Instructions to Authors.GENERAL POLICY Environmental Health Perspectives (EHP EHP abbr. 1. effective horsepower 2. electric horsepower ) is a monthly journal of peer-reviewed research and news dedicated to the discussion of the impact of the environment on human health. We also publish a quarterly Chinese-language edition and occasional special issues. All scientific articles are subject to rigorous peer review. The primary criteria for publication are environmental significance and scientific quality. BREADTH OF COVERAGE Environmental health science and environmental medicine comprise many fields of study; therefore, EHP will consider scientific progress in all fields. Cross-fertilization and serendipity serendipity happy finding of an unexpected object or solution while searching for something else. have proven to be extremely important in the advancement of science in general, and this must hold true for the environmental health sciences. EHP will consider articles from a wide range of scientific disciplines encompassing the most basic research to the most innovative technologies. Researchers concerned with mechanisms of toxicity, new approaches for detecting or remedying environmental damage, and the identification and characterization of genes involved in the manifestation of environmentally related disease are particularly encouraged to submit. EHP recognizes the vital interconnection between the environment and human health. Physicians and others working in environmental medicine are encouraged to submit reports for publication in the Environmental Medicine Section. EHP also addresses ethical, legal, social, and policy issues. Scientific debate can lead to new research and discoveries. Opinions and ideas based on scientific observations are welcome for publication in all EHP editions. The formats available for publication include editorials and commentaries. In either format, EHP strives for objectivity and balance. PUBLICATION SEQUENCE Realizing the importance of rapid publication of new findings, EHP has adopted a two-step process to expedite publication: 1) EHP-in-Press: EHP publishes author-supplied unedited PDF (Portable Document Format) The de facto standard for document publishing from Adobe. On the Web, there are countless brochures, data sheets, white papers and technical manuals in the PDF format. versions of articles online generally within 24 hours of acceptance as EHP-in-Press (http://www.ehponline.org). These articles have undergone peer review and author revisions but have not been copyedited. The EHP-in-Press articles are completely citable using the assigned DOI (Digital Object Identifier) A method of applying a persistent name to documents, publications and other resources on the Internet rather than using a URL, which can change over time. (Digital Object Identifier
A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a permanent identifier given to a document, which is not related to its current location. ) code for the article. The DOI code enables the article to be immediately referenced and establishes publication priority. The PDF version of EHP-in-Press articles will be replaced with the copyedited, formatted version as soon as possible, but importantly, the DOI code will remain with the copyedited article. In addition to the DOI code, the copyedited article will include assigned volume and page numbers that will allow full conventional citation. The final version may be slightly different as a result of the editing process, but no substantive changes will be allowed. Any substantive changes at this stage will require an erratum [Latin, Error.] The term used in the Latin formula for the assignment of mistakes made in a case. After reviewing a case, if a judge decides that there was no error, he or she indicates so by replying, "In nollo est erratum to be published. 2) Print publication: As print journal space permits, articles will be published in order of acceptance in EHP's print edition. COMPETING FINANCIAL INTERESTS EHP has a long-standing requirement for authors to disclose competing financial interests. Corresponding authors are required to submit with the manuscript a declaration of competing financial interests on behalf of all authors. When in doubt about the need to report, authors should always err on the side of caution and report all interests that might in any way be perceived as representing a competing financial interest. The form is available online and can be downloaded (http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/cfi.pdf). If the article is accepted for publication, the statements are published with the article disclosing either a competing financial interest, along with a brief description, or a declaration of no competing interests. Competing financial interests may include, but are not limited to, grant support, employment (recent, present, or anticipated), patents (including pending or applied for), payment for expert testimony Testimony about a scientific, technical, or professional issue given by a person qualified to testify because of familiarity with the subject or special training in the field. , and personal financial interests by the authors, immediate family members, or institutional affiliations that may gain or lose financially through publication. Increasingly, researchers are compensated through a host of financial arrangements such as travel funding, consultancies, advisory board positions, patent and royalty arrangements, stock shares, bonds, and the like. Diversified mutual funds or investment trusts do not constitute a competing financial interest. Further, authors are required to certify that their freedom to design, conduct, interpret, and publish research is not compromised by any controlling sponsor as a condition of review and publication. In order to provide full disclosure, please include a sentence in the "Acknowledgments" of your manuscript identifying any competing financial interests, remembering that employment can be a competing financial interest. For authors employed by a for-profit organization or an advocacy group, a simple statement of employment is adequate. Scientists are aware of the absolute necessity to maintain the personal integrity upon which science depends. It is this integrity that full disclosure of