so·lid·i·fy v. so·lid·i·fied, so·lid·i·fy·ing, so·lid·i·fies v.tr. 1. To make solid, compact, or hard. 2. To make strong or united. v.intr. of the elastomer. Usually hydrocarbon hydrocarbon (hī'drōkär`bən), any organic compound composed solely of the elements hydrogen and carbon. The hydrocarbons differ both in the total number of carbon and hydrogen atoms in their molecules and in the proportion of hydrogen oils (such as naphthenic oils or paraffinic oils) are used to plasticize elastomers such as EPDM. While hydrocarbon-based processing oils can be used with success, the resulting plasticized compositions lack advantageous low temperature properties. The naphthenic processing oils also have a tendency to be too volatile in the more demanding applications of today. Attempts to use conventional linear dibasic acid dibasic acid n. An acid containing two replaceable hydrogen atoms. esters (such as dioctyl adipate Dioctyl adipate or DOA is a plasticizer. DOA is an ester of n-octanol and adipic acid. Its chemical formula is C22H42O4. DEHA is sometimes incorrectly called dioctyl adipate. , dioctyl sebacate Dioctyl sebacate, or di(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate, is an organic compound which is the diester of sebacic acid and 2-ethylhexanol. It is an oily colorless liquid. Physical properties Boiling point at 0.7kPa: 256 °C Melting point: -48 °C Relative density (water = 1): 0. and di-2-ethylhexyl sebacate) or phthalate Phthal´ate n. 1. (Chem.) A salt of phthalic acid. esters (such as di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate) have also been unsuccessful, since such conventional ester plasticizers are either incompatible incompatible adj. 1) inconsistent. 2) unmatching. 3) unable to live together as husband and wife due to irreconcilable differences. In no-fault divorce states, if one of the spouses desires to end the marriage, that fact proves incompatibility, and a divorce with the elastomer, resulting in exudation exudation /ex·u·da·tion/ (eks?u-da´shun) 1. the escape of fluid, cells, and cellular debris from blood vessels and their deposition in or on the tissues, usually as the result of inflammation. 2. an exudate. of the plasticizer, or are too volatile for many elastomer uses. Even though we have proven good compatibility of tallate esters in EPDM, they are too volatile for many rubber applications. Low polarity polymer modifiers (LPPMs) were designed as high molecular weight esters with a low oxygen-to-carbon ratio and low solubility parameters. These act as efficient plasticizers for elastomers such as EPDM, SBR SBR - Spectral Band Replication , NR, CR and polyolefins like polypropylene. The resulting plasticized compositions have excellent low temperature properties and exhibit little or no tendency of the plasticizer to exude ex·ude v. To ooze or pass gradually out of a body structure or tissue. or bleed Printing at the very edge of the paper. Many laser printers, including all LaserJets up to the 11x17" 4V, cannot print to the very edge, leaving a border of approximately 1/4". In commercial printing, bleeding is generally more expensive, because wider paper is often used, which is later to the surface of the elastomer composition. Use of the LPPMs provides an advantageous balance