Left brain/right brain: by better understanding our own neurological strengths and weaknesses, we can adapt our lessons to reach all of our students. (Pathways to Reach Every Learner).

Sam, a fourth grade student, starts to draw every time I teach a new concept or explain an assignment. We've been in school for only two weeks--why is he tuning me out already? Dorothy says that she feels ill every time I begin an art lesson, and asks to go see the nurse. Why doesn't she enjoy art as much as the other children do?

Wouldn't it be wonderful to start the year with a single plan that would ensure that we could reach all of our students? As we know, such a plan does not exist. The students we teach have diverse learning styles that require different approaches. So how can we adapt our teaching to reach and engage as many of them as possible, as often as possible?

Interestingly, the answer lies in first knowing ourselves as teachers. One way to do this is to understand how our own "neurological style" influences the way we teach. Each one of us has a left-, a right-, or a middle-brain preference, and--believe it or not--this significantly influences our teaching patterns. By understanding the processes at work in the brain, we can better help our students to explore their own individual preferences.

The quiz on the next page will help you learn whether you are a left-, right-, or middle-brain teacher. Please take a few minutes to complete the quiz and tally the results.

Understanding Your Results

You now know whether your preference tends to the left, right, or middle brain, but what does this mean? First, for those of you who came out to be strong to moderate left- or right-brain dominant, be assured that your other hemisphere is alive and well; however, the results do mean that you tend to lead with your dominant hemisphere.

For example, if you are right-brain dominant, it is your intuitive, emotional right hemisphere that guides the decisions you make throughout the day. If you are left-brain dominant, it is your sequential, time-oriented left hemisphere which tells you how to think, what to believe, and what choices to make.

Those who are middle-brain dominant tend to be more flexible than either the left- or the right-brain folks; however, you often vacillate between the two hemispheres when you make decisions. You sometimes get confused when decisions need to be made because, neurologically speaking, you could do most tasks through either a left-brain or a right-brain method! See the sidebar, page 32, for more on the preferences.

Our neurological profile essentially guides the way we teach our classes, meaning that left-brain teachers tend to teach in a "left-brain style," right-brain teachers typically teach in a "right-brain style," and middle-brain teachers tend to vary their teaching between the two approaches. As you evaluate your own teaching style, remember that none of these guidelines are set in stone, and that we do not always act according to our preferences. As we know, people are complex and so are their behaviors.

Teachers tend to better reach students who share their same neurological strengths. A strong left-brain teacher, for example, will need to make a conscious effort in order to better reach the strong right-brain students in the classroom.

The Left-Brain Teacher

Teachers with left-brain strengths generally prefer to teach using lecture and discussion. To incorporate sequence, they put outlines on the board or overhead, and they like to adhere to prepared time schedules. They give problems to the students to solve independently. Teachers with left-brain preferences assign more research and writing than their right-brain peers. A reasonably quiet, structured classroom is preferred. The classroom tends to be clean, with items in their place.

The Left-Brain Student

Left-brain students prefer to work alone. They like to read independently and incorporate research into their papers. They favor a quiet classroom without a lot of distraction.

Dorothy scores "strong left" on a brain preference test for children.

Though Dorothy is not learning disabled, her right hemisphere is significantly weaker than her left. She has great difficulty understanding lessons with a visual-spatial orientation.

Dorothy is also a perfectionist. When the fourth-grade teacher initiates an art project, Dorothy believes that she cannot do the work successfully. She is afraid to fail and consequently becomes nauseous. Seeing the nurse accomplishes two things: It gets her away from an unpleasant situation and also gives her time to compose herself prior to Reading.

Let's say, for example, that you are introducing a unit on the solar system. Here are some left-brain teaching techniques that will help Dorothy and other strong to moderate left-brain students feel engaged during your lesson:

* Write an outline of the lesson on the board. Students with left-brain strengths appreciate sequence.

* Go ahead and lecture! These students love to listen to an expert and take notes.

* Create a structured discussion in which you ask students what they would explore if they were astronauts in the year 2015. Give them a chance to "personalize their thoughts."

