Low-temperature HNBR technology.Hydrogenated nitriles (HNBR HNBR Hydrogenated Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber ) have many desirable properties including heat, oil and fuel resistance. Low temperature properties are typically governed gov·ern v. gov·erned, gov·ern·ing, gov·erns v.tr. 1. To make and administer the public policy and affairs of; exercise sovereign authority in. 2. by the acrylonitrile acrylonitrile /ac·ry·lo·ni·trile/ (ak?ri-lo-ni´tril) a colorless halogenated hydrocarbon used in the making of plastics and as a pesticide; its vapors are irritant to the respiratory tract and eyes, may cause systemic poisoning, and are (ACN ACN Accenture (stock symbol) ACN Accenture ACN Australian Company Number ACN Automatic Collision Notification (US DOT) ACN Acetonitrile ACN Anglican Communion Network ) content. Low temperature flexibility improves with declining ACN levels, while conversely con·verse 1 intr.v. con·versed, con·vers·ing, con·vers·es 1. To engage in a spoken exchange of thoughts, ideas, or feelings; talk. See Synonyms at speak. 2. , the oil and fuel resistance decreases. There are existing low temperature HNBR polymers: however, a novel polymerization polymerization Any process in which monomers combine chemically to produce a polymer. The monomer molecules—which in the polymer usually number from at least 100 to many thousands—may or may not all be the same. technology has resulted in new products with an improved balance of properties. Conventionally, the improvement of low temperature properties is achieved by lowering the acrylonitrile content in a standard nitrile nitrile: see rubber. . However, for a hydrogenated nitrile, this strategy is not successful, since the butadiene butadiene (by  t'ədī`ēn), colorless, gaseous hydrocarbon. There are two structural isomers of butadiene; they differ in the location of the two carbon-carbon double bonds in the sequences are transformed into crystallizable crys·tal·lize also crys·tal·ize v. crys·tal·lized also crys·tal·ized, crys·tal·liz·ing also crys·tal·iz·ing, crys·tal·liz·es also crys·tal·iz·es v.tr. 1. polyethylene polyethylene (pŏl'ēĕth`əlēn), widely used plastic. It is a polymer of ethylene, CH2=CH2, having the formula (-CH2-CH2-)n sequences during the hydrogenation hydrogenation (hīdrôj`ənā'shən, hī'drəjənā`shən), chemical reaction of a substance with molecular hydrogen, usually in the presence of a catalyst. process. This has been overcome by the use of a third monomer monomer (mŏn`əmər): see polymer. monomer Molecule of any of a class of mostly organic compounds that can react with other molecules of the same or other compounds to form very large molecules (polymers). . The low-temperature application range of HNBR was extended without sacrifice to heat resistance, as studied by Hayashi (ref. 1). The second generation of new low-temperature HNBR grades has been developed for improved low-temperature performance and improved mechanical properties (ref. 2). Most recently, 17% ACN and 25% ACN polymers that are 99% saturated saturated /sat·u·rat·ed/ (sach´ah-rat?ed) 1. denoting a chemical compound that has only single bonds and no double or triple bonds between atoms. 2. unable to hold in solution any more of a given substance. have been introduced to the market for improved long term retention of mechanical properties, with no change in low-temperature flexibility. Through advanced design and precise control of molecular structure, enhanced low-temperature flexibility, in conjunction with lower volume swells
Roughly speaking, the sound of a guitar note is characterised by an initial 'attack' where the pick or nail produces higher pitched in automotive fluids, has been obtained. Mechanical properties, ozone resistance, processing and fluid immersion immersion /im·mer·sion/ (i-mer´zhun) 1. the plunging of a body into a liquid. 2. the use of the microscope with the object and object glass both covered with a liquid. data, as well as low temperature properties, have been evaluated and compared to the current standard low-temperature HNBR grades. The new, improved second-generation sec·ond-gen·er·a·tion adj. 1. Of or relating to a person or persons whose parents are immigrants. 2. Of or relating to a person or persons whose parents are citizens by birth and whose grandparents are immigrants. 