Information literacy 1973-2002: a selected literature review.INFORMATION LITERACY Several conceptions and definitions of information literacy have become prevalent. For example, one conception defines information literacy in terms of a set of competencies that an informed citizen of an information society ought to possess to participate intelligently and AND HIGHER EDUCATION higher education Study beyond the level of secondary education. Institutions of higher education include not only colleges and universities but also professional schools in such fields as law, theology, medicine, business, music, and art. The review of the literature indicates that the majority of the publications address information literacy in higher education. During the twentieth century and at the beginning of the twenty-first century, academic and school librarians developed the concept of information skills instruction from library orientation to library instruction to course-integrated user instruction. Librarians developed teaching materials, guides, teaching methods, library skills tests, Web-based tutorials and other online teaching modules. Although the information skills teaching units were often separate from the academic curriculum and not integrated into total instructional programs for students, librarians have continually tried to integrate the teaching of information skills modules into the curriculum. Throughout this period librarians have worked diligently dil·i·gent adj. Marked by persevering, painstaking effort. See Synonyms at busy. [Middle English, from Old French, from Latin d to form partnerships with faculty and teachers in teaching and learning, but success has often eluded them. In isolated instances, private liberal arts colleges It may never be fully completed or, depending on its its nature, it may be that it can never be completed. However, new and revised entries in the list are always welcome. Liberal arts colleges were able to develop strong faculty-librarian partnerships for course-integrated information literacy instruction. USER INSTRUCTION IN SCHOOLS The literature indicates that school librarians and school media specialists have shared academic librarians' concern to teach students information skills from kindergarten kindergarten [Ger.,=garden of children], system of preschool education. Friedrich Froebel designed (1837) the kindergarten to provide an educational situation less formal than that of the elementary school but one in which children's creative play instincts would be through high school. Media specialists had to address situations similar to their academic colleagues but they have begun to be more successful in these endeavors in recent years. The emergence of "Information Power," a document outlining information skills needs and appropriate instruction for students in kindergarten through the twelfth grade This article or section deals primarily with the United States and Canada and does not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please [ improve this article] or discuss the issue on the talk page. , has had a major impact on information skills instruction in schools. State education agencies and school districts continue to mandate information skills instruction as part of the curriculum. USER INSTRUCTION IN PUBLIC LIBRARIES As documented through the library literature, past user instruction in public libraries has been minimal. However, during the last decade, the infusion of information technology and the development of the Internet have created many needs and demands in the public libraries for information and technical skill instruction. New demands for information support related to distance education and information support for students from K-12 have been growing and public librarians have to address these new training needs. USER INSTRUCTION IN SPECIAL LIBRARIES Based on the published literature, special libraries in business environments tend to do very little instruction for their users because special library users expect to receive from their librarians information ready to use. Librarians in medical, law, and other professional libraries provide very specific and intense information skills instruction to their users as shown in the literature. Excellent course-integrated modules have been developed by these special librarians to aid their library users in learning necessary information skills. INFORMATION SKILLS TRAINING IN THE WORKPLACE In this new century it is becoming apparent that most employees in the workforce have to deal with both a constantly increasing volume of information and constantly changing technology. To be successful in the information-rich work environment, employees need continual training and development related to information literacy. Employers are beginning to realize that new information skills training is necessary for their workers and librarians could become leaders in this endeavor. ASSESSMENT OF INFORMATION LITERACY During the past three decades the evaluation of user instruction outcomes was minimal. During the first two decades, measurement concerns related to how librarians performed as teachers, and what the students gained from the instruction in terms of finding information, compiling good bibliographies and using appropriate references in term papers. During the last decade there has been more concern with evaluating student learning outcomes and students' research products as well as students' acquisition of information skills, which will enable them perform productively in the work environment. THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT Although, during the first two decades reviewed, many of the publications are in the English language English language, member of the West Germanic group of the Germanic subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages (see Germanic languages). Spoken by about 470 million people throughout the world, English is the official language of about 45 nations. , they include publications from Australia, New Zealand New Zealand (zē`lənd), island country (2005 est. pop. 4,035,000), 104,454 sq mi (270,534 sq km), in the S Pacific Ocean, over 1,000 mi (1,600 km) SE of Australia. The capital is Wellington; the largest city and leading port is Auckland. , Canada, the United Kingdom, and other countries where articles and books were published in English. These countries shared the concerns of librarians in the United States United States, officially United States of America, republic (2005 est. pop. 295,734,000), 3,539,227 sq mi (9,166,598 sq km), North America. The United States is the world's third largest country in population and the fourth largest country in area. regarding information skills instructions and many noteworthy programs are in existence in many of these countries. It is interesting to note that, in the formerly Eastern bloc During the Cold War, the term Eastern Bloc (or Soviet Bloc) was used to refer to the Soviet Union and its allies in Central and Eastern Europe (Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and—until the early 1960s—Albania). countries, such as Russia and East Germany East Germany: