Investigating 0201 printing issues and stencil design: experimental results on printer settings, stencil design and stencil technology for 0201s.Many of today's consumer electronic products require miniaturization min·i·a·tur·ize tr.v. min·i·a·tur·ized, min·i·a·tur·iz·ing, min·i·a·tur·iz·es To plan or make on a greatly reduced scale. min of components and high-density high-den·si·ty adj. Having a high concentration: high-density urban areas. assembly on printed circuit boards (PCBs). With these demands, 0201 packages have become an interesting topic to study in electronics manufacturing This article presents a typical manufacturing process of an electronic assembly. Component manufacturing Components such as resistors, capacitors and integrated circuits are generally made by specialized contractors. . To investigate PCB PCB: see polychlorinated biphenyl. PCB in full polychlorinated biphenyl Any of a class of highly stable organic compounds prepared by the reaction of chlorine with biphenyl, a two-ring compound. design and assembly processes on 0201 packages, a 0201 test vehicle was designed that included important design factors such as pad size, pad shape, solder-mask-defined pads vs. non-solder-mask-defined pads, and spacing between components. Nine types of pad designs with different pad sizes and shapes for 0201 packages were tested. Following are the results from experiments designed to understand printing issues, such as printer settings, stencil stencil, cutout device of oiled or shellacked tough and resistant paper, thin metal, or other material used in applying paint, dye, or ink to reproduce its design or lettering upon a surface. design and stencil technology. Test Vehicle A test vehicle (Figure 1), a six-layer FR-4 board with a nickel/gold pad finish, was designed for the 0201 process evaluation. The test vehicle had four boards in a panel, with outside dimensions of 3.5 in. x 1.4 in. for the board and 5 in. x 7 in. for the panel. Boards A and B had a total of 36 groups of 0201s. The 18 groups of 0201s on board A had a vertical orientation Vertical orientation is a 3:4 aspect ratio, rotated 90 degrees from a NTSC television's standard 4:3 aspect ratio. It has been used primarily for arcade games (especially during the early 1980s) and for art projects, including a music video by The Shamen. , and the 18 groups of 0201s on board B had a horizontal orientation. Sixty 0201s were designed in each group. Within these 60 0201s, 30 0201 pads had via in pad and the other 30 0201 pads did not have via in pad. Nine types of pad designs were used: four with rectangular rec·tan·gu·lar adj. 1. Having the shape of a rectangle. 2. Having one or more right angles. 3. Designating a geometric coordinate system with mutually perpendicular axes. shape, two with round shape and three with home-based shape, with different dimensions. [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] Stencils Two stencil technologies were tested in the experiment: laser-cut-with-polish and electroform e·lec·tro·form tr.v. e·lec·tro·formed, e·lec·tro·form·ing, e·lec·tro·forms To produce or reproduce (an object) by electrodeposition on a mold. . The aperture An orifice. It often refers to an opening in which light is allowed to pass in optical systems such as cameras and lasers. See f-stop and numerical aperture. shape was the same as the pad shape, while the ratio of aperture to pad size was 120%, 100% and 80%. Table 1 shows the area ratio of the apertures on each type of opening, with 5 mil An Internet address domain name for a military agency. See Internet address. (networking) mil - The top-level domain for entities affiliated with US armed forces. stencil thickness thickness (thik´nes) a measurement across the smallest dimension of an object. triceps skinfold (TSF) thickness . Solder paste Solder paste (or solder cream) is a mix of small solder particles and flux. It is used extensively in the automated soldering processes wave soldering and reflow soldering. The solder paste used in this work was a eutectic (63Sn/37Pb), no-clean solder paste with particle size Particle size, also called grain size, refers to the diameter of individual grains of sediment, or the lithified particles in clastic rocks. The term may also be applied to other granular materials. type 3 and type 4. Printer Optimization optimization Field of applied mathematics whose principles and methods are used to solve quantitative problems in disciplines including physics, biology, engineering, and economics. For printer optimization, three parameters with the values of low, medium and high were identified based on experience and recommendations from the solder paste vendor and the printer vendor. By using the Box-Baken Design of Experiments (DOE) Method, a total of 13 sets of parameters were designed for this experiment. The printer settings are provided in Table 2. The laser-cut with polish stencil and a no-clean type 4 solder paste were used for this test The solder paste height measurement data were analyzed an·a·lyze tr.v. an·a·lyzed, an·a·lyz·ing, an·a·lyz·es 1. To examine methodically by separating into parts and studying their interrelations. 