Mean total arsenic concentrations in chicken 1989-2000 and estimated exposures for consumers of chicken.The purpose of this study was to estimate mean concentrations of total arsenic in chicken liver Noun 1. chicken liver - liver of a chicken used as meat liver - liver of an animal used as meat tissue and then estimate total and inorganic arsenic ingested in·gest tr.v. in·gest·ed, in·gest·ing, in·gests 1. To take into the body by the mouth for digestion or absorption. See Synonyms at eat. 2. by humans through chicken consumption. We used national monitoring data from the Food Safety and Inspection Service The United States Department of Agriculture's Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) is charged with ensuring that all meat, poultry, and processed egg products in the United States are safe to consume and accurately labeled. National Residue Program National Residue Program a testing program for chemical residues in domestic and imported meat, poultry and egg products. Administered by the Food Safety and Inspection Service of the USDA. to estimate mean arsenic concentrations for 1994-2000. Incorporating assumptions about the concentrations of arsenic in liver and muscle tissues as well as the proportions of inorganic and organic arsenic, we then applied the estimates to national chicken consumption data to calculate inorganic, organic, and total arsenic ingested by eating chicken. The mean concentration of total arsenic in young chickens was 0.39 ppm, 3- to 4-fold higher than in other poultry and meat. At mean levels of chicken consumption (60 g/person/day), people may ingest in·gest tr.v. in·gest·ed, in·gest·ing, in·gests 1. To take into the body by the mouth for digestion or absorption. See Synonyms at eat. 2. 1.38-5.24 [micro]g/day of inorganic arsenic from chicken alone. At the 99th percentile percentile, n the number in a frequency distribution below which a certain percentage of fees will fall. E.g., the ninetieth percentile is the number that divides the distribution of fees into the lower 90% and the upper 10%, or that fee level of chicken consumption (350 g chicken/day), people may ingest 21.13-30.59 [micro]g inorganic arsenic/day and 32.50-47.07 [micro]g total arsenic/day from chicken. These concentrations are higher than previously recognized in chicken, which may necessitate adjustments to estimates of arsenic ingested through diet and may need to be considered when estimating overall exposure to arsenic. Key words: arsenic, chicken, dose, drug residue, exposure, food safety, risk assessment. ********** We quantified the concentrations of total arsenic in poultry using national monitoring data from the Food Safety and Inspection Service National Residue Program (NRP (Network Resource Planning) The planning, scheduling and control of a computer network. It includes documentation writing and network diagramming, analyses of traffic and congestion, analyses of application behavior and demand, procedures for failsafe and disaster ) [U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA USDA, n.pr See United States Department of Agriculture. ) Food Safety and Inspection Service 2001)]. These are the first reports of arsenic concentrations in national samples of poultry in the United States United States, officially United States of America, republic (2005 est. pop. 295,734,000), 3,539,227 sq mi (9,166,598 sq km), North America. The United States is the world's third largest country in population and the fourth largest country in area. and may be useful in risk assessments of arsenic exposure and its consequences. We also estimated the dose of inorganic, organic, and total arsenic delivered with varying levels of chicken consumption, and the percentage of the U.S. population at risk for high levels of arsenic exposure through chicken consumption alone. Arsenic is a heavy metal that is found in inorganic and organic forms in water, food, soil, dust, wood, and other materials. Inorganic forms of arsenic have been classified as human carcinogens Carcinogens Substances in the environment that cause cancer, presumably by inducing mutations, with prolonged exposure. Mentioned in: Colon Cancer, Rectal Cancer and are more toxic than organic forms, but variation in toxicity among inorganic and organic forms is considerable. Chronic arsenic exposure in the range of 0.01-0.04 mg/kg/day has been associated with skin cancer in Taiwan (Hsueh et al. 1995); respiratory cancers in Montana (Lubin et al. 2000); bladder cancer bladder cancer Malignant tumour of the bladder. The most