Military Supervision of Convict Work Gangs. Part III: the British Garrison in Australia 1788-1841: the Great Roads.

The Great Western Road

Of Governor Darling's three 'Great Roads' only the Great Western Road has retained its character, albeit that in 1927 it became the Great Western Highway. Minor deviations from its start at the obelisk in Macquarie Place, from which all New South Wales roads emanating from Sydney were measured, had occurred until the construction of the M4, Western Motorway, brought significant new alignment changes from Concord, (originally Longbottom), to Blaxland, the site of the Pilgrim Inn at the top of Lapstone Hill. From there to Mount Victoria the road follows the same ridge line travelled by Blaxland, Lawson and Wentworth in 1813 and first developed as a road by William Cox in 1814.

Small detachments of the garrison were located at several stations along the road, Longbottom, Parramatta, Emu (Emu Plains), the Weatherboard Hut (Wentworth Falls), Cox's River and Bathurst. Their tasks were to check the passes of travellers on the road and to apprehend escaping convicts. At Bathurst a small garrison had initially been established under a commandant to provide guards for an experimental agricultural settlement but the garrison was augmented later as protection from bushrangers and from members of the Wiradjuri tribe when they began to react to the usurpation of their traditional hunting grounds by a growing number of settlers. Beyond Bathurst another experimental agricultural station had been established at Wellington in 1823 and a post set up at Molong in 1827; guard detachments at the latter location were drawn from the Bathurst garrison and consequently do not appear in Monthly Returns. Neither of these detachments became involved with any convict road parties.

Few improvements to the Great Western Road beyond Emu Plains occurred until 1830 when Governor Darling tasked Surveyor General Mitchell to seek a better line of road than existed on Cox's Pass down Mount York, which, in places, had gradients of one in four. Mitchell found a suitable line, around Mt Victoria, with the steepest gradient only one in fifteen, and work commenced immediately on the new line of road. Mitchell had named Mount Victoria 'after the young princess' (1) but the Sydney Herald announced the new pass as Vittoria, the great Peninsular battle obviously of more immediate note than 'the young princess. Unfortunately, the error was repeated in Monthly Returns and other military documents and even by Assistant Surveyor Govett in his Sketches from New South Wales.

The first, or No 1, stockade for road parties was built at the bottom of Victoria Pass. Govett described it:

   It was situated about half a mile from the Pass, upon a gentle
   rising ground above the swamp at the bottom. Near the stockade were
   the barracks for the soldiers, constables' huts, and a small
   cottage, etc., for the officers; on the opposite side of the swamp
   was the residence of the commissariat officer, a neat thatched
   cottage, and a store house built of logs.' (2)

The Monthly Return for March 1831 shows only small detachments at various posts on the road from Emu Plains but in June of that year a detachment of the 39th, the Dorsetshire Regiment, commanded by Lieutenant John Fitzgerald, with one sergeant and 24 Rank and File, is shown at 'Vittoria'; they were relieved by Ensign Owen, 17th Regiment, with a detachment of similar strength, reaching its greatest strength in June 1832 when Captain Church, with one subaltern, three sergeants and 61 Rank and File of the 17th Regiment were there. The Pass was opened by Governor Bourke on 23 October 1832. By December 1832 the detachment had been reduced to one sergeant and 10 Rank and File, disappearing from the Monthly Returns the following month. There was a road party located in huts, probably of bark, about three miles east of Mount Victoria, in April 1831. Surveyor General Mitchell mentioned it in a letter taking Govett to task for carrying out surveys in areas other than 'as directed'. (3) There is no record of any guard detachment at that site. If it continued after the opening of No 1 Stockade at the base of the pass, it most likely would have been manned as an outpost of the main camp.

