Infant victims: an exploratory study.Utterly dependent on adults, infants Persons who are under the age of legal majority—at Common Law, 21 years, now generally 18 years. According to the sense in which this term is used, it may denote the age of the person, the contractual disabilities that non-age entails, or his or her status with regard to are some of the most vulnerable individuals in our society. Despite the fact that society entrusts them to the care of adults, infants are occasionally the target of violence; they can also be incidental Contingent upon or pertaining to something that is more important; that which is necessary, appertaining to, or depending upon another known as the principal. Under Workers' Compensation statutes, a risk is deemed incidental to employment when it is related to whatever a victims when violence occurs between other persons. This study explores the characteristics of and circumstances CIRCUMSTANCES, evidence. The particulars which accompany a fact. 2. The facts proved are either possible or impossible, ordinary and probable, or extraordinary and improbable, recent or ancient; they may have happened near us, or afar off; they are public or surrounding sur·round tr.v. sur·round·ed, sur·round·ing, sur·rounds 1. To extend on all sides of simultaneously; encircle. 2. To enclose or confine on all sides so as to bar escape or outside communication. n. these criminal acts. It also includes an analysis of incidents indicating that additional victims are sometimes harmed during crimes of infant victimization victimization Social medicine The abuse of the disenfranchised–eg, those underage, elderly, ♀, mentally retarded, illegal aliens, or other, by coercing them into illegal activities–eg, drug trade, pornography, prostitution. . This study uses data reported to the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR (Under Color Removal) A method for reducing the amount of printing ink used. It substitutes black for gray color (equal amounts of cyan, magenta and yellow). Thus black ink is used instead of the three CMY inks. See GCR and dot gain. ) Program through the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS NIBRS National Incident-Based Reporting System (US DoD) ). Although not nationally representative at this time, NIBRS is one of the few sources of information on the victimization of young children and especially infants. It also provides a higher level of detail than is presently available in the UCR Summary reporting system, which presents summarized tallies TALLIES, evidence. The parts of a piece of wood out in two, which persons use to denote the quantity of goods supplied by one to the other. Poth. Obl. pt. 4, c. 1, art. 2, Sec. 7. of crimes. Through NIBRS, law enforcement agencies A law enforcement agency (LEA) is a term used to describe any agency which enforces the law. This may be a local or state police, federal agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) or the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). report incident-specific information. This level of detail enables crime analysts to investigate not only the intricate relationships between victim and offender offender n. an accused defendant in a criminal case or one convicted of a crime. (See: defendant, accused) but also the correlations between these relationships and offense information. However, NIBRS implementation by law enforcement nationwide is still incomplete, thus readers should use caution in generalizing the findings of this study to the Nation as a whole. The NIBRS data used in this study are from the years 2001 through 2003 and reflect, on average, 16.7 percent of the crimes reported to the FBI overall. This study focuses on offense types classified as crimes against persons, excluding crimes that involve nonforcible sex. The nonforcible sex offenses A class of sexual conduct prohibited by the law. Since the 1970s this area of the law has undergone significant changes and reforms. Although the commission of sex offenses is not new, public awareness and concern regarding sex offenses have grown, resulting in the of statutory rape Sexual intercourse by an adult with a person below a statutorily designated age. The criminal offense of statutory rape is committed when an adult sexually penetrates a person who, under the law, is incapable of consenting to sex. and incest incest, sexual relations between persons to whom marriage is prohibited by custom or law because of their close kinship. Ideas of kinship, however, vary widely from group to group, hence the definition of incest also varies. (1) require, by definition, some degree of consent; since infants are incapable of consent, such offenses are excluded. The category of crimes against persons includes murder and nonnegligent manslaughter manslaughter, homicide committed without justification or excuse but distinguished from murder by the absence of the element of malice aforethought. Modern criminal statutes usually divide it into degrees, the most common distinction being between voluntary and , negligent negligent adj., adv. careless in not fulfilling responsibility. (See: negligence) manslaughter, aggravated assault A person is guilty of aggravated assault if he or she attempts to cause serious bodily injury to another or causes such injury purposely, knowingly, or recklessly under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to the value of human life; or attempts to cause or purposely or , simple assault, intimidation, forcible forc·i·ble adj. 1. Effected against resistance through the use of force: The police used forcible restraint in order to subdue the assailant. 