Keeping earth first: environmental issues and laws in grounds maintenance management.Maintenance operations for parks, colleges and commercial enterprises have missions to preserve the harmony between the natural and built environments. As they strive to keep facilities and grounds in their original state, or as near as possible, maintenance managers have an opportunity to promote stewardship and encourage sustainable communities. The environmental credo for facility and grounds managers may have been best stated by the late Aldo Leopold Aldo Leopold (January 11, 1887 - April 21, 1948) was a United States ecologist, forester, and environmentalist. He was influential in the development of modern environmental ethics and in the movement for wilderness preservation. , the acknowledged father of wildlife conservation in America: "A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability and beauty of the biotic community Noun 1. biotic community - (ecology) a group of interdependent organisms inhabiting the same region and interacting with each other community group, grouping - any number of entities (members) considered as a unit . It is wrong when it does otherwise." Rachel Carson's 1962 book, Silent Spring, served as a provocative call to arms ! a summons to war or battle. See also: Arms for the modern environmental movement. The book awoke the nation to the alarming damage visited upon the natural environment by humanity and our management techniques and chemicals. Driven by the works of Carson and others, the federal government slowly began to accept and appreciate the importance of protecting the natural environment. In 1970, President Nixon declared that, "because environmental protection cuts across so many jurisdictions and because environmental deterioration is of great importance to the quality of life in our country and the world, I believe that in this case a strong, independent agency is needed." This drive for a strong, independent agency with the mission of setting and enforcing pollution control standards resulted in the creation of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), independent agency of the U.S. government, with headquarters in Washington, D.C. It was established in 1970 to reduce and control air and water pollution, noise pollution, and radiation and to ensure the safe handling and (EPA EPA eicosapentaenoic acid. EPA abbr. eicosapentaenoic acid EPA, n.pr See acid, eicosapentaenoic. EPA, n. ). Since its creation in 1970, the EPA has been a key, if not the lead federal agency empowered to enforce much of the historic environmental legislation: * The Clean Air Acts of 1955 and 1970. * The Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1948 and Clean Water Act 1977. * The Federal Insecticide Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act regulations administered by the (US) Environmental Protection Agency which regulate dispensing and use of pesticides. , Fungicide and Rodenticide Act Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act regulations administered by the (US) Environmental Protection Agency which regulate dispensing and use of pesticides. of 1947 and 1972. * The Endangered Species Act The federal Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA) (16 U.S.C.A. §§ 1531 et seq.) was enacted to protect animal and plant species from extinction by preserving the ecosystems in which they survive and by providing programs for their conservation. of 1973. * The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. Many of these environmental laws and comparable state-specific laws have a significant impact on the maintenance of government, education and commercial properties. For the maintenance manager of public parks, educational facilities or commercial enterprises, many of the environmental laws and regulations can be grouped into four fundamental areas of concern: air and water pollution; chemical usage; solid waste and employee safety. Air and Water Pollution From a maintenance manager's perspective, some of the most significant federal environmental laws concerning air and water pollution are the Clean Air Act and the Clean Water Act. Clean Air Act: This is the comprehensive federal law that regulates air emissions from area, stationary and mobile sources. The law authorizes the EPA to establish national ambient air quality standards The National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) are standards established by the United States Environmental Protection Agency that apply for outdoor air throughout the country. to protect public health and the environment. The goal of the act was to set and achieve these standards in every state by 1975. The setting of maximum pollutant standards was coupled with directing the states to develop state implementation plans applicable to appropriate industrial sources in the state. The act was amended in 1977, primarily to set new goal dates for achieving the standards (because many areas of the country had failed to meet the deadlines). The 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act were mostly intended to meet unaddressed or insufficiently addressed problems, such as acid rain, ground-level ozone, stratospheric strat·o·spher·ic adj. 1. Of, relating to, or characteristic of the stratosphere. 