2. Chemistry To make a chemical analysis of. 3. , with the data obtained from the solder-mask-defined pads and the non-solder-mask-defined pads analyzed separately. In addition, based on experience, if the area ratio is lower than 0.5, poor printing quality is expected. Therefore, when per forming the [C.sub.PK] calculation, the data obtained from the apertures with an area ratio lower than 0.5 were not included in the data analysis. The calculated [C.sub.PK] for each set of parameter (1) Any value passed to a program by the user or by another program in order to customize the program for a particular purpose. A parameter may be anything; for example, a file name, a coordinate, a range of values, a money amount or a code of some kind. settings is provided in Table 2. For the calculation on the solder-mask-defined pads, the specification used was 4 mils to 6 mils, while, on the non-solder-mask-defined pads, the specification utilized was 4.5 mils to 6.5 mils. Different solder paste height specification was employed in the calculation because an average of 0.5 mil of solder paste height difference between the solder-mask-defined pads and the non-solder-mask-defined pads was observed during the solder paste height analysis. Based on the [C.sub.PK] data in Table 2, the best four printer settings for solder-mask-defined pads were Run #4, #5, #8 and #13, while the best four printer settings for non-solder-mask-defined pads were Run #12, #13, #2 and #11. Comparing the above printer settings, Run#13 is the optimized printer setting for both types of pads. DOE Analysis The [C.sub.PK] data in Table 2 were used as a response in the Box-Baken DOE analysis. Contour plots for three printer parameters-printing speed, squeegee pressure and separation speed-on both solder-mask-defined and non-solder-mask-defined pads are presented in Figure 2. The recommendations from each of the contours Contours may mean:
[FIGURE 2 OMITTED] For solder-mask-defined pads, the separation speed does not influence the [C.sub.PK] of solder paste height significantly. The recommendation for printer settings for these pads is to use medium printing speed and medium squeegee pressure. For non-solder-mask-defined pads, the printing speed used in the printer should always be slow, while the squeegee pressure will depend on the separation speed. When the separation speed is low, the squeegee pressure should be low to medium; when the separation speed utilized is medium to high, the squeegee pressure used should be high. However, when low separation speed was used for non-solder-mask-defined pads, the [C.sub.PK] of the solder paste height was only 1.18; therefore, for a board with both types of pads, separation speed of medium to high is recommended. Considering that non-solder-mask-defined pads have lower solder paste height [C.sub.PK] than solder-mask-defined pads, low printing speed and high squeegee pressure are recommended. Solder Paste Height Figures 3 and 4 illustrate the 0.5 mil difference between both types of pads for different area ratios. The solder paste height on non-solder-mask-defined pads is lower than that of solder-mask-defined pads when the area ratio is below 0.53. With the area ratio increase, the solder paste height on non-solder-mask-defined pads becomes higher than that of solder-mask-defined pads. [FIGURES 3-4 OMITTED] For solder paste volume comparison between both types of pads, the data show that, when the area ratio is lower than 0.53, the solder paste volume on non-solder-mask-defined pads is lower than on solder-mask-defined pads. However, when the area ratio is higher than 0.53, the ratio between solder paste volume on both types of pads ranges from 70% to 107%, and most of the data are between 80% and 100%. These data indicate that, although the solder paste height on non-solder-mask-defined pads is higher than on solder solder (sŏd`ər), metal alloy used in the molten state as a metallic binder. The type of solder to be used is determined by the metals to be united. Soft solders are commonly composed of lead and tin and have low melting points. Hard solders (i. mask-defined pads, the solder paste volume on the former is lower than on the latter. Because the same aperture opening was used on both types of pads, the solder paste height difference is not a stencil-related issue. The phenomena could be explained as different solder paste behavior when separating a stencil from different types of printed pads. Figure 5 shows a simple structure of both types of pads printed. As can be seen, since solder mask An insulating pattern applied to a printed circuit board that exposes only the areas to be soldered. is underneath the stencil, more solder paste was printed on a solder-mask-defined pad than on a non-solder-mask-defined pad; therefore, solder paste volume on a solder-mask-defined pad is higher than on a non-solder-mask-defined pad. [FIGURE 5 OMITTED] Also, due to the existence of the solder mask, two parts of solder paste are above a solder-mask-defined pad. The first part is the solder paste surrounded sur·round tr.v. sur·round·ed, sur·round·ing, sur·rounds 1. To extend on all sides of simultaneously; encircle. 2. To enclose or confine on all sides so as to bar escape or outside communication. n. by the solder mask, which is attached to the pad; the second is the part of the solder paste surrounded by the metal stencil. While on a non-solder-mask-defined pad, only the FIGURE 5: Structure of pad second part of solder paste exists. The solder paste height difference is due to the existence of the first part of solder paste. When removing a stencil from a printed solder-mask-defined pad, the behaviors of the two parts of solder paste are different. The part of the solder paste surrounded by a solder mask will stay on the pad because of the adhesion adhesion /ad·he·sion/ (ad-he´zhun) 1. the property of remaining in close proximity. 