Lessons from the 2004 state and local elections: election results show both positive and negative trends for parks and recreation nationwide.

The outcome of the November elections was generally positive for parks and recreation across the United States, with a few notable exceptions as a state and local analysis of the results indicates. National trends for local park and recreation ballot measures have shown continuing support for this core public service. While not ranking as high as public safety, voters at the local, regional and state levels do support park and recreation services and programs as a priority. Also, voters continue to show support for open space protection and land conservation.

As reported by the non-profit Trust for Public Land (www.landvote.org), more than 76 percent of state and local ballot measures to acquire land for parks or to protect open space were successful. This is similar to a passage rate of 79 percent in 2003, and consistent with passage rates in the high 70s for the last six years. Such strong totals indicate that despite extreme competition for local and state funds from a diminishing base of tax-supported revenues, citizens across America solidly support open space protection and land conservation regardless of party lines.

In the 2004 elections, 111 of 147 local and state ballot measures that dedicated public funds for parks and open space protection passed in 25 states. Interestingly, it did not matter if the states were "blue" or "red" when analyzing the percentage of voters in favor of such conservation and open space protection spending.

Just four states, Florida, Massachusetts, Michigan and New Jersey, accounted for more than half of the total number of ballot measures that offered matching funds to local governments. Eleanor Warmack, executive director of Florida Recreation and Park Association, reports that all her proposed local bond measures passed. "In the last five years, it has become easier to pass such bond issues because of the strong public support for them," she says, adding that the state has had two separate billion dollar land acquisition programs. Preservation 2000 (1990-2000), and the most recent, Florida Forever (2000-2010) in which there was "overwhelming support" for each of the 10-year bond issues, and that the support for land conservation and open space continues.

One important ballot measure in Gainesville, Fla., would have raised the local sales tax by one penny to pay for improvements to the area's park and recreational facilities and to fix local roads. It failed by a narrow margin, and may have been partially due to a lack of public awareness, but it failed nonetheless.

In other bellwether states such as Ohio, several large metropolitan areas passed bond issues that included parks and recreation funding. The city of Columbus, for example, had five bond issues up for a vote including streets, sewers and other public facilities, and the park and recreation bond issue passed with 74 percent approval. Ohio also has a comprehensive statewide land conservation program named the Clean Ohio Fund, which intends to fund more than $400 million in land conservation, parks and recreation spending. The Clean Ohio Fund originally passed with 63 percent voter approval in 2001 and currently enjoys broad public support. Governor Bob Taft has recently committed to fully funding the third round of the program with $100 million, including $50 million for open space protection and $50 million for brownfields clean-up with a green space component.

Michelle Park, executive director of Ohio Park and Recreation Association, says that the entire funding structure for local park and recreation operations comes up for voter re-approval every 10 years, and in two of the largest Ohio park systems--Cleveland Metroparks and Lake County Metroparks--these operating levies did very well, passing with "high 50s" and "60-percent range" respectively.

"Many school issues went down, so this level of approval showed clear support for parks and recreation," she says. She also notes that levies in smaller, more rural districts did not fare as well, and that in two such districts, park and recreation levies failed to win passage.

According to Jane Adams, executive director of the California Park and Recreation Society, one clear trend emerged in California from the 2004 elections as reflected in local ballot initiatives with park and recreation components. "There is NO voter support for any kind of tax increases no matter how good or even if tied to public safety," Adams says. In the CPRS tally of local ballot measures, many specialise tax proposals for sports, recreation and even youth services failed to gain voter approval. Several votes to create recreation and park or open space districts failed including those in Nisenan, San Juan and Ventura counties.

In one stunning result, the city of Salinas failed to approve two measures that would have kept city services funded. As a result, the city will shut down its 112-year-old library system, and may become the largest U.S. city to not have a library system. That voters would reject a funding plan for a basic public service that often ranks as high as parks and recreation is a chilling and ominous development. "Park and recreation [departments] really need to listen to this kind of message," Adams says.

An important statewide measure in California affecting park and recreation funding at the local level did pass. Proposition 1a, Protection of Local Revenue, was a ballot referendum that protects local funding for public safety, health, libraries, parks and other locally delivered services by prohibiting the state from reducing local government property and sales taxes. The measure will significantly increase revenue dedicated to local purposes and prevent the state from retracting such revenue for state purposes.

On the east coast, a draconian referendum measure in Maine that would have capped property taxes at 1 percent statewide with no options for local overrides, thus reducing state property tax revenues by half a billion dollars per year, failed by a two-thirds to one-third margin. A coalition led by local government elected officials, business leaders and public employee unions, fought vigorously to defeat this legislation, contending that passage would eviscerate local government's ability to provide even the most basic of public services. Some park and recreation departments would have literally had to close their doors. Voters ultimately perceived the bill's effects as extreme, and refused to approve it despite early polling that indicated strong voter support for tax reform.

The lessons to be learned for parks and recreation from the 2004 elections are somewhat of a mixed bag. Clearly, the American public resoundingly supports measures that dedicate matching funds to parks, open space protection and public lands. With ballot measures passing at a rate of 76 percent nationwide in 2004, it is evident that there is unqualified bipartisan support in most communities in America for more open space protection and public access to parks and public lands.

However, even though voters in Maine and California did show continued support for public funding of parks and recreation at the local level, it is also equally clear that in community after community, there was little or no support for tax increases, even if they were intended to fund vitally important public services such as parks and recreation.

Richard J. Dolesh is Senior Policy Associate from NRPA's Public Policy Office. He can be reached at [phone] or by e-mail at [e-mail].