3. low-temperature HNBR grades were shown to have overall enhanced performance. Objective The introduction of automotive hydraulic fluids hydraulic fluid toxic because of its high content of industrial triaryl phosphate. with low viscosity at low temperature created a need for seals with enhanced sealing capability at low temperature. First generation low-temperature HNBR polymers with 25% and 17% acrylonitrile content (ACN) have good low temperature properties. However, when ACN is reduced to 17%, the mechanical properties decline and volume change increases. In response, the second-generation low-temperature HNBR grades include improvements in low temperature flexibility, improved retention of mechanical properties after aging, compression set and volume swell reduction (ref. 3). This was accomplished by a modification to the polymerization technique and, in the case of the Z-330 and Z-430 grades, an increase in saturation saturation, of an organic compound saturation, of an organic compound, condition occurring when its molecules contain no double or triple bonds and thus cannot undergo addition reactions. . Standard low-temperature HNBR grades were evaluated and compared to the second-generation low temperature versions, as well as to the standard HNBR. Rheological rhe·ol·o·gy n. The study of the deformation and flow of matter. rhe  o·log , processing and mechanical properties
were measured using standard ASTM ASTMabbr. American Society for Testing and Materials procedures. Low-temperature performance, compression set, resistance to ozone and aged properties in various fluids were also evaluated, and comparisons drawn. This work will demonstrate that the second generation of new low-temperature polymers has been designed and engineered for improvement of low-temperature properties, improved ozone resistance, decreased volume swell after fluid agings and a positive impact on mechanical properties. Experimental The polymers evaluated in this study were: * Z-201, a traditional hydrogenated acrylonitrile (HNBR), 36% ACN, 96% saturated: * Z-311, a first generation low-temperature HNBR, 25% ACN, 95% saturated; * Z-331, a second generation low-temperature HNBR, 25% ACN, 95% saturated; * Z-330, a second generation low-temperature HNBR, 25% ACN, 99% saturated; * Z-411, a first generation low-temperature HNBR, 17% ACN, 95% saturated: * Z-431, a second generation low-temperature HNBR, 17% ACN, 95% saturated; and * Z-430, a second generation low-temperature HNBR, 17% ACN, 99% saturated. Polymer properties of these new improved HNBR low-temperature grades, in conjunction with the first generation low-temperature grades, are provided in table 1. The compound formulations can be found in table 2. The formulations were designed to give 70 [+ or -] 3 durometer Du`rom´e`ter n. 1. An instrument for measuring the degree of hardness; especially, an instrument for testing the relative hardness of steel rails and the like. type A hardness. The compounds were prepared in a 1,600 cc Farrell Farrell, city (1990 pop. 6,841), Mercer co., W central Pa., on the Shenango River at the Ohio line and adjoining Sharon, Pa.; inc. 1901. It is a railroad center, and its steel- and ironworks industries have declined. internal mixer mixer, either of two electronic devices in which two or more signals are combined. In the type of mixer used in radio receivers, radar receivers, and similar systems, a signal is translated upward or downward in frequency. , adding all ingredients with the exception of peroxide peroxide (pərŏk`sīd), chemical compound containing two oxygen atoms, each of which is bonded to the other and to a radical or some element other than oxygen; e.g. (t-butylperoxy-diisopropyl benzene benzene (bĕn`zēn, bĕnzēn`), colorless, flammable, toxic liquid with a pleasant aromatic odor. It boils at 80.1°C; and solidifies at 5.5°C;. Benzene is a hydrocarbon, with formula C6H6. ). The peroxide was added to the masterbatch on the mill. Test slabs were cut and molded mold 1 n. 1. A hollow form or matrix for shaping a fluid or plastic substance. 2. A frame or model around or on which something is formed or shaped. 3. Something that is made in or shaped on a mold. at 170[degrees]C. Cure times were determined based on data from an oscillating os·cil·late intr.v. os·cil·lat·ed, os·cil·lat·ing, os·cil·lates 1. To swing back and forth with a steady, uninterrupted rhythm. 2. disk rheometer rhe·om·e·ter n. An instrument for measuring the flow of viscous liquids, such as blood. (ODR ODR Online Dispute Resolution ODR On-Demand Routing ODR One-Definition Rule (C++) ODR Octal Data Rate (high speed memory interface transfers 8 bits of data per clock cycle) ODR Office of Dispute Resolution ). The following ASTM standards were applied to generate the data found in this study: * D395--compression set (Method B); * D412--rubber properties in tension; * D573--deterioration in an air oven; * D624--tear resistance; * D1053--stiffening at low temperatures: Flexible polymers (Gehman); * D2137--low-temperature brittleness Brittleness That characteristic of a material that is manifested by sudden or abrupt failure without appreciable prior ductile or plastic deformation. ; * D2240--hardness, durometer A; * D2084--rheological properties; * D1646--Mooney viscosity and Mooney Mooney is family name, which is probably predominantly derived from the Irish Ó Maonaigh. It can also be spelled Moony, Meaney, Mauney, Moon, Money. The word can refer to: Companies