see Germany. , the teaching of library skills was required. This has also been the case in China. During the last decade the interest in and concern with teaching of information skills has truly become an international concern. This can be seen in terms of publications and national conferences held on the topic of information literacy. NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES During the past three decades major conferences, national, regional, and local, have been held to address topics related to user instruction. In fact the LOEX LOEX Library Orientation Exchange LOEX Laboratoire d'Organogénèse Expérimentale (Laboratory of Experimental Tissue Engineering) LOEX Library Orientation-Instruction Exchange LOEX Library Orientation and Education Exchange Conference originating at Eastern Michigan University Eastern Michigan University, mainly at Ypsilanti, Mich.; coeducational; founded 1849 as a normal school, became Eastern Michigan College in 1956, gained university status in 1959. in 1970 has been held for more than thirty years and the Canadian academic librarians have also sponsored more than thirty workshops on "Instruction in Library Use." In recent years Australian academic librarians have held four national conferences on information literacy and Mexican academic librarians have held three national conferences on information literacy. In the 1970s academic librarians in the United Kingdom held several workshops on user instruction, and recently Sweden and China sponsored national workshops on this topic. NOTABLE WEB SITES With the emergence of the World Wide Web, information literacy Web sites are being developed by academic librarians to provide online information. These Web sites provide guides, virtual library tours, tutorials, and interactive learning modules to teach information skills. Here are a few examples of Web sites for organizations, clearinghouses, and institutions related to information literacy. The LOEX Clearinghouse was started thirty years ago as the national clearinghouse for library instruction materials for academic libraries. It has sponsored annual national conferences and has published the papers presented at these conferences, produced a newsletter, collected and lent print and audiovisual materials, and now features a Web site (http://www.emich.edu/public/loex). The National Forum on Information Literacy, http://www.infolit.org, was created in 1990 to respond to the ALA initiatives regarding information literacy. More than seventy nonprofit A corporation or an association that conducts business for the benefit of the general public without shareholders and without a profit motive. Nonprofits are also called not-for-profit corporations. Nonprofit corporations are created according to state law. and profit organizations are members and work together to address information education challenges nationally and internationally. The Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL ACRL Association of College and Research Libraries ACRL Administrative Cost Reimbursements to Localities ) has been deeply involved in facilitating information literacy developments nationally. The ACRL Web site offers information related to information literacy, including the Institute for Information Literacy (http://www.ala.org/acd/nili/nilihp.html). The American Association American Association refers to one of the following professional baseball leagues:
AASL American Association of School Libraries AASL Association of Architecture School Librarians AASL Arkansas Association of School Librarians ) has developed many initiatives related to "Information Power," nine information literacy standards for student learning in the K-12 schools environment (http://www.ala.org/aasl/ip_nine.html). EXAMPLES OF MODEL PROGRAMS In California academic librarians have developed several noteworthy information literacy programs. The California State Universities Enrollment  have
developed a program of information competence throughout the system
(http://www.calstate.edu/LS/infocomp.shtml).California State University, San Marcos California State University San Marcos (also CSUSM or Cal State San Marcos) is a campus of the California State University (CSU) system located in San Marcos, California, a suburban town in north San Diego County. , features an information literacy program based on faculty-librarian partnerships. The program aims to infuse in·fuse v. 1. To steep or soak without boiling in order to extract soluble elements or active principles. 2. To introduce a solution into the body through a vein for therapeutic purposes. the teaching of information skill throughout the curriculum (http://library. csusm.edu/departments/ilp/). The teaching library at the University of California-Berkeley promotes information literacy as part of the undergraduate experience for students (http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/teachinglib/). The Colorado Department of Education has developed a model of information literacy guidelines guidelines, n.pl a set of standards, criteria, or specifications to be used or followed in the performance of certain tasks. to focus on students as knowledge seekers, quality producers, self-directed learners, group contributors and responsible information users. At Florida International University Florida International University, primarily at University Park, Miami; coeducational; chartered 1965, opened 1972. A research university, it has 18 colleges and schools and many specialized centers and institutes, including those in biomedical engineering, database librarians have developed a curriculum-integrated information literacy program using online tutorials, print materials and a variety of instructions (http://www.fiu.edu/~library/assistance/index.html). Several interactive information skills modules from basic skills to advanced skills were developed by librarians from all types of libraries in Kentucky and can be found at http://www.kyvl.org/html/tutorial/research/. The modules are being used in distance education, throughout the Kentucky commonwealth education environment, in public and school libraries. The Kentucky Virtual Library is a consortium of all types of libraries, public and private in the state. The University of Massachusetts The system includes UMass Amherst, UMass Boston, UMass Dartmouth (affiliated with Cape Cod Community College), UMass Lowell, and the UMass Medical School. It also has an online school called UMassOnline. developed an information literacy project entitled en·ti·tle tr.v. en·ti·tled, en·ti·tling, en·ti·tles 1. To give a name or title to. 2. To furnish with a right or claim to something: "information literacy competencies" as part of the statewide UMASS Information Literacy Project (http://www.lib.umassd.edu/INFOLIT/InfoLitComp.html). Librarians and faculty at the University of Louisville See also