2. Extremely or unreasonably high: "money borrowed at today's stratospheric rates of interest" ozone depletion Ozone depletion describes two distinct, but related observations: a slow, steady decline of about 4 percent per decade in the total amount of ozone in Earth's stratosphere since around 1980; and a much larger, but seasonal, decrease in stratospheric ozone over Earth's polar regions and air toxins. Many of the operations performed to maintain facilities and grounds require the use of fossil-fuel burning equipment. The exhaust fumes exhaust fumes fumes given off by vehicles; contain some carbon monoxide, the amount varying with the efficiency of combustion in the particular engine. In most engines the use of exhaust fumes for euthanasia is not recommended because it operates partly on the carbon dioxide from the equipment have a detrimental impact on the local, as well as global, air quality. To alleviate these impacts, some maintenance operations during their equipment-selection process have added additional selection criteria biased toward low-emissions vehicles. Some agencies have adopted the use of electric-powered or alternative-powered equipment to reduce or eliminate fossil-fuel emissions. Clean Water Act: This is a 1977 amendment to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972, which set the basic structure for regulating discharges of pollutants to waters of the U.S. The law gave EPA the authority to set effluent standards on an industry basis (technology-based), and continued the requirements to set water-quality standards for all contaminants in surface waters. The Clean Water Act makes it unlawful for any person to discharge any pollutant from a point source into navigable waters Waters that provide a channel for commerce and transportation of people and goods. Under U.S. law, bodies of water are distinguished according to their use. The distinction is particularly important in the case of so-called navigable waters, which are used for business or unless a permit is obtained. The 1977 amendments focused on toxic pollutants. In 1987, the act was reauthorized, and again focused on toxic substances, authorized citizen suit provisions and funded sewage treatment Sewage treatment Unit processes used to separate, modify, remove, and destroy objectionable, hazardous, and pathogenic substances carried by wastewater in solution or suspension in order to render the water fit and safe for intended uses. plants. The act allows EPA to delegate many of the permitting, administrative and enforcement aspects of the law to state governments. In states with the authority to implement Clean Water Act programs, EPA still retains oversight responsibilities While water access and usage in general remains an issue for many states, water quality may be the single largest environmental concern for maintenance managers nationwide. Much of the work product of facility and grounds maintenance requires water. Many times in this process, water mixes with chemicals (pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers, etc.). The slurry formed between water and chemicals may not always remain in the area intended. Gravity takes effect, and the chemical-laden run-off enters the water cycle. Alga blooms, red tides, large fish-kills, pfisteria microbes and other negative environmental events have been tied to declining water quality. Point source and non-point source (the category where most facility and grounds maintenance operations fall) discharge has been linked to these events. Chemical Usage Scientific discovery offers facility and ground maintenance managers a plethora of products and protocols for enhancing the aesthetics of built environments. Yet for them to be incorporated into management regimes, they must be stored, transported and applied appropriately. The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (or FIFRA), 7 U.S.C. 136 et seq. is a United States federal law that set up the basic US system of pesticide regulation to protect applicators, consumers and the environment. , Resource Conservation and Recovery Act The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), enacted in 1976, is a Federal law of the United States contained in 42 U.S.C. §§6901-6992k. It is usually pronounced as "rick-rah" or "Wreck-rah. , Safe Drinking Water Act The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) is a United States federal law passed by the U.S. Congress on December 16, 1974. It is the main federal law that ensures safe drinking water for Americans. , Endangered Species Act and Hazardous Materials Transportation Act serve as the significant federal legislation of record. Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act: The primary focus of this act was to provide federal control of pesticide distribution, sale, and use. EPA was given authority under the act not only to study the consequences of pesticide usage, but also to require users (farmers, utility companies and others) to register when purchasing pesticides. Through later amendments to the law, users must also take exams for certification as applicators of pesticides. All pesticides used in the U.S. must be registered (licensed) by EPA. Registration assures that pesticides will be properly labeled and that, if in accordance with specifications, won't cause unreasonable harm to the environment. Chemical usage serves as the one common denominator common denominator n. 1. Mathematics A quantity into which all the denominators of a set of fractions may be divided without a remainder. 