significant risk factor associated with bladder cancer is smoking. Exposure to chemicals called arylamines, which are used in the leather, rubber, printing, and textiles industries, is another risk factor. in Finland (Kurttio et al. 1999); increased mortality from hypertensive heart disease Hypertensive heart disease High blood pressure resulting in a disease of the heart. Mentioned in: Myocarditis hypertensive heart disease , nephritis nephritis (nəfrī`təs), inflammation of the kidney. The earliest finding is within the renal capillaries (glomeruli); interstitial edema is typically followed by interstitial infiltration of lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils, and a and nephrosis nephrosis (nəfrō`səs), kidney disease characterized by lesions of the epithelial lining of the renal tubules, resulting in marked disturbance in the filtration function and the consequent appearance of large amounts of protein (albumin) , and prostate cancer prostate cancer, cancer originating in the prostate gland. Prostate cancer is the leading malignancy in men in the United States and is second only to lung cancer as a cause of cancer death in men. in Utah (Lewis et al. 1999); increased incidence of lung cancer lung cancer, cancer that originates in the tissues of the lungs. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States in both men and women. Like other cancers, lung cancer occurs after repeated insults to the genetic material of the cell. , bladder cancer, and all cancers in Taiwan (Chiou et al. 1995); late fetal mortality, neonatal mortality Noun 1. neonatal mortality - the death rate during the first 28 days of life neonatal mortality rate death rate, deathrate, fatality rate, mortality rate, mortality - the ratio of deaths in an area to the population of that area; expressed per 1000 per year , and postnatal postnatal /post·na·tal/ (-na´t'l) occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. post·na·tal adj. Of or occurring after birth, especially in the period immediately after birth. mortality in Chile (Hopenhayn-Rich et al. 2000); and cytogenetic cytogenetic /cy·to·ge·net·ic/ (-je-net´ik) 1. pertaining to chromosomes. 2. pertaining to cytogenetics. cytogenetic pertaining to or originating from the origin and development of the cell. damage in Mexico (Gonsebatt et al. 1997). The general population is exposed to arsenic through drinking water drinking water supply of water available to animals for drinking supplied via nipples, in troughs, dams, ponds and larger natural water sources; an insufficient supply leads to dehydration; it can be the source of infection, e.g. leptospirosis, salmonellosis, or of poisoning, e.g. , dust, fumes fumes odorous gases and other volatile materials; inhalation of irritating fumes causes coughing and, if sufficiently severe, irreversible pulmonary edema. , and dietary sources, with the highest concentrations of arsenic reported in seafood, rice, mushrooms, and poultry (Tao and Bolger 1999). The NRP conducts monitoring and surveillance of meat, poultry, and egg products to determine the presence of chemical residues, including animal drug residues, pesticides, and environmental contaminants (USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service 2001). We used monitoring data from the NRP to estimate mean arsenic concentrations in meat and poultry during the years 1989-2000 and to calculate possible dose exposures acquired through consumption of chicken. Arsenic is an approved animal dietary supplement Noun 1. dietary supplement - something added to complete a diet or to make up for a dietary deficiency diet - a prescribed selection of foods vitamin pill - a pill containing one or more vitamins; taken as a dietary supplement and is found in specifically approved drugs In the United States, the FDA approves drugs. Before a drug can be prescribed, it must undergo an extensive FDA approval process. This process involves first testing the drug on animals or in medical labs. added to poultry and other animal feeds. Roxarsone (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl arsonic acid) is the most frequently used additive among a group of organic arsenic cmnpounds added to feed of broiler broiler a young (about 8 weeks old) male or female chicken weighing 3 to 3.5 lb. chickens to control coccidial intestinal parasites. Roxarsone contains organic arsenic in the +5 oxidation state oxidation state See valence. Noun 1. oxidation state - the degree of oxidation of an atom or ion or molecule; for simple atoms or ions the