Malaria clusters among illegal Chinese immigrants to Europe through Africa.Between November 2002 and March 2003, 17 cases of malaria (1 fatal) were observed in illegal Chinese immigrants who traveled to Italy through Africa. A further cluster of 12 was reported in August, 2002. Several immigrants traveled by air, making the risk of introducing sudden acute respiratory syndrome 'respiratory syndrome' A relatively specific immune response to high-dose rifampin therapy, characterized by a flu-like complex, dyspnea and wheezing, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia; other hypersensitivity reactions caused by rifampin include flushing, fever, a possibility should such illegal immigrations continue. ********** From November 2002 to March 2003, 17 cases of malaria were noted among illegal Chinese immigrants in seven hospitals across central and northern Italy Northern Italy comprises of two areas belonging to NUTS level 1:
n. 1. The protozoan (Plasmodium vivax) that causes the most common form of malaria. 2. Vivax malaria. . P. falciparum transmission transmission is confined to provinces bordering Laos and Viet Nam. None of the patients reported coming from those areas. Investigating the cluster proved difficult because of language problems and reticence to provide detailed information of travel, since the patients were illegal immigrants (Table). The fatal case occurred in a general hospital in northern Italy. The 20-year-old woman (case 7) was admitted with a high fever, severe hemolytic anemia Hemolytic Anemia Definition Red blood cells have a normal life span of approximately 90-120 days, at which time the old cells are destroyed and replaced by the body's natural processes. (hemoglobin 4.4 g/dL), and metabolic acidosis Metabolic Acidosis Definition Metabolic acidosis is a pH imbalance in which the body has accumulated too much acid and does not have enough bicarbonate to effectively neutralize the effects of the acid. . After 48 hours, because of hypotension hypotension or low blood pressure Condition in which blood pressure is abnormally low. It may result from reduced blood volume (e.g., from heavy bleeding or plasma loss after severe burns) or increased blood-vessel capacity (e.g., in syncope). , seizures, and subsequent coma, she was transferred to the intensive-care unit of a referral hospital for infectious diseases infectious diseases: see communicable diseases. . The blood film showed a 70% parasitemia parasitemia /par·a·si·te·mia/ (par?ah-si-te´me-ah) the presence of parasites, especially malarial forms, in the blood. par·a·si·te·mi·a n. The presence of parasites in the blood. with P. falciparum. The patient died 96 hours after admission, despite aggressive drug therapy and plasmapheresis plasmapheresis, see apheresis. . Discussion Before 2000, no cases of P. falciparum had occurred in Chinese immigrants living in northern and central Italy Central Italy is a geographic area in Italy that encompasses four of the country's 20 autonomous regions:
From 2000 to 2002, a total of 10 sporadic cases were reported to the Italian Ministry of Health in 2001 (L. Vellucci, Directorate for Prevention, Ministry of Health, Italy, pers. comm.). The 2003 cluster prompted us to examine hospital records from August 2002, where we identified an additional, previously undetected, cluster of 12 malaria cases in four of our study hospitals (data not included in the table). The Ministry of Health had 26 confirmed P. falciparum cases during 2002 (L. Vellucci, pers. comm.), suggesting an ongoing (and possibly increasing) influx of Chinese laborers. Some differences exist between the later cluster and the 2000 cluster. In the 2003 cluster, the proportion of severe cases was lower than in the previous reports, with a patient with a fatal case first admitted to a general hospital where diagnosis of malaria was not considered; in the others, awareness of the possibility of malaria had been raised by the earlier cluster (3,4) and led to prompt diagnosis and treatment, with favorable outcome. A single African country, Cote d'Ivoire, was the transit country for most of the patients. In previous cases, a number of other African countries were used for transit. Visa processing for entry to Europe was arranged by the courier organization in Cote