LME -ship(e).ABSTRACT In the paper I attempt to present the semantic evolution of the suffix suf·fix n. An affix added to the end of a word or stem, serving to form a new word or functioning as an inflectional ending, such as -ness in gentleness, -ing in walking, or -s in sits. tr.v. -ship(e) from Early to Late Middle English Middle English Vernacular spoken and written in England c. 1100–1500, the descendant of Old English and the ancestor of Modern English. It can be divided into three periods: Early, Central, and Late. . The major development in Late Middle English was the replacement of the dominant EME n. 1. An uncle. sense 'a quality' in a fairly large number of derivatives by one of the originally minor senses, i.e. 'a status, rank, an office'. The original EME sense 'a condition, state of being', however, was commonly preserved in Late Middle English. The suffix was highly productive in the period not only in new coinages of native origin but also in Scandinavian and French hybrids. It appeared in all the dialects. 1. Introduction The aim of the paper is to present the Late Middle English development of one of the EME suffixes which I investigated in my doctoral dissertation, i.e. -ship(e), mostly for the reason that it displayed a vividly changing semantic profile between Old and Early Middle English. Thus, I will be basically interested in the further semantic development of -ship(e) although its productivity and dialect dialect, variety of a language used by a group of speakers within a particular speech community. Every individual speaks a variety of his language, termed an idiolect. distribution will not be left out of consideration. I will use the same methodology which I devised for and applied in my dissertation. Here, the time span ranges from 1350 to 1500. The selection of the year 1350 as a starting point Noun 1. starting point - earliest limiting point terminus a quo commencement, get-go, offset, outset, showtime, starting time, beginning, start, kickoff, first - the time at which something is supposed to begin; "they got an early start"; "she knew from the of Late Middle English is not random. Scholars such as McIntosh et al. (1986) in A linguistic atlas linguistic atlas n. A set of maps recording the geographic distribution of variations in speech. Also called dialect atlas. Noun 1. of Late Mediaeval me·di·ae·val adj. Variant of medieval. mediaeval Adjective same as medieval Adj. 1. English treated 1350 as a borderline borderline /bor·der·line/ (-lin) of a phenomenon, straddling the dividing line between two categories. borderline marking the beginning of the investigated period. Moreover, the discussed date can be found as a closing border of the Early Middle English period in Kristensson (1965-2002). For problems concerning boundaries in the chronological division of English see Fisiak (1994). The main tool which I used for my analysis is the Middle English dictionary The Middle English Dictionary is a dictionary of Middle English published by the University of Michigan. It was "completed in 2001, has been described as 'the greatest achievement in medieval scholarship in America. online, which is an extensive electronic database comprising all preserved ME texts. It is supplemented by several complete texts which facilitate a broader contextual analysis. Occasionally, I also refer to the diachronic di·a·chron·ic adj. Of or concerned with phenomena as they change through time. part of the Helsinki Corpus. As for the results of the study concerning earlier periods, i.e. Old and Early Middle English, I will rely on Ciszek (2005 and in press). The investigation of the productivity of -ship(e) will be based on the type value count (see Dalton-Puffer--Cowie 2000). Hence, the suffix in question is considered productive once it appears in new coinages in the period under discussion. 