1. ^ [1] 2. ^ [2] URL accessed on June 8 2006 3. have developed an integrated information literacy program throughout the curricula including a required module for the general education component (http://www.louisville.edu/infoliteracy). The University of Washington has developed the U-Wired model program which integrates electronic communication and information navigation skills into instruction and learning on campus (http://www.washington.edu/uwired). The Wisconsin Association of Academic Libraries developed "information literacy competencies and criteria" for the academic institutions in the state (http://www.wla.lib.wi.us/waal/infolit/ilcc.html). INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS FOR INFORMATION LITERACY Africa The University of Cape Town “UCT” redirects here. For other uses, see UCT (disambiguation). is part of the Cape Higher Education Consortium The Cape Higher Education Consortium (CHEC) is an association whose members are the four universities in the Western Cape province of South Africa. It describes itself as "A Network of Learning for the Western Cape". Infolit Program. This group has worked successfully during the last decade to develop information literacy initiatives for their many students (http://www.library.uct.ac.za/infolit/). UNISA--The University of South Africa--is the world's largest distance education university and has been that for many years. Librarians at UNISA UNISA University of South Australia UNISA University of South Africa UNISA Universiteit van Suid-Afrika (University of South Africa) have spent many years developing library instruction for the distance education environment and they are now using Web tutorials and other online methodology (http://www.unisa.ac.za/library/afdeling/client /usered/students/libinfo.html). Australia University of Sydney The University of Sydney, established in Sydney in 1850, is the oldest university in Australia. It is a member of Australia's "Group of Eight" Australian universities that are highly ranked in terms of their research performance. librarians have a well-developed information skills program using self-paced tutorials and offering training courses and seminars throughout the curriculum (http://www.library.usyd.edu.au/skills/). Queensland University of Technology offers an interesting online tutorial program to assist students in finding, using, and evaluating information (http://www.library.qut.edu.au/elearn/tutorial.html). Canada The University of Guelph The University of Guelph is a medium-sized university located in Guelph, Ontario, established in 1964. While the U of G offers degrees in many different disciplines, the university is best known for its focus on life sciences, based in part on a long-standing history of librarians are addressing information literacy on their campus with tutorials, classes and instructions sessions of various kinds (http://www.lib.uoguelph.ca/LibEd/). China Librarians at Tshinghua University in Beijing are teaching many credit courses to help their students in all disciplines gain valuable information and technology skills to enable them to do better research and to use information more effectively (http://www.tsinghua.edu.cn/eng/index.htm). Germany The University of Heidelberg librarians have developed an information skills instruction program to teach their students a variety of information use skills (http://www.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/allg/schulung.html). United Kingdom The Society of College, National, and University Libraries (SCONUL SCONUL Society of College, National and University Libraries (UK) ) in the UK and Ireland is working on improving the quality of libraries and extending the influence of libraries in higher education. As part of these initiatives they have developed a position paper on "Information skills in higher education" (http://www.sconul.ac.uk/). The University of Glasgow The University of Glasgow (Scottish Gaelic: Oilthigh Ghlaschu, Latin: Universitas Glasguensis) was founded in 1451, in Glasgow, Scotland. librarians have developed tutorials and training courses for their students to teach library, information and Internet skills (http://www.lib.gla.ac.uk/Training/index.html). SELECTED INFORMATION LITERACY PUBLICATIONS 1973-2002 The following publications have been selected from the past three decades to demonstrate trends related to library user instruction and information literacy predominantly in the United States. The publications are listed in chronological chron·o·log·i·cal also chron·o·log·ic adj. 1. Arranged in order of time of occurrence. 2. Relating to or in accordance with chronology. order. Kirk, T. (1973). Acaxtonic library bibliographic instruction: Status report--1972. Chicago: Association of College and Research Libraries. (ED 072 823). This is a summary of collected information about bibliographic instruction programs in 174 academic libraries in the Untied States. The report is divided into formal courses, course-related library instruction, individualized in·di·vid·u·al·ize tr.v. in·di·vid·u·al·ized, in·di·vid·u·al·iz·ing, in·di·vid·u·al·iz·es 1. To give individuality to. 2. To consider or treat individually; particularize. 3. library instruction and miscellaneous types of user instruction and orientation. Lubans, J., Jr. (Ed.). (1974). Educating the library user. New York New York, state, United States New York, Middle Atlantic state of the United States. It is bordered by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic Ocean (E), New Jersey and Pennsylvania (S), Lakes Erie and Ontario and the Canadian province of : R.R. Bowker R.R. Bowker, LLC provides information support for the publishing industry in the United States. Bowker is the official U.S. ISBN Agency, the publisher of Books In Print . This comprehensive collection of essays, case studies and research reports is related to instructing library users and nonusers in school, public, and academic library settings. Includes information from overviews and surveys to program descriptions and research. Beeler, R.J. (1975). Evaluating library use instruction. Ann Arbor Ann Arbor, city (1990 pop. 109,592), seat of Washtenaw co., S Mich., on the Huron River; inc. 1851. It is a research and educational center, with a large number of government and industrial research and development firms, many in high-technology fields such as , MI: Pierian Press. This volume summarizes papers from a conference held December 13-14, 1973 at the University of Denver Background and rankings The University was founded in 1864 as Colorado Seminary by John Evans, the former Territorial Governor of Colorado, who had been appointed by US President Abraham Lincoln. on evaluating bibliographic instruction. The content of the papers reviews research and psychological aspects of evaluating bibliographic instruction. Included also are summaries of some case studies. Holley, E. G. (1976). Academic libraries in 1876. College and Research Libraries, 37, 15-47. Points out that for more than a hundred years academic librarians were concerned about teaching users how to use library collections, that librarians are educators and that the library should be the focus of instruction on the campus. Guidelines for bibliographic instruction in academic libraries. (1977). College and Research Libraries News, 38, 92. Provides the first guidelines for bibliographic instruction in academic libraries, developed by the ACRL