Introductions of West Nile Virus Strains to Mexico.Complete genome sequencing of 22 West Nile virus West Nile virus, microorganism and the infection resulting from it, which typically produces no symptoms or a flulike condition. The virus is a flavivirus and is related to a number of viruses that cause encephalitis. isolates suggested 2 independent introductions into Mexico. A previously identified mouse-attenuated glycosylation variant was introduced into southern Mexico through the southeastern United States United States, officially United States of America, republic (2005 est. pop. 295,734,000), 3,539,227 sq mi (9,166,598 sq km), North America. The United States is the world's third largest country in population and the fourth largest country in area. , while a common US genotype appears to have been introduced incrementally into northern Mexico through the southwestern United States. ********** West Nile virus (WNV WNV West Nile Virus WNV World Net Visions ), a mosquitoborne flavivirus for which birds serve as reservoir and amplification hosts, was introduced into New York New York, state, United States New York, Middle Atlantic state of the United States. It is bordered by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic Ocean (E), New Jersey and Pennsylvania (S), Lakes Erie and Ontario and the Canadian province of in 1999 (1) and spread across the United States to California by 2003 (2). By 2002, serosurveys demonstrated WNV circulation in [greater than or equal to] 6 eastern Mexican states and along its northern border with the United States (3-5). This pattern of WNV appearance in Mexico suggested a southwesterly south·west·er·ly adj. 1. Situated toward the southwest. 2. Coming or being from the southwest. south·west spread across the United States and into northeastern Mexico through Texas. However, in the spring of 2003, the first WNV isolate found in Mexico was obtained from a raven in the southeastern state of Tabasco (3). If WNV reached southern Mexico by incremental spread through northern Mexico from Texas, the index isolate would have been expected sooner and in a northern Mexican state. Phylogenetic phy·lo·ge·net·ic adj. 1. Of or relating to phylogeny or phylogenetics. 2. Relating to or based on evolutionary development or history. analyses showed the raven isolate to be unexpectedly divergent from contemporary Texas strains, but exact relationships and a route of entry could not be determined by using premembrane and envelope glycoprotein glycoprotein (glī'kōprō`tēn), organic compound composed of both a protein and a carbohydrate joined together in covalent chemical linkage. (prM-E) sequences (3). The divergence between the southern Mexican raven and Texas isolates suggested that WNV arrived in southern Mexico by an alternate route An official alternate route is a bannered highway that provides an alternate alignment for a highway. Originally, the term for these routes was "optional"; but in 1959, the designation became alternate. , perhaps the Caribbean. After its spread throughout the northeastern United States, WNV appeared abruptly in Florida in 2001, appearing to bypass several mid-Atlantic states Mid-At·lan·tic States See Middle Atlantic States. Noun 1. Mid-Atlantic states - a region of the eastern United States comprising New York and New Jersey and Pennsylvania and Delaware and Maryland U.S.A. . This pattern could be explained by spread of migratory birds (6); the Atlantic coast flyway flyway: see migration of animals. overlaps both New York and Florida, while the Mississippi Valley flyway overlaps both Louisiana and the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. Longitudinal avian serosurveys that began in 2000 showed WNV seropositivity Seropositivity is the presence of a certain antibody in a blood sample. A patient with seropositivity for a particular antigen or agent is termed seropositive. in at least 3 migratory and 2 resident bird species captured in the Yucatan Peninsula from 2002 to 2003 (7). Thus, migratory birds may have carried WNV from the southeastern United States into Mexico, either directly or through the Caribbean. Serosurveys have suggested WNV circulation among birds in various Caribbean islands since 2002 (8-10). The possibility of a third WNV introduction into Mexico at the California border must also be considered. A 2003 horse isolate from the northern Mexican state of Nuevo Leon was closely related to Texas isolates from 2002 (11), based