2. Previous studies So far, the only study of LME See London Metal Exchange. LME See London Metal Exchange (LME). word-formation can be found in the work Morphemic mor·pheme n. A meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word, such as man, or a word element, such as -ed in walked, that cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts. structure of Chaucer's English (1965) by Fisiak. As indicated in the title, the author, however, concentrates on the complete works of Chaucer, who is the major representative of Late Middle English. -Ship(e) is described by Fisiak as a productive, non-combinative suffix forming abstract nouns abstract noun n. A noun that denotes an abstract or intangible concept, such as envy or joy. from other nouns, which is illustrated with a few instances together with their meaning, e.g., felaw(e)shipe 'fellowship' and shendshipe 'harm'. Other scholars such as Martin (1906), Dorskiy (1960), Fisiak ([1968] 2004), Marchand (1969) and Dalton-Puffer (1996) treat the suffix briefly and provide its features with reference to the whole Middle English period. Martin (1906) still remains the most extensive review of the ME -ship(e). He provides a considerably long list of formations, however, with only one meaning each, which is insufficient for the presentation of the semantics semantics [Gr.,=significant] in general, the study of the relationship between words and meanings. The empirical study of word meanings and sentence meanings in existing languages is a branch of linguistics; the abstract study of meaning in relation to language or of the suffix. The new LME -ship(e) derivatives are mostly deadjectival, e.g., kindeschipe 'friendliness' and lotleschipe 'smallness', or, denominal, e.g., bondeshipe 'servitude', wardanscipp 'supervision' and werkmanshipe 'work'. There is one coinage coinage Certification of a piece of metal or other material (such as leather or porcelain) by a mark or marks upon it as being of a specific intrinsic or exchange value. Croesus (r. c. from a present participle pres·ent participle n. A participle expressing present action, in English formed by the infinitive plus -ing and used to express present action in relation to the time indicated by the finite verb in its clause, to form progressive tenses with , i.e. conandschipe 'cunningness'. Dorskiy (1960: 115-117) offers only a limited list of -ship(e) derivatives found in A Middle English dictionary by Stratmann (1891). Fisiak ([1968] 2004:110) in A short grammar of Middle English states that -schipe was involved in the formation of nouns from other nouns, and exemplifies it with a few instances. Marchand (1969: 281) includes some LME--ship(e) derivatives, such as workmanship, captainship, prrtectrrship and wardeship. According to according to prep. 1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians. 2. In keeping with: according to instructions. 3. Marchand, the suffix assumed the sense 'state, condition'. Moreover, ladyship la·dy·ship also La·dy·ship n. Used with Your, Her, or Their as a title and form of address for a woman or women holding the rank of lady. (1374) and lordship lord·ship n. 1. often Lordship Used with Your, His, or Their as a title and form of address for a man or men holding the rank of lord. 2. The position or authority of a lord. 3. (1489) with a possessive pronoun possessive pronoun n. One of several pronouns designating possession and capable of substituting for noun phrases. were used as terms of address. Originally the OE township and the above mentioned lordship developed concrete meanings in Late Middle English. However, Marchand does not discuss the -ship(e) nouns which were lost on the way to Present-day English. Dalton-Puffer (1996) selects for her analysis three first subperiods of the Helsinki Corpus (1150-1420). This means that she concentrates neither on Early nor on Late Middle English exclusively. In her corpus, Dalton-Puffer finds -ship(e) derivatives from both nouns and adjectives with the meanings 'status' and 'legal position, power, authority' as well as 'property (quality)'. The study is supplemented with the frequency of occurrence of the -ship(e) words in the analysed subperiods. The MED offers quite a comprehensive definition of the suffix: -ship(e A derivational suffix frequent in nouns of OE origin, denoting a condition, state of being, status, rank, or an office: feondscipe, frendshipe, hethenshipe, lordshipe, refshipe, worshipe, etc.; a quality, characteristic quality, or an activity: arghshipe, frendshipe, gladshipe, godshipe, golsipe, lordshipe, warshipe, wodshipe, worshipe, yepshipe, etc.; a group of persons or a thing: metshipe, theinship, tounshipe, watershipe, worldshipe. A very active suffix in ME, -ship(e was added: (a) to nouns to form nouns denoting a condition, state of being, rank, an office, etc.: baillifship, capitainship, constableship, felaushipe, kingshipe, knightshipe, ladishipe, maistershipe, manshipe, parkershipe, steuardship, thralshipe, toun-) clerkship, etc.; (b) to nouns to form nouns denoting a quality, characteristic quality, an activity, etc.: apeship, felaushipe, ferdship, knightshipe, manshipe, rotshipe, shamshippe, shendshipe, shondeship, sothship, werkmanshipe, etc.; (c) to adjectives to form nouns denoting a quality, condition, state of being, etc.: bisishipe, boldshipe, clenshipe, dimship, dusishipe, hardishipe, hardshipe, heighshipe, hendeshipe, idelshipe, kenshipe, kindeshipe, madshipe, mildeshipe, ohtscipen, quedshipe, rechelesshipe, sadship, sharpshipe, shreuedship, treushipe, unkindeshipe, wildship, etc. However, the definition fails to distinguish between the semantics of -ship(e) in Early and Late Middle English. 3. The semantics of-ship(e) in Late Middle English In Old English Old English: see type; English language; Anglo-Saxon literature. Old English or Anglo-Saxon Language spoken and written in England before AD 1100. It belongs to the Anglo-Frisian group of Germanic languages. -ship(e) was mostly a denominal suffix with the sense 'a condition, state of being'. In Early Middle English it became a prevailingly deadjectival one with the sense 'a quality'. Below, I would like to focus on how the suffix further developed semantically in Late Middle English. In my semantic analysis Semantic analysis may refer to:
3.1. The semantics of the LME -ship(e) in formations inherited from Old and Early Middle English Here, the study is further subdivided into EME continuations of OE nouns and original EME formations. To the first group belong ten nouns such as: frendshipe, freship, gladshipe, lordshipe, manshipe, metshipe, tounshipe, warshipe, wgdshipe and worshipe. In the LME period the suffix preserved the following senses: 'a condition, state of being' (in 5 nouns), 'a quality' (in 3 nouns), 'a status, rank, an office', 'a group of people, collectivity' and 'a thing' in two nouns each and 'territory' (in one noun noun [Lat.,=name], in English, part of speech of vast semantic range. It can be used to name a person, place, thing, idea, or time. It generally functions as subject, object, or indirect object of the verb in the sentence, and may be distinguished by a number of ). It also assumed new senses. The most common are 'a quality' (in 4 nouns) and 'a group of people, collectivity' (in 3 nouns). The nouns with the sense 'a quality' of the suffix are: frendshipe 'a friendly disposition, friendliness' (1393), 'lordshipe 'med. the predominance pre·dom·i·nance also pre·dom·i·nan·cy n. The state or quality of being predominant; preponderance. Noun 1. predominance - the state of being predominant over others predomination, prepotency of a bodily humour or quality' (1400), metshipe 'appetite' (1400) and wodshipe 'unreasonableness, outrageousness' (1400). The sense 'a group of people, collectivity' is newly evidenced in Late Middle English in lordshipe 'a class or company of persons' (1400), manshipe 'a gathering of persons' 1400 and worshipe 'as a term of association: a company (of writers)' (1486). The other registered senses are 'a status, rank, an office' (in gladshipe used as a noun of direct address (1400), 'territory' (in tounshipe 'a territorial unit composed of a town or village and the land belonging to it' (1414)) as well as 'rights' (in lordshipe in the plural PLURAL. A term used in grammar, which signifies more than one. 2. Sometimes, however, it may be so expressed that it means only one, as, if a man were to devise to another all he was worth, if he, the testator, died without children, and he died leaving one 'manorial or feudal feu·dal adj. 1. Of, relating to, or characteristic of feudalism. 