of low temperature flexibility, impact resistance and strength to the plasticized elastomers. In the following examples, the LPPM LPPM Low-Pressure Permanent Mold (aluminum alloy casting process) esters were mixed in several types of elastomers, including EPDM, natural rubber and polychloroprene. Tables 6-10 include data regarding original physical properties, processing and curing properties, compatibility, and low temperature and heat aging. In table 6, the EPDM polymers used were more amorphous grades and we would expect good compatibility. It should be mentioned that the LPPMs were evaluated at 30 phr and compared to a conventional paraffinic oil at 60 phr (i.e., the conventional rubber oil was added to the elastomers at twice the amount of the rubber plasticizers). Results Tables 6 and 7 illustrate the use of LPPMs and paraffinic oil in several EPDM elastomers of varying ethylene ethylene (ĕth`əlēn') or ethene (ĕth`ēn), H2C=CH2, a gaseous unsaturated hydrocarbon. It is the simplest alkene. content. The processing and curing properties showed no major differences when compared with paraffinic oils, except that since the LPPMs are evaluated at lower phr, they do produce higher viscosity compounds. The LPPMs provided higher tensile strength and hardness values. The compositions plasticized with the LPPMs possessed better lower temperature properties than those elastomers plasticized with paraffinic oil, even though the LPPMs were at 30 phr, and paraffinic oil was at 60 phr. Elastomers plasticized with LPPMs exhibited an unexpected combination of high strength and hardness, with excellent low temperature properties. Such properties can have importance in applications such as v-belts, radiator hoses Noun 1. radiator hose - a flexible hose between the radiator and the engine block cooling system, engine cooling system - equipment in a motor vehicle that cools the engine hosepipe, hose - a flexible pipe for conveying a liquid or gas , automotive insulation insulation (ĭn'səlā`shən, ĭn'sy  –), use of materials or devices to inhibit or prevent the conduction of heat or of electricity. ,
seals and gaskets. The air oven aging results showed that the LPPMs were
essentially equal to the paraffinic oil in weight loss.NR and polychloroprene The LPPMs were mixed in natural rubber (SMR (Specialized Mobile Radio) The communications services used by police, ambulances, taxicabs, trucks and other delivery vehicles. Throughout the U.S., approximately 3,000 independent operators are licensed by the FCC to offer this service, which provides always-on CV 60) and polychloroprene (Neoprene neoprene: see rubber. neoprene Any of a class of elastomers (rubberlike synthetic organic compounds of high molecular weight) made by polymerization of the monomer 2-chloro-1,3-butadiene and vulcanized (cross-linked, like rubber), by sulfur, WRT WRT - with regard to, with respect to. ), and the data in tables 8 and 9 include original physical properties, processing and curing, compatibility, low temperature and heat aging. Also, the LPPMs were evaluated at 15 phr and compared to a conventional naphthenic oil at 30 phr. Results The processing and curing properties showed no major differences, except that since the LPPMs were evaluated at lower phr, they did