Isolation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from intact colon fecal samples of swine (1). (Dispatches).Escherichia coli Escherichia coli (ĕsh'ərĭk`ēə kō`lī), common bacterium that normally inhabits the intestinal tracts of humans and animals, but can cause infection in other parts of the body, especially the urinary tract. O157:H7 was recovered from colon fecal samples of pigs. Polymerase chain reaction polymerase chain reaction (pŏl`ĭmərās') (PCR), laboratory process in which a particular DNA segment from a mixture of DNA chains is rapidly replicated, producing a large, readily analyzed sample of a piece of DNA; the process is confirmed two genotypes: isolates harboring the eaeA, [stx.sub.1], and [stx.sub.2] genes and isolates harboring the eaeA, [stx.sub.1], and [hly.sub.933] genes. We demonstrate that swine in the United States United States, officially United States of America, republic (2005 est. pop. 295,734,000), 3,539,227 sq mi (9,166,598 sq km), North America. The United States is the world's third largest country in population and the fourth largest country in area. can harbor potentially pathogenic E. coli E. coli: see Escherichia coli. E. coli in full Escherichia coli Species of bacterium that inhabits the stomach and intestines. E. coli can be transmitted by water, milk, food, or flies and other insects. O157:H7. ********** During the past two decades, disease caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7 has been increasing (1). Currently, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), agency of the U.S. Public Health Service since 1973, with headquarters in Atlanta; it was established in 1946 as the Communicable Disease Center. estimates that E. coli O157:H7 causes an average of 500 outbreaks that affect >73,000 persons and result in >61 deaths each year in the United States (2). The epidemiology of E. coli O157:H7 has become an important research topic as manure harboring E. coli O157:H7 is dispersed, and soil, food, and water are cross-contaminated with feces containing E. coli O157:H7 (1,3). Although cattle feces are the most important source of E. coli O157:H7, the need to evaluate the presence of E. coli O157:H7 in the feces of other animal species has been recognized (1). The presence of E. coli O157:H7 in swine feces has been reported in Japan (4), Norway (5), and Chile (6); however, to date, E. coli O157:H7 has not been reported in swine in the United States. The Study Colon samples were collected at a cooperating swine slaughter facility from 305 swine carcasses during evisceration evisceration /evis·cer·a·tion/ (e-vis?er-a´shun) 1. removal of the abdominal viscera. 2. removal of the contents of the eyeball, leaving the sclera. e·vis·cer·a·tion n. . Two to three inches of distal colon that contained feces at the first point proximal to the rectum was resected and maintained on ice for approximately 2 hours before processing (Figure). Ten grams of feces from each colon was transferred to filter-lined sterile plastic bags. One hundred milliliters of brilliant green bile broth (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, MI), prewarmed to 37[degrees]C, was added to each filter stomacher bag containing feces and incubated at 37[degrees]C for 6 h with shaking (150 rpm) (7). After enrichment, 1.0-mL aliquots were processed by using Dynabeads anti-E, coli O157 (Dynal Biotech, Oslo, Norway), according to according to prep. 1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians. 2. In keeping with: according to instructions. 