In the meantime a new stockade was being constructed twelve miles (19.3 km) to the west at Cox's River on the slopes of Mount Walker. The site has been largely inundated by the damming of Cox's River to create Lake Lyell which provides cooling water for Wallerawang and Mt Piper power stations near Lithgow. Govett, in his 'Sketches of New South Wales ", recorded that the No 2 Stockade, Cox's River, 'contained generally between seven and eight hundred inhabitants'. It was the largest formal stockade to have been built and Govett recorded its complexity:

   The Stockade was built, as that at Vittoria [sic], in the form of a
   square, the huts for the prisoners being erected of bark, facing
   inwards, and joined together, except at the entrance. The inner
   square is divided into several compartments for the different
   companies of prisoners, by rail fencing, on which they hang and dry
   their clothes, &., after washing; and, about four yards from the
   back of these huts, on the outside, was erected a strong fence of
   split timber all round, about fourteen or fifteen feet in height,
   having two great gates at the entrance. Fronting this gateway, on
   either side, were erected the soldiers' barracks, in two rows. These
   were also built of bark and split wood, with mud chimneys, and some
   of them were plastered and whitewashed inside; and at the head of
   these barracks stood the officers' quarters, forming a kind of
   parallelogram with the Stockade. These quarters consisted of a
   shingled cottage, with two tolerably-sized room, back kitchens, &c.,
   having a verandah in front. The guard consisted of a captain's
   company. On one side were the hospital and storehouse, and the tents
   of the commissary; on the other were the cooking-shed and butchers'
   and bakers' houses, the overseers' and constables' huts, &c. these
   buildings, all erected in a hurry and in very little time, being of
   course temporary, formed, as it were, a little town ... (4)

In June/July 1831 the detachment at Cox's River is shown in the returns with a strength of one sergeant and five Rank and File so it is assumed that this refers to the old post on the Cox's road crossing of the river, established in Macquarie's time. The first substantial garrison at the No2 Stockade appears in December 1832--Lieutenant Lonsdale, 4th Regiment, with another subaltern two sergeants and 62 Rank and File. This detachment remained there until relieved by Captain Chetwode, of the same regiment in February 1833. Lonsdale was to go on to a place in Australian colonial history; in September 1836 he was appointed by Governor Bourke as the first police magistrate at Port Phillip. Lonsdale resigned from the Army in 1837 and enjoyed a distinguished career in Victorian colonial administration. Lonsdale Street, Melbourne, was named after him.

Chetwode's detachment was 73 strong, and was replaced by a detachment of the 17th Regiment, of 78 all ranks, including an Assistant Surgeon, commanded by Lieutenant, later Captain, George Deedes in July 1833.

The movement of company strength detachments over the distances involved, with the limited resources outside the main settlements, created logistic and morale problems. The British military historian Phillip Haythornthwaite claims that during the Peninsular War 'on campaign a good daily march might be fifteen miles'. (24 kms) (5) There is no reason to assume that the marching rate would have improved substantially in New South Wales. Troops marching from Parramatta or Windsor to Cox's River, a distance of about 130 kilometres, would have been on the road for six days. Married soldiers were accompanied by their wives and children who shared the same hardships as the troops--these hardships were graphically described in a letter to Colburn's United Service Journal from an officer serving in New South Wales in 1838:

   The detachments were made up from different companies and off they
   start, carrying their bedding with them. Happy are those who journey
   by sea! I went by land, and far into the interior, and oh! The
   sufferings of my men for those few days! Drays were sent with our
   bedding, but an order was at the same time put into my hand that on
   no account was I to interfere with the time bullock-drivers might
   take in conveying their charge. The consequence was, that the poor
   soldiers were without beds every night on the road; and for five
   nights afterwards not only was the detachment without beds, but,
   with one exception, when we doubled up with party in barracks, we
   had not even a roof to sleep under.