produce higher viscosity compounds. Even though the LPPMs were at 15 phr and naphthenic oil was at 30 phr, the LPPMs were equal in low temperature properties. The combination of high strength and hardness with excellent low temperature properties is important for applications such as hoses, automotive isolators, seals and gaskets. Additionally, the LPPMs were significantly lower in volatility when compared to the naphthenic oil. Thermoplastic elastomer (TPV) The following general procedure was used in the preparation of thermoplastic elastomers. The polyolefin and rubber were placed in a heated internal mixer, with an appropriate portion of the ester and other desired additives. The mixture was heated to a temperature sufficient to melt the polyolefin component, the mixture was masticated and curative curative /cur·a·tive/ (kur´ah-tiv) tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. cu·ra·tive adj. 1. Serving or tending to cure. 2. was added while mastication mastication /mas·ti·ca·tion/ (mas?ti-ka´shun) chewing; the biting and grinding of food. mastication (mas´tikā´sh continued. After a maximum in mixing torque had indicated that vulcanization vulcanization (vŭl'kənəzā`shən), treatment of rubber to give it certain qualities, e.g., strength, elasticity, and resistance to solvents, and to render it impervious to moderate heat and cold. had occurred, additional ester was added and mixing was continued until the desired degree of vulcanization was achieved. The order of addition of the various components may vary. The compositions were then removed from the mixer, molded and tested for their physical properties. The rubber, plastic, phenolic phe·no·lic adj. Of, relating to, containing, or derived from phenol. n. Any of various synthetic thermosetting resins, obtained by the reaction of phenols with simple aldehydes and used as adhesives. curing agent and additives were blended in an electrically heated Haake mixer at a mixing speed of 77 rpm and a temperature of 120[degrees] to 190[degrees]C. Before melting of the polyolefin component, a Lewis acid was added to the blend and mixing was continued. The mixing temperature (as a function of time) was observed, and the onset of vulcanization was accompanied by a rapid increase in mixing torque at around 185[degrees]C. Mixing was stopped when the torque became relatively constant. The compositions were removed from the mixer, and sheets were molded at 190[degrees]C and used for measurement of physical properties. The key property for determining the efficacy of a plasticizer in improving the low temperature behavior of a thermoplastic elastomer is the glass transition temperature of both the rubber and plastic components. The glass transition temperature and heat aging characteristics of the compositions are set forth in table 10. As is apparent from the above, the inclusion of LPPMs in a dynamically vulcanized thermoplastic elastomer substantially reduced the [T.sub.g] of both the rubber and plastic components, in comparison to the conventional processing oil. The effect of LPPMs on the heat aging of thermoplastic elastomers was studied and compared with the conventional process oil. It is apparent that the LPPMs (RX-13804 and RX-13824) have a marked improvement over a dibasic dibasic /di·ba·sic/ (di-ba´sik) containing two replaceable hydrogen atoms, or furnishing two hydrogen ions. di·ba·sic adj. 1. Containing two replaceable hydrogen atoms. 