Meaney spelling * D1329--low-temperature retraction In the law of Defamation, a formal recanting of the libelous or slanderous material. Retraction is not a defense to defamation, but under certain circumstances, it is admissible in Mitigation of Damages. Cross-references Libel and Slander. ; and * D3395--dynamic ozone cracking cracking - cracker in a chamber. Mooney viscosity and Mooney scorch measurements were conducted at 100[degrees] and 125[degrees]C, respectively. Cure characteristics were determined using a rheometer 100S ODR at 170[degrees]C, 3[degrees] arc and 20 minute run time. Rheological properties of the various HNBR compounds can be seen in table 3. Tensile strength tensile strength Ratio of the maximum load a material can support without fracture when being stretched to the original area of a cross section of the material. When stresses less than the tensile strength are removed, a material completely or partially returns to its , elongation elongation, in astronomy, the angular distance between two points in the sky as measured from a third point. The elongation of a planet is usually measured as the angular distance from the sun to the planet as measured from the earth. , modulus See modulo. and tear strength values were obtained using a United model E-VI-60 six station tensile tensile, adj having a degree of elasticity; having the ability to be extended or stretched. testing instrument. This same unit was used to obtain physical property values after air and fluid aging tests. Gehman low-temperature test data were obtained using a Wallace Wal·lace , Alfred Russel 1823-1913. British naturalist who developed a concept of evolution that paralleled the work of Charles Darwin. model L-15 test instrument. The low-temperature retraction and brittle (jargon) brittle - Said of software that is functional but easily broken by changes in operating environment or configuration, or by any minor tweak to the software itself. Also, any system that responds inappropriately and disastrously to abnormal but expected external stimuli; e. point analysis was conducted on a Gibitre cold temperature test instrument. Initial sample elongation was set to 50% for the low temperature retraction test. Original properties, low-temperature properties and compression set results are shown in table 4. Fluids used for immersion testing include: Air, IRM (1) (Information Resource Management) See Information Systems and information management. (2) (Inherited Rights Mask) In NetWare 3.x and 4. 903 oil, Dexron DEXRON is an automatic transmission fluid (ATF) used in cars. It is developed by General Motors, which licenses the brand to vendors of ATF. DEXRON-VI was introduced in 2005 and is backward compatible and recommended for transmissions that require outdated DEXRON specifications, as III ATF ATF Molecular virology Activating transcription factor A cellular protein that stimulates transcription of adenovirus E4 transcription unit, which acts early in infection at any of several 'enhancer' binding sites and Mobil 1 Super Synthetic motor oil. These results are shown in tables 5 and 6. Results and discussion Processing properties The second-generation low-temperature polymers have a lower polymer Mooney viscosity, as denoted in table 1. As anticipated, compounds based on the new low-temperature HNBR gave lower Mooney viscosity, as illustrated in figure 1. This should translate to improved processability, beneficial for injection molding injection molding n. A manufacturing process for forming objects, as of plastic or metal, by heating the molding material to a fluid state and injecting it into a mold. . The cure rate on the new grades was largely unchanged and comparable to the existing low-temperature grades, as shown in table 3. [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] Mechanical properties The original vulcanized vul·ca·nize tr.v. vul·ca·nized, vul·ca·niz·ing, vul·ca·niz·es To improve the strength, resiliency, and freedom from stickiness and odor of (rubber, for