2. Of or relating to lands held in fee or to the holding of such lands. feu rights and privileges, also, the rights and privileges derived from high office or social status' (1390)). It is interesting that in this group of nouns the suffix preserves all its EME senses in Late Middle English. At the lexical lex·i·cal adj. 1. Of or relating to the vocabulary, words, or morphemes of a language. 2. Of or relating to lexicography or a lexicon. [lexic(on) + -al1. level, only in freship, manshipe and warshipe does -ship(e) lose one of its earlier senses from each word. There are two nouns of Old English origin, i.e. dronkenshipe and godshipe which were not attested at·test v. at·test·ed, at·test·ing, at·tests v.tr. 1. To affirm to be correct, true, or genuine: The date of the painting was attested by the appraiser. 2. in Early Middle English but reappear reappear Verb to come back into view reappearance n Verb 1. reappear - appear again; "The sores reappeared on her body"; "Her husband reappeared after having left her years ago" in Late Middle English. In both nouns the suffix gains new senses. In dronkenshipe, apart from the preserved OE sense 'a condition, state of being' -ship(e) assumes also the sense 'a quality' represented at the lexical level as 'the habit or vice of indulging in heavy drinking' (1393) and the sense 'a group of people, collectivity' as in 'a drunken company' (1450). Godshipe, which reappears in 1390 with the meaning 'goodness, virtue', with the suffix having the sense 'a quality', soon employs -ship(e) also with the sense 'a thing' (1390) and 'an act, activity' (1393). The respective lexical meanings Noun 1. lexical meaning - the meaning of a content word that depends on the nonlinguistic concepts it is used to express content word, open-class word - a word to which an independent meaning can be assigned are 'a good thing, benefit' and 'a good deed, a favour, a kindness, also, kindnesses collectively'. Let me now concentrate on the nouns which survived till Late Middle English but were originally coined only in Early Middle English. This group includes 22 derivatives in which the suffix in all but four nouns preserves its original sense. Here belong: bisishipe, boldshipe, fairshipe, felaushipe, foship, hardishipe, hardshipe, hendeshipe, huse-wifshipe, idelshipe, lightshipe, mildeshipe, neigheborshipe, shendshipe, thralshipe, untowenship, unwrestshipe and yemelesshipe. The senses are 'a quality' (in 13 nouns), 'a condition, state of being' (in 10), 'an act, activity' (in 2), 'a status, rank, an office' (in 1) and 'a group of people, collectivity' (in 1). The exceptional four coinages in which one or all of the EME senses are lost are: heighshipe, knightshipe, ladishipe and wildeshipe. Moreover, in 4 derivatives, i.e. felaushipe, hardshipe, heighshipe and ladishipe the suffix assumes one new sense each. 3.2. The semantics of-ship(e) in new LME coinages When we subdivide TO SUBDIVIDE. To divide a part of a thing which has already been divided. For example, when a person dies leaving children, and grandchildren, the children of one of his own who is dead, his property is divided into as many shares as he had children, including the deceased, and the share the LME period into further two subperiods (the Helsinki Corpus ME3 (1350-1420) and ME4 (1420-1500)), we can see that the suffix -ship(e) follows two different paths in them. In ME3, the EME model still prevails. Specifically, most new nouns are coined from adjectives and -ship(e) assumes the sense 'a quality'. To this group belong nine derivatives from native stems such as: grenshipe 'greenness of colour' (1390), kindeshipe 'kindness, friendliness, also, gratitude' (1393), dimship 'dimness, murkiness' (1400), rechelesshipe 'negligence, failure to do something' (1390), shreuedship 'wickedness' (1400), sted-fastshipe 'firmness of purpose, resolve' (1390), wantounshipe 'undisciplined behavior' (1400), lotleshipe 'humility' (1400) and orpedshipe 'bravery, valour, spirit' (1400) as well as two derivatives from ON stems, i.e. sleighshipe 'wisdom, prudence' (1390) and unnaitship (1) 'frivolous behaviour, foolishness' (1400). Two more coinages with the same sense of the suffix are: werk-manshipe 'the skill of execution evinced in a product of craft; the manifestation of