3. manufacturer's instructions with modification. Bead/sample suspensions were incubated at room temperature for 30 min with continuous mixing on a Bellco roller drum (Bellco Glass, Inc., Vineland, NJ) before plating onto sorbitol sorbitol /sor·bi·tol/ (sor´bi-tol) a six-carbon sugar alcohol from a variety of fruits, found in lens deposits in diabetes mellitus. MacConkey (SMAC SMAC Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri (game) SMAC Sorbitol MacConkey Agar (clinical microbiology laboratories) SMAC Second Mitochondria-Derived Activator of Caspases (apoptosis; hematology) ; Difco Laboratories), cefixime/tellurite (CT; cefixime-tellurite supplement, Dynal Biotech)-SMAC agars, and rainbow agar O157 (Biolog, Inc., Hayward, CA). Black colonies from rainbow agar O157 and sorbitol-negative colonies from CT-SMAC and SMAC agars were tested for the absence of [beta]-glucuronidase and the ability to ferment ferment /fer·ment/ (fer-ment´) to undergo fermentation; used for the decomposition of carbohydrates. fer·ment n. 1. lactose by using E. coli broth containing 4-methylumbelliferyl-[beta]-D-glucuronide (MUG) (EC medium with MUG; Difco Laboratories) and MacConkey broth (Difco Laboratories), respectively. Lactose-positive/MUG-negative isolates were serotyped by using the RIM E. coli O157:H7 Latex Test (Remel, Lenexa, KS). Up to 10 E. coli O157 latex agglutination-positive isolates per colon fecal sample were tested for the presence of the [rfb.sub.O157] gene by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR PCR polymerase chain reaction. PCR abbr. polymerase chain reaction Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ) (8). Isolates positive for the [rfb.sub.O157] gene were further characterized for the presence of genes encoding the H7 flagellar flagellar /fla·gel·lar/ (flah-jel´ar) of or relating to a flagellum. flagellar of or pertaining to a flagellum. protein (fli[C.sub.H7]), Shiga toxin Shiga toxins are a family of related toxins with two major groups, Stx1 and Stx2, whose genes are considered to be part of the genome of lambdoid prophages.[1] The toxins are named for Kiyoshi Shiga, who first described the bacterial origin of dysentery caused by 1 ([stx.sub.1]), Shiga toxin 2 ([stx.sub.2]), intimin protein (eaeA), and hemolysin hemolysin /he·mol·y·sin/ (he-mol´i-sin) a substance that liberates hemoglobin from erythrocytes by interrupting their structural integrity. he·mol·y·sin n. ([hly.sub.933]) (9). We conducted further analysis using antimicrobial resistance patterns, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis gel electrophoresis n. Electrophoresis performed in a gel composed of agarose, polyacrylamide, or starch. (PFGE PFGE Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis ), and ribotyping on all E. coli O157 PCR-positive isolates containing fli[C.sub.H7], [stx.sub.1], [stx.sub.2], [eae.sub.A], or [hly.sub.033]. However, for tabulation tab·u·late tr.v. tab·u·lat·ed, tab·u·lat·ing, tab·u·lates 1. To arrange in tabular form; condense and list. 2. To cut or form with a plane surface. adj. Having a plane surface. purposes, each sample ultimately contributed one isolate. When fli[C.sub.H7], [stx.sub.1], [stx.sub.2], eaeA, or [hly.sub.933] was not detected in PCR-confirmed E. coli O157 isolates, further analysis was performed on only one E. coli O157 isolate per colon sample. [FIGURE OMITTED] E. coli O157 isolates were tested for susceptibility to 17 antimicrobial agents Antimicrobial agents Chemical compounds biosynthetically or synthetically produced which either destroy or usefully suppress the growth or metabolism of a variety of microscopic or submicroscopic forms of life. (amikacin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin ampicillin (ăm'pĭsĭl`ĭn), a penicillin-type antibiotic that is effective against both gram-negative microorganisms and gram-positive microorganisms such as Escherichia coli. , apramycin, cefoxitin, ceftriaxone ceftriaxone /cef·tri·ax·one/ (cef?tri-ak´son) a semisynthetic, ß–resistant, third-generation cephalosporin effective against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, used as the sodium salt. , cephalothin cephalothin a first generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Sensitive organisms include many penicillin-resistant staphylococci. cephalothin Cefalotin® Infectious disease A parenteral semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C, and 3 , chloramphenicol chloramphenicol (klōr'ămfĕn`əkŏl'), antibiotic effective