Intact pks 15/1 in non-W-Beijing Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates.

To determine whether intact pks 15/1 is unique to the W-Beijing family, we investigated 147 Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains with different IS6110 genotypes. Intact pks 15/1 was found in 87.8% of cerebrospinal fluid and 84.9% of sputum isolates. It was found not only in W-Beijing strains ([approximately equal to] 97%) but also in other genotypes (38.5%-100%).

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Two structurally related families of cell envelope lipids, phthiocerol diesters and phenolic glycolipids, are virulence factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. leprae. They are also produced by other slow-growing species, in particular the pathogenic species M. marinum, M. ulcerans, and members of M. tuberculosis complex (1). Phthiocerol diesters are composed of a mixture of long chain [beta]-diols that are esterified by multimethyl-branched fatty acids. Depending on the asymmetric centers bearing the methyl branches (D or L series), the fatty acids are called mycocerosic or phthioceranic acids, respectively, and the corresponding complex lipids are named dimycocerosates of phthiocerol (DIMs) or diphthioceranates of phthiocerol (DIPs) (1). The phenolic glycolipids (PGLs) consist of a lipid core similar to those of DIMs or DIPs but co-terminated by an aromatic nucleus that is glycosylated by type- or species-specific mono-, tri-, or tetrasaccharide. Several lines of evidences suggest that PGLs are involved in the pathogenesis of mycobacterial infections. PGL-1 from M. leprae inhibits the proliferation of T lymphocytes after stimulation with concanavalin A (2). Moreover, PGL-1 seems to be associated with resistance to intracellular killing by macrophages (3) and promotes phagocytosis of M. leprae by macrophages and Schwann cells by binding to complement component C3 or laminin [alpha]2 chain, respectively (4,5). Similarly, PGLs produced by a subset of M. tuberculosis isolates inhibit the host Th1-type T-cell and cytokine response (6). All M. tuberculosis strains tested that produce PGLs belong to the W-Beijing family and show a "hypervirulent" phenotype, in comparison with the clinical isolate M. tuberculosis CDC 1551 and the laboratory strain M. tuberculosis H37Rv in the murine model (6) and rabbit model of meningitis (7).

Previous study identified the involvement of the gene pks 15/1 in the biosynthesis of PGLs; disruption of this gene generated a PGL-deficient mutant (8). Sequence alignment of the pks15/1 gene, when compared to the non-PGL-producing strains, M. tuberculosis H37Rv, Erdman, Mt103, and CDC1551, that contain 2 open reading frames [pks1 (Rv2946c) and pks15 (Rv2947c)], showed a 7-bp insertion in PGL-producing strains M. tuberculosis strain 210, belonging to the W-Beijing family, and M. canetti, whereas M. bovis and M. bovis BCG contained only a guanine insertion. This 7-bp or 1-bp insertion causes a frameshift mutation in the pks15, resulting in an intact pks15/1 with additional codons (8). Similar results have been shown in other W-Beijing strains, M. tuberculosis HN878, W4, and W10, which contain the 7-bp insertion and produce PGLs (6).

In Thailand, the Beijing genotype is the predominant genotype among tuberculosis (TB) patients, particularly in patients with TB meningitis (unpub. data), which suggests recent transmission of this genotype in the country. Similarly, the Beijing genotype has been found frequently in Asia (9-11). Previous studies have shown that the M. tuberculosis strains belonging to this genotype contain an intact pks15/1 and can produce PGLs that associated with the hypervirulent phenotype (6,7). The goal of our study was to determine whether the hypervirulence of the W-Beijing strains due to the ability to produce PGLs is unique among this family by investigating the pks15/1 gene of the Beijing strains compared to other strains that can cause diseases similar to those caused by Beijing strains.

The Study

One hundred forty-seven clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis were obtained from the Molecular Mycobacteriology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand, and the T-2 project from 1997 to 2001 (Table). These strains were isolated from 74 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples and 73 sputum samples from 147 different patients. DNA from these isolates was isolated by an enzymatic method and submitted for genotyping by performing the IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism with the standard method (12) and for sequencing the pks15/1 region (8).