expertise, visible artistry' (1393) (from a noun) and conningship 'the moral sense, morality, benevolence BENEVOLENCE, duty. The doing a kind action to another, from mere good will, without any legal obligation. It is a moral duty only, and it cannot be enforced by law. A good wan is benevolent to the poor, but no law can compel him to be so. BENEVOLENCE, English law. , graciousness' (1400) (from a past participle past participle n. A verb form indicating past or completed action or time that is used as a verbal adjective in phrases such as baked beans and finished work ). Moreover, in four nouns, two from other nouns and two from adjectives, -ship(e) has the sense 'a condition, state of being'. The coinages are: sothshipe 'truthfulness' (1390), shondeship 'disgrace, ignominy' (1400), nakedship 'nakedness, bareness' (1400) and neueshipe 'the new life in Christ' 1400). Other new nouns are attested with different senses such as 'a status, rank, an office', 'an act, activity', 'a thing' and 'territory'. In the subperiod ranging from 1420 to 1500, the dominating sense of-ship(e) in new coinages is 'a status, rank, an office' (cf. Ciszek 2005: 40). This observation concerns as many as 40 derivatives out of 75 formed in ME4. With this sense the suffix is. attached to 11 native and 19 foreign, mostly Old French, nominal stems. The coinages on the Germanic basis can be exemplified by: dekenship 'the office of a deacon' (1450), ridership rid·er·ship n. The number of passengers who ride a public transport system. 'the office of a mounted forest ranger' (1450) and popeshipe 'the office or position of a pope' (1450). Among the formations from loanwords are constableship 'the office of a governor or a warden of a castle' (1438), portershipe 'the office of a doorkeeper or gatekeeper' (1450), botelership 'the position of a cupbearer' (1462), empireship 'the position or status of an emperor' (1470) and officialshipe 'a position as an ecclesiastical official' (1475). The other commonly attested sense of the suffix -ship(e) is 'a condition, state of being' in coinages from both nouns (10) and adjectives (5) both native and foreign. Here for instance belong the denominal formations such as borweship 'suretyship' (1450) and loveship 'love, a love affair' (1500) and deadjectival ones such as sadship 'maturity, seriousness; firmness of belief; evidence, confirmation' (1500), all on EME stems, as well as the denominal tiranship 'despotism, tyranny' (1500) and deadjectival hidousshipe 'fear, horror' (1450), from OF bases. The same number of occurrences, i.e. fifteen, has the sense 'a quality' when attached to both nouns and adjectives of various origin. The examples are: apeshipe 'ape-like behaviour, simulation' (1450) (from a native noun), holishipe 'sanctity' (1390) (from a native adjective adjective, English part of speech, one of the two that refer typically to attributes and together are called modifiers. The other kind of modifier is the adverb. ), nigardshipe 'stinginess, parsimony par·si·mo·ny n. 1. Unusual or excessive frugality; extreme economy or stinginess. 2. Adoption of the simplest assumption in the formulation of a theory or in the interpretation of data, especially in accordance with the rule of , the sin of niggardliness' (1439) (from an ON noun) and excellentship 'excellence, eminence' (1500) (from an OF adjective). Similarly as in ME3, the suffix has also other different senses such as 'an act, activity' and 'territory' again both from nouns and adjectives. Each sense, however, appears only in a few derivatives. Moreover, one formation, i.e. demship 'judgment' (1450) is coined on a verb with the sense of the suffix 'an act, activity'. As compared to EME, LME -ship(e) can be found with its original OE sense 'territory' as in baillifship 'the district or estates administered by a baillif (1460), archeprestship 'a deanery' (1439), markeshipe 'a marquisate' (1464), all from OF nouns. The sense 'a group of people, collectivity', however, is discontinued dis·con·tin·ue v. dis·con·tin·ued, dis·con·tin·u·ing, dis·con·tin·ues v.tr. 1. To stop doing or providing (something); end or abandon: . 