against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria (see Gram's stain). It was originally isolated from a species of Streptomyces bacteria. , ciprofloxacin ciprofloxacin /cip·ro·flox·a·cin/ (sip?ro-flok´sah-sin) a synthetic antibacterial effective against many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria; used as the hydrochloride salt. cip·ro·flox·a·cin n. , gentamicin gentamicin /gen·ta·mi·cin/ (jen?tah-mi´sin) an aminoglycoside antibiotic complex isolated from bacteria of the genus Micromonospora, , imipenem, kanamycin kanamycin /kan·a·my·cin/ (kan?ah-mi´sin) an aminoglycoside antibiotic derived from Streptomyces kanamyceticus, effective against aerobic gram-negative bacilli and some gram-positive bacteria, including mycobacteria; used as the , nalidixic acid nalidixic acid /nal·i·dix·ic ac·id/ (nal-i-dik´sik) a synthetic antibacterial agent used in the treatment of genitourinary infections caused by gram-negative organisms. na·li·dix·ic acid n. , streptomycin streptomycin (strĕp'tōmī`sĭn), antibiotic produced by soil bacteria of the genus Streptomyces and active against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (see Gram's stain), including species resistant to other , sulfamethoxazole sulfamethoxazole /sul·fa·meth·ox·a·zole/ (-meth-ok´sah-zol) a sulfonamideantibacterial and antiprotozoal, particularly used in acute urinary tract infections. sul·fa·me·thox·a·zole n. , tetracycline tetracycline (tĕ'trəsī`klēn), any of a group of antibiotics produced by bacteria of the genus Streptomyces. They are effective against a wide range of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, interfering with protein , and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) as described (10) by using a custom-made semiautomated sem·i·au·to·mat·ed adj. Partially automated. broth microdilution assay (Sensititre, Trek Diagnostics, Westlake, OH). Imipenem was used at concentrations of 0.25-8.0 [micro]g with the following breakpoints: sensitive (<4) and resistant (16). For PFGE, DNA DNA: see nucleic acid. DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid One of two types of nucleic acid (the other is RNA); a complex organic compound found in all living cells and many viruses. It is the chemical substance of genes. was digested with 50 U XbaI (Invitrogen Corp., Carlsbad, CA) for 4 h at 37[degrees]C. PFGE was performed by using a CHEF Mapper XA system (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA) at 14[degrees]C with pulses ramping from 2.16 s to 63.8 s over 18 h. PFGE patterns were evaluated visually, and isolates were assigned to the same pulsotype when exhibiting a difference of <3 bands from the index isolate. Ribotyping of the E. coli O157 isolates was done by using a RiboPrinter (Qualicon, Inc., Wilmington, DE) as described in the user's manual. Restriction digests were performed on E. coli O157 isolates by using the EcoRI enzyme (Qualicon, Inc.). A total of 305 colon samples were randomly collected on 8 different days over a 6-month period as follows: collection day 1 (February 16, 2001), n=5; collection day 2 (March 8, 2001), n=20; collection day 3 (March 22, 2001), n=40; collection day 4 (April 20, 2001), n=40; collection day 5 (May 4, 2001), n=50; collection day 6 (May 16, 2001), n=50; collection day 7 (June 20, 2001), n=50; and collection day 8 (July 10, 2001), n=50 (Table). Eighteen (5.9%) of the 305 colon samples had isolates positive for [rfb.sub.O157]. Isolates from 6 of these 18 colon samples also contained [fli[C.sub.H7]. Two gene combinations based on the presence or absence of [stx.sub.1], [stx.sub.2], eae, and [hly.sub.933] were detected in these E. coli O157:H7 PCR-confirmed isolates. The [stx.sub.1], eaeA, and [hly.sub.933], virulence pattern was detected in two isolates (isolates 1 and 2) from two of the five colon samples collected on February 16, 2001, and the [stx.sub.1], [stx.sub.2], and eaeA virulence pattern was detected in 22 isolates (isolates 6-27) from 4 of the 50 colon samples collected on May 4, 2001. None of the E. coli