2. ester such as DOS or a monoester mon·o·es·ter n. An ester having only one ester group. . RX-13577 (tridecyl tallate), with significantly lower weight loss and hardness change. Summary The basic function of an ester plasticizer is to modify a polymer or resin resin, any of a class of amorphous solids or semisolids. Resins are found in nature and are chiefly of vegetable origin. They are typically light yellow to dark brown in color; tasteless; odorless or faintly aromatic; translucent or transparent; brittle, fracturing enhancing its utility. Ester plasticizers make it possible to process elastomers easily, while also providing flexibility in the end-use product. Plasticizer-elastomer interactions are governed gov·ern v. gov·erned, gov·ern·ing, gov·erns v.tr. 1. To make and administer the public policy and affairs of; exercise sovereign authority in. 2. by many factors such as solubility parameter, molecular weight and chemical structure. Ester plasticizers provide significant improvement in low-temperature properties in various polymers that have a prominent amorphous phase. Low polarity polymer modifiers (LPPMs) can plasticize semi-crystalline polymers and provide excellent low temperature properties and low volatility. By plasticizing the amorphous regions and allowing the crystalline regions to stay intact, these modifiers give low polarity polymers the strength and high temperature properties for many of the demanding applications in today's market.
Table 1--polymer/plasticizer polarity chart
Polymer Plasticizer class
Nylon 6/6 High Aromatic sulfonamides
Nylon 6 Aromatic phosphate esters
Cellulose acetate Alkyl phospate esters
NBR (50% ACN) Dialkylether aromatic esters
Polyurethane Polymeric plasticizers
NBR (40% ACN) Dialkylether diesters
Nitrocellulose Polyglycol diesters
Epoxy
Polycarbonate Tricarboxylic esters
Acrylic (PMMA)
Polyvinyl acetate Polyester resins
NBR (30% ACN)
Acrylate elastomers Aromatic diesters
Polyvinyl butyral Aromatic triesters
(trimellitates)
Epichlorohydrin
Chlorosulfonated polyethylene
Polyvinyl chloride Alphatic diesters
Cellulose acetate butyrate
Polystyrene Epoxidized esters
Polychloroprene
NBR (20% ACN) Chlorinated hydrocarbons
Chlorinated polyethylene Aromatic oils
Highly saturated nitrile Alkylether monoesters
SBR Naphthenic oils
Polybutadiene
Natural rubber Alkyl monoesters
Halogenated butyl
EPDM Paraffinic oils
EPR
Butyl Silicone oils
Fluorinated polymers
Silicone Low
Table 2--EPDM/diluent compostions--[T.sub.g]
Calculated Tg,
Volume fraction [degrees]C
DOS (di-2-ethylhexyl sebacate) .52 -72
Butyl tallate .562 -76
Isodecyl tallate .562 -85
Paraffinic oil (Sunpar 150) .562 -52
Table 3--PP/diluent compostions--[T.sub.g]
Calculated Tg,
Volume fraction [degrees]C
DOS .40 -35
Isooctyl tallate (P100) .40 -35
Paraffinic oil .40 -12
Table 4--effect of plasticizer type on [T.subg], [T.sub.m],
and [X.sub.c] of a dynamically vulcanized
thermoplastic elastomer blend (a)
[T.sub.g], (b) [T.sub.g], (b)
[degrees]C [degrees]C
Plasticizer Rubber Plastic
None -41 +10
Polyurea grease -47 -1
Paraffinic oil -46 -5
Naphthenic oil (Cyclolube 213) -48 -5
