Mainland Chinese travelers' motivations and barriers of visiting Hong Kong.ABSTRACT This study identified potential mainland Chinese Chinese, subfamily of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages (see Sino-Tibetan languages), which is also sometimes grouped with the Tai, or Thai, languages in a Sinitic subfamily of the Sino-Tibetan language stock. visitors' motivations and barriers of visiting Hong Kong Hong Kong (hŏng kŏng), Mandarin Xianggang, special administrative region of China, formerly a British crown colony (2005 est. pop. 6,899,000), land area 422 sq mi (1,092 sq km), adjacent to Guangdong prov. . The push and pull motivation theory was used as the study foundation. Data were collected in China from 353 potential visitors. Results showed that sightseeing was the most important motivation. However, Hong Kong was perceived as an expensive place to visit. Demographic characteristics were not related to respondents' perception or importance ratings of travel motivations or barriers. Respondents In the context of marketing research, a representative sample drawn from a larger population of people from whom information is collected and used to develop or confirm marketing strategy. who had visited Hong Kong rated the perception and importance of barriers significantly different from those who had not visited. 1. INTRODUCTION Visitor arrival statistics showed that the total number of travelers from mainland China to Hong Kong increased from 2,671,628 in 1998 to 3,785,845 in 2000, which accounted for 29% of inbound in·bound 1 adj. Bound inward; incoming: inbound commuter traffic. Adj. 1. inbound visitors (Hong Kong Tourist Association, 2001). The Hong Kong Government, in its Policy Address 2001, admitted that the large number of increasing affluent mainland residents constitutes an important source of visitors yet fully tapped by the tourism industry (Chief Executive's Policy Address, 2001). Giving the importance of the China outbound out·bound adj. Outward bound; headed away: outbound trains. Adj. 1. outbound - that is going out or leaving; "the departing train"; "an outward journey"; "outward-bound ships" market to the overall tourism industry to Hong Kong, it is of great importance to understand what motivates mainland Chinese to visit Hong Kong and what prevents them from doing so. The decision-making decision-making, n the process of coming to a conclusion or making a judgment. decision-making, evidence-based, n a type of informal decision-making that combines clinical expertise, patient concerns, and evidence gathered from process leading to the choice of a travel destination is a complex one, influenced by social, psychological, knowledge, and economic factors. One of the decision-making process models relates to travelers' motivation in choosing a destination (Crompton Cromp·ton , Samuel 1753-1827. British inventor of the spinning mule (1779). , 1979; Uysal & Hagan, 1993). Motivation is aroused when individuals think of certain activities that are potentially satisfaction producing (Iso-Ahola, 1982). Because people act to satisfy their needs, motivation is thought to be the ultimate driving force that governs travel behavior Travel behavior is the study of what people do over space, and how people use transport. The questions studied in travel behavior are broad, and are very much related to activity analysis and time use studies. (Mayo & Jarvis JARVIS Just A Rather Very Intelligent System (Iron Man Film) , 1981). A review of the literature on tourist motivation indicates that motivation based on the concept of push and pull factors Push factors or pull factors are factors in which would make one individual want to move out of certain areas (called push factors) and factors that would make one person attracted to another area (called pull factors). has been generally accepted (Crompton, 1979; Pearce Pearce may refer to: In places:
adj. Variant of high-tech. hi-tech Adjective using sophisticated, esp. electronic, technology Adj. 1. image," "expenditure," and "accessibility" were the most significant pull factors (Zhang & Lain, 1999). In addition to tourist motivations, it is also important for destination marketers to understand why people decide not to travel to a particular destination. Botha, Crompton, and Kim (1999) and Tian Tian or T'ien (Chinese; “Heaven”) In indigenous Chinese religion, the supreme power reigning over humans and lesser gods. The term refers to a deity, to impersonal nature, or to both. , Crompton, and Witt (1996) suggested that both motivations and constraints CONSTRAINTS - A language for solving constraints using value inference. ["CONSTRAINTS: A Language for Expressing Almost-Hierarchical Descriptions", G.J. Sussman et al, Artif Intell 14(1):1-39 (Aug 1980)]. are