Bibliographic Instruction Task Force and approved by ACRL in 1977. Lubans, J., Jr. (Ed.). (1978). Progress in educating the library user: New York: R. R. Bowker. Provides a state-of-the-art review during the 1970s on providing library use instruction in different types of libraries in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom. Includes a lengthy bibliography and a directory of library instruction clearinghouses. ACRL: Bibliographic Instruction Section. Policy and planning committee planning committee n (in local government) → comité m de planificación . (1979). Bibliographic instruction handbook. Chicago: American Library Association American Library Association, founded 1876, organization whose purpose is to increase the usefulness of books through the improvement and extension of library services. . This manual provides basic information and techniques for bibliographic instruction. Includes guidelines, needs assessment guidelines, administrative considerations, objectives, and other planning guides. Kirkendall, C. (1980). Reform and renewal in higher education: Implications for library instruction. Ann Arbor, MI: Pierian Press. This publication summarizes the papers from the ninth LOEX conference held at Eastern Michigan University in 1979. Discusses various aspects of library instruction and describes different case studies. Kobelski, P., & Reichel, M. (1981). Conceptual frameworks For the concept in aesthetics and art criticism, see . A conceptual framework is used in research to outline possible courses of action or to present a preferred approach to a system analysis project. for bibliographic instruction. Journal of Academic Librarianship, 7, 73-77. Discusses the use of seven conceptual frameworks to organize the content of bibliographic instruction. Includes analysis of cognitive learning theory. Beaubien, A. K., Hogan hogan Dwelling of the Navajo Indians of Arizona and New Mexico. The hogan is roughly circular and constructed usually of logs, which are stepped in gradually to create a domed roof. , S. A., & George, M. W. (1982). Learning the library: Concepts and methods for effective bibliographic instruction. New York: R. R. Bowker. Addresses concepts, theoretical frameworks and mental thought processes This is a list of thinking styles, methods of thinking (thinking skills), and types of thought. See also the List of thinking-related topic lists, the List of philosophies and the . related to bibliographic instruction in higher education. It is a guide for program development and explores education principles in teaching information and library skills. Oberman, C., & Strauch, K. (Eds.). (1982). Theories of bibliographic education: Designs for teaching. New York: R. R. Bowker. Presents a theoretical foundation for bibliographic instruction and a conception-based learning approach to the teaching of library skills. Includes contributions by various practitioners related to the teaching of library and research skills. ACRL: Bibliographic Instruction Section. (1983). Evaluating bibliographic instruction: A handbook. Chicago: American Library Association. Provides various types of evaluation methodologies to aid academic librarians in their assessment endeavors. Tuckett, H. W., & Stoffie, C.J. (1984). Learning theory and the self-reliant library user. RQ 24, 58-66. Reviews the pedagogical ped·a·gog·ic also ped·a·gog·i·cal adj. 1. Of, relating to, or characteristic of pedagogy. 2. Characterized by pedantic formality: a haughty, pedagogic manner. model used by librarians to teach library and information use. Describes an emerging model using cognitive learning theory and problem-solving skills. Kohl, D. E (1985). Reference services and library instruction: A handbook for library management. Santa Barbara Santa Barbara (săn'tə bär`brə, –bərə), city (1990 pop. 85,571), seat of Santa Barbara co., S Calif., on the Pacific Ocean; inc. 1850. , CA: ABC-Clio. Part of this volume summarizes twenty-five years of quantitative research Quantitative research Use of advanced econometric and mathematical valuation models to identify the firms with the best possible prospectives. Antithesis of qualitative research. related to library instruction. A subject guide provides access points to allow for the scanning of the enclosed en·close also in·close tr.v. en·closed, en·clos·ing, en·clos·es 1. To surround on all sides; close in. 2. To fence in so as to prevent common use: enclosed the pasture. information. Reichel, M. (1986). Preparing to teach: Bruner's theory of instruction and bibliographic instruction. In A. S. Clark & K. E Jones (Eds.), Teaching-Librarians to Teach (pp. 20-31). Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Scarecrow goes to Wizard of Oz to get brains. [Am. Lit.: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz] See : Ignorance Scarecrow can’t live up to his name. [Am. Lit.: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz; Am. Press. Discusses the use of conceptual frameworks in the teaching of library skills based on Bruner's theory of instruction. Melon melon, fruit of Cucumis melo, a plant of the family Curcurbitaceae (gourd family) native to Asia and now cultivated extensively in warm regions. There are many varieties, differing in taste, color, and skin texture—e.g. , C. A. (1987). Bibliographic instruction: The second generation. Littleton, CO: Libraries Unlimited. This is a collection of writings instrumental in transforming user instruction from a grassroots movement to an academic necessity. Identified are key issues such as history, development, key concepts, and future concerns during the 1970s and 1980s. Eisenberg, M. B. (1988). Curriculum initiative: An agenda and strategy for library media programs. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing. Provides school library media specialists with an information skills curriculum designed around an information problem-solving process based on Blooms's taxonomy taxonomy: see classification. taxonomy In biology, the classification of organisms into a hierarchy of groupings, from the general to the particular, that reflect evolutionary and usually morphological relationships: kingdom, phylum, class, order, of cognitive objectives. Baker, B. (1989). Bibliographic instruction: Building the librarian/faculty partnership. Reference Librarian, 24, 311-328. Demonstrates the need for integrating bibliographic instruction into the research process and cooperating with faculty to accomplish this successfully. Breivik, P. S., & Gee, G. E. (1989). Information literacy: Revolution in the library. New York: American Council on Education Established in 1918, the American Council on Education (ACE) is a United States organization comprising over 1,800 accredited, degree-granting colleges and universities and higher education-related associations, organizations, and corporations. . A college president and an academic librarian collaborated to write this monograph mon·o·graph n. A scholarly piece of writing of essay or book length on a specific, often limited subject. tr.v. mon·o·graphed, mon·o·graph·ing, mon·o·graphs To write a monograph on. in order to look at the future of higher education in terms of reforming instruction, improving research productivity, building faculty-librarian teams, and increasing teaching and learning effectiveness. Brottman, M., & Loe, M. (Eds.). (1990). The LIRT LIRT Library Instruction Round Table library instruction handbook. Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited. Provides practical, step-by-step advice to enable institutions to develop programs for library instruction based on sound theory. It promotes some standardization standardization In industry, the development and application of standards that make it possible to manufacture a large volume of interchangeable parts. Standardization may focus on engineering standards, such as properties of materials, fits and tolerances, and drafting for program development in different types of libraries. Information is provided related to assessment, instructional methods, staffing, budget, and public relations public relations, activities and policies used to create public interest in a person, idea, product, institution, or business establishment. By its nature, public relations is devoted to serving particular interests by presenting them to the public in the most . Nahl-Jacobovits, D., &Jacobovits, L. E. (1990). Learning principles and the library environment. Research Strategies, 8, 74-81. Discusses the broadest possible application of learning principles to bibliographic instruction. Explains that motivation, response, and reinforcement are necessary components to ensure effective learning. Nolan, C. W. (Ed.). (1991). Evaluating library instruction librarians and programs: Case studies. Chicago: LIRT. Provides several case studies about librarians and faculty cooperative efforts to evaluate bibliographic instruction outcomes. Includes a variety of questions to further cooperative efforts. Baker, B., & Litzinger, M. E. (1992). The evolving educational mission of the library. Chicago: Association of College and Research Libraries. This monograph summarizes the results of an ACRI-sponsored think tank meeting resulting in recommendations to link bibliographic instruction with information literacy, to strengthen the library education mission and to reward leadership within the profession. Hardesty, L. L. (Ed.). (1993). Bibliographic instruction in practice. Ann Arbor, MI: Pierian Press. Provides information on bibliographic instruction from the point of view of students, administrators and faculty. Surveyed collections in 473 college libraries to assess the relationship between the collection strength and assignments resulting from library instruction. Breivik, P. S., & Senn, J. A. (1994). Information literacy: Educating children for the 21st century. New York: Scholastic. Discusses resource-based learning and how it can develop students to become lifelong learners. Includes information on assessment, curriculum development and teaching methodologies. Barclay, D. A. (Ed.). (1995). Teaching electronic information literacy. New York: Neal-Schuman, 1995. This how-to-do-it manual was written to help librarians, teachers, and trainers in the 1990s teach access and use of electronic information to users. It addresses the teaching of electronic database use, the Internet and related skills in a variety of ways, including special courses. It also gives information on designing an electronic classroom and how to manage information literacy education. Shonrock, D. D. (1995). Evaluating Library Instruction. Chicago: American Library Association. This publication, produced by the Library Instruction Roundtable of ALA, discusses types of evaluations and assessments for library instruction. This is a useful guide for librarians interested in assessing library instruction and provides a variety of instruments for such evaluation activities. Sonntag, G., & Ohr, D. M. (1996). The development of a lower-division, general education, course-integrated information literacy program. College and Research Libraries, 57, 331-338. Describes reforms in higher education as related to information literacy and provides a model at California State University, San Marcos, within the general education curriculum. Bruce, C. (1997). The seven faces of information literacy. Adelaide, Australia: Auslib Press. Examines information literacy experiences in higher education and proposes a model for information literacy instruction as an alternative to the behavioral model now in use in higher education. Provides new insight and ideas for information literacy education and research. From library skills to information literacy: A handbook for the 21st century. (1997). Castle Rock, CO: Hi Willow willow, common name for some members of the Salicaceae, a family of deciduous trees and shrubs of worldwide distribution, especially abundant from north temperate to arctic areas. Research and Publishing. Discusses the teaching of library and information skills to high school students, including information retrieval information retrieval Recovery of information, especially in a database stored in a computer. Two main approaches are matching words in the query against the database index (keyword searching) and traversing the database using hypertext or hypermedia links. expertise and active learning activities. Guidelines for instruction programs in academic libraries. (1997). College and Research Libraries News, 58, 264-265. This represents the final approved version of ACRL's (Association of College and Research Libraries) guidelines for instruction programs in academic libraries including major aspects of user instruction. Breivik, P. S. (1998). Student learning in the information age. Phoenix, AZ: American Council American Council may refer to: In linguistics:
Gives an in-depth portrait of resource-based learning used in higher education to prepare students for lifelong learning Lifelong learning is the concept that "It's never too soon or too late for learning", a philosophy that has taken root in a whole host of different organisations. Lifelong learning is attitudinal; that one can and should be open to new ideas, decisions, skills or behaviors. . Provides examples of colleges and universities where resource-based learning has been implemented. Iannuzzi, P. (1998). Faculty development and information literacy: Establishing campus partnerships. Reference Services Review, 26, 97-102. Describes how academic librarians assumed a leadership role in faculty development to address information literacy issues at Florida International University where they built successful partnerships with faculty. American Library Association. (1998). A progress report on information literacy: An update on the American Library Association Presidential Committee on Information Literacy: Final report. Chicago: Author. Retrieved on September 12, 2002, from http://www.infolit.org/documents/progress.html. This is an update of the 1987 report defining information literacy. The progress report summarizes information skills needed for the twenty-first century in terms of experience gained with teaching information skills during the past decade. Farber, E. (1999). College libraries and teaching/learning process: A 