* Discuss the big concepts involved in the creation of the universe, how the solar system was formed, and so on. Left-brain students love to think about and discuss abstract concepts.

* Assign individual assignments so students may work alone.

* Ask the students to write a research paper on the solar system that includes both detail and conceptual analysis.

* Keep the room relatively quiet and orderly. Many students with left-brain strengths prefer not to hear other conversations when working on a stimulating project.

The Right-Brain Teacher

Teachers with right-brain strengths generally prefer to use hands-on activities over a lecture format. In concert with the right-brain preference of seeing the whole picture, these teachers incorporate more art, manipulatives, visuals, and music into their lessons. They tend to embrace Howard Gardner's multiple intelligences. They like to assign more group projects and activities, and prefer a busy, active, noisy classroom environment. The classroom of a strong right-brain teacher will typically have materials and books scattered all over.

The Right-Brain Student

Right-brain students prefer to work in groups. They like to do art projects, industrial arts electives in middle school, and graphic design. They would prefer to design and make a mobile rather than write "another tedious term paper."

Sam scores "strong right" on a brain preference test for children. His left hemisphere, though healthy, is significantly weaker than his right. Though Sam does not have a learning disability, he has difficulty processing information that is presented verbally. When the teacher lectures, or talks in compound, complex sentences, Sam gets anxious and overwhelmed and shuts down. The teacher's words run together, and the meaning becomes garbled. Sam's drawings comfort him; they are something he knows he can do well. Right-brain activities such as painting and drawing are activities that he can do easily and with pride.

Taking the solar system example, here are some right-brain teaching techniques that will help Sam, and other students with moderate to strong right-brain strengths, get the most out of your lesson:

* During the lecture, either write the main points on the board or pass out a study guide outline that students can fill in as you present orally. These visual clues will help students focus even though you are lecturing.

* Use the overhead, the white board, or the chalkboard frequently. Since the students are apt to miss the points discussed verbally, the visual pointers will help the students "see" and comprehend the points.

* Have some time for group activities during the week of the solar system study. Right-brain students enjoy the company of others.

* Let the students create a project (such as a poster, a mobile, a diorama, or papier-mache planets of the solar system) in lieu of writing a paper. Students like Sam often have excellent eye-hand coordination.

* Play music, such as the theme from 2001: A Space Odyssey. Discuss how space might feel to an astronaut. Students with right-brain strengths are intuitive and like to get in touch with their feelings during the day.

* Bring in charts and maps of the universe and let the students find the Milky Way. Maps and graphs make use of the students' strong right-brain visual-spatial skills.

A Teaching Challenge

Students with strong left- or right-brain tendencies much prefer to be taught to their neurological strengths. Although they can learn by different methods, they get most excited and involved when they can learn and do assignments in their area of strength.

The good news is that we can all strengthen the weaker parts of our brains. Researchers tell us that our brains are always searching for new meanings and adding new neural circuits to make connections.

I am a left-brain teacher who, by nature, strongly prefers to teach using lecture and discussion based upon research and experience. I typically put an outline of the lesson on the board and distribute packets of handouts to accompany each lesson. Twelve years ago, I began reading brain-based research and realized that by being left-brain dominant, I was only engaging my left-brain learners and some students with middle-brain strengths. The poor right-brain learners, and many middle-brain students, must have been overwhelmed from all of the auditory input.

Over the past ten years I have gradually added overheads, videos, role-playing, simulations, group work, group assignments, and end-of-the-year group projects into my classes. I now feel that I am making my best effort to reach my left-, middle-, and right-brain learners. In doing this, I have mastered some exciting right-brained techniques as well.

Why not incorporate a new "neurological teaching method" into your classes this fall? If you are a left-brain teacher, try adding at least one right-brain methodology (overheads, videos, music, role playing, dance, or group projects) into your lessons. If you are a right-brain teacher, try adding more direct teaching, lecturing more often, or assigning more individual and/or research-oriented projects. If you are a middle-brain teacher, select and incorporate something new from either area.