Naphthenic oil (Cyclolube 4053) -50 -5
Naphthenic oil (Cyclolube 410) -51 -5
Amoco 9012 polypropylene -45 -10
Alkylalkylether diester glutarate -55 -11
Diisocctyldodecanedioate -56 -14
Dioctyl sebacate -60 -18
Dioctyl azelate -60 -22
Diisooctylnonyl adipate -64 -24
Butoxyethyl oleate -66 -20
n-butyl oleate -71 -24
n-butyl tallate -70 -24
Isooctyl tallate -75 -26
Plasticizer Tm, [degrees]C [X.sub.c], %
None 165 45
Polyurea grease 159 50
Paraffinic oil 158 49
Naphthenic oil (Cyclolube 213) 158 47
Naphthenic oil (Cyclolube 4053) 157 49
Naphthenic oil (Cyclolube 410) 158 --
Amoco 9012 polypropylene 159 47
Alkylalkylether diester glutarate 159 --
Diisocctyldodecanedioate 158 51
Dioctyl sebacate 158 53
Dioctyl azelate -- --
Diisooctylnonyl adipate -- --
Butoxyethyl oleate 158 46
n-butyl oleate 155 48
n-butyl tallate 155 45
Isooctyl tallate 155 51
(a)--Dynamically vulcanized TPE, (2) 30 EPDM--70 isotactic polypropylene
blend, plus 40% plasticizer, phenolic resin system curative
(b)--[T.sub.g] measured from tan delta peak at 10 hz
Table 5--effect of plasticizer type on
and impact behavior at -40[degrees]C of a
thermoplastic elastomer blend (a)
Plasticizer [T.sub.g], (b) [T.sub.g], (b)
[degrees]C [degrees]C
Rubber Plastic
phase phase
Paraffinic oil -59 -14
Diisooctyldodecanedioate -66 -20
Diisobutyl adipate -59 -28
Diisooctyl adipate -65 -29
Diisooctylnonyl adipate -64 -24
4-carbon linear tallate -81 -29
8-carbon linear tallate -82 -28
8-carbon branched tallate -77 -29
10-carbon linear tallate -79 -30
13-carbon linear tallate -73 -24
PS-carbon linear tallate -76 -24
Plasticizer Notched Izod
impact at -40[degrees]C
(J/m)
Paraffinic oil 82
Diisooctyldodecanedioate 124
Diisobutyl adipate 138
Diisooctyl adipate 205
Diisooctylnonyl adipate 243
4-carbon linear tallate 414
8-carbon linear tallate 678
8-carbon branched tallate 850
10-carbon linear tallate 561
13-carbon linear tallate 687
PS-carbon linear tallate 649
(a)--Dynamically vulcanized TPE, (2) EPDM--isotactic polypropylene
blend (30/70), plus 32% plasticizer
(b)--[T.sub.g] measured from tan delta peak at 10 hz
Table 6--formulation: 100 phr EPDM (as noted), 60 N-550, 5 Kadox 930,
1 stearic acid, 30 plasticizer (as noted) or 60 process oil (Sunpar);
mill addition--0.80 spider sulfur, 0.94 Mixland MBT, 0.63 Mixland TMTD,
0.63 Mixland DPTT, 0.63 Mixland TDEC
Polymer: Nordel IP 4640
Ethylene % 55
ENB % 4.9
Plasticizer RX- RX- Sunpar
13604 13624 2280
Mooney viscosity at 121[degrees]C (250[degrees]F)
Minimum viscosity 34.3 35.0 19.0
t5, minutes 5.3 4.2 7.8
t25, minutes 8.4 6.8 11.9
Oscillating disc rheometer at 170[degrees]C (338[degrees]F)
ML 8.2 8.3 4.4
MH 53.1 55.7 35.5
Ts2, minutes 1.7 1.7 2.3
t'c (90), minutes 5.3 4.8 6.2
Original physical properties
Stress @ 300% elong., 6.3 6.7 5.8
MPa
Tensile Ultimate, Mpa 12.5 12.4 11.5
Elongation @ break, % 555 515 500
Hardness duro. A, pts. 60 60 52
Low temperature
Brittle point, as molded, <-75 -72 -60
all pass, [degrees]C
Low temperature torsion--Gehman
T5, [degrees]C -45 -44 -39
T10, [degrees]C -49 -54 -44
App. mod. of rigidity 171 170 107
Temperature, [degrees]C @
10,000 psi -59 -56 -51
25,000 psi -63 -60 -59
Air oven aging, 70 hours @ 125[degrees]C
Tensile change, % -1 -1 -16
Elongation change, % -54 -52 -47
Hardness change, pts. 7 7 7