2. A commonly shared theme or trait. between all facility and grounds maintenance operations, parks, campuses or commercial enterprises. Everyone at some point in their calendar year applies fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides, insecticides, etc. EPA-licensed chemicals, when put to use in conformance with their labeling, enhance the built environment. But the burden of proper application falls greatly on the facility and grounds maintenance manager. He or she must ensure that only EPA-licensed products are purchased and applied, that staff are legally licensed for the appropriate application status, trained in the proper protocol for mixing, handling and transporting, and use the required personal protective equipment. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act: This act gave EPA the authority to control hazardous waste Hazardous waste Any solid, liquid, or gaseous waste materials that, if improperly managed or disposed of, may pose substantial hazards to human health and the environment. Every industrial country in the world has had problems with managing hazardous wastes. from "cradle to grave." This includes generating, transporting, treating, storing and disposing hazardous waste. The act also set forth a framework for managing non-hazardous wastes. The 1986 amendments to the act enabled EPA to address environmental problems that could result from underground tanks storing petroleum and other hazardous substances. The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act focuses only on active and future facilities, and doesn't address abandoned or historical sites. The Federal Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments are the 1984 amendments to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act that required phasing out land disposal of hazardous waste. Some of the other mandates of this strict law include increased enforcement authority for EPA, more stringent hazardous waste management standards and a comprehensive underground storage tank An Underground Storage Tank (UST), in United States environmental law, is a tank and any underground piping connected to the tank that has at least 10 percent of its combined volume underground. program. Often-overlooked aspects of chemical usage are the requirements for transportation, storage and disposal of hazardous materials like pesticides and herbicides. The U.S. Department of Transportation and its state surrogates require employees that transport hazardous materials, chemicals and fuel to receive training in accordance with the Hazardous Materials Transportation Act. All storage areas for hazardous materials, chemicals as well as fuel, must meet some minimum requirements established by federal law. Once properly cleaned, chemical containers must be disposed of in accordance with the appropriate law. Safe Drinking Water Act: This was established to protect the quality of drinking water drinking water supply of water available to animals for drinking supplied via nipples, in troughs, dams, ponds and larger natural water sources; an insufficient supply leads to dehydration; it can be the source of infection, e.g. leptospirosis, salmonellosis, or of poisoning, e.g. in the U.S. The law focuses on all waters actually or potentially designed for drinking use, whether from aboveground or underground sources. The act authorized EPA to establish safe standards of purity and required all owners or operators of public water systems to comply with primary (health-related) standards. State governments, which assume this power from EPA, also encourage attainment of secondary standards (nuisance-related). A key element with the application of any chemical concerns the ability to keep the chemical only on the intended area. When performed improperly, aerial application Aerial application, commonly called crop dusting, involves spraying crops with fertilizers, pesticides, and fungicides from an agricultural aircraft. The specific spreading of fertiliser is also known as aerial topdressing. invites off-site drift. Surface application before a major rain event encourages off-site run-off. Great effort must be taken to follow a best management practice when using chemicals to minimize the risk to potable potable /pot·a·ble/ (po´tah-b'l) fit to drink. po·ta·ble adj. Fit to drink; drinkable. potable fit to drink. water sources. Endangered Species Act: This act provides a program for the conservation of threatened and endangered plants and animals Plants and Animals are a Canadian indie-rock band from Montreal, comprised of guitarist-vocalists Warren Spicer and Nic Basque, and drummer-vocalist Matthew Woodley.[1] They are signed to Secret City Records. and the habitats in which they are found. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service of the Department of the Interior maintains the list of 984 endangered species endangered species, any plant or animal species whose ability to survive and reproduce has been jeopardized by human activities. In 1999 the U.S. government, in accordance with the U.S. (388 animals, 596 plants) and 276 threatened species (129 animals, 147 plants. Species include birds, insects, fish, reptiles, mammals, crustaceans, flowers, grasses and trees. Anyone can petition the Fish and Wildlife Service to include a species on this list. The law prohibits any action, administrative or real, that results in "taking" a listed species, or that adversely affects habitat. Likewise, import, export, and interstate and foreign commerce of listed species are all prohibited. EPA's decision to register