competing financial interests hopes to preserve. Therefore, it is imperative that authors and readers understand that a disclosure of a competing financial interest does not imply that the information in the article is questionable or that the conclusions are biased. Authors must also understand that the omission of a pertinent financial interest could, if later revealed, deal a severe blow to the authors' integrity and the credibility of their research. Our full disclosure policy was established because we are mindful of our obligation to provide responsible and effective oversight to manuscripts published in the journal. We believe it is vital for EHP to ensure that information published in the journal is presented in an objective and balanced manner, and that readers have the opportunity to judge for themselves whether bias has been introduced because of any competing financial interests of the authors. EHP's policy of disclosure applies to research articles, commentaries, reviews, and correspondence. Although full disclosure is important, we believe that the decision to publish an article should not be based on a declaration of a competing financial interest. Our requirements for full disclosure also extend to reviewers and editors, who must disclose to the editor-in-chief any competing financial interests that could be construed as affecting their evaluation of a manuscript. Reviewers and editors are not automatically disqualified dis·qual·i·fy tr.v. dis·qual·i·fied, dis·qual·i·fy·ing, dis·qual·i·fies 1. a. To render unqualified or unfit. b. To declare unqualified or ineligible. 2. because of a competing financial interest. However, reviewers or editors might be asked to recuse To disqualify or remove oneself as a judge over a particular proceeding because of one's conflict of interest. Recusal, or the judge's act of disqualifying himself or herself from presiding over a proceeding, is based on the Maxim themselves when appropriate. As is the case for most journals, EHP is not in the position to confirm the accuracy of disclosure statements made by our authors. We rely on the veracity veracity (v  ras´itē),n of the authors, but EHP authors can expect scrutiny of their statements by EHP readers and the authors' own employers. EHP welcomes this assistance. Alleged inaccuracies of competing financial interest declarations should be addressed to the editor-in-chief. For authors who willfully willfully adv. referring to doing something intentionally, purposefully and stubbornly. Examples: "He drove the car willfully into the crowd on the sidewalk." "She willfully left the dangerous substances on the property." (See: willful) fail to disclose a competing financial interest, a 3-year ban on publication will be imposed. Implementation of the ban will be made in consultation with our editorial board. If complete disclosure of possible conflicts would have caused the journal to reject the manuscript, the article will be retracted re·tract v. re·tract·ed, re·tract·ing, re·tracts v.tr. 1. To take back; disavow: refused to retract the statement. 2. . If the article is not retracted but an ethical omission has occurred, an Expression of Concern will be written, published in the journal, and added to the online version of the article. ORIGINALITY OF SUBMISSION Contributions submitted to any edition of EHP must be original works of the author(s) that have not been previously published (print or online) or simultaneously submitted to another publication. Submitted manuscripts are acknowledged upon receipt. PEER REVIEW Three reviewers submit comments on each manuscript. Authors are strongly encouraged to submit the names and contact information (including e-mail addresses) of experts in their field of study for addition to EHP's scientific reviewer database. Each reviewer is asked to complete the review within three weeks. If a revision of the manuscript is required, the revised manuscript must be received within six weeks of the request; the submission will be cancelled at that time unless prior permission is obtained. Authors must submit the revised manuscript and a letter responding to reviewers' comments. PUBLICATION DATE OF RECORD Research articles accepted for publication in EHP will be appear initially as author-supplied PDF files in the EHP-in-Press section on our website (http://www.ehponline.org) within 24 hours of acceptance. The PDFs will not be corrected or copyedited. The articles will be citable using the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) code. The date the article is included on the website will be considered the publication date of record. This process substantially reduces time to publication after acceptance, thus enabling the establishment of priority. Publication in the printed journal will occur as space permits. PAGE CHARGES Authors will be required to pay page charges at the current rate, which is now $85.00/page. The corresponding author will receive one copy of the issue free of charge. Reprints may be ordered at the time page proofs are reviewed. Late reprint orders will incur an administrative fee. Invited articles and correspondence are not subject to page charges. PAGE PROOFS Extensive changes in the manuscript cannot be made at the proof stage. Only minor changes such as spelling, grammar, and referencing are to be requested. If new information has become available after acceptance of the manuscript, an addendum addendum n. an addition to a completed written document. Most commonly this is a proposed change or explanation (such as a list of goods to be included) in a contract, or some point that has been subject of negotiation after the contract was originally proposed by in proof can be included with the permission of the editor-in-chief. COPYRIGHTS, REPRODUCTION, AND CITATIONS EHP is a publication of the United States United States, officially United States of America, republic (2005 est. pop. 295,734,000), 3,539,227 sq mi (9,166,598 sq km), North America. The United States is the world's third largest country in population and the fourth largest country in area. government. Publication of EHP lies in the public domain and is therefore without copyright. Research articles from EHP may be used freely; however, articles from the Environews Section of EHP may contain photographs