integral parts of individuals' decision to visit or not to visit a destination. Several studies have been undertaken regarding overseas travelers' motivations and behaviors (Dybka, 1988; Jarnrozy & Uysal, 1994; Yuan & McDonald, 1990). However, most studies collected data from travelers during or after their trips; therefore, results could not single out motivation's relative influence on travelers' decision from other determinants of behavior. These studies also excluded those who decided not to visit a particular destination. Thus, there is merit in collecting data from potential visitors who are in the process of selecting a travel destination. The purpose of this study was to identify potential mainland Chinese travelers' motivations and barriers of visiting Hong Kong. Specific objectives of the study were to examine (1) the perception and importance of the push and pull motivational items among potential Chinese visitors, (2) the perception and importance of barriers of visiting Hong Kong, and (3) differences in motivations and barriers among various demographic groups. 2. METHODOLOGY A self-administered questionnaire was developed for obtaining information on motivations and barriers of visiting Hong Kong as well as respondents' demographic characteristics. The 20-item measurement of the push and pull factors developed by Zhang and Lam (1999) was adapted as the base for the motivation section of the questionnaire. Due to the study's unique context and population, situational motivation and barrier items were included in the measurement. A focus group interview with potential Chinese visitors was conducted in China to solicit these situational items. The research instrument was translated into Chinese using a blind translation-back-translation method as described by Brislin (1976). A pilot study was conducted with 28 mainland Chinese residents. Feedback was obtained about the length of the instrument, the format of the scales, content validity content validity, n the degree to which an experiment or measurement actually reflects the variable it has been designed to measure. , and question clarity. The instrument was revised and administered to 20 Chinese visitors in Hong Kong. After further revisions, the final copy had 14 motivation and 8 barrier items. To assess the perception of what motivates or prevents individuals from traveling to Hong Kong, respondents were asked to indicate their agreement with each of the statements, with a 7-point scale where 7 = strongly agree and 1 = strongly disagree. Respondents were also asked to rate the importance of each motivation item on their decision to visit Hong Kong using a 7-point scale, with 7 = very important and 1 = very unimportant un·im·por·tant adj. Not important; petty. un  im·por tance n. , and the influence of each barrier statement on their
selection of Hong Kong as a destination using a 7-point scale, with 7 =
major influence and 1 = little influence. The items were listed twice on
different pages of the questionnaire to reduce respondents'
tendency to cross check their responses between the agreement and
importance/influence ratings. Demographic questions included age,
gender, education, income, and marital status marital status,n the legal standing of a person in regard to his or her marriage state. . Respondents were also asked if they had visited Hong Kong in the past. Data were collected in Beijing, Shanghai Shanghai (shăng`hī`, shäng`hī`), city (1994 est. pop. 12,980,000), in, but independent of, Jiangsu prov., E China, on the Huangpu (Whangpoo) River where it flows into the Chang (Yangtze) estuary. , and Guangzhou in China. These three cities The Three Cities is a collective description of the three fortified cities of Cospicua, Vittoriosa, and Senglea on the Island of Malta, which are enclosed by the massive line of fortification created by the Knights of St John, the Cottonera Lines. were selected because the respective disposable income disposable income Portion of an individual's income over which the recipient has complete discretion. To assess disposable income, it is necessary to determine total income, including not only wages and salaries, interest and dividend payments, and business profits, but also per capita [Latin, By the heads or polls.] A term used in the Descent and Distribution of the estate of one who dies without a will. It means to share and share alike according to the number of individuals. in Beijing and Shanghai municipalities as well as Guangdong province Noun 1. Guangdong province - a province in southern China Guangdong, Kwangtung of which Guangzhou is the capital was among the highest in China (National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2003). Potential respondents in shopping malls where travel agencies were located were approached. Once they agreed to participate in the study, potential respondents were screened by asking if they had heard of Hong Kong and knew where it was. Only individuals who had some awareness of Hong Kong were invited to complete the questionnaire. To ensure a high return and usable USable is a special idea contest to transfer US American ideas into practice in Germany. USable is initiated by the German Körber-Stiftung (foundation Körber). It is doted with 150,000 Euro and awarded every two years. rate, the questionnaires were collected onsite and checked for completeness. A total of 353 questionnaires were received. 