on its prM-E sequence. We do not know whether WNV reached California from Texas and the Midwest by crossing the Rocky Mountains Rocky Mountains, major mountain system of W North America and easternmost belt of the North American cordillera, extending more than 3,000 mi (4,800 km) from central N.Mex. to NW Alaska; Mt. Elbert (14,431 ft/4,399 m) in Colorado is the highest peak. or by traveling first into northern Mexico and subsequently spreading north from Baja California Baja California, state, Mexico Baja California (Span.: bä`hä kälēfōr`nyä), state (1990 pop. 1,660,855), 27,628 sq mi (71,576 sq km), NW Mexico, on the Baja California peninsula. Mexicali is the capital. . The latter route is suggested by the geographic link with the first detection of WNV in southeastern California (2). The reported incidence of human West Nile encephalitis encephalitis (ĕnsĕf'əlī`təs), general term used to describe a diffuse inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, usually of viral origin, often transmitted by mosquitoes, in contrast to a bacterial infection of the meninges is much greater on the US (California) than on the Mexican (Baja California and Sonora) side of the common border. Possible explanations for this discrepancy include differences in disease surveillance and reporting. Another possibility is that the WNV strains circulating in Mexico are attenuated Attenuated Alive but weakened; an attenuated microorganism can no longer produce disease. Mentioned in: Tuberculin Skin Test attenuated having undergone a process of attenuation. compared to US strains, and the identification of a murine-attenuated glycosylation variant in Tabasco State (12) is consistent with this hypothesis. The Study To investigate possible routes of WNV entry into Mexico from the United States, 9 isolates from Mexico (all strains available) and 13 strains isolated in the United States from hypothetical points of introduction into Mexico (2 from Florida, 2 from Louisiana, 3 from Arizona, and 6 from California) were compared. Isolates from several northern Mexican states, 1 from Sonora, 1 from Tamaulipas, and 7 from Baja California, were obtained from a variety of birds and from a horse (Table, Figure 1) by injection of Vero cells. RNA RNA: see nucleic acid. RNA in full ribonucleic acid One of the two main types of nucleic acid (the other being DNA), which functions in cellular protein synthesis in all living cells and replaces DNA as the carrier of genetic was extracted from first or second Vero cell passages by using the QIAamp Viral RNA Mini-kit (Qiagen Inc, Valencia, CA, USA). Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCRs) were performed to amplify the complete WNV genome in 6 overlapping amplicons by using primers described previously (12). Amplicons were purified from agarose agarose more highly purified form of agar with similar uses to agar and widely used in the separation of nucleic acid fragments. gels by using the QIAquick gel-extraction kit (Qiagen), and both strands were sequenced directly by using the PCR PCR polymerase chain reaction. PCR abbr. polymerase chain reaction Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers and the BigDye Terminator v3.1 Cycle Sequencing Kit (Applied BioSystems, Foster City, CA, USA) with a 3100 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems). [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] Complete genomic sequences excluding the 5' and 3' terminal 20 nucleotides (representing primers incorporated into amplicons) were aligned with all homologous homologous /ho·mol·o·gous/ (ho-mol´ah-gus) 1. corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc. 2. allogeneic. ho·mol·o·gous adj. 1. WNV sequences from the GenBank library by using ClustalW. Sequences were analyzed by using maximum parsimony and neighbor-joining programs implemented in the PAUP PAUP Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony 4.0 software package (13) as well as Bayesian analysis Bayesian analysis A decision-making analysis that '…permits the calculation of the probability that one treatment is superior based on the observed data and prior beliefs…subjectivity of beliefs is not a liability, but rather explicitly allows using MRBAYES v3.0 (14) with 100,000 generations, a general time-reversible model with empirically estimated base frequencies, and either a codon codon: see nucleic acid. position-specific (for the open reading frame alone) or a gamma distribution of