   The Government will not build military stations, they will not give
   billets, they will not give marching money; so that, had there been
   populous towns on the road, the soldiers could neither have paid for
   a bed or for dinner. But they carried their rations with them; and
   pretty rations they were! After the first day that horrible nuisance
   the blow-fly had made them one mass of corruption, and into the bush
   they were cast. It rained frequently all night, which is not,
   however, common in this country. (6)

F V G's complaints raise some questions on the conditions of service of the troops on the march to out-stations in New South Wales. Firstly, what part did the Commissariat play in providing rations and quarters? In a march across the Blue Mountains it is unlikely that there would have been stock for the commissaries to purchase for slaughter and minimum accommodation in the few inns. The lack of marching money refers to the allowance paid to troops on the march between stations in England, to enable them to purchase meals and/or accommodation. Secondly, as for bedding, soldiers (but not the women and children) could adopt the technique used in Spain by their Peninsular predecessors

   The great coat was inverted, and our legs were thrust into the
   sleeves; one half was put under us, and the other half above. The
   knapsacks formed our pillow. (7)

The conditions for convicts gangs moving to new locations, particularly those in chains, such as those being redeployed from Wisemans to Mount Victoria, (see Pt II p. 56) would have been wretched.

George Deedes, commandant at Cox's River from July 1833 took an unusual step to ensure his comfort at the remote station; he purchased 20 acres (8 hectares) of land on the western side of Cox's River, opposite the stockade and between the stockade and the commissaries quarters. On the block he built a cottage and developed a vegetable and flower garden. It is probable that Deedes was married and may have had children to have motivated him to erect a cottage away from the main stockade area, to keep his family separated as far as possible from the convict population; however no evidence of Deedes marital status has been found. His successor to the command there, the lately married Captain R H J Beaumont McCummings, 4th Regiment, took over the cottage as well as the command in June 1834. The Austrian ex-major of Hussars, von Hugel, a keen naturalist, during his visit to Bathurst in June/July 1834 stayed with McCummings and remarked 'The house which is a cottage built by the last Commandant, is prettily situated and a big vegetable and flower garden make it attractive in this wilderness.' Conditions were different for McCummings' two subordinate officers; Lieutenant Tom Faunce and Assistant Surgeon William Parry, according to the Regimental History, lived in a 'wretched hovel'. (8)

The convicts marched out of the stockades each morning in groups of 24 men, each group guarded by two soldiers and a constable. They were issued with tools at the stockade gates, then marched to work. The soldiers were not allowed to interfere with the work or to speak to the convicts although the latter exerted themselves as little as possible under their overseers. On 18 December 1834 Captain McCummings wrote advising that the Ironed Gangs had progressed so far towards Sydney in their work that he could not allow them to proceed any further without instructions to that end as it now took them an hour to reach the work site. This appears to confirm Major Barney's statement to the 1839 Legislative Council estimates hearing that gangs could only move a couple of miles each side of the stockade. (9)

A reply to McCummings request for instructions has not been found. In May 1835 he found a greater problem on his hands. On 27th of that month, on return from a visit to Bathurst, McCumming was presented with a report from Ensign John Snodgrass that four privates of the 4th Regiment had been absent from Tattoo on the night of 25 May and no trace had been found by parties sent out in search of them. The four soldiers were accompanied by four escaping convicts and Richard Howell, a free clerk and constable, who was found to have altered warrants relating to the terms of sentence to work in irons of two convicts at Cox's River. One of the escaped convicts was believed to be a midshipman or clerk in the East India Company and their supposed objective was to make for Twofold Bay where they planned to steal a whale-boat. (10)

An examination of a map would show that a route from Cox's River to Twofold Bay would pass through rough and unsettled country. They nevertheless got as far as Goulburn where the Police Magistrate, Captain Francis Allman, on half-pay of the 48th Regiment, reported on 19 June that eight of the escapees and deserters had been apprehended by the Mounted Police, who had been alerted by 'the outrages' committed by the gang; 'one of the convicts had been 'taken up by the soldiers in pursuit of him'. (11)