O157:H7 isolates recovered contained all four of the virulence genes ([stx.sub.1], [stx.sub.2], eaeA, and [hly.sub.933]). None of the E. coli O157:non-H7 isolates (isolates 3-5, 28-36) in the present study contained [stx.sub.1], [stx.sub.2], [eae.sub.A], or hly genes. Non-Shiga toxin-producing E. coli O157:non-H7 isolates have been previously isolated from the feces of pigs (11,12). For slaughterhouse slaughterhouse: see abattoir; meatpacking. visits on March 8, March 22, June 20, and July 10, 2001, E. coli O157 and E. coli O157:H7 were not recovered from any of the colons sampled. All E. coli O157:H7 isolates recovered in this study were sensitive to the antimicrobial agents tested, with the exception of one isolate (isolate 15) that was resistant to streptomycin. This isolate was recovered from a colon from which a pan-sensitive E. coli O157:H7 was also recovered. The antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of the E. coli O157:non-H7 isolates was more varied than that of the E. coli O157:H7 isolates with five different susceptibility patterns noted. Only one of the E. coli O157:non-H7 isolates was pan-sensitive. These data are similar to previous reports in which antimicrobial resistance among E. coli O157 non-Shiga toxin-producing isolates was higher than that of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli O157 isolates (11). As previously shown, ribotyping did not discriminate among isolates within the E. coli O157:H7 serotype serotype /se·ro·type/ (ser´o-tip) the type of a microorganism determined by its constituent antigens; a taxonomic subdivision based thereon. se·ro·type n. See serovar. v. (13). Additionally, the E. coli O157:non-H7 isolates were indistinguishable from one another. Four PFGE profiles were noted. The E. coli O157:H7 isolates obtained from colon 1 and colon 2 on February 16, 2001, exhibited the PFGE type 1 pattern, whereas the E. coli O157:H7 isolates obtained from four colons on May 4, 2001 exhibited the PFGE type 2 pattern. The E. coli O157:non-H7 isolates obtained on April 20, 2001, and May 16, 2001, exhibited PFGE patterns 3 and 4, respectively. Conclusions Results from this study demonstrate that pigs in the United States can, harbor E. coli O157:H7. The recovery rate of E. coli O157:H7 from colon fecal samples of pigs reported in this study was 2.0% (6/305). Previous attempts to isolate E. coli O157:H7 from swine feces in the United States have been unsuccessful (12,14). Use of more appropriate methods for sampling, processing, and culturing swine feces may have accounted for the ability to recover and isolate E. coli O157:H7 from swine feces in our study. For example, samples were obtained from the colon, transported on ice, and processed within 2 h of collection. The absence of antibiotics in our enrichment step may have also facilitated the recovery of E. coli O157:H7 from swine feces. Furthermore, although direct comparisons cannot be made between cattle studies, the recovery rate of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli O157 from cattle feces has improved over the past 10 years. This is most likely due to more conducive sampling procedures, culture practices, and detection methods than an increase in true carriers. The detection of E. coli O157 in swine feces has previously been based on the isolation techniques used for the recovery of E. coli O157 from cattle feces. The difficulty in detecting E. coli O157 from swine feces may in part be attributable to differences in the physiologic environment between swine and cattle feces. More appropriate isolation techniques may still be discovered for detecting E. coli O157 in swine. Although our recovery rates of E. coli O157:H7 from swine are similar to recovery rates in Japan (4), we recovered a genotype in addition to the [stx.sub.1], [stx.sub.1], and eaeA genotype: the [stx.sub.1], eaeA, and [hly.sub.933] genotype. In Norway, the recovery rate (0.1%) of E. coli O157:H7 from pig feces was much lower (5). Isolates recovered from Norway possessed the [stx.sub.2] and eaeA genes only; however, the presence of the [hly.sub.933] gene was not determined (5). The ability to produce one or more Shiga toxins is an important virulence characteristic of E. coli O157:H7 (1). However, production of Shiga toxins alone may not be sufficient for E. coli O157:H7 to be pathogenic (1). Other virulence factors such as the intimin protein (involved in the attachment of the E. coli O157 to enterocytes), the presence of a plasmid-encoded hemolysin, or both, are important in the pathophysiology pathophysiology /patho·phys·i·ol·o·gy/ (-fiz?e-ol´ah-je) the physiology of disordered function. path·o·phys·i·ol·o·gy n. 1. of hemorrhagic Hemorrhagic A condition resulting in massive, difficult-to-control bleeding. Mentioned in: Hantavirus Infections hemorrhagic pertaining to or characterized by hemorrhage. disease (1). E. coli O157:H7 isolates recovered in this study possessed either two virulence factors, eaeA and [hly.sub.933], in addition to [stx.sub.1] or one virulence factor, eaeA, in addition to [stx.sub.1] and [stx.sub.2]. These isolates can potentially cause disease and should be considered pathogenic to humans. Since human E. coli O157:H7 clinical isolates contain the [stx.sub.1], [stx.sub.2], eaeA, and [hly.sub.933] genes, the human pathogenicity of E. coli O157:H7 isolates from pigs that lack the hly gene requires further study. The clonal nature of the isolates that were isolated on a particular day suggests transmission of E. coli O157 between pigs. Unfortunately, we did not have access to information concerning the source of the pigs from which the samples were collected, the number of pigs slaughtered from a given farm, or the holding facilities and grouping of the pigs before slaughter. Therefore, we do not know whether E. coli O157 transmission between pigs occurred on the farm, in transit, or while the pigs were in a holding pen at the slaughterhouse. This study did not permit inferences of E. coli O157:H7 isolation rates with respect to the season, nor can inferences of E. coli O157:H7 isolation rates be made with respect to swine or herd prevalence. The relatively low recovery rate of E. coli O157:H7 from swine feces compared to cattle feces warrants further study to determine the significance and prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in swine and if different enrichment and isolation methods would have an impact on the recovery of E. coli O157:H7 from swine feces. In addition, future studies should be conducted to determine the occurrence of E. coli O157 on swine hides, in swine mouths, and in swine stomachs.
able. Characterization of Escherichia coil O157:H7 and non-H7
isolates recovered from 305 swine fecal colon samples (a,b)
E. coli O157
positive colon
Swine E. samples/total
coli O157 colon samples Colon ref.
Collection date isolate no. collected no.
Feb. 16, 2001 1 2/5 1
2 2
Mar. 8, 2001 No isolates 0/20
Mar. 22, 2001 No isolates 0/40
Apr. 20, 2001 3 3/40 3
4 4
5 5
May 4, 2001 6-11 4/50 6
12-16 7
17-25 8
26,27 9
May 16, 2001 28 9/50 10
29 11
30 12
31 13
32 14
33 15
34 16
35 17
36 18
June 20, 2001 No isolates 0/50
July 10, 2001 No isolates 0/50
Total=36 18/305 18
Swine E. No. of isolates
coli O157 recovered from PCR
Collection date isolate no. sample characteristics
Feb. 16, 2001 1 1 [tfb.sub.O157],
fli[C.sub.H7],
[stx.sub.1], eae,
[hly.sub.933]
2 1 [tfb.sub.O157],
fli[C.sub.H7],
[stx.sub.1], eae,
[hly.sub.933]
Mar. 8, 2001 No isolates
Mar. 22, 2001 No isolates
Apr. 20, 2001 3 1 [rfb.sub.O157]
4 1 [rfb.sub.O157]
5 1 [rfb.sub.O157]
May 4, 2001 6-11 6 [rfb.sub.O157],
fli[C.sub.H7],
[stx.sub.l],
[stx.sub.2], eae
12-16 5 [rfb.sub.O157],
fli[C.sub.H7],
[stx.sub.l],
[stx.sub.2], eae
17-25 9 [rfb.sub.O157],
fli[C.sub.H7],
[stx.sub.l],
[stx.sub.2], eae
26,27 2 [rfb.sub.O157],
fli[C.sub.H7],
[stx.sub.l],
[stx.sub.2], eae
May 16, 2001 28 1 [rfb.sub.O157]
29 1 [rfb.sub.O157]
30 1 [rfb.sub.O157]
31 1 [rfb.sub.O157]
32 1 [rfb.sub.O157]
33 1 [rfb.sub.O157]
34 1 [rfb.sub.O157]
35 1 [rfb.sub.O157]
36 1 [rfb.sub.O157]
Swine E.