a pesticide is based in part on the risk of adverse effects on endangered species as well as environmental fate (how a pesticide will affect habitat). Under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, EPA can issue emergency suspensions of certain pesticides to cancel or restrict their use if an endangered species will be adversely affected. Under a new program, EPA, the Fish and Wildlife Service, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture are distributing hundreds of county bulletins that include habitat maps, pesticide use limitations and other actions required to protect listed species. Facility and ground maintenance managers oversee the fragile, yet beautiful, interaction between the natural and human-made environment. The maintenance operations they perform strive for a sustainable balance between the two environments. The inclusion of chemicals in the maintenance of both the natural and man-made worlds can be successful only if certain rules are followed. Solid Waste Solid waste follows along the line of an environmental ethic than an environmental issue. Managers of parks, university campuses and other resources strive to provide aesthetically pleasing, safe, natural areas for their patrons and constituents to enjoy. They strive to do this in the most economically feasible and socially responsible manner. Legislation like the Pollution Prevention Act encourages this effort. The Pollution Prevention Act focused industry, government and public attention on reducing the amount of pollution through cost-effective changes in the production, operation and use of raw materials. Opportunities for source reduction is often not realized because of existing regulations, as well as the industrial resources required for compliance, focus on treatment and disposal. Source reduction is fundamentally different and more desirable than waste management or pollution control. Pollution prevention also includes other practices that increase efficiency in the use of energy, water or other natural resources, and protect our resource base through conservation. Practices include recycling, source reduction and sustainable agriculture sustainable agriculture n. A method of agriculture that attempts to ensure the profitability of farms while preserving the environment. . Facility and grounds maintenance operations have a professional responsibility to serve as stewards of the ecosystems they maintain. Agencies that openly adopt practices aimed at conservation and stewardship of the environment embody the motto, "Think globally, act locally Think Globally, Act Locally was reportedly coined by David Brower, founder of Friends of the Earth, as the slogan for FOE when it was founded in 1969, although others have stated it was originated by Rene Dubos as an advisor to the United Nations Conference on the Human ." Employee Safety Workplace safety became a federally mandated requirement in 1970 with the passage of the Occupational Safety and Health Act. The goal of the act is to make sure employers provide their workers a place free from recognized hazards to safety and health, such as exposure to toxic chemicals, excessive noise levels, mechanical dangers, heat or cold stress, or unsanitary un·san·i·tar·y adj. Not sanitary. conditions. To establish standards for workplace health and safety, the act also created the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, n.pr an institute of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that is responsible for assuring safe and healthful working conditions and for developing standards of safety and health. as the research institution for the Occupational Safety and Health Administration Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), U.S. agency established (1970) in the Dept. of Labor (see Labor, United States Department of) to develop and enforce regulations for the safety and health of workers in businesses that are engaged in interstate (OSHA OSHA n. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, a branch of the US Department of Labor responsible for establishing and enforcing safety and health standards in the workplace. ). OSHA is a division of the U.S. Department of Labor; it oversees the administration of the Act and enforces standards in all 50 states. Personal protective equipment, material safety data sheets, equipment-specific training and mandatory waiting periods before re-entry RE-ENTRY, estates. The resuming or retaking possession of land which the party lately had. 2. Ground rent deeds and leases frequently contain a clause authorizing the landlord to reenter on the non-payment of rent, or the breach of some covenant, when the into pesticide-treated areas serve as standard operating procedures standard operating procedure Medtalk A technique, method or therapy performed 'by the book,' using a standard protocol meeting internally or externally defined criteria; a formal, written procedure that describes how specific lab operations are to be performed. and protocols for facility and grounds maintenance operations that stress safe workplaces. The development and adoption of worker protection standards not only saves lives, but also time. Trends in Environmentally Sensitive Practices Nutrient Management As defined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency[1], nutrient management is managing the amount, form, placement, and timing of application of nutrients (whether as animal waste, commercial fertilizer, or