In July 1835 Captain McCummings was replaced by Captain Alured Tasker Faunce, elder brother of Lieutenant Thomas Faunce and son of Major General Alured Dodsworth Faunce, the previous commanding officer of the regiment. Captain Faunce had been in command of the guard detachment at Emu Plains. At Cox's River he assumed the responsibilities of Superintendent of Convicts in addition to his duties as detachment commander. He had, in January that year married the daughter of the Commanding Officer, Lieutenant Colonel J K McKenzie, and it seems that Faunce and his new wife may not have taken up residence in the cottage built by Deedes. Lieutenant Colonel Breton, the Commanding Officer of the 40th, from Parramatta informed the Brigade Major that 'Captain Faunce's dwelling at Cox's River was almost untenable and needs rebuilding in a more suitable position' (12). It is unlikely that rebuilding of the Deedes' cottage would have undertaken at public expense. Indeed it seems possible that Mrs Faunce may not have accompanied her husband to this remote station as The Sydney Morning Herald of 5 May 1836, in its Birth Notices, announced the birth 'at Glenfield on Saturday 30th Ultimo the Lady of Captain Faunce (4th or the King's Own Regiment) a daughter.'

Glenfield Park was the residence of the late Dr Charles Throsby, in 1836 occupied by his nephew, also Charles. He had two sisters who had married Colonial Surgeons. If Mrs Faunce had accompanied her husband to Cox's River she had returned to the Sydney region for her confinement rather than leaving herself to the attention of Assistant Surgeon Parry at Cox's. Parry, from Carmarthen, had joined the Army Medical Service in December 1813 and within days found himself in the south of France, he was appointed Assistant Surgeon in the 4th in March 1822 and served in the West Indies and in Portugal, where units of the British Army had been sent to support the Portuguese from 1826 t0 1828. It seems unlikely that Party's service had developed his skills as an obstetrician although he would, as did most surgeons of his era have had some training in obstetrics. William Dent, who joined the Army as an Assistant Surgeon in 1810, recorded in one of his letters to his mother from St Tbomas's Hospital, London, where he was undergoing his training in medicine that he:

   had almost forgotten to mention to you that I am attending Midwifery
   and that I have had one Labour. I managed all tolerably well, and
   the woman is doing famously now, I expect to have another shortly,
   but the worst of it is, we have to give them 5 shillings and find
   them with medicines until they are quite well.

In addition to his responsibilities for the troops at Cox's River, Parry was also providing medical support for the convicts. It is likely that the wives of the soldiers would not have turned to the regimental surgeons for their accouchement. They, most probably, would seek the help of one of the other detachment wives or, in the worst case of their own husbands. (13)

That month a Bathurst correspondent informed the Sydney Morning Herald that:

   A material change has recently taken place in the system of
   discipline at "the Cox's River Stockade, No 2". Until lately, the
   management was vested in a Civil Superintendent, aided by a number
   of free Constables, the Officers and detachment having only charge
   as regarded the safe custody of the Convicts confined there. By the
   new regulation, the civil servants have been discontinued, and upon
   the relief of Captain McCumming and his company of the 4t" Regiment
   doing duty under him, the sole direction, economy, and detail of
   duties, are committed to the Officer commanding, and the
   noncommissioned Officers of the party. Captain Faunce, with the
   civil rank of Assistant Superintendent of Police, has been appointed
   to this charge, and we are informed, exercises the most rigid
   personal superintendence over every branch of the establishment....
   The increased rigour of the punishment is unquestionably a great
   improvement, and its present regulation cannot fail of producing the
   most salutary results. 14