2. the stable joining of parts to one another, which may occur abnormally. 3. between the pad and the solder paste. However, the part of the solder paste surrounded by a metal stencil will be pulled up due to adhesion between the solder paste and the aperture wall. When removing a stencil from a printed non-solder-mask-defined pad, only the center part of solder paste adheres to the pad because the outside paste particles <onlyinclude> This is a list of particles in particle physics, including currently known and hypothetical elementary particles, as well as the composite particles that can be built up from them. will be pulled by the stencil. Therefore, the solder paste printed on a solder-mask-defined pad holds its shape better than on a non-solder-mask-defined pad. By using optical solder paste measurement equipment, a sample of the solder paste height and volume was taken, and the results were consistent with that obtained from the three-dimensional three-di·men·sion·al adj. 1. Of, relating to, having, or existing in three dimensions. 2. Having or appearing to have extension in depth. 3. (3-D) laser solder paste measurement machine. Optical pictures and 3-D contour graphs taken from pad size 3 on both types of pads are provided in Figure 6. Although the contour graphs indicate a 0.5 mil height difference between the types of pads, the optical pictures indicate no significant difference in shape between the solder paste on both types of pads. Stencil Technology An experiment was designed to compare the solder printer behavior with different stencil technologies such as electroform and laser-cut with polish and different solder paste particle sizes such as type 3 and 4. [FIGURE 6 OMITTED] Stencil Inspection The difference between the designed aperture and actual aperture dimensions, [DELTA]D, was calculated after measurement. The [DELTA]D on the electroform stencil is between 0 and 1.1 mil, whereas the [DELTA]D on the laser-cut-with-polish stencil is between--1.7 mils and +2.1 mils. Therefore, the quality of the laser-cut-with-polish stencil is not as good as the electroform stencil. Based on the data of the aperture opening, solder paste volume was calculated for each type of aperture. The percentage of volume difference between the actual and designed aperture volume on both types of stencils was also calculated and presented in Figure 7. The percentage of volume difference between the actual and designed aperture volume on the electroform stencil is in the range of 0 to 12%, while, on the laser-cut-with-polish stencil, the range is -30% to +20%. [FIGURE 7 OMITTED] Two stencil coupons COUPONS. Those parts of a commercial instrument which are. to be cut, and which are evidence of something connected with the contract mentioned in the instrument. They are generally attached to certificates of loan, where the interest is payable at particular periods, and, when the were obtained from the stencil vendors to verify (1) To prove the correctness of data. (2) In data entry operations, to compare the keystrokes of a second operator with the data entered by the first operator to ensure that the data were typed in accurately. See validate. the stencil quality. The stencil thickness was measured, and the results met the design requirement. The two pictures (Figure 8) taken with a scanning electron microscope scan·ning electron microscope n. Abbr. SEM An electron microscope that forms a three-dimensional image on a cathode-ray tube by moving a beam of focused electrons across an object and reading both the electrons scattered by the object and (SEM) illustrate that the aperture wall in the electroform stencil is smoother than in the laser-cut-with polish stencil. This difference may lead to different solder paste releasing behaviors. [FIGURE 8 OMITTED] The data obtained from both types of stencils indicate that the electroform stencil has a better quality than the laser-cut stencil. For electroform stencils, from the stencil manufacturing point of view, the spacing between two adjacent apertures must be larger than the thickness of the stencil. A minimum spacing between two apertures on a 4 mil thick stencil is 4 mils and 5 mil, on a 5 nail thick stencil. However, on a laser-cut stencil, 4 mil spacing can be manufactured for a 4 mil, 5 mil or 6 mil thick stencil. Therefore, the stencil manufacturing capability is another concern when making a stencil. Solder Paste Release and Stencil Technology Printer setting #13 in Table 2 was utilized in this experiment. During printing, two boards were printed for each test condition. After printing, the solder paste height and volume and their standard deviation In statistics, the average amount a number varies from the average number in a series of numbers. (statistics) standard deviation - (SD) A measure of the range of values in a set of numbers. were collected by using 3-D laser measurement equipment. The solder paste release behaviors with different stencils were compared based on the solder paste volume. For area ratios of 0.47 to 0.55, the electroform stencil delivers about 20% more solder paste volume than the laser-cut-with-polish stencil. Therefore, an electroform stencil is recommended if the area ratio is lower than 0.55. For both electroform and