Using the genotyping results, we categorized M. tuberculosis isolates into Beijing, single-banded, few-banded (2-5 bands), Nonthaburi, and heterogeneous with >5 bands (Table and Figure 1), as recently reported (13,14). All M. tuberculosis genotypes were sequenced around the junction of pks15 and pks1 (corresponding to the M. tuberculosis H37Rv sequence) to determine whether they contained an intact pks1S/1 or separated pks15 and pks1. Unexpectedly, the results showed that the 7-bp insertion of pks15 that causes a frameshifi mutation resulting in an intact pks15/1 was found in most strains of all genotypes, except the heterogeneous group with >5 bands (Table and Figure 2).

[FIGURE 1-2 OMITTED]

Conclusions

The intact pks1S/1 has been shown to be responsible for the production of phenolic glycolipids and is seemingly found in M. tuberculosis W-Beijing family, but it was not found in M. tuberculosis CDC1551 and H37Rv (8). Previous studies suggested that PGLs produced by the M. tuberculosis W-Beijing family were associated with the hypervirulent phenotype by inhibiting the innate immune response (6, 7). The intact pks15/1 has also been shown to be nonpolymorphic in the W-Beijing family; it was found in all 102 W-Beijing strains tested (15). From this observation, we hypothesized that if the ability to produce PGLs is among the factors that make this family more virulent than others, the intact pks15/1 should be absent in strains other than the W-Beijing family. Our results showed that the 7-bp insertion of the pks15/1 was not only present in the W-Beijing family but also in other M. tuberculosis genotypes. Although almost all Beijing strains contain the intact pks15/1 ([approximately equal to] 97%), 38.5%-100% of strains of other genotypes also contain it. These strains could, therefore, produce PGLs and cause both pulmonary and disseminated diseases as the W-Beijing strains do.

Our results showed no significant difference in the percentage of M. tuberculosis isolates with an intact pks15/1 gene between CSF isolates (65 [87.8%] of 74) and sputum isolates (62 [84.9%] of 73). The hypothesis that the hypervirulence of the W-Beijing family is solely attributable to pks15/1 is still inconclusive. This family may have only recently been transmitted globally and may have had more chances to cause infections and disease than other families. Although PGLs are involved in the hypervirulence of the PGL-producing strains, they are not a unique characteristic of the W-Beijing family. If W-Beijing strains are more virulent than others, other virulence determinants besides PGLs must be responsible for the hypervirulent phenotype.

Acknowledgments

This work is dedicated to her Royal Highness Princess Galyani Vadhana Krom Luang Naradhiwas Rajanagarindra, Patron of the Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Research Fund, Siriraj Foundation, on the occasion of HRH's 83rd birthday. We thank Wiyada Ajratanagul for her technical assistance.

This study was supported by the Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Research Fund, Thailand Tropical Diseases Program (T-2), and Siriraj Grant for Research Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University.

Dr Chaiprasert is associate professor in the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand. Her areas of interest include the molecular epidemiology and diagnosis of tuberculosis and mycoses.

References

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(2.) Mehra V, Brennan PJ, Rada E, Convit J, Bloom BR. Lymphocyte suppression in leprosy induced by unique M. leprae glycolipid. Nature. 1984;308:194-6.

(3.) Neill MA, Klebanoff SJ. The effect of phenolic glycolipid-1 from Mycobacterium leprae on the antimicrobial activity of human macrophages. J Exp Med. 1988;167:30M2.

(4.) Schlesinger LS, Horwitz MA. Phenolic glycolipid-1 of Mycobacterium leprae binds complement component C3 in serum and mediates phagocytosis by human monocytes. J Exp Med. 1991;174:1031-8.

(5.) Ng V, Zanazzi G, Timpl R, Talts JF, Salzer JL, Brennan P J, et al. Role of the cell wall phenolic glycolipid-I in the peripheral nerve predilection of Mycobacterium leprae. Cell. 2000; 103:511-24.

