Leopardi, Manzoni and the baroque.David De Camilli, ed. Tra Settecento e Ottocento. Pisa-Roma: Istituti Editoriali e Poligrafici Internazionali, 2004.The volume being reviewed here has a dual function: it serves as both the first 2004 issue of the literary journal Italianistica and as a collection of essays on eighteenth- and nineteenth-century writers. In either case, it is intended to honor the memory of Renzo Negri, co-founder of that review. Accordingly, the contents reflect his primary area of research, specifically the latter part of the eighteenth and the first half of the nineteenth centuries. A bright star in the italianistica (a term he coined) of the postwar era, Negri passed away in 1979, at the height of his career. In the Presentazione, he is called "studioso attento, dallo stile e dalla personalita inconfondibili," qualities substantiated by the first two articles in the volume/issue devoted to his scholarly works. The first piece, by Maria Luisa Maria Luisa may refer to:
prep. 1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians. 2. In keeping with: according to instructions. 3. Girardi, "costituisce la sua opera piu arditamente originale" because it brings to fruition "la funzione comunicativa, storica e morale della letteratura rispetto a quella estetica" (18). In addition to these short pieces, the volume offers nine contributions dealing mostly with Leopardi and Manzoni. I will focus on these essays without ignoring two that complement the rest. The first is a study by Anna Bellio on "Parini e la felicita" that examines the concept of happiness as a pervasive eighteenth-century concern that informed cultural discourses throughout Europe, and one that plays no small part in Leopardi and Manzoni. Parini is said to treat happiness as a moral good informed by reason, restraint, and an enlightened pragmatism that benefits both the individual and society. In a note that identifies as well today's Western hedonism hedonism (hē`dənĭz'əm) [Gr.,=pleasure], the doctrine that holds that pleasure is the highest good. Ancient hedonism expressed itself in two ways: the cruder form was that proposed by Aristippus and the early Cyrenaics, who believed , Bellia reminds us that Il giorno "si apre con un ironico omaggio alla moda che e, per l'autore, la grande nemica della [vera] felicita: essa agisce sull'immaginazione ingrandendo oltre misura il piacere ... e imprigiona chi la segue nella soggezione di continui bisogni indotti" (31). Turning to Leopardi, Giorgio Cavallini offers a concise account of La ginestra by two other poets, Pascoli and Mario Luzi Mario Luzi (20 October 1914 – 28 February 2005) was an Italian poet. He was appointed to the Italian Senate as a senator-for-life by President of the Republic Ciampi in October 2004. . The former, reading the poet from Recanati, is reminded that, in the course of civilization, mortal beings "hanno cercato, infelici! di uccidere la morte e di frodare il destino" (73); Luzi writes that Leopardi's "visione cosmica" reflects his awareness that "la centralita dell'uomo nell'universo e stato uno del grandi miti, una delle illusioni di tutta la cultura classica" because 'Tuomo e un incidente nella natura, nell'universo" (74). Lastly Cavallini comments briefly on three of Negri's critical pieces included in his Leopardi nella poesia italiana (1970), beginning with the poet's "visione astrale." He includes this reflection by Renzo Negri inspired by Leopardi: "La proiezione cosmica del mistero, come contemplazione attonita degl'infiniti spazi siderali, nasce dal proposito di umiliare l'umano egoismo costringendoci a riconoscere la nostra infinita piccolezza e miseria" (75). In the second article, on La ginestra, Cavallini, again quoting from Negri, summarizes the seminal ideas that inform the poem: "il senso tragico dell'esistenza; 'il male metafisico' e l'assidua ricerca delle ragioni ultime Ul´time a. 1. Ultimate; final. ; la polemica contro la massificazione dell'individuo, contro la metropoli, contro la disumanizzante civilta delle macchine" (75). Leopardi's gift to us, says Negri, is his intuitive genius, the ability to envision "un nuovo modo di pensare cio che puo e deve essere un poeta nel mondo mon·do Slang adj. Enormous; huge: a mondo list of pizza toppings. adv. Extremely; very: a mondo big mistake. in cui viviamo"; he adds: "Su Leopardi, oltre che su Baudelaire, poggia le sue basi l'edificio lirico moderno" (76). Comparative