Thomas Cook who had been transported for 14 years in 1831, and in 1835 serving an additional sentence of 12 months in the iron gang at Cox's River, later recorded his memories of the rigours of punishment. According to Cook, Faunce immediately introduced a harsh regime; doing away with the few 'interior comforts of the stockade'--a fire in each yard, spare clothing, even needles and thread, and introduced a system of running the gangs to work at bayonet point, at five miles an hour. Cook claimed that the greatest part of the guard had previously been at Norfolk Island where they had become inured to inflicting harsh treatment on the convicts. Some of the guards had certainly been at Norfolk Island at the time of the convict mutiny there (15 January 1834) but it was one of those, Private Boyd Calderwood, serving on the Island from 1831 until the relief of the detachment of the 4th Regiment by one of the 50th in 1835, who put an end to the practice of running the gangs to work. Cook saw 'this good meaning man at extra drill for some days afterwards' but could not recollect whether Calderwood was being punished 'for possessing a spark of humanity'.

Cook also recorded the shooting of a prisoner being escorted with others on a chain to Bathurst. Two of the party being escorted were free men, to face trial for sly grogging, but who were still in possession of spirits. At a stop the drink was shared amongst the party, escort and prisoners alike, seated on the ground, when Private John Hagan, undoubtedly affected by the grog, shot and killed one of the prisoners. It was a classic case where uninhibited familiarity between soldiers and prisoners, combined with access to spirits, led to death. Assistant Surgeon Parry was called to the scene of the incident as the victim was still manacled to the chain. Parry vowed that the perpetrator of the crime would be punished. The Sydney Morning Herald of 5 October 1835 reported that a Coroner's Inquest had been held on the deceased and a verdict of Wilful Murder returned. There were two Privates John Hagan in the regiment, No568 from County Louth, and the culprit, No 944 from Downpatrick in County Down. He was duly charged, sentenced to transportation to Moreton Bay for 14 years, and struck off the strength of the regiment on 5 December 1835. Cook claimed Hagan did not serve out the full sentence. (15)

Faunce and the detachment of the 4th Regiment were relieved in July 1836 by Captain Moore with a detachment of one subaltern, an Assistant Surgeon, two sergeants and 87 Rank and File. Moore, married, with three children, would have been accompanied by his family.

Shortly after his replacement, Faunce was appointed Police Magistrate at Brisbane Waters. There he became involved in a case concerning the theft of a cow named 'Blindberry' and earned himself the nickname of the 'Man of Iron' and a reprimand by the Supreme Court for his handling of the case. By November he was appointed Police Magistrate at Queanbeyan, where he took up land grants, becoming a respected settler before his death in 1856. Apparently his history of treatment of convicts and the cow 'Blindberry' had been forgotten. Members of the Faunce family still reside in the Canberra region. (16)

As the Monthly Returns (WO 17) show much smaller detachments at the two new locations, Hassan's Walls and Bowen's Hollow, it can be assumed that these stations, still passing by the title of 'stockade' were established to the plan authorised in 1834, using 20 man huts or the 'moveable houses'. In these stockades the surrounding high stake fence had been dispensed with as it was found that convicts 'were more securely guarded by placing sentries at the angles of the wooden houses and leaving a space around open to their fire.' (17)

Hassan's Walls, approximately 8 kms east of Cox's River and 12 kms west of Victoria Pass, was at the southern end of a rugged stony ridge below Padleys Pedestal. Bowen's Hollow, 1.5 kms west of Hassan'sWalls was the site of a quarry for bridge building stone. It as garrisoned initially from Cox's River and later from Hassan's Walls, with the detachment commanders at those stations responsible for supervising the small detachment at Bowen's Hollow. In August 1836 Hassan's Walls was garrisoned by Lieutenant McDonald 28th Regiment (also spelt McDonell in the Monthly Returns) with 22 all ranks. Captain Moore was still at Cox's River, with a reduced number of privates under his command, but by March 1837 Lieutenant Scully, 80th Regiment, with an Assistant Surgeon and only two privates, and a sergeant and 19 privates at Bowen's Hollow, had taken over from Moore.