Weight change, % -1.5 -1.3 -1.3
Polymer: Keltan 512
Ethylene % 55
ENB % 4.3
Plasticizer RX- RX- Sunpar
13604 13624 2280
Mooney viscosity at 121[degrees]C (250[degrees]F)
Minimum viscosity 70.3 73.2 40.2
t5, minutes 3.8 3.6 4.7
t25, minutes 5.9 5.8 8.0
Oscillating disc rheometer at 170[degrees]C (338[degrees]F)
ML 20.6 20.2 11.0
MH 69.9 68.2 27.8
Ts2, minutes 1.3 1.3 1.7
t'c (90), minutes 3.5 3.3 4.0
Original physical properties
Stress @ 300% elong., 6.3 6.8 4.8
MPa
Tensile Ultimate, Mpa 15.8 16.1 15.5
Elongation @ break, % 600 560 675
Hardness duro. A, pts. 61 61 52
Low temperature
Brittle point, as molded, -66 -69 -57
all pass, [degrees]C
Low temperature torsion--Gehman
T5, [degrees]C -50 -48 -44
T10, [degrees]C -57 -51 -49
App. mod. of rigidity 250 246 158
Temperature, [degrees]C @
10,000 psi -61 -59 -55
25,000 psi -64 -62 -59
Air oven aging, 70 hours @ 125[degrees]C
Tensile change, % -15 -27 -34
Elongation change, % -59 -63 -62
Hardness change, pts. 8 7 8
Weight change, % -1.3 -1.2 -1.1
Polymer: Buna EPT 9650
Ethylene % 53
ENB % 6.5
Plasticizer RX- RX- Sunpar
13604 13624 2280
Mooney viscosity at 121[degrees]C (250[degrees]F)
Minimum viscosity 33.7 34.3 17.9
t5, minutes 5.1 4.3 8.0
t25, minutes 8.3 6.8 13.3
Oscillating disc rheometer at 170[degrees]C (338[degrees]F)
ML 7.0 7.4 3.4
MH 7.2 7.5 11.9
Ts2, minutes 1.8 1.8 2.5
t'c (90), minutes 3.2 2.8 4.7
Original physical properties
Stress @ 300% elong., 5.5 5.6 1.9
MPa
Tensile Ultimate, Mpa 15.1 16.3 14.5
Elongation @ break, % 515 675 615
Hardness duro. A, pts. 51 57 48
Low temperature
Brittle point, as molded, <-75 -72 -66
all pass, [degrees]C
Low temperature torsion--Gehman
T5, [degrees]C -48 -45 -40
T10, [degrees]C -53 -52 -47
App. mod. of rigidity 152 145 93
Temperature, [degrees]C @
10,000 psi -62 -60 -56
25,000 psi -66 -64 -60
Air oven aging, 70 hours @ 125[degrees]C
Tensile change, % -26 -31 -25
Elongation change, % -60 -64 -47
Hardness change, pts. 9 11 11
Weight change, % -1.4 -1.3 -1.3
Polymer: Royalene 501
Ethylene % 57
ENB % 3.8
Plasticizer RX- RX- Sunpar
13604 13624 2280
Mooney viscosity at 121[degrees]C (250[degrees]F)
Minimum viscosity 28.9 29.4 15.9
t5, minutes 5.6 5.6 8.8
t25, minutes 9.3 9.3 14.3
Oscillating disc rheometer at 170[degrees]C (338[degrees]F)
ML 6.4 6.6 3.2
MH 43.8 47.1 28.6
Ts2, minutes 2.2 1.8 2.7
t'c (90), minutes 5.8 5.3 6.5
Original physical properties
Stress @ 300% elong., 5.4 5.6 5.0
MPa
Tensile Ultimate, Mpa 14.4 14.6 13.6
Elongation @ break, % 645 640 600
Hardness duro. A, pts. 56 57 50
Low temperature
Brittle point, as molded, <-75 <-75 -69
all pass, [degrees]C
Low temperature torsion--Gehman
T5, [degrees]C -50 -48 -41
T10, [degrees]C -56 -54 -48
App. mod. of rigidity 154 153 97
Temperature, [degrees]C @
10,000 psi -64 -62 -57
25,000 psi -68 -66 -60
Air oven aging, 70 hours @ 125[degrees]C
Tensile change, % -21 -14 -29
Elongation change, % -59 -56 -58
Hardness change, pts. 11 10 8
Weight change, % -1.7 -1.4 -1.4
Table 7--formulation: 100 phr EPDM (as noted), 60 N-550, 5 Kadox
930, 1 stearic acid, 30 plasticizer (as noted) or 60 process oil
(Sunpar); mill addition--0.80 soider sulfur, 0.94 Mixland MBT,
0.63 Mixland TMTD, 0.63 Mixland DPTT, 0.63 Mxland TDEC
Polymer: RoyalEdge 4626
Ethylene % 64
ENB % 6.2
Plasticizer RX- RX- Sunpar