3. RESULTS Table 1 shows that about three-quarters (76.8%) of respondents were younger than the age of 40, with the largest group (48.6%) between 19 and 29 years of age. The gender distribution of the sample was quite even, with 53.8% males and 46.2% females. The majority (60.8%) had college or above education, and was either married (44.3%) or single (47.7%). Over half (57.2%) of respondents had a monthly income of RMB RMB Right Mouse Button RMB Regional Management Board (USACE) RMB Rolf Maier Bode (musician, band) RMB Ren Min Bi (currency of People's Republic of China) 1,001-3,000. Only 23.5% had visited Hong Kong. 3.1 Motivations and Behaviors Most motivation items had means slightly above the mid-point, 4.0 (Table 2), with sightseeing as the strongest motivation both in respondents' perception of what Hong Kong could provide and how important it was to them. Visiting the Ocean Park, experiencing different culture, and fulfilling self curiosity about Hong Kong were also strong motivations that were important to potential Chinese visitors. On the contrary, seeing movie stars and celebrities and visiting friends and relatives were the weakest and least important motivations. A factor analysis was conducted of respondents' perception of the motivation items. A principal component method with a VARIMAX rotation was used to extract the underlying factors. Factor loadings greater than 0.50 and Eigenvalues eigenvalues statistical term meaning latent root. higher than 1.0 were considered to be satisfactory. As shown in Table 3, two factors were extracted, with one labeled as the push factor having 8 items related mostly to experience seeking and internal needs fulfillment ful·fill also ful·fil tr.v. ful·filled, ful·fill·ing, ful·fills also ful·fils 1. To bring into actuality; effect: fulfilled their promises. 2. ; the other factor was named the pull factor having 5 items represented destination attributes. The cumulative percentage of variance The discrepancy between what a party to a lawsuit alleges will be proved in pleadings and what the party actually proves at trial. In Zoning law, an official permit to use property in a manner that departs from the way in which other property in the same locality extracted by the two factors was 59.19, with Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure (KMO KMO Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (test to assess the appropriateness of using factor analysis on data) KMO Knowledge Master Open (academic competition) KMO Kunglig Majestäts Orden ) of sampling adequacy of .91, which was higher than the recommended index of .60 (Garson, 2001). The Barlett Test of Sphericity was 2652.483 (p = .000). The Cronbach's alpha Cronbach's  (alpha) has an important use as a measure of the reliability of a psychometric instrument. It was first named as alpha by Cronbach (1951), as he had intended to continue with further instruments. of the total scale was .92. Mean ratings of the
push (1=4.69) and pull (1=4.66) factors indicated that they were
similarly important in motivating mainland Chinese to visit Hong Kong.
As for respondents' agreement on the various attributes provided by
Hong Kong as a destination, the pull factor (P=5.07) appeared to be a
stronger appeal to potential Chinese visitors as compared to the push
factor (P=4.94).Respondents generally stayed neutral about their perception regarding barriers of visiting Hong Kong (Table 4), with "going to Hong Kong is expensive" (P=4.65) leading the concerns. The two most important barriers of visiting Hong Kong were expensiveness (1=4.98) and short holidays (1=4.82). Considering the income disparity Income disparity or wage gap is a term used to describe inequities in average pay or salary between socio-economic groups within society, or the inequities in pay between individuals who produce the same work. between Hong Kong and mainland China, with the majority of respondents (72.5%) reporting a monthly income of less than RMB3,000, and the reported per capita spending among Chinese visitors in Hong Kong reaching US$664 (approximately RMB5,000) excluding tour package costs (Hong Kong Tourism Board The Hong Kong Tourism Board (HKTB), is a Hong Kong government-sub vented body. It was founded on 1 April 2001 under the HKTB Ordinance. It was reconstituted from and replaced the Hong Kong Tourist Association (HKTA), which was established by Government Ordinance in 1957. , February 2002), the cost of visiting Hong Kong is indeed high for most residents of mainland China. Lack of promotion by travel agencies was also rated as a relatively important barrier that received slight agreement from respondents. Thus, promotion through the travel trade maybe an issue worth investigating by the Hong Kong tourism promotion agencies. In addition, crime rate and personal safety were rated quite important and Hong Kong had done a good job of communicating the safe destination image. 3.2 Motivations and Behaviors by Demographic Characteristics MANOVAs were conducted with demographic characteristics and previous Hong Kong visit experience as the independent variables and motivation perception items as dependent variables. No significant differences were found. Another set of MANOVAs was conducted with the same set of independent variables and motivation importance items as dependent variables. The only significant difference found was based on respondents' previous visit experience (Wilk's Lambda = .602, F = 14.69, p = .000). Results of the post hoc post hoc adv. & adj. In or of the form of an argument in which one event is asserted to be the cause of a later event simply by virtue of having happened earlier: test indicated that those who had visited Hong Kong in the past rated visiting friends and relatives as a more important motivation item (I=4.43) compared to those who had never visited (3.81, F = 4.75, p = .009), which was totally understandable because their intention to revisit re·vis·it tr.v. re·vis·it·ed, re·vis·it·ing, re·vis·its To visit again. n. A second or repeated visit. re Hong Kong may be directly related to their desire to see friends and relatives. Another two sets of MANOVAs were conducted with demographic characteristics and previous Hong Kong visit experience as the independent variables and barriers' perception and importance, respectively, as dependent variables. Past visit experience was the only variable made a difference in respondents' ratings of both the perception and importance of the barriers. As shown in Table 5, those who had visited Hong Kong perceived barriers of visiting as lower and the barriers had less influence on their decision to travel. This may be exactly why those individuals had made the trip to Hong Kong--barriers did not deter them from making the travel decision and they found ways to overcome those barriers. Another possible reason may be that Hong Kong is indeed a very attractive metropolitan city appealing to Chinese residents. Those who had visited this Pearl of the Orient o·ri·ent v. 1. To locate or place in a particular relation to the points of the compass. 2. To align or position with respect to a point or system of reference. 3. would be more motivated mo·ti·vate tr.v. mo·ti·vat·ed, mo·ti·vat·ing, mo·ti·vates To provide with an incentive; move to action; impel. mo to visit again. Thus, the overwhelming motivation may have undermined the negative perceptions and influences of the barriers on future decision to visit. 4. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This study investigated the travel motivations and barriers of potential Chinese visitors to Hong Kong. Sightseeing was the most important motivation for visiting and most agreed upon Adj. 1. agreed upon - constituted or contracted by stipulation or agreement; "stipulatory obligations" stipulatory noncontroversial, uncontroversial - not likely to arouse controversy appeal offered by this destination. Tour operators should keep this in mind when designing tour itineraries and promotional literatures. Results of the factor analysis confirmed the push and pull motivation theory with two factors emerged. Mean comparison of the two motivation factors revealed that Hong Kong had a stronger pull factor, providing opportunities for shopping, visiting the Ocean Park, and sightseeing. These are important attractions to potential mainland Chinese visitors; therefore, destination marketers should continue to focus on these three areas in their communication with the market. Most barriers' importance mean scores were significantly higher than their respective perception mean scores. This finding meant that those barriers had an influence on respondents' decision in whether to visit the destination; however, those barriers were not perceived as too difficult to overcome. This was especially true among those who had visited Hong Kong in the past. Tourism agencies could help address the