2. Characterized by force; powerful. rape, forcible sodomy sodomy Noncoital carnal copulation. Sodomy is a crime in some jurisdictions. Some sodomy laws, particularly in Middle Eastern countries and those jurisdictions observing Shari'ah law, provide penalties as severe as life imprisonment for homosexual intercourse, even if the , sexual assault with an object, forcible fondling, and kidnapping/ abduction Abduction Balfour, David expecting inheritance, kidnapped by uncle. [Br. Lit.: Kidnapped] Bertram, Henry kidnapped at age five; taken from Scotland. [Br. Lit. . In order to help detect underlying patterns, this study applies a variety of approaches and designations to the disaggregated Broken up into parts. data. For certain parts of the study, victims are classified into one of four age groups. Victims under 1 year old are grouped together as infants, and victims aged 1 through 10 years old are categorized cat·e·go·rize tr.v. cat·e·go·rized, cat·e·go·riz·ing, cat·e·go·riz·es To put into a category or categories; classify. cat as young children. Victims aged 11 through 17 years old are classified as preadolescent pre·ad·o·les·cence n. The period of childhood just before the onset of puberty, often designated as between the ages of 10 and 12 in girls and 11 and 13 in boys. pre and adolescent ad·o·les·cent adj. Of, relating to, or undergoing adolescence. n. A young person who has undergone puberty but who has not reached full maturity; a teenager. minors; victims who are 18 years old and older are classified as adults. Although NIBRS has the capability to collect crime data according to according to prep. 1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians. 2. In keeping with: according to instructions. 3. 20 distinct types of location, for this study location types are reclassified into categories that reflect the possibility that someone unrelated to the offender might observe TO OBSERVE, civil law. To perform that which has been prescribed by some law or usage. Dig., 1, 3, 32. the crime. Areas considered private (or secluded se·clud·ed adj. 1. Removed or remote from others; solitary. 2. Screened from view; sequestered. se·clud ) include residence/home, hotel/motel/etc., and jail/prison. With the exception of location types that are considered to be "other or unknown," the remaining location types are considered public (or within view of the public). Figure 5.8 shows a breakdown breakdown /break·down/ (brak´doun) 1. the act or process of ceasing to function. 2. an often sudden collapse in health. 3. loss of self-control. of offenses that occurred against both the infant specifically and other victims that were present at the infant's victimization and were at least 1 year old. The breakdowns illustrate the number and distribution of offenses. In the case of crimes against persons, the UCR Program counts one offense for every victim in an incident, thus creating a unique statistical connection between the offense and the victim. Most often, the offense committed against these victims is simple assault. From 2001 through 2003, law enforcement agencies reported 1,404 simple assaults committed against infants and 1,081 simple assaults committed against other victims present at the infant's victimization. The next most common offense was that of aggravated assault (1,023 committed against infants; 839 committed against other victims). During the time frame of this study (2001-2003), law enforcement agencies reported to the FBI 4,973 infant victims in the category of crimes against persons. This number represents 63.4 percent of the total number of victims in these incidents. (See Figure 5.9.) Even though the infants themselves constitute the majority of victims in the universe of incidents of interpersonal in·ter·per·son·al adj. 1. Of or relating to the interactions between individuals: interpersonal skills. 2. crime that include an infant victim, sometimes additional victims of other age groups are present at the infant's victimization. Concurrent At the same time. It implies that multiple processes are taking place simultaneously. See concurrent operation. with the infant victimizations, there were 2,870 victims of other ages. Adults make up the preponderance pre·pon·der·ance also pre·pon·der·an·cy n. Superiority in weight, force, importance, or influence. Noun 1. preponderance of these other victims (24.9 percent), followed by young children (8.6 percent) and preadolescent and adolescent minors (3.1 percent). Additionally, the age breakdown of the infant victims reveals noteworthy patterns. As would be expected, the majority of infant victims are in the age range of 7 to 364 days old (49.2 percent of the total). However, the age group having the second-highest risk is made up of neonates (2) (11.3 percent of the total) with those infants 1 to 6 days old having the least risk (2.9 percent of the total). NIBRS collects data about the characteristics of victims in terms of age, gender, and race. (See Figure 5.10.) By assigning as·sign tr.v. as·signed, as·sign·ing, as·signs 1. To set apart for a particular purpose; designate: assigned a day for the inspection. 