example) by combining with sulfur or other additives in the presence of heat properties of the new, improved low-temperature HNBR, Z-331 and Z-330 were comparable to the standard low temperature HNBR, Z-311 at the 25% ACN level (table 4). Comparable mechanical properties can be seen with the 17% ACN on the second-generation low temperature polymers, Z-431 and Z430 when compared to the original Z-411 product, as shown in table 4. It is worthy to note the increase in tear strength in all four of the new generation low-temperature polymers when compared to the original low-temperature polymers Z-311 and Z 411 (figure 2). An increase in tear of 10% is seen when comparing the Z-411 compound to the Z-430 compound. [FIGURE 2 OMITTED] Low temperature performance The low-temperature properties, such as glass transition (Tg), Gehman and temperature retraction (TR10 through TR70) of HNBR are influenced by the hydrogenation process. This can be explained by Treloar's theory (ref. 1) that the rotation of the polyethylene chains in certain random linkages becomes more difficult than with butadiene units having double bonds in the same random linkages (ref. 1). For simplicity, only the carbon skeleton skeleton, in anatomy skeleton, in anatomy, the stiff supportive framework of the body. The two basic types of skeleton found among animals are the exoskeleton and the endoskeleton. of the chains is shown in figure 3. The spheres are just optical guidelines guidelines, n.pl a set of standards, criteria, or specifications to be used or followed in the performance of certain tasks. . [FIGURE 3 OMITTED] The remaining double bond in the lower chain effectively prevents any close alignment with the other chains. Therefore, the lower the ACN content, the less flexible become the long polyethylene chains. Due to the crystallization Crystallization The formation of a solid from a solution, melt, vapor, or a different solid phase. Crystallization from solution is an important industrial operation because of the large number of materials marketed as crystalline particles. of the polyethylene, loss of cold flexibility occurs, which is reflected in the rise of TR-10. In addition to the use of the new polymerization technology, which prevents the long ethylene ethylene (ĕth`əlēn') or ethene (ĕth`ēn), H2C=CH2, a gaseous unsaturated hydrocarbon. It is the simplest alkene. chain formation, the range of low-temperature flexibility was successfully expanded by accurately controlling the molecular structure. The new low temperature grades offer improvement of up to 5[degrees]C, as denoted by the TR-10 and Gehman, as seen in figures 4 and 5. [FIGURES 4-5 OMITTED] Low-temperature brittleness measurements are misleading, as they are a poor indicator of low-temperature performance, due in part to the inherent toughness resulting from the crystalline Like a crystal. It implies a uniform structure of molecules in all dimensions. For example, phase change technology, widely used for rewritable optical discs, uses crystalline spots (bits) to reflect the laser beam. Amorphous, non-crystalline bits do not reflect light. nature of HNBR, as described above. As the higher ACN level of the Z-201 imparts greater toughness, this gave better low-temperature, brittleness results than any of the low-temperature polymers as reflected in figure 6. It should be noted that the newest low-temperature polymers, the 99% saturated grades Z-330 and Z-430, have the best low-temperature brittleness of the low-temperature grades. [FIGURE 6 OMITTED] Ozone resistance The ozone testing performed was dynamic ozone testing. The conditions were 50 pphm at 38[degrees]C with 30% strain. The new generation low-temperature polymers, Z-331 and Z-431, show improved ozone resistance over the first generation polymers (figure 7). This can be explained by the lower modulus values of the new generation polymers when compared to the first generation polymers. The lower stress on the sample at the 30% strain results in improvement in the ozone test results. As would be anticipated, the more fully saturated grades Z-330 and Z-430 showed better resistance to ozone attack than did less saturated low-temperature polymers. Testing was stopped at 648 hours for the samples where no cracking had been observed. [FIGURE 7 OMITTED] Compression set There was an overall improvement in compression set with the new second generation low-temperature polymers, as seen in figure 8. The short-term Short-term Any investments with a maturity of one year or less. short-term 1. Of or relating to a gain or loss on the value of an asset that has