25-year reflection. Journal of Academic Librarianship, 25, 171-177. Surveys the past three decades of library instruction in terms of collaborations between librarians and teaching faculty in liberal arts college Liberal arts colleges are primarily colleges with an emphasis upon undergraduate study in the liberal arts. The Encyclopædia Britannica Concise offers the following definition of the liberal arts as a, "college or university curriculum aimed at imparting general knowledge settings. Rader, H. B. (1999). The learning environment--then, now and later: Thirty years of teaching information skills. Reference Services Review, 27, 219-224. Documents thirty years of library instruction, including the first LOEX (Library Orientation Exchange) Conference at Eastern Michigan. Highlights information literacy projects in the national and international arena. Bruce, C., & Candy, P. (Eds.). (2000). Information literacy around the world: Advances in programs and research. Wagga Wagga, New South Wales Wagga Wagga (pronounced wogga wogga; IPA: /ˈwɔɡə ˈwɔɡə/, informally called Wagga) is a city in New South Wales, Australia. : Charles Sturt University Charles Sturt University (CSU) is an Australian multi-campus university in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory. It has campuses at Bathurst, Albury-Wodonga, Dubbo, Orange and Wagga Wagga. . This book addresses many of the issues related to information literacy and challenges the reader to reflect and contemplate on important issues related to research, benchmarking, workplace education, learners' backgrounds, and learning outcomes. Information literacy is addressed from a global perspective and the study includes Australia, New Zealand, South Africa South Africa, Afrikaans Suid-Afrika, officially Republic of South Africa, republic (2005 est. pop. 44,344,000), 471,442 sq mi (1,221,037 sq km), S Africa. , Sweden, Singapore, Canada, and the United Kingdom. Deese-Roberts, S., & Keating, K. (2000). Library instruction: A peer tutoring A peer tutor is anyone who is of a similar status as the person being tutored. In an undergraduate institution this would usually be other undergraduates, as distinct from the graduate students who may be teaching the writing classes. model. Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited. This monograph proposes a program of peer tutoring for academic library instruction. It offers an additional learning technique to supplement and enrich the regular information literacy instruction. Fowler, C. S., & Dupuis, E. A. (2000). What have we done? TILT's impact on our instruction program. Reference Services Review, 28, 343-348. The University of Texas, Austin, created the TILT (Texas Information Literacy Tutorial) to teach a progression of skills through problem-based learning problem-based learning Medical education An instruction strategy in which groups of students are presented with clinical problems without prior study or lectures. See Cooperative learning. . TILT has been used for several years in undergraduate and distance education. It has also been adapted in a number of academic institutions throughout the United States (http://.tilt.lib.utsystem.edu). Julien, H. (2000). Information literacy instruction in Canadian academic libraries: Longitudinal trends and international comparison. College and Research Libraries, 61, 510-523. Summarizes a national survey of information literacy instruction in academic libraries in Canada. Results indicate that there has been little change during the past five years and only a small percentage of the academic librarians record their objectives and evaluation formally. The results of the survey are compared with an earlier Canadian survey and similar surveys from the United States and New Zealand. Raspa, D., & Ward, D. (2000). The collaborative imperative: Librarians and faculty working together in the information universe. Chicago: Association of College and Research Libraries. This volume discusses collaborations between academic librarians and faculty in terms of teaching, learning and research. Examples of collaborations on various campuses are provided to demonstrate possibilities for further partnering. Thompson, H. M., & Henley, S. A. (2000). Fostering information literacy. Connecting national standards, goals 2000, and the SCANS report. Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited. This work is aimed at teachers and librarians to help and guide them in teaching information skills throughout the school curriculum. Its purpose is to help teachers understand the importance of teaching information skills to all students. It provides definitions, teaching guidelines, examples of lesson plans, and much more. Grassian, E. S., & Kaplowitz, J. R. (2001). Information literacy instructs: Theory and practice. New York: Neal-Shuman. This work is a guide for anyone interested in teaching information skills. It provides fundamental instructional plans and development, needs assessment, goal-setting guidelines, as well as instructional theories Instructional theory is a discipline that focuses on how to structure material for promoting the education of humans, particularly youth. Originating in the United States in the late 1970s, instructional theory . It can serve as both a text and reference book for instruction librarians. Lau, J. (2001). Faculty-librarian collaborations: A Mexican experience. Reference Services Review, 29, 95-105. Documents a relatively new trend in Mexican higher education of building librarian-faculty partnerships. Academic librarians have been working to educate users in the area of information skills but they face many challenges due to the fact the students enter higher education with little library experience. Describes an exemplary user education program at Juarez University. Maughan, P. D. (2001). Assessing information literacy among undergraduates: A discussion of the literature and the University of California-Berkeley assessment experience. College and Research Libraries, 62, 71-85. Discusses possibilities for undergraduates to meet outcomes related to the A CRL CRL - Carnegie Representation Language. Carnegie Group, Inc. Frame language derived from SRL. Written in Common LISP. Used in the product Knowledge Craft. Information Literacy Competency COMPETENCY, evidence. The legal fitness or ability of a witness to be heard on the trial of a cause. This term is also applied to written or other evidence which may be legally given on such trial, as, depositions, letters, account-books, and the like. 2. Standards for Higher Education. Describes activities to assess students' information literacy skills at the University of California-Berkeley where seniors have been surveyed since 1994 regarding their ability to find and access information. Goad, T. W. (2002). Information literacy and workplace performance. Westport, CN: Quorum A majority of an entire body; e.g., a quorum of a legislative assembly. A quorum is the minimum number of people who must be present to pass a law, make a judgment, or conduct business. Books. Defines and describes information literacy in terms of skills needed by people to become