I also recommend giving your students a variety of assignments to choose from each week. For example, let's say you plan to assign a book report. Let each student choose from one of the following: write the report using an outline; present the report from an outline; draw and color a major scene from the book; design and create a mobile, poster, or diorama; dance a scene from the book; or create a different ending to the book. It is fascinating to watch students gravitate towards their neurological strengths when given a choice of assignments. Those with moderate to strong right-brain strengths will choose to draw, act, or create. Those with the left-brain preference will write or speak.

I believe that it is good practice to tell our students that we each have our own individual neurological strengths and weaknesses. Feel free to use your own results as an example, explaining that you do not expect everyone to be perfect in every area. These messages will help students see that you are on their side. They will be grateful that you understand them enough to assign projects and assignments in their area of strength, and they will be relieved to know it is okay to learn the way they most enjoy learning.

TWO SIDES OF THE BRAIN

DESCRIPTION OF THE LEFT-             DESCRIPTION OF THE RIGHT-
HEMISPHERE FUNCTIONS                 HEMISPHERE FUNCTIONS

Constantly monitors our sequential,  Alerts us to novelty; talls us when
ongoing behavior                     someone is lying or making a joke

Responsible for awareness of time,   Specialize in understanding the
sequence, details, and order         whole picture

Responsible for auditory receptive   Specializes in music, art, visual-
and verbal expressive strengths      spatial and/or visual-motor
                                     activities

Specializes in words, logic,         Helps us form mental images when
analytical thinking, reading, and    we read and/or converse
writing

Responsible for boundaries and       Responsible for intuitive and
knowing right from wrong             emotional responses.

Knows and respects rules and         Helps us to form and maintain
deadlines                            relationships

RELATED ARTICLE: Cognitive-Style Quiz

Choose the one sentence that is more true. Do not leave any blanks.

1 A * It's fun to take risks.

B * I have fun without taking risks.

2 A * I look for new ways to do old jobs.

B * When one way works well, I don't change it.

3 A * I begin many jobs that I never finish.

B * I finish a job before starting a new one.

4 A * I'm not very imaginative in my work.

B * I use my imagination in everything I do.

5 A * I can analyze what is going to happen next.

B * I can sense what is going to happen next.

6 A * I try to find the one best way to solve a problem.

B * I try to find different answers to problems.

7 A * My thinking is like pictures going through my head.

B * My thinking is like words going through my head.

8 A * I agree with new ideas before other people do.

B * I question new ideas more than other people do.

9 A * Other people don't understand how I organize things.

B * Other people think I organize well.

10 A * I have good self-discipline.

B * I usually act on my feelings.

11 A* I plan time for doing my work.

B* I don't think about the time when I work.

12 A* With a hard decision, I choose what I know is right.

B* With a hard decision, I choose what I feel is right.

13 A* I do easy things first and important things later.

B* I do the important things first and the easy things later.

14 A* Sometimes in a new situation, I have too many ideas.

B* Sometimes in a new situation, I don't have any ideas.

15 A* I have to have a lot of change and variety in my life.

B* I have to have an orderly and well-planned life.

16 A.* I know I'm right, because I have good reasons.

B* I know I'm right, even without good reasons.

17 A* I spread my work evenly over the time I have.

B* I prefer to do my work at the last minute.

18 A* I keep everything in a particular place.

B* Where I keep things depends on what I'm doing.

19 A* I have to make my own plans.

B* I can follow anyone's plans.

20 A* I am a very flexible and unpredictable person.

B* I am a consistent and stable person.

21 A* With a new task, I want to find my own way of doing it.

B* With a new task, I want to be told the best way to it.

TO SCORE

* Give yourself one point for each time you answered "A" for questions: 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 13, 14, 15, 19, 20, 21

* Give yourself one point for each time you answered "B" for questions: 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12, 16, 17, 18

* Add all points

0-4...strong left brain

5-8...moderate left brain

9-13...middle brain

14-16...moderate right brain

17-21...strong right brain

Diane Connell, Ed.D. is currently an associate professor and director of the Graduate Programs in Learning Disabilities at Rivier College in Nashua, New Hampshire. She has taught at the elementary and high school levels. Dr. Connell can be reached at [e-mail]