in nature and philologically enlightening is Carlo Annoni's "Alcune tracce per la poetica delle canzoni leopardiane." In "Alla primavera pri·ma·ve·ra 1 or pri·ma ve·ra n. 1. A tree (Cybistax donnellsmithii) of Mexico and Guatemala, having opposite, palmately compound leaves, yellow flowers, and close-grained, light-colored wood. 2. o delle favole antiche," the three canzoni submitted to rigorous analysis, the critic singles out the "prevalenza del tessuto del vago e del melodico," albeit never "immune da increspature corrusche" and inclined "alla attenuazione e all'interiorizzazione della vivacita gestuale" (100). More importantly, the poem is said to be both "realta della memoria e archivio delle emozioni della memoria che riprendono vita" (101). Turning to the other two poems, L'ultimo canto di Saffo and Bruto minore, Annoni notes that Leopardi's attention shifts from the present to the past, a past enriched by vivid reminiscences of classical sources, Lucretius and Virgil among them. The personae of the two works, Brutus and Sappho, are said to share a compelling desire for self-destruction prompted by an evolving consciousness of the anguish of living. But the differences are noteworthy: "Saffo, nata come poeta del bene di vivere," in time becomes "poeta del male di vivere" whereas Brutus "che vorrebbe instaurare la virtu nel mondo, risponde alla sconfitta con un desiderio assoluto di morte" (109). For the Greek poetess, suicide is an act of defiance, "il darsi la morte e un gesto di rivolta," but Annoni adds that the willful denial of life "deve includere e andare oltre la fondazione esistenziale" (103). Sappho is, of course, Leopardi's "portavoce," but Annoni lends more depth to his analysis by recalling the distress of another literary being, Manzoni's Adelchi, who laments to Anfrido: "strascinato / vo per la via ch'io non scelsi, oscura, / senza scopo; e il mio cor s'inaridisce" (Adelchi III, 87-90). The part devoted to Manzoni consists of three contributions. The first, by Enzo Noe Girardi, explores Manzoni's search for the absolute, beginning with La Pentecoste, seen as "un primo importante acquisto nella ricerca dell'assoluto estetico" (123). The poem is said to reflect 'Timmagine della piu vera funzione del poeta cristiano nel mondo moderno: che e di farsi interprete soprattutto di questa chiesa universale e spirituale, che vuol essere la chiesa del proprio tempo ma anche quella dei tempi tem·pi n. A plural of tempo. ultimi" (122). Similarly, in the Promessi sposi, through the willingness to sacrifice her love for Renzo, Lucia, "il personaggio piu umile e piu puro," embodies, through suffering and sacrifice, "il concetto fondamentale del cristianesimo" (125). Girardi is followed by a short but insightful article by Giuseppe Langella on the character of Carmagnola in the first draft of the homonymous homonymous /ho·mon·y·mous/ (-i-mus) 1. having the same or corresponding sound or name. 2. pertaining to the corresponding vertical halves of the visual fields of both eyes. work. The author argues that the brusque brusque also brusk adj. Abrupt and curt in manner or speech; discourteously blunt. See Synonyms at gruff. [French, lively, fierce, from Italian brusco, coarse, rough temperament of the condottiero--"terribile di aspetto, contumace d'ingegno, aspro e arcigno nella favella" (129)--was likely drawn from Fancesco Lomonaco's article on Francesco Bussone found in his Vite de' capitani d'Italia (1805). The likelihood that Manzoni was familiar with this source is strengthened by the fact that Lomonaco, a Neapolitan patriot and intellectual who sought refuge in Milan, was a youthful friend of Manzoni. "Quello che del ritratto del Lomonaco," writes Langella "sembra interessare a Manzoni e proprio la tesi morale: il peso determinante assegnato al temperamento, all'indole nativa, nel propiziare la fortuna come la rovina di un uomo" (130). In the play, Carmagnola recognizes his flawed character: "Se cosa odi di me che ti dispiaccia," he tells Marco, "l'indole mia ne incolpa, un improvviso / impeto primo" (911-13). But Langella digs deeper. He proposes that the "ambiente saturo di giansenismo" to which Manzoni was exposed in Paris in the early 1800s, must have colored the perception of Carmagnola to the point that his artistic rendition came to represent "una visione decaduta dell'umanita prostrata e immobile im·mo·bile adj. 1. Immovable; fixed. 