substitution rates among nucleotide sites. All phylogenetic trees placed the North American North American named after North America. North American blastomycosis see North American blastomycosis. North American cattle tick see boophilusannulatus. WNV isolates into monophyletic monophyletic /mono·phy·let·ic/ (mon?o-fi-let´ik) descended from a common ancestor or stem cell. mon·o·phy·let·ic adj. 1. Descended or derived from one original stock or source. groups with strong bootstrap See boot. (operating system, compiler) bootstrap - To load and initialise the operating system on a computer. Normally abbreviated to "boot". From the curious expression "to pull oneself up by one's bootstraps", one of the legendary feats of Baron von Munchhausen. and Bayesian support values; the tree generated using the Bayesian analyses is presented in Figure 2. The Tabasco 2003 isolate grouped with 3 strains from 2001 and 2002 in Florida and Louisiana and more distantly with a New York isolate from 2000, with strong Bayesian probability and bootstrap support; inclusion of the New York grouse grouse, common name for a game bird of the colder parts of the Northern Hemisphere. There are about 18 species. Grouse are henlike terrestrial birds, protectively plumaged in shades of red, brown, and gray. strain was weakly supported (bootstrap and Bayesian probability values <80%). In contrast, a 2004 Louisiana isolate and other recent strains from Texas were positioned basally to the large clade clade Cladus, subtype Genetics A branch of biological taxa or species that share features inherited from a common ancestor; a single phylogenetic group or line. See Inheritance, Species. containing all northern Mexico, California, and Arizona isolates. This California/Arizona/northern Mexico group was highly conserved, with <0.5% nucleotide and 0.04% amino acid amino acid (əmē`nō), any one of a class of simple organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and in certain cases sulfur. These compounds are the building blocks of proteins. sequence divergence. The 2003 Tabasco strain was phylogenetically phy·lo·ge·net·ic adj. 1. Of or relating to phylogeny or phylogenetics. 2. Relating to or based on evolutionary development or history: a phylogenetic classification of species. distinct from all other Mexico isolates, which grouped with the California and Arizona isolates. Surprisingly, despite the greater geographic distances between Tamaulipas and Baja California/Sonora, compared to the distance between Tamaulipas and Texas, the Tamaulipas WNV strains grouped more closely with strains from Baja California and Sonora than with those from Texas. [FIGURE 2 OMITTED] Compared to the Tabasco strain, the other Mexican isolates differed by 0.55%-0.66% nucleotide sequence divergence across the genome. The gene with the most sequence divergence was prM, with 0.72% 1.4% divergence from the Tabasco strain. However, the 5' untranslated region was more variable with 3.0%4.6% divergence. The most conserved gene was NS2B, with 0.0%-0.24% divergence from the Tabasco strain. The E gene, often used for phylogenetic analyses, had 0.46%-0.66% sequence divergence. Of the Mexican WNV isolates, only the 2003 Tabasco raven isolate had the E-156 Pro residue, which ablates the N-linked glycosylation site found in most North American strains. In addition, 2 other WNV isolates (GenBank accession nos. AY490240 and AF260968) share this E-156 Pro residue despite their geographic diversity (China and Egypt, respectively) and their placement in different lineages. Although the paraphyletic paraphyletic Relating to a taxonomic group that includes some but not all of the descendants of a common ancestor. In the traditional taxonomy of vertebrates, where fish are a separate class from the classes of terrestrial vertebrates, the class of fish is nature of this Pro mutation suggests that it could be selected either during laboratory isolation or passage, its identification in the low-passage Tabasco isolate may indicate its presence in nature. Conclusions Our data support the hypothesis that WNV entered Mexico through at least 2 independent introductions. The introduction detected by the first virus isolation in May 2003 from a raven in Tabasco State probably occurred from a migratory bird that flew southward from the southeastern United States to the Gulf of Mexico Noun 1. Gulf of Mexico - an arm of the Atlantic to the south of the United States and to the east of Mexico Golfo de Mexico Atlantic, Atlantic Ocean - the 2nd largest ocean; separates North and South America on the west from Europe and Africa on the east or the Caribbean and bypassed northern Mexico. The isolation and sequencing of WNV isolates from islands in the Caribbean This is a list of islands of the Caribbean. Anguilla