coli O157 E. coli O157 PFGE
Collection date isolate no. ribotyping type
Feb. 16, 2001 1 H7 1
2 H7 1
Mar. 8, 2001 No isolates
Mar. 22, 2001 No isolates
Apr. 20, 2001 3 Non-H7 3
4 Non-H7 3
5 Non-H7 3
May 4, 2001 6-11 H7 2
12-16 H7 2
17-25 H7 2
26,27 H7 2
May 16, 2001 28 Non-H7 4
29 Non-H7 4
30 Non-H7 4
31 Non-H7 4
32 Non-H7 4
33 Non-H7 4
34 Non-H7 4
35 Non-H7 4
36 Non-H7 4
Swine E. Antimicrobial
coli O157 resistance
Collection date isolate no. pattern (b)
Feb. 16, 2001 1 Pan-sensitive
2 Pan-sensitive
Mar. 8, 2001 No isolates
Mar. 22, 2001 No isolates
Apr. 20, 2001 3 kan, strept,
sulfa, tet
4 kan, strept,
sulfa, tet
5 kan, sulfa, tet
May 4, 2001 6-11 Pan-sensitive
12-16 Pan-sensitive,
except isolate
no. 15
resistant to
strept
17-25 Pan-sensitive
26,27 Pan-sensitive
May 16, 2001 28 Pan-sensitive
29 tet
30 tet
31 strept, tet
32 tet
33 tet
34 tet
35 tet
36 tet
(a) Each isolate listed in the following table
represents an isolate from an individual colon sample.
(b) Feb., February; Mar., March; Apr., April; reft, reference;
PCR, polymerase chain reaction; PFGE, pulsed-field gel
electrophoresis; kan, kanamycin; strept, streptomycin; sulfa,
sulfamethoxazole; tet, tetracycline.
Acknowledgments We thank Connie Briggs and Lori Bagi for their technical support and assistance and Takiyah Ball and Jovita Hermosillo for their expertise in antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Dr. Feder is a research microbiologist with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Her research interests include diagnostic microbiology, molecular epidemiology molecular epidemiology Molecular medicine An evolving field that combines the tools of standard epidemiology–case studies, questionnaires and monitoring of exposure to external factors with the tools of molecular biology–eg, restriction endonucleases, , and assay development of zoonotic Zoonotic A disease which can be spread from animals to humans. Mentioned in: Zoonosis pathogens, primarily Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella. (1) Presented in part at the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology The American Society for Microbiology (ASM) is a scientific organization, based in the United States although with over 43,000 members throughout the world. It is the largest single life science professional organization and its members include those whose interests encompass basic , Salt Lake City, Utah For ships of the United States Navy of the same name, see . Salt Lake City is the capital and the most populous city of the U.S. state of Utah. The name of the city is often shortened to Salt Lake, or its initials, S.L.C. , May 2002. References (1.) Mead PS, Griffin PM. Escherichia coli O157:H7. Lancet 1998;352:1207-12. (2.) Mead PS, Slutsker L, Dietz V, McCaig LF, Bresee JS, Shapiro C, et al. Food-related illness and death in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis 1999;5:607-25. (3.) Charatan F. New York New York, state, United States New York, Middle Atlantic state of the United States. It is bordered by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic Ocean (E), New Jersey and Pennsylvania (S), Lakes Erie and Ontario and the Canadian province of outbreak of E. coli poisoning affects 1000 and kills two. Br Med J. 1999;86:873. (4.) Nakazawa M, Akiba M. Swine as a potential reservoir of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Japan. Emerg Infect Dis 1999;5:833-4. (5.) Johnsen G, Wasteson Y, Heir E, Berget OI, Herikstad H. Escherichia coli O157:H7 in faeces from cattle, sheep and pigs in the southwest part of Norway during 1998 and 1999. Int J Food Microbiol 2001;65:193-200. (6.) Rios M, Prado V, Trucksis M, Arellano C, Borie C, Alexandre M, et al. Clonal diversity of Chilean isolates of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli EHEC Any of the E coli serotypes–eg O29, O39, O145 that produces shiga-like toxins, causing bloody inflammatory diarrhea, evoking a HUS. See Escherichia coli O157:H7, Hemolytic uremic syndrome. from patients with hemolytic-uremic syndrome Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome Definition Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) is a rare condition that affects mostly children under the age of 10, but also may affect the elderly as well as persons with other illnesses. , asymptomatic subjects, animal reservoirs, and food products. J Clin Microbiol 1999:37;778-81. (7.) Gray