d'Ivoire. The clustering of cases suggests that the illegal immigrants arrive in Europe in groups. Although Italy was the final destination, at least some immigrants entered through France, which also has had reports of P. falciparum cases in Chinese immigrants (F. Legros, Centre National de Reference de l'Epidemiologic du Paludisme, France, pers. comm.). As malaria is probably underreported in Europe, additional cases may well have occurred. Use of clandestine travel by air to emigrate from China, where sudden acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is present, poses a threat for the African countries, where the introduction of SARS virus could have devastating dev·as·tate tr.v. dev·as·tat·ed, dev·as·tat·ing, dev·as·tates 1. To lay waste; destroy. 2. To overwhelm; confound; stun: was devastated by the rude remark. consequences on their health systems with a potential overlap with the HIV HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), either of two closely related retroviruses that invade T-helper lymphocytes and are responsible for AIDS. There are two types of HIV: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is responsible for the vast majority of AIDS in the United States. epidemic. Other diseases could be spread or acquired by the immigrants in the countries of transit. While curtailing the huge, illegal immigrant system to Europe is difficult, we cannot overemphasize o·ver·em·pha·size tr. & intr.v. o·ver·em·pha·sized, o·ver·em·pha·siz·ing, o·ver·em·pha·siz·es To place too much emphasis on or employ too much emphasis. the need for a sound surveillance on imported infectious diseases in this continent. Both clusters of malaria were detected early through Salute Internazionale Regione Lombardia (SIRL), a network on imported diseases of the Lombardy Region, in conjunction with the European Network on Imported Infectious Disease Infectious disease A pathological condition spread among biological species. Infectious diseases, although varied in their effects, are always associated with viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, multicellular parasites and aberrant proteins known as prions. Surveillance (TropNetEurop). Any physician in Europe who sees a Chinese patient with a history of recent travel and a high fever should exclude malaria, besides considering the possible diagnosis of SARS. Respiratory symptoms are also frequent in uncomplicated malaria (5,6), and acute respiratory distress syndrome acute respiratory distress syndrome n. See adult respiratory distress syndrome. has long been recognized as one of the main features of severe malaria (7,8).
Table. Characteristics of 17 cases of malaria
in illegal Chinese immigrants, Italy
Date First Time spent in
Sex seen by Country of country of Mode of
Case age (a) physician transit transit travel
1 M, 21 11/05/02 Cote d'Ivoire 8 mo Air
2 M, 24 11/11/02 "Africa" 3 mo Unknown
3 F, 20 11/12/02 Cote d'Ivoire 22 d Road/sea
4 M, 22 11/15/02 Cote d'Ivoire 1 mo Air
5 M, 24 11/16/02 Cote d'Ivoire 14 d Road/sea
6 M, 28 01/09/03 Cote d'Ivoire 2 mo Unknown
7 F, 20 01/13/03 Cote d'Ivoire Few days Unknown
8 M, 21 02/01/03 Cote d'Ivoire Unknown Unknown
9 F, 32 02/02/03 Congo Unknown Unknown
10 M, 22 02/03/03 Cote d'Ivoire 6 mo Air
11 M, 19 02/08/03 Cote d'Ivoire Unknown Unknown
12 M, 34 02/13/03 Congo 2 mo Road/sea
13 F, 24 02/13/03 Cote d'Ivoire 50 d Air
14 M, 40 02/22/03 Cote d'Ivoire Unknown Road/sea
15 M, 22 02/24/03 Cote d'Ivoire 2 mo Road/sea
16 M, 28 03/01/03 "Africa" Unknown Unknown
17 M, 23 03/15/03 Cote d'Ivoire 50 d Road/sea
Mode of
Sex travel to Plasmodium Clinical
Case age (a) Europe species outcome
1 M, 21 Air P. falciparum Recovered
2 M, 24 Air P. falciparum Recovered
3 F, 20 Air P. falciparum Recovered
4 M, 22 Air P. falciparum Recovered
5 M, 24 Air P. falciparum Recovered
6 M, 28 Air P. falciparum Recovered
7 F, 20 Air P. falciparum Died
8 M, 21 Air P. falciparum Recovered
9 F, 32 Air P. falciparum Recovered
10 M, 22 Air P. falciparum Recovered
11 M, 19 Air P. falciparum Recovered
12 M, 34 Air P. falciparum and P. Recovered
malariae
13 F, 24 Air P. falciparum Recovered
14 M, 40 Air P. falciparum Recovered
15 M, 22 Air P. falciparum Recovered
16 M, 28 Air P. falciparum Recovered
17 M, 23 Air P. malariae Recovered
(a) M, male; F, female.