4. Productivity As regards the productivity of the suffix -ship(e), Martin (1906: 55) makes an observation that "[f]ur die grosse Mehrzahl der me. Neubildungen ist die Entstehungszeit demnach zwischen 1200-1250 anzusetzen; doch bleibt das Suffix die ganze me. Period hindurch beliebt und produktiv". However, he has recorded significantly fewer coinages than discussed in this paper. Martin (1906: 51-53) lists 3 new coinages from native nouns, 10 from adjectives and 1 from a present participle as well as 8 hybrids, both on Scandinavian and Romance bases in Late Middle English. Dorskiy (1960:116-117) gives 9 new coinages in Late Middle English. (2) He also states that after the 13th C. -ship(e) was hardly productive (1960:115-117). Dalton-Puffer (1996: 86) concludes her investigation of the first three ME subperiods in the Helsinki Corpus (1150-1420) with the following remark: "the overall indications are that the productivity of the suffix is failing". In ME3, which is the subperiod of my interest, she finds two deadjectival and six denominal types, all on native bases, and not necessarily newly derived then, as she makes no distinctions between the new formations and the inherited ones. My research has revealed that there are considerably more -ship(e) derivatives in Late Middle English than assumed in previous studies. In a subperiod parallel to ME3 in the Helsinki Corpus, i.e. 1350-1420, I have found 21 new coinages: 5 from native nouns, 12 from adjectives and 1 from a past participle. There are also 3 deadjectival hybrids. In the latter subperiod of Late Middle English, i.e. 1420-1500 (ME4), the suffix -ship(e) occurred in 75 derivatives: 30 on native and 45 on foreign stems. The native formations are: 22 from nouns, 7 from adjectives and 1 from a verb. The hybrids include 36 denominal and 9 deadjectival ones. Thus, the suffix -ship(e) displays a noticeable growth in productivity from ME3 to ME4, contrary to Dorskiy and Dalton-Puffer. 5. Dialect distribution Both Martin (1906) and Dalton-Puffer (1996) claim that the use of the suffix was restricted to the South or even to the South-West Midlands. My investigation clearly demonstrates that the suffix was used in other dialects as well. In the West-Midlands -ship(e) is frequently attested in Stanzaic stan·za n. One of the divisions of a poem, composed of two or more lines usually characterized by a common pattern of meter, rhyme, and number of lines. [Italian; see stance. life of Christ (1450). Eastern texts such as, for instance, Gower's Confessio Amantis Confessio Amantis ("The Lover's Confession") is a 33,000-line Middle English poem by John Gower, which uses the confession made by an ageing lover to the chaplain of Venus as a frame story for a collection of shorter narrative poems. (1393), the Bible (1400), King Alexander (1400), Lydgate's Fall of princes (1439), Paston's Letters (1450), Pecock's The Donet (1475) as well as various documents from London also employ the suffix. In the North, -ship(e) appears in Cursor Mundi Cursor Mundi (kûr`sôr mŭn`dī), a long religious epic in Middle English relating the history of the world as recorded in the Old and New Testaments. This anonymous poem (written c. (1400), Alphabet of tales (1450) and Wars of Alexander (1450) to mention but a few. 6. Conclusions The aim of the present paper was to discuss the semantic development, the productivity and the dialect distribution of the suffix -ship(e) in Late Middle English. As regards semantics, the OE -scipe was most frequently attested with the sense 'a condition, state of being'. The sense 'a quality' came second. In Early Middle English this order was reversed. Moreover, originally the mostly denominal suffix grew to be prevailingly attached to adjectives in Early Middle English. 32 out of 89 EME -ship(e) nouns survive into Late Middle English. Of these, 10 are original OE formations and the suffix assumes new senses in them. The remaining 22 nouns, the EME new coinages inherited into Late Middle English, rather preserve their original sense of-ship(e). Additionally, there are two originally OE formations, i.e. dronkenshipe and godshipe which are not attested in Early Middle English but reappear in Late Middle English. In them the suffix gains new senses. In new LME derivatives the suffix is primarily employed to convey the sense 'a status, rank, an office'. Here belong 41 denominal derivatives, all but one found in ME4 (1420-1500). The other attested common senses are 'a quality' (in 29 nouns) and 'a condition, state of being' (in 19 nouns). As regards the derivational der·i·va·tion n. 1. The act or process of deriving. 