or figures copyrighted by other commercial organizations and individuals that may not be used without obtaining prior approval from both the EHP editors and the holder of the copyright. Use of materials published in EHP should be acknowledged (for example, "Reproduced with permission from Environmental Health Perspectives"); pertinent reference information should be provided for the article from which the material was reproduced. For further information, contact EHP Permissions (ehponline@ niehs.nih.gov). PRESS RELEASES A press release or press conference should not publicize articles submitted to EHP until the article has been published. To determine the date and coordinate press activities, contact the EHP editors (EHPEditor@niehs.nih.gov). If EHP plans a press release on an article, a copy of the text will be supplied to the authors as a courtesy. EHP CONTENT PERSPECTIVES SECTION The journal is a forum for the expression of carefully considered ideas and opinions based on scientific principles. Three formats are offered: Book Reviews are short critical evaluations of recently published books. The editors select the books and the reviewers. Correspondence is encouraged. Opinions, perspectives, and insight, commenting on articles published in EHP, are welcome. Cited EHP authors will be given the opportunity for defense and clarification in response to critical comments. To be considered for publication, correspondence must address articles published in EHP (print version) in the previous 6 months, be brief and to the point, and may include a brief table or small figure prepared from previously published material; new data must not be included. All correspondence must be appropriately referenced. Letters should not exceed 1,000 words, including references, table, and figure (tables and figures count as 250 words each). Editing for length, clarity, and accuracy should be expected. Because the Correspondence section is a public forum for the expression of personal opinion, the articles are not peer reviewed. Conclusions and opinions expressed do not reflect the policies or views of EHP. Correspondence is published at the discretion of the EHP editors. Editorials offer opinions and ideas to focus attention on important areas of environmental health and to stimulate discussion of such topics. Our editors, editorial board members, and guest editors contribute these statements. ENVIRONEWS SECTION The Environews Section provides up-to-date information on important issues in environmental health, covering a variety of areas including but not limited to policy, legislative, and regulatory actions; innovative technologic and conceptual research advances; conference and meeting summaries; and emerging environmental problems. The Environews Section disseminates scientific and related information in a manner that is comprehensible and usable by an informed lay, medical, or scientific audience. The Environews Section comprises a variety of formats: Forum articles are brief reports on topics such as recent research advances, scientific meetings, policy and legislative updates, and academic, industry, government, and nongovernmental organization nongovernmental organization (NGO) Organization that is not part of any government. A key distinction is between not-for-profit groups and for-profit corporations; the vast majority of NGOs are not-for-profit. activities in environmental health. Focus articles are major investigative articles on a wide range of national and international environmental health topics. Spheres of Influence articles present balanced analyses of legal, regulatory, public policy, and social aspects of environmental health. Innovations articles describe new discoveries or approaches in environmental health research, remediation, monitoring, and public health policy. Science Selections are brief summaries of selected research articles published in the concurrent Research Section of EHP. Submission of News Information EHP welcomes ideas for coverage in the Environews Section of the journal. All news items are published subject to the approval of the editor-in-chief. All suggestions for this section should be sent to ehpnews@niehs.nih.gov. RESEARCH SECTION The Research Section of the journal offers five formats: Research Articles are original manuscripts reporting scientific research and discovery in the broad field of environmental health. Original manuscripts on ethical, legal, social, and policy issues are also accepted for this section. Research articles may come from any field of scientific research, from the most basic molecular biology molecular biology, scientific study of the molecular basis of life processes, including cellular respiration, excretion, and reproduction. The term molecular biology was coined in 1938 by Warren Weaver, then director of the natural sciences program at the Rockefeller and biochemistry to atmospheric physics The criteria for publication are weighted toward quality and environmental significance. Manuscripts are assessed according to according to prep. 1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians. 2. In keeping with: according to instructions. 3. their originality, scientific merit, and experimental design, and evaluated for conciseness, clarity, and presentation. Papers that do not conform to Verb 1. conform to - satisfy a condition or restriction; "Does this paper meet the requirements for the degree?" fit, meet coordinate - be co-ordinated; "These activities coordinate well" word limits will be returned to the author(s) for shortening before the review process can begin; please see "Article Length." We consider scientific integrity as part of the review process. EHP attempts to address certain ethical problems and requires assurances that animals used in a study are treated humanely and with regard for the alleviation of suffering. EHP will also consider manuscripts presenting data obtained from research involving human subjects. The study must have been conducted according to the Common Rule (http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/humansubjects/guidance/45cfr46.htm). Research on human subjects must be approved by an appropriate Institutional Review Board (IRB IRB See: Industrial Revenue Bond ) and comply with all relevant national, state and local regulations. For research conducted outside the United States, and thus exempt from U.S. federal regulations, authors must perform the research according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki For the political accords, see . . There is also another Declaration of Helsinki, dealing with the Information Society.