other form of nutrients) to plants. Plans: In many states, nutrient-management plans have been required for segments of the agriculture industry, including dairy production and pork production. Some state agencies are considering legislation to require non-point source entities, including parks and golf courses, to prepare and enact nutrient-management plans. From a facility and grounds best management perspective, a nutrient-management program that targets and utilizes technology to minimize application run-off, and incorporates organic or manmade strategies to minimize run-off makes good sense, environmentally and fiscally. Integrated Pest Management Integrated Pest Management (IPM), planned program that coordinates economically and environmentally acceptable methods of pest control with the judicious and minimal use of toxic pesticides. : Integrated pest management provides a workable set of pesticide usage rules for facility and grounds managers to adopt. The framework includes proper site preparation and plant material selection; proper care to encourage healthy, vigorous growth; early detection practices to isolate pest problems; and, if necessary, proper application of the appropriate, approved chemical when the pest is most susceptible. Integrated pest management offers maintenance managers a methodology to reduce chemical usage and the associated risk of environmental mishap. Xeriscaping[TM]: Faced with competing demands for water, facility and grounds maintenance managers need to adopt strategies that conserve water usage. One example of water conservation practice is Xeriscaping[TM]. Xeriscaping[TM] focuses on a multiple-step approach to landscape design that emphasizes not only water conservation, but also encourages energy conservation and reduces chemical usage. Planning and design, soil improvement, appropriate plant selection, practical turf areas, efficient irrigation irrigation, in agriculture, artificial watering of the land. Although used chiefly in regions with annual rainfall of less than 20 in. (51 cm), it is also used in wetter areas to grow certain crops, e.g., rice. , use of mulches and appropriate maintenance are aspects of successful Xeriscaping[TM]. Biological Engineering: Traditionally a discipline focusing on technology transfer to the agricultural community, biological or bioresource engineering applies life science principles and engineering analysis to optimize the sustainability of natural resources. Bioengineering bioengineering Application of engineering principles and equipment to biology and medicine. It includes the development and fabrication of life-support systems for underwater and space exploration, devices for medical treatment (see provides park and grounds managers with environmentally sensitive, aesthetically pleasing and practical techniques for conserving the natural environment. Examples of bioengineering practices include "soft scaping" design and construction methods. For example, coconut fiber logs, in conjunction with plantings, may be utilized for streamside stream·side n. The land adjacent to a stream. erosion control rather than traditional hard designs: concrete, riprap rip·rap n. 1. A loose assemblage of broken stones erected in water or on soft ground as a foundation. 2. The broken stones used for such a foundation. tr.v. or gabions. Operational Guidelines for Grounds Management This 176-page resource is a comprehensive guide to maintaining and managing your grounds and landscaping operation. Other chapters (besides the one excerpted in the main part of this article) discuss broadcast and zone maintenance, grounds staffing guidelines, contracted services, position descriptions, benchmarking, and environmental issues and laws. Appendices include a list software for grounds management, sample position descriptions, extensive glossary, directory of grounds magazines, professional organizations, cooperative extension service Cooperative Extension Service, in the United States, publicly supported, informal adult education and development organization. Established in 1914 by the Smith-Lever Act, it constitutes one of the largest adult education programs in the world and consists of three specialists and bibliography for further reading. This resource was published jointly in 2001 by NRPA NRPA National Recreation and Park Association NRPA Natural Resources Protective Association (Staten Island, NY) NRPA Niagara Regional Police Association (Canada) NRPA National Rifle and Pistol Association with The Association of Higher Education Facilities Officers and the Professional Grounds Management Society From PGMS's webite The Professional Grounds Management Society (PGMS) is an individual membership society of grounds professionals advancing the grounds management profession through education and professional development. . For members of any of the three publishing organizations, the book costs $75. Nonmembers pay $125. To order, contact NRPA Publications at 703-858-2190. You can order online in the "NRPA Store" section of NRPA's Web site (www.nrpa.org). High-Tech Help for Maintenance Managers Computer software can be an invaluable tool for grounds maintenance management. Here are some options available to park and recreation departments. Tree Manager[TM] for Windows is a user-friendly package for greenscape and trees that can be operated from the field or office. Management capabilities include work history storage, expense tracking, workload