JT, Smith D, Moxley R, Rolfes C, Hungerford L, Younts S, et al. Comparison of oral and rectal sampling to classify the Escherichia coli O157:H7 status of pens of feedlot feedlot a management system in which naturally grazing animals are confined to a small area which produces no feed and are fed on stored feeds. See also dry lot. backgrounding feedlot cattle. Program and abstracts of American Society for Microbiology annual meeting, May 21-22, Los Angeles Los Angeles (lôs ăn`jələs, lŏs, ăn`jəlēz'), city (1990 pop. 3,485,398), seat of Los Angeles co., S Calif.; inc. 1850. , California. Washington: American Society for Microbiology; 2002:524-5. (8.) Paton AW, Paton JC. Detection and characterization of Shiga toxigenic toxigenic /tox·i·gen·ic/ (tok?si-jen´ik) 1. producing or elaborating toxins. 2. derived from or containing toxins. tox·i·gen·ic adj. Producing a poison; toxicogenic. Escherichia coli by using multiplex PCR assays for [stx.sub.1], [stx.sub.2], eaeA, enterohemorrhagic E. coli hlyA, rfbO111, and rfbO157. J Clin Microbiol 1998;36:598-602. (9.) Fratamico PM, Bagi LK, Pepe T. A multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for rapid detection and identification of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in foods and bovine feces. J Food Prot 2000;63:1032-7. (10.) Fedorka-Cray P. National antimicrobial resistance monitoring system annual report. Available from: http://www.ars-grin.gov/ ars/SoAtlantic/Athens/arru/narms_2000/2000 tables/2000_table01.pdf (11.) Schroeder CM, Zhao C, DebRoy C, Torcolini J, Zhao S, White DG, et al. Antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli O157 isolated from humans, cattle, swine, and food. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002;68:576-81. (12.) Feder I, Gray J, Pearce R, Fratamico P, Bush E, Wallace FM, et al. National animal health monitoring system swine 2000: a surveillance study of Escherichia coli O157 in swine. International Association for Food Protection The International Association for Food Protection (IAFP), founded in 1911, is a non-profit association of food safety professionals. Comprised of a diverse membership of over 3,000 Members from 50 nations, the Association is dedicated to the education and service of its Members, as annual meeting program and abstracts, June 29-July 3, 2001. (13.) Martin IE, Tyler SD, Tyler KD, Khakhria R, Johnsen WM. Evaluation of ribotyping as epidemiologic tool for typing Escherichia coli serogroup O157 isolates. J Clin Microbiol. 1996;34:720-3. (14.) Bush E. U.S. swine herd appears free of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Food Safety Digest 1997;4. Address for correspondence: Ingrid E. Feder, Microbial microbial pertaining to or emanating from a microbe. microbial digestion the breakdown of organic material, especially feedstuffs, by microbial organisms. Biophysics biophysics, application of various methods and principles of physical science to the study of biological problems. In physiological biophysics physical mechanisms have been used to explain such biological processes as the transmission of nerve impulses, the muscle and Residue Chemistry and Core Technologies, USDA USDA, n.pr See United States Department of Agriculture. , Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA; fax: 215- 836-3742; e-mail: ifeder@arserrc.gov. Ingrid Feder, * F. Morgan Wallace, * Jeffrey T. Gray, ([dagger]) Pina Fratamico, * Paula J. Fedorka-Cray, ([dagger]) Rachel A. Pearce, ([double dagger double dagger n. A reference mark (  ) used in printing and writing. Also called diesis.Noun 1. ]) Jeffrey E. Call, * Richard Perrine, * and John B. Luchansky * * U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania Wyndmoor is a census-designated place (CDP) in Springfield Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, USA. The population was 5,601 at the 2000 census. Geography Wyndmoor is located at (40.082810, -75. , USA; ([dagger]) U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia Athens-Clarke County is a unified city-county in Georgia, U.S., in the northeastern part of the state, at the eastern terminus of Georgia 316. The University of Georgia is located in this college town and is responsible for the initial creation of Athens and its subsequent growth. , USA; and ([double dagger]) National Food Centre, Dublin, Ireland |
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