oxidation number is equal to the ionic charge; "the oxidation number of hydrogen is +1 and . Most of the excreted arsenic (found in litter) remains as the parent compound or as the amino-metabolite. The forms found in chicken muscle have not been reported in the literature. Previous summaries report the number and percentage of instances where levels exceeded allowable limits as categorical data categorical data data relating to category such as qualitative data, e.g. dog, cat, female. It may be nominal when a name is used, e.g. location, breed, or ordinal when a range of categories is used, e.g. calf, yearling, cow. falling in one of three categories: above allowable levels (violative), detectable but within allowable levels (positive, nonviolative), and not quantifiable. Such reports are used to monitor and correct factors contributing to occurrence of levels exceeding allowable limits (USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service 2001). The monitoring data, however, can also be expressed as quantitative values that can in turn be used to provide a preliminary estimate of mean arsenic concentrations in poultry and meat. Materials and Methods NRP database. The NRP collects samples of meat and poultry for laboratory analysis of a wide range of chemical residues including veterinary drugs and pesticides. Random sampling is conducted on an annual, national basis and is described elsewhere (USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service 2001). Sampling for arsenicals began in 1989 with 384 samples and rose to 4,420 domestic samples in 2000. The database for 1989-2000 contained observations for 20,559 monitoring samples analyzed for total arsenic. More than 99% (20,542) of the samples were of liver tissue; the 14 muscle, 2 kidney, and 1 egg samples were excluded from the analysis. The species were grouped into five categories: young chickens (n = 3,611), mature chickens (n = 1,582), turkeys (n = 2,763), hogs/sows/roaster pigs/boars/stags (n = 5,522), and all other species (horse, bull, steer, beef cow, heifer, dairy cow, bob veal veal, flesh of a calf from two to three months old weighing usually less than 300 lb (135 kg). The locomotion of the veal calves is often restricted, and they are fed a real or synthetic milk that is high in protein and low in iron; this produces the desired , formula-fed veal, non-formula-fed veal, heavy calves, mature sheep, lamb, goat, duck, rabbit; n = 7,064). The mean total arsenic concentrations and 95% confidence intervals confidence interval, n a statistical device used to determine the range within which an acceptable datum would fall. Confidence intervals are usually expressed in percentages, typically 95% or 99%. (CIs) around the means for each category for each year were calculated by averaging the non-quantifiable results with positive values. All values < 0.20 ppm were considered nonquantifiable; we assumed the value to be halfway between 0 and 0.20, or 0.10 (zero would underestimate the level, and 0.20 would overestimate o·ver·es·ti·mate tr.v. o·ver·es·ti·mat·ed, o·ver·es·ti·mat·ing, o·ver·es·ti·mates 1. To estimate too highly. 2. To esteem too greatly. the level). Converting liver values to muscle values. We used NRP arsenic monitoring measurements from liver tissue samples to estimate concentrations in muscle tissue, the most frequently consumed part of the chicken. Because the ratio between arsenic concentrations in poultry liver and muscle tissue is not described, we relied on manufacturer's data presented in their technical bulletin (Alpharma Inc. 1999). They reported tissue arsenic concentrations at 0, 3, 4, and 5 days after withdrawal from roxarsone (3-Nitro) in chickens fed 50 ppm for 7 weeks (Alpharma Inc. 1999). Liver arsenic concentrations were 1.1 ppm, compared with 0.1 ppm in muscle at 0 days, 0.3 and 0.07 ppm, respectively, at 3 days, and 0.2 and 0.07 ppm, respectively, at 5 days, yielding liver-to-muscle ratios of 11, 4.2, and 2.9, respectively, for each time point. We applied these reported ratios to adjust the measured liver tissue values in the NRP sample and produce estimates of values in muscle tissue. Muscle tissue values were estimated under three different assumptions: a) consistent adherence with the 5-day withdrawal period; b) variable adherence averaging 3 days of withdrawal; and c) 0 days of withdrawal. Assumptions regarding the inorganic/ organic proportions. We used data collected in Canada regarding arsenic speciation speciation Formation of new and distinct species, whereby a single evolutionary