2. The state or fact of being derived; originating: a custom of recent derivation. 3. Something derived; a derivative. bases, these are mostly nominal. In terms of productivity, the study provides the following values: 21 new types in ME3 (1350-1420) and 75 in ME4 (1420-1500). Hence, -ship(e) can beyond any doubt be considered productive, with the tendency towards an increase in its usage. This is also true of the latter subperiod of Early Middle English, i.e. ME2 (1250-1350). The productivity of-ship(e) is further confirmed by the number of hybrids, both on French and Scandinavian stems, which constitute about a half of all new LME formations. The dialect distribution of the suffix is much broader than proposed by Martin (1906) and Dalton-Puffer (1996). REFERENCES Ciszek, Ewa 2005 "The development of-s(c)hip(e) in Early Middle English", in: Marcin Krygier--Liliana Sikorska (eds.), 27-46. in press Word derivation derivation, in grammar: see inflection. in Early Middle English. Frankfurt/M: Peter Lang. Dalton-Puffer, Christiane 1996 The French influence on Middle English morphology morphology In biology, the study of the size, shape, and structure of organisms in relation to some principle or generalization. Whereas anatomy describes the structure of organisms, morphology explains the shapes and arrangement of parts of organisms in terms of such : A corpus-based study of derivation. Berlin--New York: Mouton mouton lamb pelt made to resemble seal or beaver. de Gruyter. Dalton-Puffer, Christiane--Claire Cowie 2000 "Diachronic word-formation and studying changes in productivity over time: Theoretical and methodological considerations", in: Javier E. Diaz Vera (ed.), 410-437. Diaz Vera, Javier E. (ed.) 2002 A changing worm of words. Studies in English historical lexicography lexicography, the applied study of the meaning, evolution, and function of the vocabulary units of a language for the purpose of compilation in book form—in short, the process of dictionary making. Early lexicography, practiced from the 7th cent. B.C. , lexicology lex·i·col·o·gy n. The branch of linguistics that deals with the lexical component of language. [lexico(n) + -logy. and semantics. Amsterdam--New York: Rodopi. Dorskiy, S. L. 1960 Slovoobrazovaniye otvlechennikh imyen sushchestvitelnikh v drevnieangliyskom jazikie. [The word-formation of abstract nouns in Old English.] Minsk: Belgosuniversitet. Fisiak, Jacek 1965 Morphemic structure of Chaucer's English, University, Alabama: University of Alabama Press The University of Alabama Press is a university press that is part of the University of Alabama. External link
1968 A short grammar of Middle English. (6th edition.) Warszawa: Panstwowe Wydawnic [2004] two Naukowe. Krygier, Marcin--Liliana Sikorska (eds.) 2005 Naked wordes in English. (Medieval English Mirror 2.) Frankfurt/M: Peter Lang. Marchand, Hans 1969 Categories and types of Present-day English word formation: A synchronicdiachronic approach. Munchen: C.H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuch-handlung. Martin, Friedrich 1906 Die produktiven Abstraktsuffixe des Mittelenglischen. Strassburg: M. DuMont Schauberg. INTERNET SOURCES Kurath, Hans--Sherman Kuhn--Robert E. Lewis (eds.) 1952-2001 Middle English dictionary (MED), available at http://ets.umdl.umich.edu/m/med/ EWA CISZEK Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznah (1) The MED indicates that unnaitship is derived either from a noun or from an adjective. However, since the adjective is earlier and more frequent, I assume that unnaitship is coined on an adjectival ad·jec·ti·val adj. Of, relating to, or functioning as an adjective. ad  jec·ti base.
(2) Shendschepe, which he finds in the Prick of conscience and the Wycliffite Bible, is actually an EME coinage. |
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