[1] Introduction The Declaration of Helsinki,[2] was developed by the World Medical Association[3] (http://www.wma.net/e/policy/b3.htm). Manuscripts submitted the fields of toxicogenomics, pharmacogenomics, proteomics, metabolomics, metabonomics, molecular epidemiology molecular epidemiology Molecular medicine An evolving field that combines the tools of standard epidemiology–case studies, questionnaires and monitoring of exposure to external factors with the tools of molecular biology–eg, restriction endonucleases, , translational aspects of genomic research, and molecular medicine must follow the guidelines based on "Minimum Information About a Microarray Experiment - MIAME MIAME Minimal Information About A Microarray Experiment MIAME Minimum Information About a Microarray Experiment ," developed by the Microarray Gene Expression Data Society The Microarray Gene Expression Data Society (or MGED) is an international organization of biologists, computer scientists, and data analysts aiming to facilitate the sharing of microarray data generated by functional genomics and proteomics experiments. (http://www.mged.org/miame). On acceptance, all integral data supporting the paper's conclusions should be submitted to the ArrayExpress(http:// www.ebi.ac.uk/arrayexpress) or GEO (http:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/) databases. Authors must certify that they have complied with all applicable requirements mentioned above, and they must include a statement at the beginning of the "Materials and Methods" describing IRB approval, consent procedures, and that all human participants gave informed consent prior to any study. Commentaries present information and insight on a particular topic. Commentaries should not be extended critiques of single articles appearing in EHP or elsewhere. Factual data should be included to substantiate arguments. Abstracts are required, and articles must be appropriately referenced. Commentaries are peer-reviewed to the same extent as regular research articles. Reviews are narrowly focused articles that emphasize recent developments in a particular field of research. Lengthy historical perspectives are not appropriate. Meeting Reports are short synopses of conferences, symposia sym·po·si·a n. A plural of symposium. , or workshops in which the scientific objectives and achievements of a meeting are described. Meeting Reports should not be constructed as narratives of the meeting/workshop. The report should focus on clearly presenting background information, objectives, issues, conclusions, and recommendations. Workgroup Reports are presentations by expert scientific committees that include reviews of existing information and that summarize research findings on specific topics, present new information, and recommend methods, courses of action, or further research needs for the scientific community. Workgroup Reports should not be constructed as narratives of the meeting/workshop. The report should focus on clearly presenting background information, objectives, issues, conclusions, and recommendations. ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE SECTION This section comprises articles on environmental causes of disease relevant to clinical practice (focused on individual health) and public health practice (focused on population and community health issues). The articles may report on the clinical manifestations, causes, and medical and nonmedical management, as well as the public health, legal, regulatory, and ethical issues surrounding environmentally related disease. Four formats exist: Reviews, Research Articles, Grand Rounds, and Case Reports. Articles that demonstrate the application of research advances to a clinical or community practice setting (translational research) are particularly encouraged. Authors are encouraged to include public health, legal, and ethical issues. Reviews in environmental medicine are focused articles that emphasize recent developments in a specific area of environmental medicine. Of particular interest are reviews that provide guidance on clinical approaches, community health approaches, causes and risk factors for environmental disease, and/or in-depth discussions of areas of uncertainty that could benefit from welldesigned research. Research Articles must be of original research involving human subjects. Observational epidemiologic studies and randomized clinical trials randomized clinical trial, n a clinical study where volunteer participants with comparable characteristics are randomly assigned to different test groups to compare the efficacy of therapies. that are relevant to the clinical or public health practice of environmental medicine are particularly encouraged, as are studies from developing countries. Grand Rounds in environmental medicine articles present discussions of case presentations of patients or community health issues of relevance to environmental exposures and environmental health. The format requires that a case scenario be presented to illustrate the environmental issues under consideration, followed by a discussion of the clinical and public health implications of these issues. Observations from developing countries are especially encouraged. Articles should be divided into an Abstract, Case Presentation, Discussion, and Conclusion. Case Reports differ from Grand Rounds articles in that the diagnosis pertaining to the clinical presentation is not necessarily conclusive. Instead, evidence for an environmental etiology may be indirect: for example, a case report of hepatitis that is suspected to be related to a chemical that had not been previously linked with hepatitis. Similar to Grand Rounds, Case Reports should include an Abstract, Case Presentation, Discussion, and Conclusion. CHILDREN'S HEALTH Children's Health Definition Children's health encompasses the physical, mental, emotional, and social well-being of children from infancy through adolescence. SECTION Children have