(6.) Reed MB, Domenech P, Manca C, Su H, Barczak AK, Kreiswirth BN, et al. A glycolipid of hypervirulent tuberculosis strains that inhibits the innate immune response. Nature. 2004;431:84-7.

(7.) Tsenova L, Ellison E, Harbacheuski R, Moreira AL, Kurepina N, Reed MB, et al. Virulence of selected Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates in the rabbit model of meningitis is dependent on phenolic glycolipid produced by the bacilli. J Infect Dis. 2005;192:98-106.

(8.) Constant P, Perez E, Malaga W, Landelle MA, Saurel O, Daffe M, et al. Role of the pks 15/1 gene in the biosynthesis of phenolglycolipids in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. J Biol Chem. 2002;277:38148-58.

(9.) van Soolingen D, Qian L, de Haas PE, Douglas JT, Traore H, Portaels F, et al. Predominance of a single genotype of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in countries of East Asia. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33:3234-8.

(10.) Chan MY, Borgdorff M, Yip CW, de Haas PE, Wong WS, Kam KM, et al. Seventy percent of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in Hong Kong represent the Beijing genotype. Epidemiol Infect. 2001;127:169-71.

(11.) Bifani P J, Mathema B, Kurepina NE, Kreiswirth BN. Global dissemination of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis W-Beijing family strains. Trends Microbiol. 2002;10:45-52.

(12.) van Embden JD, Cave MD, Crawford JT, Dale JW, Eisenach KD, Gicquel B, et al. Strain identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by DNA fingerprinting: recommendations for a standardized methodology. J Clin Microbiol. 1993;31:406-9.

(13.) Palittapongarnpim P, Luangsook P, Tansuphasawadikul S, Chuchottaworn C, Prachaktam R, Sathapatayavongs B. Restriction fragment length polymorphism study of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Thailand using IS6110 as probe. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 1997;1:371-6.

(14.) Rienthong D, Ajawatanawong P, Rienthong S, Smithtikarn S, Akarasevi P, Chaiprasert A, et al. Restriction fragment length polymorphism study of nationwide samples of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Thailand, 1997-1998. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2005;9:576-81.

(15.) Tsolaki AG, Gagneux S, Pym AS, de la Salmoniere YLG, Kreiswirth BN, van Soolingen D, et al. Genomic deletions classify the Beijing/W strains as a distinct genetic lineage of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:3185-91.

Angkana Chaiprasert, * ([dagger])

Jutaporn Yorsangsukkamol, *

Therdsak Prammananan, ([dagger][double dagger])

Prasit Palittapongarnpim, * ([double dagger])

Manoon Leechawengwong, ([dagger][section]) and Chertsak Dhiraputra * ([dagger])

* Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; ([dagger])-Drug-resistant TB Fund, Bangkok, Thailand; (double dagger]) National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Pathumthani, Thailand; and ([section]) Vichaiyut Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand.

Address for correspondence: Angkana Chaiprasert, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; email: siacp@ mahidol.ac.th

All material published in Emerging Infectious Diseases is in the public domain and may be used and reprinted without special permission; proper citation, however, is required.

Table. Number of Mycobacterium tuberculosis genotypes
and strains containing an intact pks15/1 *

                                  No. CSF
                                   strains
                  No. strains    containing
                    isolated       intact
Genotype            from CSF     pks15/1 (%)

Beijing                42         41 (97.6)
Single-banded          10         8 (80.0)
2-5 bands              5          4 (80.0)
Nonthaburi             4           4 (100)
Heterogeneous
  with >5 bands        13         8 (61.5)
Total                  74         65 (87.8)

                                 No. sputum
                                  strains
                  No. strains    containing
                    isolated       intact
Genotype          from sputum    pks15/1 (%)

Beijing                31         30 (96.8)
Single-banded          10         9 (90.0)
2-5 bands              11         10 (90.9)
Nonthaburi             8           8 (100)
Heterogeneous
  with >5 bands        13         5 (38.5)
Total                  73         62 (84.9)

* CSF, cerebrospinal fluid.