2. each victim to a category by age, one can more easily distinguish any differing patterns of the characteristics among these groups. The vast majority of infant victims are white (74.0 percent). When others are victimized along with the infant, the percentage of whites decreases. This indicates that there is a higher presence of other races in these incidents. Data about other victims present at the infant's victimization show a higher presence of minorities. In the category of infant victims and victims between the ages of 1 and 10, there were approximately ap·prox·i·mate adj. 1. Almost exact or correct: the approximate time of the accident. 2. the same proportion of males and females. However, the older the associated victims are, the more likely they are to be female (69.8 percent for preadolescent and adolescent minors and 69.6 percent for adults). On average, the age data for minors victimized in these incidents show a slight bias toward younger ages. In the adult age group, the data for the average age of adult victims show a bias toward the lower end of the range of ages--as would be expected if the victims were the parents or caretakers of an infant. NIBRS captures up to ten types of relationships between victim(s) and offender(s). These relationships reflect each unique combination of one victim and one offender within a crime incident. As a result, a victim can appear more than once in this table if more than one offender was involved in the incident. Data in Table 5.10 show the number of victims sorted by the type of victim-to-offender relationship. To facilitate the detection of patterns relating to relating to relate prep → concernant relating to relate prep → bezüglich +gen, mit Bezug auf +acc each age group, this study uses aggregate categories that are more general than the categories coded in NIBRS. Infant victims and the young children present at an infant's victimization are usually dependents in the household of the offender. The next-most-often relationship is when these victims are otherwise acquainted but not related to the offender. Older victims (i.e., preadolescent and adolescent minors) are more likely to be victimized by people acquainted with them rather than by individuals related to them. Finally, adult victims are usually an intimate partner of the offender. This result is consistent with the finding that infant and young child victims are dependents of the household--as would be expected in a domestic situation. One of the advantages of gathering crime data through NIBRS is the ability to capture information on more than one type of offense that may occur in the course of a crime incident, information on multiple victims, and information on multiple offenders. NIBRS can record up to 10 different types of offenses, 999 victims, and 99 offenders. A simple analysis of the number of types of offenses and the number of victims and offenders reported within an incident showed noteworthy contrasts between those incidents with infant victims and those without. As shown in Table 5.11, incidents with infant victimizations are slightly more likely to have multiple offense types (11.9 percent compared with 8.1 percent) and multiple offenders (14.6 percent compared to 11.6 percent). Based on the data, incidents involving infants may have a slightly higher probability probability, in mathematics, assignment of a number as a measure of the "chance" that a given event will occur. There are certain important restrictions on such a probability measure. of involving more than one assailant or more than one type of offense. However, the contrast is more striking for the number of victims. The data show that 45.5 percent of incidents with infant victimization have more than one victim; in contrast, 13.9 percent of incidents with no infant victimization have multiple victims. This finding suggests that it is less common for the infant victim to be alone with his or her offender, regardless of whether the infant is the intended victim. The NIBRS incident reports capture up to five types of injuries for each victim. For the present study, this data is grouped as follows: None, Apparent Minor Injury, Major Injury, and Multiple Injuries. In Figure 5.11, the category of multiple injuries reflects the number of victims in incidents for which law enforcement reported more than one type of injury. The figure shows the number of victims by the type of injury sustained for each of the age groups. The data show that although both adults (41.3 percent) and infants (46.3 percent) suffered an injury in 44.6 percent of the incidents, victims in the remaining age groups were less likely overall to receive an injury. Young children sustained no injury in 84.9 percent of the incidents, and preadolescent and adolescent minors sustained no injury in 68.6 percent of the incidents. The patterns of the injuries sustained within each age group demonstrate the particular vulnerability of infant victims. Infants had a higher incidence of multiple injuries and major injury than did other victims. NIBRS captures up to three types