been held less than a specified period of time. compression set data (168 hours at 150[degrees]C) indicate better creep resistance with these new low temperature grades. Compression set was initially lower, and this trend continued after 500 hours at 150[degrees]C, indicating significant improvement. The newest fully saturated Z-330 grade showed improvement over the Z-331 grade, while the Z-431 and Z-430 grades were comparable to each other, but showed improvement over the original Z-411 HNBR. [FIGURE 8 OMITTED] Air and fluid aging Along with enhancement of low-temperature properties, some improvement in air aging results were seen after aging for 1,008 hours for the 99% saturated grades, Z-330 and Z-430, as illustrated by the improved retention of elongation in figure 9. A significant improvement in the retention of physical properties alter aging for 1,000 hours at 150[degrees]C in various oil media (IRM 903 oil, Petro Canada Canada (kăn`ədə), independent nation (2001 pop. 30,007,094), 3,851,787 sq mi (9,976,128 sq km), N North America. Canada occupies all of North America N of the United States (and E of Alaska) except for Greenland and the French islands of Dex DEX - A cross between Modula-2 and C by W. van Oortmerssen. Amiga version 1.2. . III and Mobil Super Syn.) was observed on the second generation polymers as exhibited in figures 10-12. All low-temperature grades gave comparable elongation retention alter aging in Mobil Super Syn. (figure 10). Z-331 and Z-330 showed improvement in percent elongation retention when compared to the Z-311 in IRM 903. The most dramatic improvement in elongation retention was seen after immersion in Dexron III, when comparing the Z-311 to the Z-331 and Z-330 based compounds. Similar improvement was seen when one compares the Z-411 and the Z-431 results after the Dexron III immersion. When retained tensile strength is considered (figure 11), improvement is seen when comparing the newest fully saturated grades Z-330 and Z-430 with their slightly less saturated predecessors Z-331 and Z-431. [FIGURE 9-12 OMITTED] Conclusion There was significant improvement in the second-generation low temperature HNBR grades, as outlined in this article. Additional improvement was seen in the most recently developed fully saturated low-temperature HNBR grades. The new grades offer an improvement in the following categories: * Improved cold temperature flexibility; * improved processability; * comparable mechanical properties and improvement in tear properties for all of the new generation low-temperature polymers; * improved ozone resistance with the Z-330 and Z-430 grades; * improved heat aging characteristics for Z-330 and Z430 grades; * reduced compression set for all of the new generation low-temperature HNBR grades when compared to the first generation products; and * improved property retention alter aging in oil, with significant improvement in retention of properties for the more fully saturated grades recently developed: Z-330 and Z-430. Slightly higher volume changes occurred with the new generation of low-temperature HNBR polymers.
Table 1--polymer properties
Grade Acrylonitrile Iodine Mooney Glass
content, % value viscosity transition,
Tg, [degrees]C
Z-201 36 11 85 -26
Z-311 25 15 95 -32
Z-331 25 15 85 -36
Z-330 25 7 85 -36
Z-411 17 15 90 -35
Z-431 17 15 85 -39
Z-430 17 7 85 -39
Table 2--recipes
Recipes 1 2 3 4
Z-201 100.00
Z-311 100.00
Z-331 100.00
Z-330 100.00
Z-411
Z-431
Z-430
N774 70.00 80.00 80.00 80.00
TOTM 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00
plasticizer
Magnesium 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
oxide
AO-ZMTI 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
AO-sub. 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50
diphenylamine
Peroxide 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00
Total 187.50 197.50 197.50 197.50
Recipes 5 6 7
Z-201
Z-311
Z-331
Z-330
Z-411 100.00
Z-431 100.00
Z-430 100.00
N774 90.00 90.00 90.00
TOTM 5.00 5.00 5.00
plasticizer
Magnesium 3.00 3.00 3.00
oxide
AO-ZMTI 1.00 1.00 1.00
AO-sub. 1.50 1.50 1.50
diphenylamine
Peroxide 7.00 7.00 7.00
Total 207.50 207.50 207.50
Table 3--processing properties
Z-201 Z-311 Z-331 Z-330
Mooney viscosity, ML(1+4) @ 100[degrees]C
ML 1+4 117.0 125.0 93.7 97.9
Mooney scorch ML(1+30) @ 125[degrees]C
Minimum 69.1 89.0 61.9 64.7
viscosity
T5, (min.) >30 >30 >30 >30
T35, (min.) >30 >30 >30 >30
ODR, 170[degrees]C micro 100 cpm,
3[degrees] arc
ML, (lbf.-in.) 15.3 22.0 14.9 16.0
MH, (lbf.-in.) 98.2 106.9 97.0 99.3
Ts2, (min.) 1.6 1.9 2.0 1.6
T'90, (min.) 14.6 14.3 15.5 15.5
Cure time, 21 21 24 24
(min.)