information literate in the workplace. Provides an expanded description and gives a sixteen-step model for information related job challenges. Gives directions for lifelong learning and information literacy for the future. BIBLIOGRAPHIES This bibliographic review would not be complete without providing a list of bibliographies published during the past three decades dealing with publications related to user instruction and information literacy. Barrow barrow, in archaeology barrow, in archaeology, a burial mound. Earth and stone or timber are the usual construction materials; in parts of SE Asia stone and brick have entirely replaced earth. A barrow built primarily of stone is often called a cairn. , D. D. (1991). Hypertext hypertext, technique for organizing computer databases or documents to facilitate the nonsequential retrieval of information. Related pieces of information are connected by preestablished or user-created links that allow a user to follow associative trails across the and hypermedia hypermedia: see hypertext. The use of hyperlinks, regular text, graphics, audio and video to provide an interactive, multimedia presentation. All the various elements are linked, enabling the user to move from one to another. : Resources for school library media specialists. School Library Media Activities Monthly, 7, 47-50. Behrens, S.J. (1994). A conceptual analysis and historical overview of information literacy. College and Research Libraries, 55, 309-322. Reviews the concepts of information literacy by looking at definitions and the range of skills and knowledge required for information literacy over the last two decades. Bober, C., Poulin, S., & Vileno, L. (1995). Evaluating library instruction in academic libraries: A critical review of the literature, 1980-1993. Reference Librarian, 51-52, 53-71. Discusses reasons for evaluating information literacy, what is evaluated and which methodologies are utilized. Central Jersey Regional Library Cooperative: Bibliography of Sites on Information Literacy. Retrieved on September 12, 2002, from http://www.cjrlc.org/Help/infolitsites.html. This is a comprehensive list of Web sites related to information literacy in academic and school libraries. Diehl, S.J., & Weech, T. L. (1991). Library use instruction research and the public library. Public Libraries, 30, 33-42. Summarizes the literature on user instruction in public libraries. It discusses such items as: Public libraries should offer user instruction; patrons of public libraries do not know how to use libraries; and patrons would like to have user instruction. Doyle, C. S. (1995). Information literacy in an information society. Emergency Librarian, 22, 30-32. This bibliography features references to bibliographic instruction, critical thinking, and information literacy publications. Edwards, S. (1994). Bibliographic instruction research: An analysis of the journal literatures from 1977-1991. Research Strategies, 12, 68-78. Summarizes a study of the bibliographic instruction literature and found that the volume of publications has increased but the ratio of research to nonresearch publications fluctuates greatly every year. Survey research, evaluation, and experimental research are most often used in library instruction research studies. Elsbernd, M. E., Campbell, N. E, & Wesley, T. L. (1990). The best of OPAC OPAC - Online Public Access Catalog instruction: A selected guide for the beginner. Research Strategies, 8, 28-36. Reviews library instruction literature from 1980 to 1989. Includes information on the value of OPAC instruction, teaching methods, staffing needs, faculty education, and serving remote users. Fridie, S. (1994). Information seeking Information seeking is the process or activity of attempting to obtain information in both human and technological contexts. Information seeking is related to, but yet different from, information retrieval (IR). behavior and user education in academic libraries: Research, theory and practice: A selected list of information sources. (ERIC ED 371 766). Lists sources for academic reference and instruction librarians interested in teaching and assisting novice or nonprofessional non·pro·fes·sion·al n. One who is not a professional. non  pro·fes end-user
searchers.Grassian, E. (1997). Information literacy competencies--selected items and efforts. Retrieved on September 12, 2002, from http://www.ala.org/acrl/nili/competen.html. This is an excellent literature review of recent efforts regarding information literary standards, primarily in higher education. Hardesty, L. L., Schmitt, J. P., &Tucker, J. M. (1986). User instruction in academic libraries: A century of selected readings. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press. This work illustrates the historical development of user instruction in academic libraries from 1880 to 1980 by providing summaries of twenty selected publications from this period. Haynes, E. (1985). Computer assisted library instruction: An annotated bibliography An annotated bibliography is a bibliography that gives a summary of the research that has been done. It is still an alphabetical list of research sources. In addition to bibliographic data, an annotated bibliography provides a brief summary or annotation. . Colorado Libraries, 11, 31-35. This annotated bibliography includes references to items dealing with computer programs to teach library use. Hubbard, T. E. (1995). Bibliographic instruction and postmodern post·mod·ern adj. Of or relating to art, architecture, or literature that reacts against earlier modernist principles, as by reintroducing traditional or classical elements of style or by carrying modernist styles or practices to extremes: pedagogy. Library Trends, 44, 439-452. Discusses how postmodernism postmodernism, term used to designate a multitude of trends—in the arts, philosophy, religion, technology, and many other areas—that come after and deviate from the many 20th-cent. movements that constituted modernism. can assist in making information studies an integrated part of the academic curriculum. Iadanza, M. A. (1975). The development of a bibliography of library skills instructional resources. Mt. Pleasant, MI: Central Michigan University Central Michigan University, at Mount Pleasant, Mich.; coeducational; est. 1892 as a normal school, became Central State Teachers College in 1927, achieved university status in 1959. The university maintains a forest that is used for botanical and biological research. . (ED 114 085). This bibliography was compiled to help librarians find methodology to assist library users in using library resources. More than 1000 entires deal with library skills. Krier, M. (1976). Bibliographic instruction: A checklist of the literature, 1931-1975. Reference Services Review, 4, 7-31. The bibliography is arranged chronologically chron·o·log·i·cal also chron·o·log·ic adj. 1. Arranged in order of time of occurrence. 2. Relating to or in accordance with chronology. and includes author, subject and institution indexes. No annotations are given. Lockwood, D. L. (1970). Library instruction: A bibliography. Westport, CN: Greenwood Greenwood. 