2. Not moving; motionless. im mo·bil sotto il peso della propria pro·pri·a n. Plural of proprium. natura lapsa" helpless and hopeless "senza il soccorso divino" (132). For corroborative cor·rob·o·rate tr.v. cor·rob·o·rat·ed, cor·rob·o·rat·ing, cor·rob·o·rates To strengthen or support with other evidence; make more certain. See Synonyms at confirm. signs of Manzoni's disposition in this regard, the critic points to the initial verses of Il Natale and to Luigi Derla's assertion in Il realismo storico di A. Manzoni (1965) that in the course of the play's composition, the author "e ancora assillato da una visione sostanzialmente deterministica della natura" (132). Much like Langella, Paolo Paolini, in his "Note di botanica bo·tan·i·ca n. A shop that sells herbs, charms, and other religious or spiritual items, especially those associated with Santeria. [American Spanish botánica, from Greek manzoniana," goes considerably farther than simply reiteraiting Manzoni's well-known interest in the science of plant life. A discerning reader, the author valorizes the function of vegetation in Manzoni's poetry and in I promessi sposi, a function that ranges from the decorative "neoclassicismo grecizzante" found inParteneide and Urania Urania (y rā`nēə): see Aphrodite; Muses. Urania muse of astrology. [Gk. Myth. to Ognissanti where "[la] presenza dei divino nell'univero e ritrovata in un fiore" (138). Similarly, in La Pentecoste, vv. 103-04, "il sol che schiude / dal pigro germe il fior" is regarded as a "paragone botanico" in which the sun, an image of the Spirit, offers "forza e nutrimento vitale" to flowers and the faithful alike. Tuming to the novel and to Renzo's abandoned vineyard, which is called "uno straordinario esempio di botanica volta al morale" (144), Paolini argues that the neglected vegetation in Renzo's small plot of land is, as many critics have pointed out, a felicitous fe·lic·i·tous adj. 1. Admirably suited; apt: a felicitous comparison. 2. Exhibiting an agreeably appropriate manner or style: a felicitous writer. 3. metaphor; but, to this critic, it signifies "che cosa diventa la natura umana abbandonata a se stessa, non corretta e sorvegliata dall'intervento di Dio" (144). Lastly, Pierantonio Frare offers us a scrupulously scru·pu·lous adj. 1. Conscientious and exact; painstaking. See Synonyms at meticulous. 2. Having scruples; principled. researched assessment of the perception of baroque literature held by nineteenth-century writers and critics. The title, "La condanna etica e civile dell'Ottocento nei confronti del barocco," leaves no doubt as to the negative judgement toward Seicento sei·cen·to n. The 17th century with reference to Italian literature and art. [Italian, from (mil)seicento, (one thousand) six hundred : sei, six (from Latin sex culture. One of the earliest voices in this context is Francesco Torti, who asserts with little hesitation: "Il vizio piu marcato mar·ca·to Music adv. & adj. With strong accentuation. Used chiefly as a direction. n. pl. mar·ca·tos A marcato passage or movement. e piu insopportabile che disonora lo stile del Seicento e senza dubbio l'abuso delle metafore," followed by this elucidation: "Le metafore de' secentisti non hanno mai per oggetto il sentimento o l'energia dell'immaginazione: esse non cercano che di brillare all'ingegno e di sorprendere lo spirito" (148). He adds, pointing to the chief exponent exponent, in mathematics, a number, letter, or algebraic expression written above and to the right of another number, letter, or expression called the base. In the expressions x2 and xn, the number 2 and the letter n of baroque art Baroque art is the painting and sculpture associated with the Baroque cultural movement, a movement often identified with the existence of important Baroque art and architecture in non-absolutist and Protestant states. : "L'anima di Marino sempre sem·pre adv. Music In the same manner throughout. Used chiefly as a direction. [Italian, always, from Latin semper; see sem-1 in Indo-European roots.] arida e sempre tormentata dal desiderio di brillare non ha mai conosciuto la dolce ingenuita della natura" (149). Equally negative is the judgment of writers associated with Il Conciliatore Il Conciliatore was a progressive periodical, influential in the risorgimento, published in Milan from September 1818 until October 1819 by a group of intellectuals including Lodovico di Breme, Giuseppe Nicolini and Silvio Pellico. : Di