MDR-2000 rheometer, 170[degrees]C 100 cpm,
0.5[degrees] arc
ML, (lbf.-in.) 1.6 2.6 1.8 2.2
MH, (lbf.-in.) 20.2 17.6 19.5 19.7
Ts2, (min.) 1.2 1.2 1.3 0.8
T'90, (min.) 11.0 10.7 11.8 10.9
T'90, tan 0.080 0.060 0.050 0.050
delta
Z-411 Z-431 Z-430
Mooney viscosity, ML(1+4) @ 100[degrees]C
ML 1+4 116.0 90.0 93.0
Mooney scorch ML(1+30) @ 125[degrees]C
Minimum 80.4 55.3 62.9
viscosity
T5, (min.) >30 >30 >30
T35, (min.) >30 >30 >30
ODR, 170[degrees]C micro 100 cpm,
3[degrees] arc
ML, (lbf.-in.) 18.8 12.1 14.7
MH, (lbf.-in.) 92.3 99.1 93.8
Ts2, (min.) 2.0 2.0 2.0
T'90, (min.) 15.4 16.6 15.8
Cure time, 24 24 24
(min.)
MDR-2000 rheometer, 170[degrees]C 100 cpm,
0.5[degrees] arc
ML, (lbf.-in.) 2.3 1.6 1.9
MH, (lbf.-in.) 17.1 17.8 17.3
Ts2, (min.) 1.2 1.5 1.4
T'90, (min.) 10.2 12.4 11.9
T'90, tan 0.050 0.050 0.060
delta
Table 4--original properties
Z-201 Z-311 Z-331 Z-330
Recipes 1 2 3 4
Original vulcanized
Hardness A, (pts.) 74 72 73 74
Modulus @ 100%, (MPa) 6.0 11.1 9.3 9.0
Tensile, (MPa) 26.7 25.9 25.2 25.0
Elongation, (%) 321 208 224 219
Tear strength, die C
Tear strength, (kN/m) 51.1 39.9 43.4 46.4
Compression set, method B, buttons
Set, (%) 168 hr./150[degrees]C 34.0 38.6 29.0 29.0
Set, (%) 504 hr./150[degrees]C 40.0 49.0 44.0 36.0
Gehman cold temp. test
T2, ([degrees]C) -21 -21 -26 -27
T5, ([degrees]C) -24 -27 -32 -34
T10, ([degrees]C) -26 -29 -34 -36
T100, ([degrees]C) -33 -35 -40 -41
Low temp. retraction, 50% extension
TR10, ([degrees]C) -23 -29 -33 -33
TR30, ([degrees]C) -18 -26 -29 -29
TR50, ([degrees]C) -12 -23 -26 -26
TR70, ([degrees]C) -7 -19 -22 -10
Low temp. brittleness D2137
Pass, [degrees]C -56 -42 -46 -52
Z-411 Z-431 Z-430
Recipes 5 6 7
Original vulcanized
Hardness A, (pts.) 70 73 74
Modulus @ 100%, (MPa) 9.9 9.7 9.7
Tensile, (MPa) 21.7 22.8 23.6
Elongation, (%) 190 199 214
Tear strength, die C
Tear strength, (kN/m) 34.0 37.3 40.4
Compression set, method B, buttons
Set, (%) 168 hr./150[degrees]C 40.0 31.0 31.0
Set, (%) 504 hr./150[degrees]C 53.0 41.0 44.0
Gehman cold temp. test
T2, ([degrees]C) -22 -26 -28
T5, ([degrees]C) -31 -34 -36
T10, ([degrees]C) -34 -36 -38
T100, ([degrees]C) -40 -44 -44
Low temp. retraction, 50% extension
TR10, ([degrees]C) -33 -36 -35
TR30, ([degrees]C) -29 -30 -30
TR50, ([degrees]C) -26 -26 -25
TR70, ([degrees]C) -22 -17 -19
Low temp. brittleness D2137
Pass, [degrees]C -40 -40 -44
Table 5--aged properties
Z-201 Z-311 Z-331 Z-330
Aged vulcanized, air oven, 168 h./150[degrees]C
Hardness change A, (pts.) 7 8 7 8
Modulus @ 100%, (% change) 122 39 47 39
Tensile change, (%) -3 -7 -11 -5
Elongation change, (%) -22 -12 -14 -4
Aged vulcanized, air oven, 504 h./150[degrees]C
Hardness change A, (pts.) 10 12 10 10
Modulus @ 100%, (% change) 176 52 97 74
Tensile change, (%) -2 -9 -15 -6
Elongation change, (%) -39 -45 -45 -23
Aged vulcanized, air oven, 1,008 h./150[degrees]C
Hardness change A, (pts.) 14 15 16 13