line splits into two or more genetically independent ones. One of the fundamental processes of evolution, speciation may occur in many ways. in Canadian food samples suggesting that 65% of arsenic in poultry and meat is inorganic (Levine et al. 1988; Weiler 1987). This estimate was used in the 1988 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), independent agency of the U.S. government, with headquarters in Washington, D.C. It was established in 1970 to reduce and control air and water pollution, noise pollution, and radiation and to ensure the safe handling and risk assessment regarding the risk of skin cancer associated with ingested inorganic arsenic (Levine et al. 1988) and is currently used as the basis of discussions of arsenic exposure and health effects (Abernathy 2001). Calculation of arsenic exposure concentrations associated with varying levels of chicken consumption. Chicken consumption data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals 1994-1996 survey (USDA Agricultural Research Service 2000) were summarized using the Dietary Exposure Evaluations Model software to produce estimates of the mean number of grams of chicken consumed by the U.S. population at the 50th, 95th, and 99th percentiles (Novigen Sciences 2000; USDA Agricultural Research Service 2000). The amount of chicken consumed was then multiplied by estimates of inorganic and organic arsenic in chicken muscle tissue to calculate the estimated doses of arsenic ingested at the 50th, 95th, and 99th percentiles in the U.S. population and in various subgroups. Results Numbers of positive and violative results. The percentages nonquantified, positive, and violative were calculated for each of the five groups. The percentage nonquantified was lowest in young chickens (0.30); higher in mature chickens, turkeys, and hogs; and highest in all other species (0.93) (Table 1). The percentages of violations were < 0.01 for all categories (ranging from 0 to 0.28). The percentage positive and/or violative was highest for young chickens (0.70); moderate for mature chickens, turkeys, and hogs; and lowest for all other species (0.07). The trend in percentage positive for young chickens showed a decline between 1993 and 1999 with a slight upturn in 2000. Mean arsenic concentrations. During the years 1994-2000 mean arsenic concentrations in young chickens ranged from 0.33 to 0.43 ppm, and the mean for the entire period was 0.39 ppm (Figure 1). During the same period, the mean values for mature chickens, turkeys, hogs, and all other species was between 0.10 and 0.16 ppm (Figure 1). The mean concentrations of arsenic in young chickens declined from 0.43 ppm (95% CI, 0.4-0.47) to 0.33 (95% CI, 0.30-0.36) between 1994 and 1999, with a slight upturn to 0.39 (95% CI, 0.37-0.41) in 2000 (Figure 1). Arsenic concentrations in young chickens appear to be 3- to 4-fold higher than in other species categories sampled in the NRP. We observed variation in mean arsenic concentrations by U.S. state A U.S. state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of the United States, although four states use the official title "commonwealth". The separate state governments and the federal government share sovereignty, in that an American is a citizen both of the federal entity and , ranging from < 0.10 ppm to > 0.51 ppm, but the small number of samples in each state resulted in wide CIs around each estimate and limited further statistical analysis. Data were not available to correlate levels in chickens with feeding additives, brand of chicken, or season of the year. [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] Chicken consumption in the United States. Chicken consumption in the United States rose from 40.1 lb/person/year in 1970 to 71.8 lb/person/year in 1997 (USDA Economic Research Service 2002). In 1970 about 90% of chicken consumption was young chicken, but by 1997 > 99% of chicken was consumed as young chicken. Per capita [Latin, By the heads or polls.] A term used in the Descent and Distribution of the estate of one who dies without a will. It means to share and share alike according to the number of individuals. daily consumption in 1994-1996 ranged from a mean of 57 g/day for non-Hispanic whites, 64 g/day for Hispanics, to 72 g/day for non-Hispanic blacks, and varied by age (Table 2) (USDA Agricultural Research Service 2000). Arsenic dose associated with chicken consumption. Based on our calculation of a mean concentration of 0.39 ppm in liver tissue during the years 1994-2000, the Alpharma estimated ratios of