perception of expensiveness by offering tour packages and accommodations in various price categories. A trip to Hong Kong can also be promoted as a special occasion that is worthy of the investment in time and money. The Hong Kong travel trade should work with outbound travel agencies in China to increase awareness among potential overseas travellers and promote Hong Kong as a destination. The message that Hong Kong is a safe place to visit should continue to be communicated to Chinese residents. Respondents who had visited Hong Kong rated their agreement with the barriers much lower. While Chinese visitors are in Hong Kong, they should be encouraged by tour and hotel operators to share their positive experience with their friends once return home, especially regarding the cost, visa application, and perceived language barriers. The facts that Hong Kong offers a variety of shopping opportunities (from bargain products to brand name merchandise), visa issuance policy has become more relaxed, and the majority of guest contact employees in the service industry as well as many locals can speak Putonghua/Mandarin should be publicized pub·li·cize tr.v. pub·li·cized, pub·li·ciz·ing, pub·li·ciz·es To give publicity to. Adj. 1. publicized - made known; especially made widely known publicised to put potential mainland Chinese visitors' worries to rest. Because demographic characteristics were found unrelated to respondents' perception or importance ratings of motivations and barriers, differences in motivations and barriers may lie in their psychographic In the field of marketing, demographics, opinion research, and social research in general, psychographic variables are any attributes relating to personality, values, attitudes, interests, or lifestyles. They are also called IAO variables (for Interests, Attitudes, and Opinions). and/or behavioural Adj. 1. behavioural - of or relating to behavior; "behavioral sciences" behavioral characteristics. Future studies are suggested to investigate Chinese visitors' psychographic profiles with the intention to segment such a significant market into smaller groups so that more targeted marketing campaigns can be designed to appeal to the various sub-markets. Data of the study were collected in Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou through a convenience sampling method. Therefore, results of the study may not be generalized gen·er·al·ized adj. 1. Involving an entire organ, as when an epileptic seizure involves all parts of the brain. 2. Not specifically adapted to a particular environment or function; not specialized. 3. to potential travellers in other parts of China, including other urban areas or any rural communities. Even though demographic characteristics included in this study were not related to respondents' perceived motivations or barriers, future studies may investigate the influence of other personal variables, such as culture and ethnicity ethnicity Vox populi Racial status–ie, African American, Asian, Caucasian, Hispanic , on their travel motivations and barriers.
TABLE 1. DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF RESPONDENTS (n = 327)
Characteristics Percentage
Age
18 or younger 4.3
19-29 48.6
30-39 23.9
40-49 15.6
50-59 5.8
60 or older 1.8
Gender
Male 53.8
Female 46.2
Education
Primary school or below 3.6
Secondary school 12.8
Vocational institute 22.6
College 38.2
University or above 22.6
Marital Status
Married 44.3
Divorced 4.9
Single 47.7
Others 3.0
Monthly Income (RMB) (a)
Not steady 4.6
Less than 1,000 10.7
1,001-2,000 26.3
2,001-3,000 30.9
3,001-4,000 13.1
More than 4,000 14.4
Visited Hong Kong
Yes 23.5
(a) USD 1.0 = RMB8.28
TABLE 2. MOTIVATIONS OF VISITING HONG KONG
Motivation Perception Importance t
(a) (b)
Sightseeing 5.69 5.36 4.913 ***
Visiting the Ocean Park 5.19 4.77 4.921 ***
Experiencing different 5.19 4.82 5.192 ***
culture
Fulfilling self curiosity 5.11 4.77 4.284 ***
about Hong Kong
Sharing travel experience 5.05 4.56 5.538 ***
with friends
Experiencing the mysterious 5.03 4.74 4.130 ***
city
Shopping 4.98 4.61 4.359 ***
Visiting the metropolitan city 4.98 4.85 1.796
Seeing the city under one- 4.91 4.68 3.046 **
country-two-systems (c)
Experiencing the capitalist 4.80 4.55 3.468 ***
society
Interacting with Hong Kong 4.79 4.42 4.745 ***
people
Experiencing a new and 4.71 4.71 0.038
different lifestyle
Seeing movie stars and 4.42 4.00 4.416 ***
celebrities
Visiting friends and relatives 4.02 3.96 .704
(a) Scale: 7 = strongly agree, 1 = strongly disagree
(b) Scale: 7 =very important, 1 =very unimportant
(c) One-country-two-systems" refers to the arrangement after Hong
Kong's return to China in 1997.
Even though Hong Kong is a Special Administrative Region of China,
Hong Kong remains its own political and regulatory systems.