13604 13824 2280
Mooney viscosity at 121[degrees]C (250[degrees]F)
Minimum viscosity 51.2 52.1 27.0
t5, minutes 4.0 3.6 5.8
t35, minutes 6.6 5.8 10.4
Oscillating disc rheometer at 170[degrees]C (338[degrees]F)
ML 13.6 14.0 7.4
MH 60.9 63.4 26.9
Ts2, minutes 1.5 1.3 2.0
t'c (90), minutes 4.7 4.3 4.3
Original physical properties
Stress @ 300% elong., 7.6 7.7 5.3
MPa
Tensile ultimate, Mpa 16.5 17.5 17.4
Elongation @ break, % 490 520 660
Hardness durometer A, pts. 60 60 50
Low temperature
Brittle point, as molded, -72 -72 -66
all pass, [degrees]C
Low temperature torsion--Gehman
T5,[degrees]C -47 -46 -43
T10, [degrees]C -51 -50 -45
App. mod. of rigidity 171 182 160
Temperature, [degrees]C @
10,000 psi -59 -57 -53
25,000 psi -62 -59 -60
Air oven aging, 70 hours @ 125[degrees]C
Tensile change, % -15 -28 -29
Elongation change, % -51 -60 -59
Hardness change, pts. 6 7 9
Weight change, % -1.3 -1.2 -1.2
Polymer: Vistalon 4600
Ethylene % 60
ENB % 4.5
Plasticizer RX- RX- Sunpar
13804 13824 2280
Mooney viscosity at 121[degrees]C (250[degrees]F)
Minimum viscosity 58.6 58.1 31.1
t5, minutes 5.0 4.6 6.5
t35, minutes 7.8 7.0 10.6
Oscillating disc rheometer at 170[degrees]C (338[degrees]F)
ML 15.3 15.2 8.2
MH 60.7 58.3 40.6
Ts2, minutes 1.8 1.7 2.2
t'c (90), minutes 5.8 5.3 7.3
Original physical properties
Stress @ 300% elong., 8.0 8.5 5.9
MPa
Tensile ultimate, Mpa 20.0 19.9 18.7
Elongation @ break, % 560 535 625
Hardness durometer A, pts. 62 63 52
Low temperature
Brittle point, as molded, -71 <-75 -68
all pass, [degrees]C
Low temperature torsion--Gehman
T5,[degrees]C -50 -50 -45
T10, [degrees]C -55 -53 -47
App. mod. of rigidity 251 244 173
Temperature, [degrees]C @
10,000 psi -61 -57 -56
25,000 psi -65 -61 -61
Air oven aging, 70 hours @ 125[degrees]C
Tensile change, % -23 -24 -32
Elongation change, % -46 -47 -50
Hardness change, pts. 5 4 5
Weight change, % -1.8 -1.7 -1.4
Polymer: Buna EPT 2450
Ethylene % 59
ENB % 4
Plasticizer RX- RX- Sunpar
13804 13824 2280
Mooney viscosity at 121[degrees]C (250[degrees]F)
Minimum viscosity 28.9 29.5 15.6
t5, minutes 5.8 5.8 8.7
t35, minutes 9.6 9.8 14.3
Oscillating disc rheometer at 170[degrees]C (338[degrees]F)
ML 6.4 6.4 3.2
MH 39.9 35.8 24.5
Ts2, minutes 2.0 2.2 2.7
t'c (90), minutes 5.7 4.8 6.2
Original physical properties
Stress @ 300% elong., 5.5 5.5 4.8
MPa
Tensile ultimate, Mpa 13.7 14.0 12.2
Elongation @ break, % 655 680 600
Hardness durometer A, pts. 61 62 52
Low temperature
Brittle point, as molded, -72 -66 -60
all pass, [degrees]C
Low temperature torsion--Gehman
T5,[degrees]C -36 -34 -28
T10, [degrees]C -46 -44 -40
App. mod. of rigidity 221 217 138
Temperature, [degrees]C @
10,000 psi -57 -55 -50
25,000 psi -65 -62 -56
Air oven aging, 70 hours @ 125[degrees]C
Tensile change, % -7 -16 -41
Elongation change, % -56 -63 -41
Hardness change, pts. 5 5 8
Weight change, % -1.5 -1.3 -1.3
Table 8--formulation: 100.0 Neoprene WRT,
2.0 stearic acid, 1.0 octamine, 2.2 MagOx
TN16, 70.0 N-774, 0.3 TMTD, 15 plasticizer
or 30 process oil; mill addition--0.8 PB
(ETU) 75, 5.0 Kadox 930
Plasticizer RX-13804 Process oil
C-255-E
Mooney viscosity at 135[degrees]C (275[degrees]F)
Minimum viscosity 36.2 16.6
t5, minutes 7.3 9.5
t35, minutes 10.3 13.8
Osci11ating disc theometer at 160[degrees]C (320[degrees]F)
ML 8.0 3.1