liver to muscle tissue levels of 2.9, 4.2, and 11 (Alpharma Inc. 1999), the assumption that the proportion of inorganic arsenic is 0.65, and chicken consumption levels at and above the 50th percentile, we produced a range of inorganic, organic, and total arsenic intake measures (Table 3). Under the assumption of a 5-day withdrawal period (and a liver-to-muscle arsenic concentration ratio of 2.9), the estimated inorganic arsenic intake ranged from 5.24 to 30.59 [micro]g for those consuming 60-350 g chicken/day. If one assumes incomplete adherence to the recommended withdrawal period and an average withdrawal period of 3 days, the estimated inorganic arsenic intake ranged from 3.62 to 21.13 [micro]g for the same levels of chicken consumption. Under the extreme assumption of no compliance with the withdrawal period, inorganic arsenic concentrations ranged from 1.38 to 8.07 [micro]g/day. At the mean level of chicken consumption (60 g/person/day), estimated inorganic arsenic intake ranged from 1.38 to 5.24 [micro]g/day, varying with the assumptions regarding withdrawal periods. Discussion The ability of trace elements Trace elements A group of elements that are present in the human body in very small amounts but are nonetheless important to good health. They include chromium, copper, cobalt, iodine, iron, selenium, and zinc. Trace elements are also called micronutrients. ingested by chickens to affect the dose delivered to humans through chicken consumption has been shown for iodine iodine (ī`ədīn, –dĭn) [Gr.,=violet], nonmetallic chemical element; symbol I; at. no. 53; at. wt. 126.9045; m.p. 113.5°C;; b.p. 184.35°C;; sp. gr. 4.93 at 20°C;; valence −1, +1, +3, +5, or +7. , iron, zinc, uranium, and potassium (Izak-Biran et al. 1989; Kaufmann et al. 1998; Leonhardt et al. 1997). It is reasonable to assume that arsenic ingested through chicken consumption may similarly affect the dose delivered to humans. The data presented here suggest that arsenic concentrations in young chickens may be approximately 3-fold greater than in other meat and poultry products. The higher arsenic concentrations observed in chickens compared with other poultry and meat products is consistent with the use of chicken feed containing additives including arsenic compounds. This preliminary data analysis can be refined with greater understanding of sources of variation in arsenic concentrations in meat products, for example, regional and seasonal variation. Samples were selected for analysis from plants with varying production levels, and future analyses may require plant estimates to be weighted by production volume in calculating a summary estimate. The present analysis is the first step in progressing from a categorical That which is unqualified or unconditional. A categorical imperative is a rule, command, or moral obligation that is absolutely and universally binding. Categorical is also used to describe programs limited to or designed for certain classes of people. count of violations and positive tests to a quantitative measure of arsenic concentrations in meat and poultry. Despite the preliminary nature of the analysis, the relative values of arsenic concentrations in chickens and other species may be expected to persist in Verb 1. persist in - do something repeatedly and showing no intention to stop; "We continued our research into the cause of the illness"; "The landlord persists in asking us to move" continue future data analyses, because uniform methods were applied to collecting and sampling arsenic concentrations in all species monitored by the NRP. Furthermore, these preliminary analyses were consistent with published data from the United States and Canada. Our estimate of 0.33-0.43 ppm total arsenic in liver tissue is similar to that observed in Canadian poultry livers (Korsrud et al. 1985; Salisbury et al. 1991), and our estimate of 0.13 [micro]g/g total arsenic in chicken muscle tissue is somewhat higher than that found in market studies in the United States during 1991-1996 (0.030-0.086 [micro]g/g; Tao and Bolger 1999) and in Canada between 1985 and 1988 (0.029 [micro]g/g; Dabeka et al. 1993). Further studies would help define the range of variation of total, inorganic, and organic arsenic in chicken, and the factors such as seasonality or geography that might affect such variation. The proportion of inorganic and organic arsenic in chicken was estimated to be 0.65 and 0.35, respectively, based on Canadian data from 1987 (Levine et al. 1988; Weiler 1987). Proportions of inorganic and organic arsenic in