projections and maintenance service requests. Also for use with Windows, Green Resource Manager is a database tool designed for management of large outdoor areas. It stores inventory with links from each record to multiple work histories and service requests. ACRT, Inc. 800-622-2562 www.acrtinc.com TMA TMA Turnaround Management Association TMA Texas Medical Association TMA Transportation Management Association TMA Training and Management Assistance (a component of OHRD, which is a component of OWR) TMA Tooling & Manufacturing Association Systems offers three platforms for government and public works operations management: eXpress, Enterprise and WorkGroup. Among the modules available in these packages are work order, equipment, materials and human resource management, preventive maintenance, cost accounting, reporting, charting and graphing and a task library. Options include handheld mobile, pager and e-mail interface for added flexibility. TMA Systems 800-862-1130 www.tmasystems.com In addition to managing facility, inventory and equipment maintenance, the Grounds Management Software[R] system monitors costs, spare parts inventory, daily workload and employee productivity. This package from TRIMS is easy to use, with convenient features like pull-down menus, familiar toolbar A row or column of on-screen buttons used to activate functions in the application. Many toolbars are customizable, letting you add and delete buttons as required. Toolbars may be fixed in position or may float, which means they can be dragged to a more convenient location in the icons and a pop-up date calendar. TRIMS Software International, Inc. 800-608-7467 www.trims.com The Grounds Care System[TM] integrates several functions, including chemical and fertilizer application, budgeting and forecasting, personnel records and work order scheduling. GCS GCS Glasgow Coma Scale GCS Guilford County Schools (North Carolina) GCS Ground Control Station GCS Grand Central Station GCS Ground Control System GCS Ground Combat Systems GCS Group Communication Systems is available in either a Windows or Web-based system. TurfCentric[R] 800-963-1925 www.turfcentric.com A comprehensive maintenance tracking system, MainTrac[TM] is designed specifically for park, recreation and public works departments. The package automates maintenance data processing with functions like cost, stock and expense tracking, work request and invoice processing, and complete personnel data. MainTrac can also track weather conditions for efficient outdoor maintenance. Vermont Systems 877-883-8757 www.vermontsystems.com Park and Recreation Maintenance Management School The Maintenance Management Institute, to be held Jan. 26-31 at the Oglebay Resort in Wheeling, W.V., is part of an intensive two-year professional development school for park, recreation and conservation personnel. The comprehensive training program is sponsored jointly by North Carolina State University History
In the first year, students learn professional techniques and practices, covering fundamental topics like maintenance planning, supervising personnel, grounds and facility maintenance, and operating problems. Second-year training not only focuses on specific skills, but devotes a major portion of coursework to developing a maintenance plan for participants areas. In addition, a graduate seminar is available. It covers professional subjects such as personality type, team dynamics, communication, creativity and networking. For more information, contact N.C. State University at 919-515-2261 or continuing education continuing education: see adult education. continuing education or adult education Any form of learning provided for adults. In the U.S. the University of Wisconsin was the first academic institution to offer such programs (1904). @ncsu.edu, or the NRPA Southeast Regional Service Center at 423-424-3880 or senrpa@aol.com. Web Resources Link to each state's environmental regulations, United States Environmental Protection Agency "EPA" redirects here. For other uses see EPA (disambiguation) and Environmental Protection Agency. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA or sometimes USEPA : www.epa.gov/docs/ epacfr40/find-aid.info/state/. Urban Integrated Pest Management, North Carolina North Carolina, state in the SE United States. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean (E), South Carolina and Georgia (S), Tennessee (W), and Virginia (N). Facts and Figures Area, 52,586 sq mi (136,198 sq km). Pop. Cooperative Extension Service, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences College of Agriculture and Life Sciences is the name of several colleges at different universities that offer instruction in agriculture and the life sciences.
Landscape Water Conservation ... Xeriscape, Texas Agricultural Extension Service, Texas A&M University: http:// aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/extension/ xeriscape/xeriscape.html.J13 Scott Payne is director of academic and information technology in the College of Natural Resources at North Carolina State University, in Raleigh. This article was adapted, with permission, from Payne's contribution to Operational Guidelines for Grounds Management, which was published jointly in 2001 by NRPA with The Association of Higher Education Facilities Officers and the Professional Grounds Management Society. See the box on p. 42 for more information on the book. |
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