MH 50.7 19.1
Ts2, minutes 2.5 3.6
t'c (90), minutes 17.3 14.8
Original physical properties
Stress @ 300% elong., MPa -- 12.3
Tensile ultimate, Mpa 15.8 13.2
Elongation @ break, % 225 320
Hardness durometer A, pts. 69 56
Low temperature
Brittle point, as molded, all pass [degrees]C -40 -41
Low temperature torsion--Gehman
T5, [degrees]C -34 -37
T10, [degrees]C -39 -40
Temperature, [degrees]C @
10,000 psi -44 -45
25,000 psi -45 -48
Air oven aging, 70 hours @ 125[degrees]C
Tensile change, % 3 13
Elongation change, % -9 -48
Hardness change, pts. 6 30
Weight change, % -0.5 -13
Table 9--formulation: 100 SMR CV 60, 5
F Kadox 930, 2 stearic acid, 35 N-330, 15
plasticizer (as noted) or 30 process oil; mil
addition--2.25 sulfur, 0.7 Santocure TBBS
Plasticizer RX- RX- Process oil
13604 13824 C-255-E
Mooney viscosity at 168[degrees]C (335[degrees]F)
Minimum viscosity 34.1 30.9 32.9
t5, minutes 1.8 2.4 3.4
t35, minutes 3.5 3.8 4.3
Oscillating disc rheometerat 168[degrees]C (335[degrees]F)
ML 6.1 5.8 4.3
MH 6.1 5.8 4.5
Ts2, minutes 2.0 2.3 2.5
t'c (90), minutes 3.1 3.4 3.6
Original physical properties
Stress @ 300% elong., MPa 4.7 5.0 3.4
Tensile ultimate, MPa 23.6 24.2 16.3
Elongation @ break, % 700 705 695
Hardness durometer A, pts. 46 47 40
Low temperature
Brittle point, as molded, all pass
[degrees]C -60 -55 -55
Low temperature torsion--Gehman
T5, [degrees]C -57 -57 -54
T10, [degrees]C -59 -59 -58
App. mod of rigidity 103 118 65
Temperature, [degrees]C @
10,000 psi -65 -64 -65
25,000 psi -68 -65 -67
Air oven aging, 70 hours @ 100[degrees]C
Tensile change, % -82 -85 -73
Elongation change, % -61 -66 -58
Hardness change, pts. -6 -6 6
Weight change, % -13 -0.9 -0.5
Table 10--formulation: 50.0 PDC 1280,
50.0 EPDM 76/24 EP ratio, 1.0 Kadox 930,
0.5 F Sn[Cl.sub.2] H20 (phenol curing agent), 1.0
stearic acid, 5.0 SP 1056, 30.0 plasticizer
or oil (variable as noted)
Rubber [T.sub.g]
Glass transition ([degrees]C) [Plastic.sub.g] ([degrees]C)
TPV-1 Unplasticized -22 +8
TPV-2 DOS -37 -16
TPV-3 RX13824 -38 -17
TPV-4 RX13804 -38 -17
TPV-5 RX13577 -47 -22
TPV-6 Sunpar 150 -29 +2
Air oven aging, 2 weeks @ 125[degrees]C
1 2 3 4 5
Unplas DOS RX13324 RX13904 RX13577
Hardness 0 19 4 3 9
change, pts.
Weight -0.3 -21.6 -1.5 -1.3 -12.5
change, %
6
Sunpar 150
Hardness 2
change, pts.
Weight -0.8
change, %
References (1.) O'Brien, J.L., "Plasticizers," in Modern Plastics Encyclopedia encyclopedia, compendium of knowledge, either general (attempting to cover all fields) or specialized (aiming to be comprehensive in a particular field). Encyclopedias and Other Reference Books , McGraw Hill, New York New York, state, United States New York, Middle Atlantic state of the United States. It is bordered by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic Ocean (E), New Jersey and Pennsylvania (S), Lakes Erie and Ontario and the Canadian province of , 1988, p. 168. (2.) Ellul, M.D., "Plasticization of polyolefins elastomers, semicrystalline plastics and blends crosslinked in situ In place. When something is "in situ," it is in its original location. during melt mixing," paper 29, presented at the ACS (Asynchronous Communications Server) See network access server. Rubber Division meeting, October 8-11,1996. |
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