chickens in the United States during 1996-2000 may differ from those in Canada, but until U.S. studies are conducted, the Canadian data provide a reasonable starting point Noun 1. starting point - earliest limiting point terminus a quo commencement, get-go, offset, outset, showtime, starting time, beginning, start, kickoff, first - the time at which something is supposed to begin; "they got an early start"; "she knew from the for analysis. The relationship between the amount of arsenic in liver tissue compared with muscle tissue was based on data published by a pharmaceutical company in 1999 marketing arsenic-containing additives for poultry feed and showing changes in the relationship with the number of days of withdrawal (Alpharma Inc. 1999). Further studies are needed to describe more fully the correlation between liver and muscle tissue values and their variation with the withdrawal period. It might then be useful to describe the withdrawal period in actual practice. We assumed compliance with the withdrawal period, which suggested that the ratio of liver to muscle arsenic concentrations might be between 2.9 and 4.2. We thus assumed that the pharmaceutical data were accurate with respect to liver and muscle values at 0-5 days of withdrawal. It would be helpful to have more detailed laboratory information about the forms of inorganic and organic arsenic remaining in chicken muscle, as well as the effects of cooking on these forms, and the metabolism of the ingested arsenic. Under these assumptions, and relying on the ratios of 2.9 and 4.2 (excluding the extreme ratio of 11), a mean chicken consumption rate of 60 g/day may result in an intake of 3.62 5.24 [micro]g inorganic arsenic/day and 5.57-8.07 [micro]g total arsenic/day. However, 1% of the U.S. population consumes > 350 g chicken/day and may ingest 21.13-30.59 [micro]g inorganic arsenic/day and 32.50-47.07 [micro]g total arsenic/day from chicken. For a person weighing 70 kg (154 lb), this would be 0.30-0.44 [micro]g/kg/day inorganic arsenic intake, below the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Noun 1. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations - the United Nations agency concerned with the international organization of food and agriculture FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization (FAO/WHO FAO/WHO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organisation ) Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives food additives, substances added to foods by manufacturers to prevent spoilage or to enhance appearance, taste, texture, or nutritive value. By quantity, the most common food additives are flavorings, which include spices, vinegar, synthetic flavors, and, in the (JECFA JECFA Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (international scientific review committee to evaluate safety of food additives, flavors, contaminants, and veterinary drug residues) ) tolerable daily intake of 2 [micro]g/kg/day of inorganic arsenic (WHO 1983) but comprising a sizable proportion of the tolerable daily intake. A smaller percentage of people (0.1%) consume [greater than or equal to] 612 g chicken/day and may ingest as much as 36.94-53.50 [micro]g inorganic arsenic/day and 56.83 82.30 [micro]g total arsenic/day through chicken consumption alone. For a person weighing 70 kg (154 lb), this would be 0.53-0.76 [micro]g/kg/day inorganic arsenic intake, and if we assume a higher body weight of 100 kg (consistent with a high daily intake of chicken), inorganic arsenic ingestion ingestion /in·ges·tion/ (-chun) the taking of food, drugs, etc., into the body by mouth. in·ges·tion n. 1. The act of taking food and drink into the body by the mouth. 2. might be 0.37-0.54 [micro]g/kg/day. Again, these estimates are below the FAO/WHO JECFA tolerable daily intake of 2 [micro]g/kg/day of inorganic arsenic (WHO 1983) but may account for a sizable proportion of tolerable daily intake. Calculations of arsenic intake have been used to recommend and adjust arsenic levels in the environment, most notably in water. These calculations have not taken into account the higher concentrations of arsenic measured in chicken compared with other poultry and meats. Furthermore, chicken consumption in the United States has increased steadily from 32.1 lb/person in 1966 to 81.2 lb/person in 2000. The higher than previously recognized concentrations of arsenic in chicken combined with the increasing levels of chicken consumption may indicate a need to review assumptions regarding overall ingested arsenic intake.