1 City (1990 pop. 26,265), Johnson co., central Ind.; settled 1822, inc. as a city 1960. A residential suburb of Indianapolis, Greenwood is in a retail shopping area. Manufactures include motor vehicle parts and metal products. Press. This is a selective bibliography of materials related to library instruction published before 1970. The list is divided into three groups: Philosophy and state of the art, types of libraries, and methods of instruction; each of these groups is divided into subsections. Lorenzen, M. (2002). Bibliography of print resources on library instruction. East Lansing East Lansing, city (1990 pop. 50,677), Ingham co., S central Mich., a suburb of Lansing, on the Red Cedar River; inc. 1907. The city was first known as College Park, but was renamed when it was incorporated. , MI: Michigan State University Michigan State University, at East Lansing; land-grant and state supported; coeducational; chartered 1855. It opened in 1857 as Michigan Agricultural College, the first state agricultural college. . Retrieved on September 12, 2002, from http://www.msu.edu/~lorenzel/. This is a list of approximately 300 print publications on library user instruction divided into history, active learning, teaching methods, international, issues in higher education, and technology. Morris, J. M. (1980). Bibliographic instruction in academic libraries: A review of the literature and selected bibliography. (ED 180505). Provides an overview of bibliographic instruction in academic libraries, an indexing language for literature searches and a bibliography of 174 items. Reichel, M. (1991). Refocusing Noun 1. refocusing - focusing again focalisation, focalization, focusing - the act of bringing into focus and library instruction. RQ 30, 497-501. Reviews library literature to outline new trends and ideas for instruction librarians. Focuses on user needs for library instruction. Ridgeway A ridgeway is a road or path that follows the highest part of the landscape. Roads and pathways
Provides a definition of information literacy, explains the need for coalitions to bring about national information literacy and highlights major publications on these topics. Schwartz, P.J. (1973). The new media in academic library orientation, 1950-1972: An annotated bibliography. Stout, WI: University of Wisconsin. (ED 071 682). Presents a review of the literature in the area of academic library orientation from 1950-1972. It is arranged by author and by source to assist the literature searcher. Shih, T.-C. (1986). Library instruction: A bibliography, 1975 through 1985. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. This unannotated listing of library instruction publications is arranged in four sections, general, academic, public, and school libraries. It includes an author, title, and keyword index. Tucker, J. M. (1980). Articles on library instruction in colleges and universities, 1876-1932. [Occasional Paper 143]. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois University of Illinois may refer to:
This annotated bibliography lists journal articles on library use instruction in academic institutions in the United States from 1876 to 1932. Provides an historical view of library instruction. UMass Information Literacy Project: Bibliography. (1997). Dartmouth, MA: University of Massachusetts. Retrieved on September 12, 2002, from http://www2/lib/umassd.edu/library2/INFOLIT/ilbib.htm. This comprehensive bibliography is intended for academic librarians, computer services Data processing (timesharing, batch processing), software development and consulting services. See service bureau, SaaS and ASP. professionals, and faculty interested in developing an information literacy program on a college campus. It addresses how to implement information literacy programs in terms of critical thinking, outcome assessment and curriculum materials. Yaple, H. (1976). Programmed instruction programmed instruction, method of presenting new subject matter to students in a graded sequence of controlled steps. Students work through the programmed material by themselves at their own speed and after each step test their comprehension by answering an in librarianship: A classified bibliography of programmed texts and other materials 1960-1974. [Occasional Paper No. 124]. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Graduate School of Library Science. Identifies programmed materials for library education from 1960-1974. Contains programmed texts designed to instruct graduate students in various library programs. The entries are not annotated. CONCLUSION This brief literature and Web survey shows a high interest in information literacy throughout educational communities in the United States and in other countries. Although librarians have been dealing with information skills training for several decades, teachers, faculty, and employers are becoming interested in teaching people appropriate information and technical skills for improved learning and job performance. The most recent publications are no longer mostly in the education and library literature but in business and other disciplines. There are many documented activities in this brief survey where information skills are taught in schools and academic institutions. However, more librarians will have to address additional challenges related to information literacy to ensure that they assume a leadership role in educating students and preparing them for a productive life.
Table 1. Number of Publications Reviewed 1973-2002
Year Total Year Total
1973 28 1988 149
1974 38 1989 158
1975 49 1990 132
1976 68 1991 195
1977 104 1992 217
1978 132 1993 186
1979 168 1994 164
1980 109 1995 274
1981 144 1996 190
1982 119 1997 195
1983 161 1998 286
1984 239 1999 232
1985 123 2000 237
1986 142 2001 (est.) 310
1987 130 2002 (est.) 330
Total 5009
REFERENCES Goad, T. W. (2002). Information literacy and workplace performance. Westport, CN: Quorum Books. ADDITIONAL READINGS American Association of School Librarians and Association for Educational Communications and Technology The Association for Educational Communications and Technology is an academic and professional association dedicated to the effective use of technology in education. Members provide leadership in the field by promoting scholarship and best practices in instructional technology. . (1998). Information power. Building partnerships for learning. Chicago: American Library Association. Association of College and Research Libraries. (2000). Information literacy competency standards for higher education. Chicago: Association of College and Research Libraries. Rader, H. B. (1974). Library orientation and instruction--1973. Reference Services Review, 2, 9193. HANNELORE B. RADER is Dean of the University Libraries at the University of Louisville in Kentucky. She has authored more than eighty publications related to reference, management, user instruction, and information literacy and has been a speaker on these and related topics nationally and internationally during the last three decades. She has won several national awards for her work on user instruction. |
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