unique vulnerability to environmental factors, and EHP is a pioneer in the dissemination of information on children's environmental health issues. This section contains contributions covering environmental science, toxicology, risk assessment and management, pediatric pediatric /pe·di·at·ric/ (pe?de-at´rik) pertaining to the health of children. pe·di·at·ric adj. Of or relating to pediatrics. environmental medicine, social sciences, and legal and regulatory issues. Basic and applied research is reported in this section in the form of Commentaries, Reviews, Research Articles, Meeting Reports, and Workgroup Reports. ANNOUNCEMENTS SECTION Announcements include a calendar of upcoming events such as conferences, workshops, and public hearings. Appropriate listings are made for industrial, academic, regulatory, and legal activities. This section also includes fellowship announcements, grant announcements, positions available, and a book review. EHP CHINESE-LANGUAGE EDITION EHP has expanded its international presence by establishing a quarterly Chinese-language edition. This edition includes original and previously published Environews articles translated into Chinese. It also includes Editorials written by scientists directly involved in research in the Chinese-speaking areas of the world. MANUSCRIPT PREPARATION AND SUBMISSION EHP covers all disciplines engaged in the broad field of environmental health sciences. Authors should therefore write in a clear and simple manner, avoiding unnecessary jargon, so that the article is understandable to readers in other disciplines. CONFORMANCE TO EHP STYLE REQUIREMENTS Manuscripts submitted to EHP must conform to all EHP style requirements. Authors should take special note of requirements for citations/ references, figures, and tables. Manuscripts that do not conform will be returned to the authors for modification before the initiation of the peer review process. This step will cause a significant delay in the publication of the manuscript. The authors must ensure that the final PDF supplied to EHP is accurate. Once the manuscript is accepted, the PDF will be published online generally within 24 hours after acceptance. Any substantive changes after this stage will require an erratum to be published. MANUSCRIPT PREPARATION Manuscripts must be written in the active voice and be typed double-spaced in English. Number pages consecutively, beginning with the title page. Numbering of lines is preferred but not required. The reference list, tables, and figure legends should begin on separate pages and should also be double-spaced. Page one: The first page should list title, authors (first or second names spelled out in full), full address of the institution where the work was performed, and affiliation of each author. Titles should not exceed 20 words and should generally not contain abbreviations or numerical values. Indicate the author to whom page proofs should be sent, and include complete address for express mail service, telephone and fax numbers, and e-mail address. Page two: 1) Place a running title, not to exceed 50 characters and spaces, on this page. 2) List on this page 5-10 key words for indexing purposes. 3) Include acknowledgments and grant information, not to exceed 50 words. 4) Include a list of all abbreviations with definitions used in the manuscript. Nomenclature and symbols should conform to the recommendations of the American Chemical Society The American Chemical Society (ACS) is a learned society (professional association) based in the United States that supports scientific inquiry in the field of chemistry. Founded in 1876 at New York University, the ACS currently has over 160,000 members at all degree-levels and in or the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), an international organization est. 1919 to advance the chemical sciences and contribute to the application of chemistry to the service of humanity. . Page three: Provide an outline of section headers (i.e., abstract, introduction, methods, etc.) on this page. This outline will facilitate copyediting and manuscript layout. Page four: All articles must include a structured abstract, which is not to exceed 250 words and should not include references. No information should be reported in the abstract that does not appear in the text of the manuscript. Recommended headings used in the structured abstracts vary by article type. * For Commentaries: Background, Objectives, Discussions, and Conclusions * For Reviews: Objective, Data Sources, Data Extraction Data extraction is the act or process of retrieving (binary) data out of (usually unstructured or badly structured) data sources for further data processing or data storage (data migration). , Data Synthesis data synthesis Meta-analysis, see there , and Conclusions * For Research Articles: Background, Objectives, Methods, Results, and Conclusions (with an exception for Environmental Medicine articles: Objective, Design, Participants, Evaluations/Measurements, Results, Conclusions, and Relevance to Clinical or Professional Practice) * For Grand Rounds Articles or Case Reports: Context (the relevance to environmental exposures and environmental health), Case Presentation, Discussion, and Relevance to Clinical or Professional Practice. Page five and subsequent pages: Text should begin on the fifth page. Concise headings (not to exceed eight words) may be used to designate major sections. Recommended headings, where appropriate, are "Materials and Methods," "Results," "Discussion" or "Conclusion," and "References." Do not include tables and figures in the text. Place them after the References section. ARTICLE LENGTH Submissions should not exceed the following limits: Editorials, 1,000 words; Correspondence, 1,000 words; Commentaries, 5,000 words; Reviews, 10,000 words; Research Articles, 7,000 words; Meeting Reports, 5,000 words; Workgroup Reports, 8,000 words. All limits include references, tables, and figures. The "Case Presentation" in Grand Rounds and Case Report articles should be less than 1,000 words, and the remainder of the paper should not exceed 5,000 words, including tables, figures, and references. Visual images (e.g., X rays, microscopic pathology) or other graphics are encouraged. In determining the word count for all submissions, assume