** p [less than or eqaul to] .01, *** p [less than or equal to] .001
TABLE 3. FACTOR ANALYSIS OF MOTIVATION PERCEPTION ITEMS
Motivation Factor Eigen- % of Factor
Loading value variance Mean
Push (a=.9168) 6.965 32.44 P = 4.94 (a)
Experiencing the .858 I = 4.69b
capitalist society
Experiencing different .827
culture
Seeing the city under .817
one-country-two-
systems
Visiting the .701
metropolitan city
Experiencing the .677
mysterious city
Interacting with Hong .645
Kong people
Experiencing a new and .601
different lifestyle
Fulfilling self .558
curiosity about
Hong Kong
Pull (a=.8070) 1.322 26.75 P = 5.07 (a)
.786 I =4.66 (b
Shopping
Visiting the Ocean .664
Park
Sightseeing .649
Sharing travel
experience with .613
friends
Seeing movie stars
and celebrities
Total variance explained 59.19
Total scale reliability .9212
KMO = .91
Bartlett's Test = 2652.483
with significance = .000
(a) Perception scale: 7 = strongly agree, 1 = strongly disagree
(b) Importance scale: 7 = very important, 1 = very unimportant
TABLE 4. BARRIERS OF VISITING HONG KONG
Barrier Perception (a) Importance (b) t
Going to Hong Kong is 4.65 4.98 -3.549 ***
expensive
Few travel agencies 4.35 4.52 -1.728
promote Hong Kong as
an economic
destination
Don't have enough 4.34 4.82 -4.574 ***
holidays
Obtaining a valid visa 3.96 4.41 -4.935 ***
is difficult
Hong Kong has high 3.85 4.23 -4.345 ***
crime rates
Language barriers 3.82 4.01 -2.023 *
Lack of travel 3.75 4.61 -7.620 ***
companions
Going to Hong Kong 3.46 4.29 -8.791 ***
would threaten
personal safety
(a) Scale: 7 = strongly agree, 1 = strongly disagree
(b) Scale: 7 = major influence, 1 = little influence
* p [less than or equal to] .05, p [less than or equal to] .001
TABLE 5. PERCEPTION AND IMPORTANCE OF BARRIERS BY PAST VISIT EXPERIENCE
Visited Hong Kong
Barriers F-value
2 Yes No
3 Perception
Going to Hong Kong is expensive 3.90 (a) 4.89 11.53 ***
Don't have enough holidays 3.99 4.46 3.69 *
Obtaining a valid visa is 3.40 4.15 7.58 ***
difficult
Language barriers 2.97 4.08 8.83 ***
Lack of travel companions 3.14 3.94 5.54 **
Few travel agencies promote Hong 3.62 4.58 9.09 ***
Kong as an economic
destination
Wilk's Lambda =.862, F = 3.06,
P =.000
4 Importance
Going to Hong Kong is expensive 4.17 (b) 5.24 13.14 ***
Don't have enough holidays 4.4 4.95 3.67 *
Obtaining a valid visa is 3.64 4.65 11.44 ***
difficult
Going to Hong Kong would 3.64 4.51 9.00 ***
threaten personal safety
Language barriers 3.32 4.22 6.80 ***
Lack of travel companions 3.86 4.84 8.77 ***
Few travel agencies promote 3.68 4.79 14.88 ***
Hong Kong as an
economic destination
Wilk's Lambda =.829, F = 3.91,
P =.000
(a) Scale: 7 = strongly agree, 1 = strongly disagree
(b) Scale: 7 = major influence, 1 = little influence
* p [less than or equal to] .05, ** p [less than or equal to] .01, ***
p [less than or equal to] .001
REFERENCES Botha, C., Crompton, J., and Kim, S., Developing A Revised Competitive Position For Sun/Lost City, South Africa South Africa, Afrikaans Suid-Afrika, officially Republic of South Africa, republic (2005 est. pop. 44,344,000), 471,442 sq mi (1,221,037 sq km), S Africa. , Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 37 (4), 1999, 341-352. Brislin, R.W., Comparative Research Methodology: Cross-Cultural Studies Cross-cultural comparisons take several forms. One is comparison of case studies, another is controlled comparison among variants of a common derivation, and a third is comparison within a sample of cases. , International Journal of Psychology, Vol. 11 (3), 1976, 215-229. Chief Executive's Policy Address, Attracting More Mainland Visitors, Hong Kong, 2001, pp. 70-81. Crompton, J.L., Motivations of Pleasure Vacation, Annals an·nals pl.n. 1. A chronological record of the events of successive years. 