Breme, Pellico, and Visconti, among others. But Foscolo offers a different explanation, attributing the malgusto and the excesses of baroque poetry to the Spanish rulers in Italy and to the institution of Jesuit schools, which sought to "esaltare meschine abilita e di umiliare quelle di maggior grado, cosi a ricondurre tutti tut·ti Music adv. & adj. All. Used chiefly as a direction to indicate that all performers are to take part. n. pl. tut·tis 1. ai livello della mediocrita" (154). Well known to the readers of Fermo e Lucia is Manzoni's condemnation of baroque writing, called "un mare tempestoso di assiomi assurdi, di teorie sofistiche, di questioni alle quali mancava per prima cosa il punto logico, di dubbi frivoli e sciocchi come erano le certezze" (155). A harsh judgement indeed but, as Frare points out, one rooted in "la profonda unita della mente manzoniana" and, more concretely, "la questione del rapporto tra il poeta e il suo ambiente culturale, tra la letteratura e la societa" (155). Reviewing Paolo Emiliani Giudici's Storia della letteratura italiana, published in 1855, Frare suggests that the author's characterization of baroque letters as "tanto Tanto may refer to several things. Please see:
n. The 16th century, especially in Italian art and literature. [Italian, from (mil) cinquecento, (one thousand) five hundred : cinque, five (from Latin and Seicento and, more specifically, writes Frare, "nell'antitesi, nel rifiuto della simmetria, nell'unione di cio che e lontano, facendo di questi tratti (e qui sta la novita) il riflesso stilistico di una mutata visione del mondo" (159). Departing from the negative path is Luigi Carrer's short article in his Prose (1855) that "riconosce ... la presenza di elementi positivi anche nella rivoluzione letteraria operata dai barocchi, sul presupposto che ogni cambiamento, 'sia pure in peggio,' ha 'in se qualche principio di bonta'"--an assertion that Frare believes should be read as "il rifiuto dell'imitazione e dell'autorita, almeno letteraria" (160). Significant, as a point of reference for the baroque, is Luigi Settembrini's Lezioni di letteratura italiana (1866-72) in which such literature, writes Frare, "viene vista come il campo cam·po n. pl. cam·pos A large grassy plain in South America, with scattered bushes and small trees. [Spanish, field, from Latin campus.] di battaglia tra la Chiesa e il potere civile, tra un principio laico (positivo) ed uno religioso (negativo). Cosi il Seicento ... viene liquidato sotto l'etichetta sprezzante di 'gesuitismo'" (161). Up to the end of the sixteenth century, writes Settembrini, "mentre eravamo a capo della civilta d'Europa con tanto sapere, tante lettere ... sprofondammo a un tratto in un abisso, dove ci gettarono i nostri vizi, gli Spagnuoli ed i Gesuiti. Il Marino, insofferente di ogni legge come napoletano, si senti libero Libero can refer to:
adv. Music Rapidly. Used chiefly as a direction. [Italian, from Latin v l , molta facilita di
concezione, orecchio musicale mu·si·cale n. A program of music performed at a party or social gathering. [French, from (soirée) musicale, musical (evening), feminine of musical, from musique, , ricchezza inesauribile di modi e di forme forme (form) pl. formes [Fr.] form. forme fruste (froost) pl. formes frustes an atypical, especially a mild or incomplete, form, as of a disease. , nessuna profondita e serieta di concetto e di sentimento, nessuna fede in un contenuto qualsiasi" (163). Frere points out that the general climate of negativity toward the baroque is attested by the fact that, in the course of the nineteenth century, Adone was only published four times: twice (1886, 1895) by itself, and twice with other works: in Paris (1849) and in Naples (1861). A final thought on this volume. More often than not, collections of essays are marked by unevenness in quality and interest, and this publication is no exception. That said, it is a volume that offers, as I have tried to illustrate, several first-rate essays that students of the Settecento and Ottocento will find both useful and intellectually rewarding. AUGUSTUS PALLOTTA Syracuse University Syracuse University, main campus at Syracuse, N.Y.; coeducational; chartered 1870, opened 1871. Syracuse is noted for its research programs in government and industry; facilities include the Center for Science and Technology, the Newhouse Communications Center, and |
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