that each figure and table accounts for 250 words of the total word count. REFERENCES/CITATIONS/FOOTNOTES References and citations should be formatted according to EHP style (examples provided below). This will reduce copyediting time and the number of author queries included in page proofs. Authors should double-check all references for accuracy and completeness of information, spelling, accents, symbols, subscripts and superscripts, and italics. Authors are fully responsible for the accuracy of their references. Check the final draft to make sure citations and references match. Any manuscript that is not properly formatted will be returned to the author for correction before review. Footnotes Do not use footnotes; instead, place all textual information within the manuscript and all citations/references in the proper form. Citations All citations must be placed in name/date form. Place the citation immediately after the textual information cited, placing name and date within parentheses See parenthesis. parentheses - See left parenthesis, right parenthesis. without a comma. Single author: (Burkholder 1998) Two authors: (Burkholder and Glasgow 1997) Three or more authors: Use first author's name Noun 1. author's name - the name that appears on the by-line to identify the author of a work writer's name name - a language unit by which a person or thing is known; "his name really is George Washington"; "those are two names for the same thing" plus "et al." (Burkholder et al. 2001). Different first authors but same last name and date: Use first author's last name plus initial(s) (Smith A 2000; Smith J 2000) Several sources cited at one time: List publications alphabetically by author in the citation. Separate publications by the same author(s) with commas and those by different authors with semicolons: (Burkholder and Glasgow 1997a, 1997b; Peal 1975; Wee 1997). Quotations: Provide references for any quotations used in the text. For example: According to Rubin et al. (2001), "it is only with a multidisciplinary and collaborative approach that the environmental and public health significance of Pfiesteria will be fully understood." All manuscripts submitted but not yet accepted, unpublished data, and personal communications--any items that must be cited but are not accessible to the public--must appear in the text in parentheses but should not be listed in the references: (Ramsdell JS, Moeller PDR PDR A trademark for Physicians' Desk Reference, a group of reference books containing drug listings, especially one for prescription drugs. PDR , personal communication); (Glasgow HB, unpublished data). References Authors are fully responsible for the accuracy of their references. The list of references should begin on a separate page. All references must include * Author/editor last name plus initials (for six or fewer authors; if there are more than six authors, use "et al." after the sixth) or authoring agency * Year of publication * Full title of article or chapter (lower case) * Title of journal (abbreviated according to Biosis or Index Medicus Index Medicus (IM) was a comprehensive index of medical journal articles, published between 1879 and 2004. It was initiated by Dr John Shaw Billings, head of the Library of the Office of the Surgeon General, United States Army[1]. ) or book/ proceedings in title case * City/state/country of publication andname of publisher * Volume and inclusive page numbers * DOI number, if available. If you are uncertain what to include, please include all information. List references alphabetically by the last name of the first author. If the first author has more than one publication, list references in alphabetical order (letter by letter) of subsequent authors. If the first author shares the last name with another first author (Smith JM vs. Smith RB), alphabetize al·pha·bet·ize tr.v. al·pha·bet·ized, al·pha·bet·iz·ing, al·pha·bet·iz·es 1. To arrange in alphabetical order. 2. To supply with an alphabet. by initials. If you list more than one publication by the same author/group of authors, arrange publications by date, early to late. If you list more than one publication published in the same year by the same author/group of authors, use a, b, c, d, and so on to distinguish the publications. Sample alphabetical list: Burkholder JM. 1998. Implications of harmful marine microalgae and heterotrophic heterotrophic /het·ero·tro·phic/ (-tro´fik) not self-sustaining; said of microorganisms requiring a reduced form of carbon for energy and synthesis. dinoflagellates dinoflagellates minute aquatic protozoa; they produce red pigment and toxins which are taken up by shellfish without apparent ill effect, but the toxin is not metabolized and the shellfish may poison animals if eaten. in management of sustainable marine fisheries. Ecol Appl 8(suppl):S37-S62. Burkholder JM, Glasgow HB. 1997a. Pfiesteria piscicida Pfiesteria piscicida is a dinoflagellate that some researchers claim is responsible for many blooms in the 1980s and 1990s on the coast of North Carolina. Pfiesteria and other Pfiesteria-like dinoflagellates: behavior, impacts, and environmental controls. Limnol Oceanogr 42:1052-1075. Burkholder JM, Glasgow HB. 1997b. Trophic trophic /tro·phic/ (tro´fik) (trof´ik) pertaining to nutrition. troph·ic adj. Of, relating to, or characterized by nutrition. controls on stage transformations of a toxic ambush-predator dinoflagellate dinoflagellate Any of numerous one-celled, aquatic organisms that have two dissimilar flagella and characteristics of both plants (algae) and animals (protozoans). Most are microscopic and marine. . J Eukaryot Microbiol 44:200-205. Burkholder JM, Glasgow HB. In press. Toxic Pfiesteria in North Carolina North Carolina, state in the SE United States. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean (E), South Carolina and Georgia (S), Tennessee (W), and Virginia (N). Facts and Figures Area, 52,586 sq mi (136,198 sq km). Pop. estuaries from 1991 to the present. BioScience. Burkholder JM, Glasgow HB, Lewitus AJ. 1998. Physiological ecology Physiological ecology (animal) A discipline that combines the study of physiological processes, the functions of living organisms and their parts, with ecological processes that connect the individual organism with population dynamics and community structure. of Pfiesteria piscicida with general comments of "ambush-predator" dinoflagellates. In: Physiological Ecology of Harmful Algae algae (ăl`jē) [plural of Lat. alga=seaweed], a large and diverse group of primarily aquatic plantlike organisms. These organisms were previously classified as a primitive subkingdom of the plant kingdom, the thallophytes (plants that (Anderson DM, Cembella A, Hallegraeff GM, eds). NATO NATO: see North Atlantic Treaty Organization. NATO in full North Atlantic Treaty Organization International military alliance created to defend western Europe against a possible Soviet invasion. ASI ASI, n See Anxiety Sensitivity Index. Series G: Ecological Sciences, Vol 41. Berlin:Springer-Verlag, 175-191. Burkholder JM, Mallin MA, Glasgow HB, Larsen LM, McIver MR, Shank shank (shangk) 1. leg (1). 2. crus ( 2). shank n. The part of the human leg between the knee and ankle. GC, et al. 1997. Impacts to a coastal river an estuary from rupture of a large swine waste holding lagoon. J Environ Qual 26:1451-1466. Types of references: Journal article--conventional reference only Burkholder JM, Glasgow HB. 1997. Pfiesteria piscicida and other Pfiesteria-like dinoflagellates: behavior, impacts, and environmental controls. Limnol Oceanogr 42:1052-1075. Journal article--DOI reference only Hightower JM. Mercury levels in high-end consumers of fish. Environ Health Perspect doi:10.1289/ EHP.5901 [Online 1 November 2002]. Journal article--conventional reference and DOI reference Hu Y, Ippolito JE, Garabedian EM, Humphrey PA, Gordon JI. 2002. Molecular characterization of a metastatic Metastatic The term used to describe a secondary cancer, or one that has spread from one area of the body to another. Mentioned in: Coagulation Disorders metastatic pertaining to or of the nature of a metastasis. neuroendocrine cell Neuroendocrine cells are cells that receive neuronal input (neurotransmitters released by nerve cells) and, as a consequence of this input, release message molecules (hormones) to the blood. cancer rising in the prostates of transgenic mice. J Biol Chem 277:44462-44474; doi:10.1074/jbc.M205784200 [Online 11 September 2002]. Journal article, "in press" Turusov V, Rakitsky V, Tomatis L. In press. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane di·chlo·ro·di·phen·yl·tri·chlo·ro·eth·ane n. DDT. (DDT DDT or 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1,-trichloroethane, chlorinated hydrocarbon compound used as an insecticide. First introduced during the 1940s, it killed insects that spread disease and feed on crops. ); ubiquity Ubiquity See also Omnipresence. Burma-Shave their signs seen as “verses of the wayside throughout America.” [Am. Commerce and Folklore: Misc. , persistence, and risks. Environ Health Perspect. Journal article, anonymous author [Anonymous.] 1998. New source of fish fears. Environ Health Perspect 106:A425-A426. Journal article in non-English language Rateau JG, Broillard M, Morgant G, Aymard P. 1986. Etude e·tude n. Music 1. A piece composed for the development of a specific point of technique. 2. A composition featuring a point of technique but performed because of its artistic merit. experimental chez chez prep. At the home of; at or by. [French, from Old French, from Latin casa, cottage, hut.] chez prep at the home of [French] le lapin de l'effet de la cholestyramine cholestyramine /cho·le·sty·ra·mine/ (ko?le-sti´rah-men) see cholestyramine resin, under resin. cho·le·styr·a·mine n. dans le traitement des diarrhees infectieuses d'orgine cholerique [in French]. Actualite Therapeut 22:289-296. Magazine article Grant M. 1997. The cell from hell. People, 19 May: 101-103. Newspaper article Clabby C. 2001. Study details how centuries of fishing depleted de·plete tr.v. de·plet·ed, de·plet·ing, de·pletes To decrease the fullness of; use up or empty out. [Latin d sea life. News and Observer (Raleigh, NC) 27 July: B1. Chapter in edited book Wen L-S L-S Left Side (medical exams) L-S Lockheed Sanders, Inc. , Shiller A, Santschi PH, Gill G. 1999. Trace element behavior in Gulf of Mexico Noun 1. Gulf of Mexico - an arm of the Atlantic to the south of the United States and to the east of Mexico Golfo de Mexico Atlantic, Atlantic Ocean - the 2nd largest ocean; separates North and South America on the west from Europe and Africa on the east estuaries. In: Biogeochemistry bi·o·ge·o·chem·is·try n. The study of the relationship between the geochemistry of a region and the animal and plant life in that region. bi of Gulf of Mexico Estuaries (Bianchi TS, Pennock JR, Twilley RR, eds). New York New York, state, United States New York, Middle Atlantic state of the United States. It is bordered by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic Ocean (E), New Jersey and Pennsylvania (S), Lakes Erie and Ontario and the Canadian province of :John Wiley John Wiley may refer to:
Chapter in edited series Burkholder JM, Glasgow HB, Lewitus AJ. 1998. Physiological ecology of Pfiesteria piscicida with general comments of "ambush-predator" dinoflagellates. In: Physiological Ecology of Harmful Algae (Anderson DM, Cembella A, Hallegraeff GM, eds). NATO ASI Series G: Ecological Sciences, Vol 41. Berlin:Springer-Verlag, 175-191. Agency monograph IARC. 1982. Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate Phthal´ate n. 1. (Chem.) A salt of phthalic acid. . IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum 29:269-294. Book Luna LG. 1968. Manual of Histopathologic Staining Methods of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Armed Forces Institute of Pathology A section of the US military which provides consultations, reference atlases and educational programs for pathologists . 3rd ed. New York:McGraw-Hill. Book, edited Gross TL, Ihrke PJ, Walder EJ, eds. 1992. Veterinary Dermatopathology. St. Louis, MO:Mosby Year Book. Agency as author NCDENR NCDENR North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources . 1999. Annual Report of Fish Kill Events. Raleigh, NC:North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources The North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources (NCDENR) is the state's leading stewardship agency for the preservation and protection of natural resources and public health. . Proceedings Tiran B, Rossipal E, Tiran A, Lorenz O. 1993. Selenium selenium (səlē`nēəm), nonmetallic chemical element; symbol Se; at. no. 34; at. wt. 78.96; m.p. 217°C;; b.p. about 685°C;; sp. gr. 4.81 at 20°C;; valence −2, +4, or +6. and iodine concentration in human milk and milk formulas in Styria, Austria. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Trace Elements Trace elements A group of elements that are present in the human body in very small amounts but are nonetheless important to good health. They include chromium, copper, cobalt, iodine, iron, selenium, and zinc. Trace elements are also called micronutrients. in Man and Animals: TEMA Tema, city, Ghana Tema (tāmə), city (1984 pop. 99,608), SE Ghana, on the Gulf of Guinea. With the opening of an artificial harbor in 1961, Tema developed from a small fishing village to become Ghana's leading seaport and an 8, 16-21 May 1993, Dresden, Germany. Gersdorf, Germany:Verlag Media Touristik, 1058-1061. Technical paper NTP (Network Time Protocol) A TCP/IP protocol used to synchronize the real time clock in computers, network devices and other electronic equipment that is time sensitive. It is also used to maintain the correct time in NTP-based wall and desk clocks. . 1998. Toxicology and Carcinogenesis car·ci·no·gen·e·sis n. The production of cancer. carcinogenesis production of cancer. biological carcinogenesis viruses and some parasites are capable of initiating neoplasia. Studies of Diethanolamine (CAS No. 111-42-2) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F C3F Commander Third Fleet 1 Mice (Dermal dermal /der·mal/ (der´mal) pertaining to the dermis or to the skin. der·mal or der·mic adj. Of or relating to the skin or dermis. Studies). Technical Report 478. Research Triangle Park Research Triangle Park, research, business, medical, and educational complex situated in central North Carolina. It has an area of 6,900 acres (2,795 hectares) and is 8 × 2 mi (13 × 3 km) in size. Named for the triangle formed by Duke Univ. , NC:National Toxicology Program National Toxicology Program Environment A program that conducts toxicologic tests on substances frequently found at the EPA's National Priorities List sites, which have the greatest potential for human exposure . Dissertation/thesis Xi D. 1996. Mechanisms of Maitotoxin and Domoic Acid domoic acid An excitatory kainic acid analogue and neurotoxic glutamate agonist, which ↑ neuronal activity, causing food poisoning Action to Elevate Cytosolic Free Calcium [PhD Thesis]. Charleston, SC:Medical University of South Carolina “MUSC” redirects here. For Abel Santa María airport in Santa Clara, Cuba (ICAO code MUSC), see Abel Santa María Airport. The Medical University of South Carolina . Software manual SAS Institute SAS Institute Inc., headquartered in Cary, North Carolina, USA, has been a major producer of software since it was founded in 1976 by Anthony Barr, James Goodnight, John Sall and Jane Helwig. , Inc. 2001. SAS/STAT Guide for Personal Computers, Version 8. Cary, NC:SAS Institute, Inc. Website U.S. EPA EPA eicosapentaenoic acid. EPA abbr. eicosapentaenoic acid EPA, n.pr See acid, eicosapentaenoic. EPA, n. (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), independent agency of the U.S. government, with headquarters in Washington, D.C. It was established in 1970 to reduce and control air and water pollution, noise pollution, and radiation and to ensure the safe handling and ). 2004. Integrated Risk Information System. Available: http://www.epa.gov/iriswebp/iris/ [accessed 1 October 2004]. Abstract Levin E, Simon B, Schmechel D, Glasgow HB Jr, Deamer-Melia N, Burkholder J, et al. 1998. Learning deficits in rats after Pfiesteria exposure [Abstract]. Toxicol Sci 42:37. Federal regulation U.S. EPA. 1998. National Primary Drinking Water drinking water supply of water available to animals for drinking supplied via nipples, in troughs, dams, ponds and larger natural water sources; an insufficient supply leads to dehydration; it can be the source of infection, e.g. leptospirosis, salmonellosis, or of poisoning, e.g. Regulations: Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment; Final Rule. Fed Reg FED REG Federal Register 63:69477-69521. Emission Guidelines and Compliance Times for Hospital/Medical/Infectious Waste Incinerators. 2001. Waste Management Guidelines. 40CFR60.35e. Executive order; federal regulation Clinton WJ. 2000. Executive Order 13148. Greening of the Government Through Leadership in Environmental Management. Fed Reg 65:24595-24606. U.S. government document U.S. EPA. 1999. What You Should Know about Fish Lesions. CBP/TRS229/99. Washington, DC:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. State document State of Maryland. 1998. Water Quality Improvement Act of 1998. Annapolis, MD:General Assembly. Law Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. 1996. Public Law 104-170. Court case Les v. Reilly. 1992. Case No. 91-70234, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, San Francisco San Francisco (săn frănsĭs`kō), city (1990 pop. 723,959), coextensive with San Francisco co., W Calif., on the tip of a peninsula between the Pacific Ocean and San Francisco Bay, which are connected by the strait known as the Golden , CA. TABLES Each table must begin on a separate page. Tables should be numbered with Arabic numerals Arabic numerals Noun, pl the symbols 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, used to represent numbers Arabic numerals npl → chiffres mpl arabes Arabic numerals , followed by a brief title (not to exceed 25 words). When setting up tables, do not use table layouts; type tables as text and use tabs to align the columns. Tables should contain no more than three layers of column headings, and the entire table should fit on one journal page or less. 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It adds the interrupt-driven capabilities normally associated with a microcontroller to a DSP, which typically functions as a continuous process. See microcontroller and DSP. ): Process DSC Comments Resize Verb 1. resize - change the size of; make the size more appropriate size - make to a size; bring to a suitable size rescale - establish on a new scale Page and Center Artwork for EPS Files Preserve Document Information from DSC |
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