laser-cut-with-polish stencils, only when an area ratio is 0.58 or beyond will it release over 60% of the designed solder paste volume. The releasing percentage rises when the area ratio increases. The trend shows that, when area ratio equals 1.0, the solder paste release reaches 100% for both types of stencils. Solder Paste Release: Particle Size The solder paste release behavior with different particle sizes on different stencils was studied for rectangular, round and home-based pads, respectively. The solder paste volume release percentage was calculated by dividing the actual solder paste volume with the actual aperture volume on the stencil. On the rectangular pad, for the electroform stencil, the type 4 solder paste releases better than the type 3 paste by about 9% in solder paste volume. However, for the laser-cut-with-polish stencil on rectangular pads, the two types of solder paste exhibited similar releasing behaviors in terms of the solder paste volume. On the round pad for electroform stencil, the type 4 solder paste releases about 13% more volume than the type 3 solder paste. For the laser-cut-with-polish stencil, the two types of solder paste exhibited similar release behaviors in terms of solder paste volume. The solder paste volume release percentage obtained at the area ratio of 0.65 is higher than at the area ratio of 0.68. At the location for area ratio 0.65, the actual aperture opening is larger than design; at the location for area ratio 0.68, the actual aperture opening is smaller than design. Therefore, the actual area ratios for these two locations are different from the theoretical values. On the home-based pad, the solder paste type does not show significant impact on the solder paste release on both types of stencils. Solder Paste Release: Non vs. Solder-Mask-Defined Pads Both solder-mask-defined and non-solder-mask-defined pads have shown similar results in terms of solder paste release behavior, with both types of stencils and both types of solder paste. However, the overall solder paste volume on solder-mask-defined pads is about 20% higher than that on non solder-mask-defined pads, regardless of the solder paste type and stencil technology. For the type 3 solder paste, the solder paste release percentage on the solder-mask-defined pads is about 20% higher than on the non-solder-mask-defined pads; for the type 4 solder paste, solder paste release percentage on the solder-mask-defined pads is also about 20% higher than on the non-solder-mask-defined pads. On non-solder-mask-defined pads, the solder paste release percentage for the type 4 solder paste on apertures with area ratios larger than 0.65 is above 60%; for the type 3 solder paste, the solder paste release percentage is only about 50%. Conclusions For 0201 packages the electroform stencil exhibits about 20% higher solder paste release than the laser-cut-with-polish stencil when the area ratio ranges from 0.47 to 0.55. This result is because the aperture wall in an electroform stencil is smoother than a laser-cut-with-polish stencil. Therefore, the electroform stencil is recommended if the stencil aperture area ratio is lower than 0.55. If an electro form stencil is used on rectangular pads, the type 4 solder paste delivers about 9% more solder paste than the type 3 solder paste; on round pads, the type 4 solder paste delivers about 13% more solder paste than the type 3 solder paste. However, if a laser-cut-with-polish stencil is used, the solder paste particle size is not a significant factor, regardless of the pad shape. Sammy Yi is vice president of assembly technology development, Dr. Dongkai Shangguan is director of advanced process technology, David Geiger is senior process engineer, C.C. Ho is director of operations and Mei (library) Mei - A set of class libraries by Atsushi Aoki <aoki@sra.co.jp> and others for Objectworks Smalltalk Release 4.1. Mei includes: Grapher Library for drawing diagrams; Meta Grapher Library (grapher to develop grapher); Drawing tools and painting tools (structured Wang (Wang Laboratories, Inc., Lowell, MA) A computer services and network integration company. Wang was one of the major early contributors to the computing industry from its founder's invention that made core memory possible, to leadership in desktop calculators and word processors. is process engineer--all with Flextronics, San Jose San Jose, city, United States San Jose (sănəzā`, săn hōzā`), city (1990 pop. 782,248), seat of Santa Clara co., W central Calif.; founded 1777, inc. 1850. , CA. Kazu KAZU (90.3 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a Public Radio format. Licensed to California State University - Monterey Bay Pacific Grove, California, USA. The station is currently owned by Foundation of California State University, Monterey Bay. Nakajima Nakajima may refer to:
adj. Earning one's livelihood directly from one's own trade or business rather than as an employee of another. self . For reader inquiries, please e-mail Erin Erin (ĕr`ĭn, ēr`–), ancient and poetic name of Ireland. McEnery at erin.mcenery@flextronics.com A version of this paper was originally presented at 2002 SMTA SMTA Surface Mount Technology Association SMTA Standard Material Transfer Agreement SMTA Subordinate Message Transfer Agent SMTA Sewing Machine Trade Association (UK) SMTA Sekolah Menengah Tingkat Atas International. |
|
||||||||||||||||||||
Printer friendly
Cite/link
Email
Feedback
Reader Opinion