Captain Kane, 80th, replaced McDonald at Hassan's Walls along with one sergeant and 23 privates, in October, taking over responsibility for Bowen's Hollow. Detachments of the 80th at all three stations fluctuated in strength in the ensuing year; by August 1838 there was only a solitary Assistant Surgeon at Cox's River and by December only Captain Morris with two sergeants and 43 privates at Hassan's Walls. This station reverted to a responsibility for the 28th Regiment and it too disappeared from the Monthly Returns in May 1840 leaving no troops on the section of the road from Victoria Pass to the Bathurst garrison. (18)

As the construction of Victoria Pass had been nearing completion Surveyor General Mitchell had turned his attention to the eastern end of the mountain road, starting at Emu Plains, earlier simply called Emu. A prison farm had been established there in 1819 with a guard detachment of a corporal and seven privates of the NSW Veteran Company. Although by 1830 the farm was being run down the guard had been maintained and in that year it consisted of three sergeants and 24 Rank and File of the 39th Regiment, under the command of Captain Horatio Walpole. His detachment was deployed in three groups of a sergeant and a proportion of privates at each of Emu Plains, Weatherboard and Springwood. Although the disposition of these bodies is not shown in the Muster Roll of the 39th, it is evident from a letter from Walpole to the Colonial Secretary in January 1830, requesting an extra horse, as he had to visit detachments at Weatherboard and Springwood. This deployment is confirmed in the Monthly Return of 1 March 1831 where Walpole's successor at Emu Plains, Captain Thomas Wright, of the same regiment, is shown with only one sergeant and 14 Rank and File at Emu, one sergeant and 10 privates at Springwood, and one sergeant and nine men at Weatherboard, bringing Wright's detachment to a total to three sergeants and 33 men.

The prison farm was finally wound up in August 1832 but by that time convict gangs were being redeployed to Emu Plains to undertake the upgrade of that section of the road. It will be recalled that gangs from Wisemans had been marched there in 1832 on completion of work on the great North Road. (see PT II p. 56.). To accommodate the increased convict population a formal stockade complete with '12-foot-high palisades' had been constructed. (19) By 1833 the guard detachment had been increased to 59 soldiers, and one subaltern, commanded by Capt McCumming, 4th Regiment. The convict road gangs worked on a new alignment of the road surveyed by Mitchell to ease the climb of the eastern escarpment to Lapstone Hill. The new ascent was made possible by the construction of the first bridge built in New South Wales by the Scots bridge-builder David Lennox, from stone quarried near the bridge site.

Emu Plains was garrisoned by succeeding regiments until 1843 when only one private of the 96th Regiment was stationed there. From 1835 other so-called stockades, consisting of static huts or 'moveable houses', were progressively established further along the western road. (20) The 1 June 1835 Monthly Return shows Lieutenant Campbell, with two sergeants, and 22 Rank and File stationed at 17 Mile Pinch (later 17 Mile Hollow) situated between the present day locations of Springwood and Woodford, perhaps in the vicinity of Linden, and with responsibility for one sergeant and 22 at Springwood and two privates at Weatherboard. This guard was maintained until 1839 with a new station established at 20 Mile Hollow (Woodford) in August 1840. This station was garrisoned by Lieutenant Russell, 28th Regiment, one sergeant and 41 Rank and File. Russell was replaced by Captain Bull, and a detachment of the 99th Regiment in January 1844. Bull and his detachment were redeployed to Blackheath in 1845 and a detachment remained at that station until April 1849 when Lieutenant Scott, one sergeant and 16 men of the 11th, the Devonshire Regiment were withdrawn and the involvement of the garrison regiments with the Great Western Road ended.