Modulus @ 50%, (% change) 303 281 411 283
Tensile change, (%) -8 -17 -20 -11
Elongation change, (%) -63 -66 -58 -52
Aged vulcanized, Dexron III, 168 h./150[degrees]C
Hardness change A, (pts.) -1 -3 -8 -8
Modulus @ 100%, (% change) 21 -40 -17 -34
Tensile change, (%) -5 -12 -12 -10
Elongation change, (%) -25 -6 -5 3
Volume change, (%) 3.3 8.7 11.5 11.6
Aged vulcanized, Dexron III, 504 h./150[degrees]C
Hardness change A, (pts.) 2 -1 -3 -5
Modulus @ 100%, (% change) 60 -15 9 0
Tensile change, (%) -28 -32 -34 -27
Elongation change, (%) -55 -30 -37 -31
Volume change, (%) 3.8 8.2 11.9 12.1
Aged vulcanized, Dexron III, 1,008 h./150[degrees]C
Hardness change A, (pts.) 15 -4 2 -1
Tensile change, (%) -55 -67 -68 -58
Elongation change, (%) -62 -83 -73 -63
Volume change, (%) 3.8 8.9 12.5 13.3
Z-411 Z-431 Z-430
Aged vulcanized, air oven, 168 h./150[degrees]C
Hardness change A, (pts.) 7 11 7
Modulus @ 100%, (% change) 10 40 30
Tensile change, (%) -16 -9 -15
Elongation change, (%) -6 -10 -13
Aged vulcanized, air oven, 504 h./150[degrees]C
Hardness change A, (pts.) 11 14 12
Modulus @ 100%, (% change) 32 89 59
Tensile change, (%) -16 -17 -14
Elongation change, (%) -43 -42 -26
Aged vulcanized, air oven, 1,008 h./150[degrees]C
Hardness change A, (pts.) 17 17 15
Modulus @ 50%, (% change) 301 451 228
Tensile change, (%) -21 -19 -27
Elongation change, (%) -66 -68 -56
Aged vulcanized, Dexron III, 168 h./150[degrees]C
Hardness change A, (pts.) -11 -7 -10
Modulus @ 100%, (% change) -32 -12 -32
Tensile change, (%) -16 -15 -19
Elongation change, (%) -5 -11 -1
Volume change, (%) 18.3 15.0 16.7
Aged vulcanized, Dexron III, 504 h./150[degrees]C
Hardness change A, (pts.) -11 -8 -10
Modulus @ 100%, (% change) -34 -14 -23
Tensile change, (%) -36 -37 -39
Elongation change, (%) -31 -34 -28
Volume change, (%) 18.7 15.2 17.5
Aged vulcanized, Dexron III, 1,008 h./150[degrees]C
Hardness change A, (pts.) -13 -9 -12
Tensile change, (%) -49 -30 -39
Elongation change, (%) -40 -32 -36
Volume change, (%) 18.0 14.7 17.9
Table 6--aged properties
Z-201 Z-311 Z-331 Z-330
Aged vulcanized, Mobil 1 Super Syn. 5W30,
168 h./150[degrees]C
Hardness change A, (pts.) -1 -2 -4 -3
Modulus @ 100%, (% change) 21 -10 -6 3
Tensile change, (%) -17 -13 -16 -18
Elongation change, (%) -36 -11 -16 -22
Volume change, (%) 1.0 6.0 9.0 8.0
Aged vulcanized, Mobil 1 Super Syn. 5W30,
504 h./150[degrees]C
Hardness change A, (pts.) 0 -1 -6 1
Modulus @ 100%, (% change) 75 24 2- 60
Tensile change, (%) 2 -25 -23 -14
Elongation change, (%) -41 -30 -35 -42
Volume change, (%) 2.0 6.0 9.0 9.0
Aged vulcanized, Mobil 1 Super Syn. 5W30,
1,008 h./150[degrees]C
Hardness change A, (pts.) 6 4 1 2
Modulus @ 500/6, (% change) 128 76 83 64
Tensile change, (%) -39 -53 -51 -45
Elongation change, (%) -70 -60 -61 -57
Volume change, (%) 3.0 5.0 7.0 8.0
Aged vulcanized, IRM 903, 168 h./150[degrees]C