Table 1. Arsenic test results [n (%)] by five categories of animal
species: 1989-2000 NRP data.
Not Positive but
Species quantified not violative Violation Total
Young chickens 1,089 (30) 2,512 (69) 10 (< 1) 3,611
Mature chickens 1,195 (76) 387 (24) 0 1,582
Turkeys 2,043 (74) 712 (26) 8 (< 1) 2,763
Hogs, sows, etc. 4,560 (83) 962 (17) 0 (< 1) 5,522
All other 6,576 (93) 478 (7) 10 (< 1) 7,064
species
Total 15,463 (75) 5,051 (25) 28 (< 1) 20,542
Table 2. Mean daily chicken consumption in the U.S.
population
Mean grams 95th 99th
Population per person percentile percentile
Total population 60 214 358
Ethnic group
Hispanic 64 217 369
Non-Hispanic white 57 208 346
Non Hispanic black 72 237 414
Age (years)
Infants < 1 7 44 80
Children 1-6 38 129 205
Seniors [greater than 44 193 297
or equal to] 55
Adapted from USDA Agricultural Research Service (2000)
Table 3. Estimates of inorganic, organic, and total arsenic intake
assuming a mean concentration of 0.39 ppm total arsenic in chicken
liver tissue, and three possible ratios of liver to muscle arsenic
concentrations.
Arsenic intake
Adjustment for ratio Chicken ([micro]g/day)
of liver arsenic to Percentile consumption
muscle arsenic (a) consumption (g/day) Inorganic Organic
2.9 50th 60 5.24 2.82
95th 200 17.48 9.41
99th 350 30.59 16.47
99.9th 612 53.50 28.81
4.2 50th 60 3.62 1.95
95th 200 12.07 6.50
99th 350 21.13 11.38
99.9th 612 36.94 19.89
11.0 50th 60 1.38 0.74
95th 200 4.61 2.48
99th 350 8.07 4.34
99.9th 612 14.10 7.59
Adjustment for ratio
of liver arsenic to Percentile
muscle arsenic (a) consumption Total
2.9 50th 8.07
95th 26.90
99th 47.07
99.9th 82.30
4.2 50th 5.57
95th 18.57
99th 32.50
99.9th 56.83
11.0 50th 2.13
95th 7.09
99th 12.41
99.9th 21.70
(a) Based on data from Alpharma Inc. (1999).
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Washington, DC:U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service, Office of Public Health and Science The Office of Public Health and Science (OPHS) is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. The office is under the direction of the Assistant Secretary for Health, who serves as the Senior Advisor on public health and science issues to the Department . Weiler R. 1987. Percentage of Inorganic Arsenic in Food: A Preliminary Analysis. Report No. 87-48-45000-057. Toronto, Canada:Ontario, Canada Ministry of the Environment. WHO. 1983. Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants (Twenty-Seventh Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives). World Health Organization Technical Report Series No. 696. Geneva Geneva, canton and city, Switzerland Geneva (jənē`və), Fr. Genève, canton (1990 pop. 373,019), 109 sq mi (282 sq km), SW Switzerland, surrounding the southwest tip of the Lake of Geneva. :World Health Organization. Tamar Lasky, Wenyu Sun, Abdel Kadry, and Michael K. Hoffman Office of Public Health and Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, USA Address correspondence to T. Lasky, National Institute of Child Health and Development, MSC (1) (MSC.Software Corporation, Santa Ana, CA, www.mscsoftware.com) Founded in 1963 by Richard H. MacNeal and Robert G. Schwendler, MSC is the world's largest provider of mechanical computer aided engineering (MCAE) strategies, simulation software and services. 7510, 6100 Executive Boulevard, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Telephone: (301) 594-8670. Fax: (301) 480-1222. E-mail: TL177G@nih.gov The authors declare they have no competing financial interests. Received 22 April 2003; accepted 1 October 2003. |
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