The site of the four stockades between Mt Victoria and Cox's River have all been identified and extensive research has carried out at the No 2 Stockade at Cox's. There, Ms Sue Rosen and Dr Michael Pearson undertook a detailed historical and archaeological investigation on behalf of Pacific Power, the company which operates the two power stations drawing cooling water from Lake Lyell. I am indebted to Ms Rosen for making a copy of the investigation report to assist with the preparation of this article. (21)

In addition the four sites have been scanned, using a metal detector, by Mr Ollie Leckbrandt and the details of the numerous military relics found have been listed and illustrated in two publications. The findings have included coins, buttons and pieces of badges and accoutrements. A few of the military items present interesting grounds for speculation; at the Mt Victoria stockade site a button of the 48th Regiment, the last elements of which left the colony in 1828, was found. At the Cox's River stockade site a button of the NSW Royal Veterans was picked up. There is no record of the Veterans having served at Cox's River. (22)

(1) Sir T L Mitchell, 1838, Three expeditions into the interior of Eastern Australia, Vol 1, T & W Boone, P. 155.

(2) WO17/ 2316; William Romaine Govett, Sketches of New South Wales. Gaston Renard, Melbourne, 1977, p. 47.

(3) Mitchell to Govett, 7 May 1831, 4/6909, SRNSW.

(4) Govett, op cit, p.48.

(5) Phillip J Haythornthwaite, 1996, 'The Armies of Wellington', Arms and Armour Press, London, p. 197.

(6) F V G. 1 May 1838, Military Service In Australia, The United Service Journal, London, December Part 3, pp. 520-523. A table showing the 'Distribution Of The--Regiment' accompanied the article. The distribution shown agrees almost exactly with the locations of the 80th Regt detachments shown in the Monthly Return for May 1838 but it has not been possible from the 1838 Army List to identify an officer with the initials F V G.

(7) John Spencer Cooper, 1869, Rough Notes Of Seven Campaigns etc, London, John Russell Smith, p. 29.

(8) Department of Lands and Surveys, NSW, Portion Plan 101.691; Carl Freeheer von Hugel, New Holland Journal, Melbourne, MUP, p.341; Col L I Cowper OBE DL (Ed), The King's Own, 1939, Oxford, OUP, p.61.

(9) Govett, op tit, pp. 48-49; Capt McCumming to Bde Maj, 18 Dec 1834, SRNSW 4/2238.1, f 34/9285; PT I, Sabretache, Vol I, p. 42.

(10) SRNSW 4/2287.2.

(11) F Allman to Col Sec, 19 June 1835, SRNSW CSIL 4/2290.6, f35/4648.

(12) Lt Col Breton to Brigade Major 11 July 1835, SRNSW 4/2287.2, f 35/3282.

(13) Leonard W. Woodford, BA.(Comp), A Young Surgeon In Wellington's Army, Unwin Brothers Limited, 1976, p. 7; Peter Stanley, For Fear Of Pain British Surgery 1790-1850, Editions Rodopi, Amsterdam, 2003, p. 173; Bde Maj to Col See, 19 Oct 1835, SRNSW 4/2287.2 f 35/8431.

(14) The Sydney Morning Herald, 21 May 1835.

(15) Thomas Cook, The Exiles Lamentations, 1978, North Sydney, Library of Australian History, p.31-33; WO 12/2213-15; Muster Roll for 1 Oct to 31 Dec, 1835.

(16) ADB Vol I, entry for Alurecl Tasker Faunce.

(17) Bourke to Glenelg, 4 December 1837, Instructions for Assistant engineers, Part B, tabled inReport From The Select Committee On Transportation, 3 Aug 1838, British Parliamentary Papers 1837-38, Vol 22, p. 251.

(18) WO 17/2321-2325, on microfilm NLA.

(19) Won Hugel, op cit, p. 256.

(20) James Backhouse, A Narrative O f A Visit To The Australian Colonies, 1843, Hamilton, Adams And Co, p. 305.

(21) Ms Sue Rosen and Dr Michael Pearson, The No 2 Stockade Cox's River--its Life and Times, An Historical and Archaeological Investigation, Sydney, 1997.

(22) Ollie Leckbandt, Convict Stockades From Mount Walker To Mount Victoria. and The Mount Walker Stockade Cox's River, Lithgow 1998.