Hardness change A, (pts.) -6 -9 -13 -14
Modulus @ 100%, (%change) -21 -24 -28 -29
Tensile change, (%) -11 -21 -22 -24
Elongation change, (%) -16 -16 -8 -10
Volume change, (%) 13.0 22.0 27.0 27.0
Aged vulcanized, IRM 903, 504 h./150[degrees]C
Hardness change A, (pts.) -8 -9 -13 -12
Modulus @ 100%, (%change) -11 -26 -31 -24
Tensile change, (%) -36 -42 -43 -30
Elongation change, (%) -26 -36 -29 -18
Volume change, (%) 12.0 24.0 32.0 N/A
Aged vulcanized, IRM 903, 1,008 h./150[degrees]C
Hardness change A, (pts.) -10 -12 -17 -17
Modulus @ 100%, (% change) 0 -10 -24 -24
Tensile change, (%) -54 -68 -68 -57
Elongation change, (%) -54 -58 -54 -42
Volume change, (%) 19.0 30.0 38.0 36.0
Z-411 Z-431 Z-430
Aged vulcanized, Mobil 1 Super Syn. 5W30,
168 h./150[degrees]C
Hardness change A, (pts.) -8 -4 -7
Modulus @ 100%, (% change) -21 -3 -3
Tensile change, (%) -14 -12 -7
Elongation change, (%) -4 -20 -13
Volume change, (%) 14.0 11.0 13.0
Aged vulcanized, Mobil 1 Super Syn. 5W30,
504 h./150[degrees]C
Hardness change A, (pts.) -9 -7 -7
Modulus @ 100%, (% change) -3 9 13
Tensile change, (%) -30 0 -35
Elongation change, (%) -29 -14 -42
Volume change, (%) 13.0 10.0 13.0
Aged vulcanized, Mobil 1 Super Syn. 5W30,
1,008 h./150[degrees]C
Hardness change A, (pts.) -2 5 2
Modulus @ 500/6, (% change) 60 128 58
Tensile change, (%) -60 -64 -51
Elongation change, (%) -61 -72 -62
Volume change, (%) 14.0 11.0 14.0
Aged vulcanized, IRM 903, 168 h./150[degrees]C
Hardness change A, (pts.) -19 -14 -16
Modulus @ 100%, (%change) -9 -18 -18
Tensile change, (%) -32 -23 -23
Elongation change, (%) -22 -14 -13
Volume change, (%) 41.0 34.0 38.0
Aged vulcanized, IRM 903, 504 h./150[degrees]C
Hardness change A, (pts.) -18 -15 -18
Modulus @ 100%, (%change) -21 -14 -27
Tensile change, (%) -34 -37 -38
Elongation change, (%) -19 -23 -27
Volume change, (%) 44.0 36.0 N/A
Aged vulcanized, IRM 903, 1,008 h./150[degrees]C
Hardness change A, (pts.) -22 -18 -20
Modulus @ 100%, (% change) -23 -15 -25
Tensile change, (%) -45 -48 -40
Elongation change, (%) -32 -30 -32
Volume change, (%) 48.0 39.0 43.0
References (1.) S. Hayashi, M. Oyama Oyama may refer to:
Places:
In places:
Detroit (dĭtroit`), city (1990 pop. 1,027,974), seat of Wayne co., SE Mich., on the Detroit River and between lakes St. Clair and Erie; inc. as a city 1815. , October October: see month. 8-11, 1991. (2.) T. Kawanaka, H. Kotsuji and M. Oyama, paper no. 26, ACS Rubber Division, Cleveland Cleveland, former county, England Cleveland, former county, NE England, created under the Local Government Act of 1972 (effective 1974). It was composed of the county boroughs of Hartlepool and Teeside and parts of the former counties of Durham and , October 16-19, 2001. (3.) O. Kube, T. Kawanaka, S. Hayashi and M. Oyama, German Rubber Conference, Nuremburg, Germany, September 4-7, 2000. |
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