Acknowledgments We are grateful to Loredana Vellucci, Stefania D'Amato, and Fabrice Legros for providing information on malaria in Chinese immigrants in Italy and France, respectively. References (1.) Jelinek T, Schulte C, Behrens R, Grobusch MP, Coulaud JP, Bisoffi Z, et al. Imported Falciparum malaria fal·cip·a·rum malaria n. Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum and characterized by severe malarial paroxysms that recur about every 48 hours and often by acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations. in Europe: sentinel surveillance data from the European network on surveillance of imported infectious diseases. Clin Infect Dis 2002;34:572-6. (2.) Shen Shen, in the Bible, place, perhaps close to Bethel, near which Samuel set up the stone Ebenezer. J, Zhang S, Xu B, Cheng F, Pei S, Ye J, et al. Surveillance fur low-level malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1998;92:3-6. (3.) Matteelli A, Volonterio A, Gulletta M, Galimberti L, Marocco S, Gaiera G, et al. Malaria in illegal Chinese immigrants, Italy. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7:1055-8. (4.) Aquilini D, Liang LI, Paladini A. New slaves and malaria. J Travel Med 2003;10:46-7. (5.) Ansley NM, Jacups SP, Cain T, Pearson T, Ziesing PJ, Fisher DA, et al. Pulmonary manifestations of uncomplicated falciparum and vivax malaria vivax malaria n. Malaria in which the paroxysms recur every third day, counting inclusively, and are induced by the release of merozoites and their invasion of new red blood cells. Also called tertian malaria. : cough, small airways small airways A term for membranaceous bronchioles–noncartilaginous conducting airways with a fibromuscular wall and respiratory bronchioles–airways in which the fibromuscular wall is partially alveolated. See Small airways disease. obstruction, impaired gas transfer, and increased pulmonary phagocytic phag·o·cyt·ic adj. 1. Of or relating to phagocytes. 2. Of, relating to, or characterized by phagocytosis. phagocytic emanating from or pertaining to phagocytes. activity. J Infect Dis 2002;185:1326-34. (6.) Gozal D. The incidence of pulmonary manifestations during Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium fal·cip·a·rum n. A protozoan that causes falciparum malaria. malaria in non immune subjects. Trop Med Parasitol 1992;43:6-8. (7.) Brooks MH, Kiel FW, Sheehy TW, Barry KG. Acute pulmonary edema Pulmonary Edema Definition Pulmonary edema is a condition in which fluid accumulates in the lungs, usually because the heart's left ventricle does not pump adequately. in falciparum malaria. N Engl J Med 1968;279:732-7. (8.) Severe falciparum malaria. World Health Organization, Communicable Diseases communicable diseases, illnesses caused by microorganisms and transmitted from an infected person or animal to another person or animal. Some diseases are passed on by direct or indirect contact with infected persons or with their excretions. Cluster. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2000;94(Suppl 1):S190. Dr. Bisoffi is the head of the Center for Tropical Diseases at the Sacro Cuore Hospital of Negrar, Verona, Italy, a referral center for imported diseases. His main research interests concern the surveillance and diagnosis of imported tropical and infectious diseases and the clinical decision-snaking in tropical medicine tropical medicine, study, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of certain diseases prevalent in the tropics. The warmth and humidity of the tropics and the often unsanitary conditions under which so many people in those areas live contribute to the development and . He is the secretary general of the Italian Society of Tropical Medicine and teaches in several Italian and European institutes. Address for correspondence: Zeno Bisoffi, Centro per le Malattie Tropicali, Ospedale Sacro Cuore, 37024 Negrar-Verona, Italy; fax: 390456013694; email: zeno.bisoffi@sacrocuore.it Zeno Bisoffi, * Alberto Matteelli, ([dagger]) Donatella Aquilini, ([double dagger]) Giovanni Guaraldi, ([section]) Giacomo Magnani, ([paragraph]) Giovanna Orlando, # Giovanni Gaiera, ** Tomas Jelinek, ([dagger] [dagger]) and Ron H. Behrens ([double dagger] [double dagger]) * Ospedale S. Cuore, Negrar, Verona, Italy; ([dagger]) Universita di Brescia, Brescia, Italy, ([double dagger]) Ospedale di Prato, Prato, Italy; ([section]) Universita di Modena, Modena, Italy, ([paragraph]) Ospedale di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy; # Ospedale Sacco, Milano, Italy; ** Ospedale S. Raffaele, Milano, Italy, ([dagger] [dagger]) Institute of Tropical Medicine, Berlin, Germany; and ([double dagger] [double dagger]) London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom |
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