2. A descriptive account or record; a history: "the short and simple annals of the poor" of Tourism Research, Vol. 6 (4), 1979, 408-424. Dybka, J., Overseas Travel to Canada: New Research On The Perceptions and Preferences of The Pleasure Travel Market, Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 26 (Spring), 1988, 12-15. Garson, G.D. (2001). PA 765 Statnotes: An Online Textbook textbook Informatics A treatise on a particular subject. See Bible. , 2001; http://www2.chass.ncsu.edu/.qarson/pa765/statnote.htm Gnoth, J., Tourism Motivation and Expectation Formation, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 24 (2), 1997, 283-304. Hong Kong Tourism Board, February Tourism Receipts, Hong Kong Tourist Association Research Publications, February 2002. Hong Kong Tourist Association, A Statistical Review of Tourism, Hong Kong Tourist Association, 2001. Iso-Ahola, S.E., Toward A Social Psychological Theory of Tourism Motivation: A Rejoinder The answer made by a defendant in the second stage of Common-Law Pleading that rebuts or denies the assertions made in the plaintiff's replication. The rejoinder allows a defendant to present a more responsive and specific statement challenging the allegations made . Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 9 (2), 1982, 256-261. Jamrozy, U., and Uysal, M., Travel Motivation Variation of Overseas German Visitors, Journal of International Consumer Marketing, Vol. 6 (3/4), 1994, 135-160. Mayo, E.J. Jr., and Jarvis, L.P., The Psychology of Leisure Travel, CBI CBI abbr. cumulative book index CBI Confederation of British Industry CBI n abbr (= Confederation of British Industry) → C.E.O.E. Publishing, Inc., Boston, 1981. National Bureau of Statistics of China, Statistical Data: Income of Urban Households by Region, May 10 2003; http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/statisticaldata/monthlydata/ 1200303070147.htm Pearce, P.L., and Caltabiano, M.L., Inferring Travel Motivation From Travelers' Experiences, Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 22 (Fall), 1983, 16-20. Tian, S, Crompton, J.L., and Witt, P.A., Integrating Constraints and Benefits to Identify Responsive Target Markets For Museum Attractions, Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 35(2), 1996, 34-48. Uysal, M., and Hagan, LA.R., Motivation of Pleasure Travel and Tourism, in M. Khan khan Historically, the ruler or monarch of a Mongol tribe. Early on a distinction was made between the title of khan and that of khakan, or “great khan.” Later the term khan was adopted by the Seljuq and Khwarezm-Shah dynasties as a title for the highest , M. Olsen and T. Var (eds.) Encyclopedia encyclopedia, compendium of knowledge, either general (attempting to cover all fields) or specialized (aiming to be comprehensive in a particular field). Encyclopedias and Other Reference Books of Hospitality and Tourism, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York New York, state, United States New York, Middle Atlantic state of the United States. It is bordered by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic Ocean (E), New Jersey and Pennsylvania (S), Lakes Erie and Ontario and the Canadian province of , 1993, pp.798-810. Yuan, S., and McDonald, C., Motivational Determinants of International Pleasure Time, Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 24 (Fall), 1990, 42-44. Zhang, H., and Lam, T., An Analysis of Mainland Chinese Visitors' Motivations to Visit Hong Kong, Tourism Management, Vol. 20 (5), 1999, 587-594. Cathy H. C. Hsu, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (Abbreviated:PolyU or HKPU Traditional Chinese: 香港理工大學 Terry Lam, The Hongkong Polytechnic University
AUTHOR PROFILES Prof. Cathy H.C. Hsu earned her Ph.D. at Iowa State University Academics ISU is best known for its degree programs in science, engineering, and agriculture. ISU is also home of the world's first electronic digital computing device, the Atanasoff–Berry Computer. in 1989. Currently she is a professor, associate head, and graduate programs director of the School of Hotel and Tourism Management at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR (Segmentation And Reassembly) The protocol that converts data to cells for transmission over an ATM network. It is the lower part of the ATM Adaption Layer (AAL), which is responsible for the entire operation. See AAL. SAR - segmentation and reassembly , China. Dr. Terry Lam earned his Ph.D. at University of Strathclyde The University of Strathclyde (Scottish Gaelic: Oilthigh Srath Chluaidh) is a university in Glasgow, Scotland. History The university originated as Anderson's Institution in 1796. in 2000. Currently he is an assistant professor of the School of Hotel and Tourism Management at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China. |
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