Microbes and the Dust They Ride in On.

Potentially hazardous bacteria and fungi catch a free ride across the Atlantic, courtesy of North African dust plumes. Government researchers who made the discovery believe the stowaway microbes might pose a health risk to people in the Western Atlantic region.

Dale Griffin, Virginia Garrison, and Eugene Shinn, of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), and Jay Herman, of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, have outlined their findings in a paper titled "African Desert Dust in the Caribbean Atmosphere: Microbiology and Public Health." The paper was published June 14 in the journal Aerobiologia.

African dust has produced red-tinged sunsets in south Florida for years. The dust comes every year during northern Africa's dry season, when storm activity in the Sahara Desert region generates clouds of dust. The dust, consisting of fine particles from the arid topsoil, is transported into the atmosphere by winds and may be carried at heights of more than 10,000 feet by easterly trade winds. Typically, it takes five to seven days for the dust clouds to cross the Atlantic Ocean and reach the Caribbean and the Americas.

"The dust events are cyclical," Griffin said. "Studies by other researchers have shown that from February to April, the winds bring an estimated 280,000 tons per event, up to 13 million tons per year, to the Northeastern Amazon Basin. From June to October the winds shift and typically bring dust to North America, Central America, and the Caribbean."

During the peak of the dust season in July 2000, Garrison collected samples of airborne pollutants and dust daily on the island of St. John in the Virgin Islands and sent them to the USGS laboratory in St. Petersburg, Florida, for microbial analysis by Griffin. Griffin compared the results with satellite observations tracking dust clouds from North Africa. The air samples with high levels of microbes were collected on the days that NASAs Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer satellite instrument observed the African dust sweeping into the region, indicating that the microbes had been transported from Africa.

"In the week it takes for North African dust to cross the Atlantic, some of the microbes die because of exposure to ultraviolet rays from the Sun," said Griffin. "However, microbes in the cracks and crevasses of dust particles may be shielded from UV We also believe that the upper altitudes of the dust clouds deflect harmful UV rays, shielding microbes at lower altitudes as they are transported across the Atlantic Ocean. Additionally, when dust clouds move over open water in lower latitudes, the moderate temperatures and high humidity enhance microbial survival."

Florida receives more than 50 percent of all microbe-laden African dust that reaches the United States. Over the last 25 years, dust quantities reaching Miami have increased during periods of African drought. "The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency says these tiny dust particles can penetrate deep into your airways and react with lung tissue," Herman said. "During major dust episodes reaching Florida, there could be a correlation with increased respiratory problems."

In addition to problems associated with the dust itself, even small concentrations of fungal spores can trigger allergic reactions. A study by M.E. Howitt of the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Barbados documented a 17-fold increase in asthma attacks in Barbados between 1973 and 1996, corresponding with the increase in African dust transport to the region.

Fungi and bacteria that survive the trans-Atlantic journey include bacterial or fungal cultures that do not produce disease, as well as species that do produce disease in both humans and plants. The fungus Aspergillus sydowii, which has been isolated in African dust, has been determined to cause sea fan disease in coral reefs throughout the Caribbean.