Available WNV strains from Mexico indicate that the murine-attenuated, E-156 glycosylation-negative variant identified in Tabasco state may be limited in its distribution to southern Mexico, while the glycosylated variant typical of US strains is widespread in northern Mexico. However, our sampling was limited and may also be biased because many WNV isolates were from sick or dying animals; the attenuated E-156 Pro residue phenotype could be undersampled because relatively benign infections are rarely identified. The epidemiology of WNV-associated disease in Mexico is puzzling. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), agency of the U.S. Public Health Service since 1973, with headquarters in Atlanta; it was established in 1946 as the Communicable Disease Center. , 2,470 human cases of WNV infection were confirmed during 2004 in the United States, with >80% of these from areas of California and Arizona bordering the northern Mexico states of Baja California and Sonora where many of our viral isolations were made. In contrast, only 7 human cases of WNV have been confirmed in Mexico. The cases occurred in the border states of Chihuahua (n = 4), Sonora (n = 1), and Nuevo Leon (n = 1) in 2003, and Sonora (n = 1) in 2004 (15). Our results of extremely low sequence divergence between the southwestern United States and northern Mexican WNV isolates indicate that this epidemiologic discrepancy is unlikely to be explained by genetic and phenotypic differences among WNV strains. The possibility that WNV circulating in Mexico has an attenuated phenotype was suggested by the murine-attenuating mutation in the Tabasco raven isolate (12). However, none of our northern Mexico isolates have the E-156-P attenuating mutation, and all appear extremely closely related to isolates made in southwestern areas of the United States with a high disease incidence. Another possible explanation for the low incidence of WNV disease in Mexico is resistance in the Mexican human population, possibly because cross-protective immunity from other flavivirus infections such as dengue dengue or breakbone fever or dandy fever Infectious, disabling mosquito-borne fever. Other symptoms include extreme joint pain and stiffness, intense pain behind the eyes, a return of fever after brief pause, and a characteristic rash. and St. Louis encephalitis St. Louis encephalitis see St. Louis encephalitis. viruses. Although St. Louis encephalitis virus is common in some areas of the continental United States United States territory, including the adjacent territorial waters, located within North America between Canada and Mexico. Also called CONUS. , including California, dengue virus dengue virus n. A virus of the genus Flavivirus that is the cause of dengue. infections are rare; only 157 cases of dengue were reported in the northern states of Mexico in 2004:25 in Sonora; 21 in Nuevo Leon; 88 in Tamaulipas; 3 in Coahuila; 0 in Chihuahua; and 0 in Baja California (http://www.dgepi. salud.gob.mx/boletin/2004/sem52). Of all Mexican states, Baja California and Sonora adjacent to the US border have the lowest incidence of flaviviral infections. Human flavivirus serosurveys should be conducted in northern Mexico to further evaluate the possibility of cross-protective flavivirus immunity. Newer approaches to detect and identify flaviviral disease are also needed in Mexico to more accurately assess the impact of WNV. Acknowledgments We thank Igor Romero and many veterinarians Veterinarians and veterinary surgeons (vets) are medical professionals who operate exclusively on animals. Well-known and notable veterinarians include:
This research was supported by contract NO 1-AI25489 from the National Institutes of Health and by the California Mosquito Research Program. E.D. was supported by the T01/CCT622892 CDC See Control Data, century date change and Back Orifice. CDC - Control Data Corporation Fellowship Training Grant in Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases. C.T.D. was supported by NIH "Not invented here." See digispeak. NIH - The United States National Institutes of Health. T32 training grant AI 7256 in Emerging and Tropical Infectious Diseases. References (1.) Lanciotti RS, Roehrig JT, Deubel V, Smith J, Parker M, Steele K, et al. Origin of the West Nile virus responsible for an outbreak of encephalitis in the northeastern United States. Science. 1999;286:2333-7. (2.) Reisen W, Lothrop H, Chiles R, Madon M, Cossen C, Woods L, et al. West Nile virus in California. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004; 10:1369-78. (3.) Estrada-Franco JG, Navarro-Lopez R, Beasley DW, Coffey L, Carrara AS, Travassos da Rosa A, et al. West Nile virus in Mexico: evidence of widespread circulation since July 2002. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9:1604-7. (4.) Lorono-Pino MA, Blitvich BJ, Farfan-Ale JA, Puerto FI, Blanco JM, Marlenee NL, et al. Serologic se·rol·o·gy n. pl. se·rol·o·gies 1. The science that deals with the properties and reactions of serums, especially blood serum. 2. evidence of West Nile virus infection in horses, Yucatan State, Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9:857-9. (5.) Blitvich BJ, Fernandez-Salas I, Contreras-Cordero JF, Marlenee NL, Gonzalez-Rojas JI, Komar N, et al. Serologic evidence of West Nile virus infection in horses, Coahuila State, Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9:853-6. (6.) Rappole JH, Hubalek Z. Migratory birds and West Nile virus. J Appl Microbiol. 2003;94(Suppl):47S-58S. (7.) Farfan-Ale JA, Blitvich BJ, Lorono-Pino MA, Marlenee NL, Rosado-Paredes EP, Garcia-Rejon JE, et al. Longitudinal studies longitudinal studies, n.pl the epidemiologic studies that record data from a respresentative sample at repeated intervals over an extended span of time rather than at a single or limited number over a short period. of West Nile virus infection in avians, Yucatan State, Mexico. Vector Borne Zoonotic Zoonotic A disease which can be spread from animals to humans. Mentioned in: Zoonosis Dis. 2004;4:3-14. (8.) Dupuis AP 2nd, Marra PP, Kramer LD. Serologic evidence of West Nile virus transmission, Jamaica, West Indies. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9:860-3. (9.) Komar O, Robbins MB, Klenk K, Blitvich BJ, Marlenee NL, Burkhalter KL, et al. West Nile virus transmission in resident birds, Dominican Republic. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9:1299-302. (10.) Quirin R, Salas M, Zientara S, Zeller H, Labie J, Murri S, et al. West Nile virus, Guadeloupe. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:706-8. (11.) Blitvich BJ, Fernandez-Salas I, Contreras-Cordero JF, Lorono-Pino MA, Marlenee NL, Diaz FJ, et al. Phylogenetic analysis of West Nile virus, Nuevo Leon State, Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004; 10:1314-7. (12.) Beasley DW, Davis CT, Estrada-Franco J, Navarro-Lopez R, Campomanes-Cortes A, Tesh RB, et al. Genome sequence and attenuating mutations in West Nile virus isolate from Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:2221-4. (13.) Swofford DL. 1998. PAUP*. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony par·si·mo·ny n. 1. Unusual or excessive frugality; extreme economy or stinginess. 2. Adoption of the simplest assumption in the formulation of a theory or in the interpretation of data, especially in accordance with the rule of (*and Other Methods). Version 4, Sunderland (MA), Sinauer Associates. (14.) Huelsenbeck JP, Ronquist F. MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics. 2001;17:754-5. (15.) Ramos C, Falcon-Lezama A. La fiebre del Nilo Occidental: una enfermedad emergente en Mexico. Salud Publica Mex. 2004;46:488-90. Eleanor Deardorff, * Jose G. Estrada-Franco, * Aaron C. Brault, ([dagger]) Roberto Navarro-Lopez, ([double dagger]) Arturo Campomanes-Cortes, ([double dagger]) Pedro Paz-Ramirez, ([double dagger]) Mario Solis-Hernandez, ([double dagger]) Wanichaya N. Ramey, ([dagger]) C. Todd Davis, * David W.C. Beasley, * Robert B. Tesh, * Alan D.T. Barrett, * and Scott C. Weaver * * University of Texas Medical Branch "UTMB" redirects here. For other system schools, see University of Texas System. The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) is a component of the University of Texas System located in Galveston, Texas, about 50 miles (80 km) southeast of downtown Houston. , Galveston, Texas, USA; ([dagger]) University of California, Davis The University of California, Davis, commonly known as UC Davis, is one of the ten campuses of the University of California, and was established as the University Farm in 1905. , California, USA; and ([double dagger]) Comision Mexico-Estados Unidos para la Prevencion de la Fiebre Aftosa y Otras Enfermedades Exoticas de los Animales, Mexico City, Mexico Address for correspondence: Scott C. Weaver, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA; fax: 409-747-2415; email: sweaver@utmb.edu Ms Deardorff is a graduate student in the experimental pathology program at the University of Texas Medical Branch. Her research interests include arbovirology, zoonoses Zoonoses Infections of humans caused by the transmission of disease agents that naturally live in animals. People become infected when they unwittingly intrude into the life cycle of the disease agent and become unnatural hosts. , viral ecology, and evolution. Table. West Nile virus isolates included in the phylogenetic analyses * GenBank No. Strain Year Host AB185914 (NY) I 1999 Not reported AB185915 (NY) II 1999 Not reported AB185916 (NY) III 1999 Not reported AB185917 (NY) IV 1999 Not reported AF196835 NY '99 1999 Flamingo AF202541 NY 1999 Human AF206518 2741 1999 Culex pipiens AF260967 NY99-eqhs 1999 Equine AF260968 Eg101 1951 Human AF260969 RO97-50 1996 Cx. pipiens AF317203 VLG-4 1999 Human AF404753 crow265 2000 Crow AF404754 MQ5488 2000 Cx. Pipiens AF404755 grouse3282 2000 Grouse AF404756 crow3356 2000 Crow AF404757 Italy equine 1998 Equine AF481864 IS-98 STD 1998 Store AF533540 US Hum. 1 2001 Human AY185911 V1151 2002 Mosquito AY262283 Kenya3829 1998 Mosquito AY268132 PaAn001 2000 Equine AY268133 PaH001 1997 Human AY277252 27889 2003 Human AY278441 Ast99-901 1999 Human AY278442 VIg00 27924 2000 Human AY289214 TVP 8533 2002 Human AY490240 Chin-01 2003 Not reported AY660002 TM171-03 2003 Raven AY701412 96-111 1996 Equine AY701413 04.05 2003 Equine AY712945 Bird 1153 2003 Bird AY712946 Bird 1171 2003 Bird AY712947 Bird 1461 2003 Bird AY712948 v4369 2003 Mosquito AYS42931 385-99 1999 Not reported D00246 Kunjin MRM61C 1960 Culex spp. M12294 Uganda WNFCG 1937 Human D0080070 TVP 9115# 2003# Grackle# DQ080069# TVP 9117# 2003# Horse# DQ080068# TVP 9218# 2003# Blue heron# DQ080067# TVP 9219# 2003# Green heron# DQ080066# TVP 9220# 2003# Cormorant# DQ080065# TVP 9221# 2003# Grackle# DQ080064# TVP 9222# 2003# Coot# DQ080063# TVP 9223# 2003# Pigeon# DQ080060# Cc# 2004# Raven# DQ080072# FL232# 2001# Catbird# DQ080071# FL234# 2002# Equine# DQ080062# TWN 165# 2002# Mosquito# DQ080061# TWN 496# 2004# Northern cardinal# DQ080051# AZ-03-1623# 2003# Cx. tarsalis# DQ080052# Az-03-1681# 2003# Cx. tarsalis# DQ080053# Az-03-1799# 2003# Cx. tarsalis# DQ080054# CA-03 GRLA# 2003# Cx. quinquefasciatus# DQ080056# CA-03 IMPR 102# 2003# Cx. tarsalis# DQ080056# CA-03 IMPR 1075# 2003# Cx. tarsalis# DQ080057# CA-03SO333081# 2003# Crow# DQ080058# CA-03SO334814# 2003# Crow# DQ080059# CA-04 04-7168# 2003# Yellow-billed magpie# GenBank No. Location ([dagger]) AB185914 New York AB185915 New York AB185916 New York AB185917 New York AF196835 New York AF202541 New York AF206518 Connecticut AF260967 New York AF260968 Egypt AF260969 Romania AF317203 Russia AF404753 Maryland AF404754 New Jersey AF404755 New York AF404756 New York AF404757 Italy AF481864 Israel AF533540 New York AY185911 Texas AY262283 Kenya AY268132 France AY268133 Tunisia AY277252 Russia AY278441 Russia AY278442 Russia AY289214 Beaumont, Texas AY490240 China AY660002 Tabasco AY701412 Morocco AY701413 Morocco AY712945 Harris Co., Texas AY712946 Harris Co., Texas AY712947 Harris Co., Texas AY712948 Harris Co., Texas AYS42931 New York D00246 Australia M12294 Uganda D0080070 Sonora, Mexico# DQ080069# Tamaulipas# DQ080068# Baja California, Mexico# DQ080067# Baja California, Mexico# DQ080066# Baja California, Mexico# DQ080065# Baja California, Mexico# DQ080064# Baja California, Mexico# DQ080063# Baja California, Mexico# DQ080060# Baja California, Mexico# DQ080072# Palm Beach Co., Florida# DQ080071# Sumter Co., Florida# DQ080062# Iberia Co., Louisiana# DQ080061# Iberia Co., Louisiana# DQ080051# Cohise Co., Arizona# DQ080052# Maricopoa Co., Arizona# DQ080053# Apache Co., Arizona# DQ080054# Los Angeles, California# DQ080056# Imperial Valley, California# DQ080056# Imperial Valley, California# DQ080057# Arcadia, California# DQ080058# Arcadia, California# DQ080059# Sacramento, California# Note: Newly sequenced strains are indicated with #. * Newly sequenced strains are printed in bold text. ([dagger]) Locality and state (Mexico and United States) or country of isolation. |
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