of weapons associated with certain offenses. Table 5.12 shows the number of offenses reported wherein where·in adv. In what way; how: Wherein have we sinned? conj. 1. In which location; where: the country wherein those people live. 2. a certain type of weapon was used, and the number is further broken out by infant and all others. For the purposes of this table, the "multiple weapons" category reflects the number of offenses in which law enforcement reported more than one type of weapon. The preponderance of offenses committed against both infants and other-aged victims fell under the "personal weapons" category. Firearms This is an extensive list of small arms — pistol, machine gun, grenade launcher, anti-tank rifle — that includes variants. : Top - 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A
For this study, the location types collected in NIBRS were regrouped to reflect whether the location would be considered private (or secluded) or would be considered public (or within view of the public). (For the purpose of this study, the location category other/unknown was grouped with public locations.) The incidents were then charted by time of day and day of the week in order to assess any patterns of occurrence. The preponderance of the incidents of infant victimizations occurred in private locations. One possible explanation for this pattern is that during certain times in private locations victims have a lack of effective "guardianship Guardianship See also Protectiveness. Argus hundred-eyed giant guarding Io. [Gk. Myth.: Leach, 72] Argus Panoptes all-seeing herdsman with one hundred eyes. [Gk. Myth. " or witnesses who might act as a deterrent de·ter·rent adj. Tending to deter: deterrent weapons. n. 1. Something that deters: a deterrent to theft. 2. . Additionally, these incidents do not appear to have a distinct pattern throughout the day except for some minor peaking at stressful times: at the dinner-hour, when adults arrive home from work, or Monday Monday: see week. morning, when adults leave the house to go to work. Incidents that occurred under public view and in other/unknown locations were typically at times when people are out of the house on the weekends, in the late afternoon, or in the early evening. (See Figure 5.12.) [FIGURE 5.12 OMITTED] NIBRS collects data about the characteristics of offenders in terms of age, gender, and race. By assigning each offender to a category by age of victim, one can more easily distinguish any differing patterns of the characteristics among these groups. In contrast to characteristics of victims in these incidents, offenders are less often female (34.9 percent) but similar in terms of race (69.5 percent white). Among all incidents of infant victimization within this study, the offenders are mostly in their mid- mid- pref. Middle: midbrain. to late twenties. (See Figure 5.13.) While those basic characteristics hold true for the subgroups of incidents with additional victims, the chances of the offender being female show subtle shifts depending upon the age group of the victim. Offenders are very often (47.5 percent) more likely to be female when the additional victims are young children and are less likely to be female when additional victims are adult or preadolescent and adolescent minor victims. There is a greater presence of minority offenders in incidents having additional older minor and adult victims. Although the average age of the offender is mostly stable across victim age groups, the average age of the offender shows a substantive Substantive may refer to: In grammar:
Within the UCR Program, an incident, and subsequently any offenses within it, can be cleared by the arrest of one individual connected to it. Alternatively, it can be cleared by exceptional means when circumstances beyond the control of law enforcement prevent an arrest of a located offender from occurring. Incidents with infant victimization have a slightly higher overall clearance rate The area which would be cleared per unit time with a stated minimum percentage clearance, using specific minehunting and/or minesweeping procedures. (51.5 percent) compared with incidents cleared when there were no infant victims (47.3 percent). Additionally, incidents with infant victimization are also more likely to be cleared by arrest, which may be expected since these incidents most commonly occur within a household by individuals known by or related to the victim. (See Figure 5.14.) Law enforcement agencies report a clearance CLEARANCE, com. law. The name of a certificate given by the collector of a port, in which is stated the master or commander (naming him) of a ship or vessel named and described, bound for a port, named, and having on board goods described, has entered and cleared his ship or vessel by exceptional means when some element beyond law enforcement control prevents filing of formal charges against the offender. In such cases, the identity and location of the offender must be clearly established, and there must be enough information to support an arrest or charge. The data in Figure 5.15 show, among the circumstances that allow for an exceptional clearance in the UCR Program, the most common category for incidents with infant victimization was "prosecution prosecution n. 1) in criminal law, the government attorney charging and trying the case against a person accused of a crime. 2) a common term for the government's side in a criminal case, as in "the prosecution will present five witnesses" or "the prosecution rests" declined" (75.9 percent). Whereas in those incidents without infant victimization, the most common circumstance Circumstance or circumstances can refer to:
Concluding Remarks Although data gathering through NIBRS is not implemented widely enough to support definitive statements about the characteristics of infant victimization nationwide, patterns emerge from the existing data. As might be expected, the information in NIBRS appears to support the understanding that infant victimization is primarily a problem associated with violence in a domestic setting. The NIBRS data yield the following observations: * The preponderance of these incidents involved some form of assault and occurred in private by individuals related to the infants victimized or in a relationship of trust with members of the household. * Infants are rarely the solitary solitary /sol·i·tary/ (sol´i-tar?e) 1. alone; separated from others. 2. living alone or in pairs only. solitary being the only one or ones. victim in an incident, and they and their fellow victims are usually related to the offender. * The characteristics of infant victims reflect no particular bias in terms of race (based on racial breakdown of the general population) or gender. However, in this data set, there was a greater presence of minorities in the group of victims who were present at an infant's victimization. * Weapons employed in infant victimization are mostly in the category of "personal weapons," and infants are far more likely to sustain serious or multiple injuries than are the other-aged victims present at the same incident. * The typical offender is a white male in his mid- to late twenties. However, the data suggest that the offender is more likely to be female when additional victims are involved in the incident. * In incidents with infant victimization, there is a higher probability of arrest compared with incidents having no infant victimization. This makes sense given the fact that in the majority of cases, the victims know their offenders in incidents with infant victimization. However, in times when arrest of a located offender is not possible, prosecution is declined in a significant proportion of incidents. While it bears repeating that these findings do not necessarily reflect statistics for the Nation as a whole, they do reflect the difficulties associated with an effective law enforcement response to this problem. When incidents occur in private and the witnesses to such crimes either cannot speak for themselves or may be reluctant to speak because of a sense of loyalty to friends and family, it can be difficult for law enforcement to ascertain sufficient information during an investigation to have a case accepted for prosecution. Endnotes (1) Although in common usage the term incest describes incidents of sexual abuse between a parent and his or her child, the UCR Program defines incest as "nonforcible sexual intercourse sexual intercourse or coitus or copulation Act in which the male reproductive organ enters the female reproductive tract (see reproductive system). between persons who are related to each other within the degrees wherein marriage is prohibited pro·hib·it tr.v. pro·hib·it·ed, pro·hib·it·ing, pro·hib·its 1. To forbid by authority: Smoking is prohibited in most theaters. See Synonyms at forbid. 2. by law." Any acts of sexual abuse that are considered nonconsensual are classified as a forcible sex offense regardless of the relationship of the victim to the offender. (2) The UCR Program defines neonates as infants under 24 hours old and infants as less than 1 year old.
Table 5.10
Number of Victims
by Type of Relationship with Offender
Pre-
adolescent
and
Young Adolescent
Relationship to Offender Infants Children Minors Adults
Intimate Partners 0 0 39 691
Parental Roles 0 0 1 34
Dependents in the Household 2,095 398 44 29
Sibling Relationships 59 22 10 41
Other Family Relationships 169 62 8 105
Acquainted 555 109 97 497
Babysittee 103 10 1 0
Relationship Unknown 404 95 46 199
Stranger 232 90 31 206
Table 5.11
Number and Percent of Incidents
by Presence of Multiple Offense Types, Victims, or Offenders
Offense
Type Victim Offender
No Infant Percent with
Victimizations: more than one 8.1% 13.9% 11.6%
Total number 2,522,052 2,711,005 2,664,443
Infant Percent with
Victimizations: more than one 11.9% 45.5% 14.6%
Total number 3,564 5,647 3,698
Table 5.12
Number of Offenses
by Type of Weapon and Victim Age
Murder/Non-
negligent Negligent Forcible
Manslaughter Manslaughter Rape
Infants
Firearm 3 0 0
Knife/Cutting Instrument 1 0 0
Blunt Object 2 0 0
Motor Vehicle 1 1 0
Personal Weapons (hands,
feet, teeth, etc.) 47 4 15
Fire/Incendiary Device 1 0 0
Drugs/Narcotics/Sleeping
Pills 4 1 0
Asphyxiation 6 6 0
Poison (include gas) 0 0 0
Explosives 0 0 0
Other 7 5 3
Multiple Weapons 5 0 0
Unknown 17 2 6
None 0 0 15
Total 94 19 39
Other Victims
Firearm 2 0 1
Knife/Cutting Instrument 0 0 1
Blunt Object 0 0 0
Motor Vehicle 2 0 0
Personal Weapons (hands,
feet, teeth, etc.) 2 0 9
Fire/Incendiary Device 0 0 0
Drugs/Narcotics/Sleeping
Pills 0 0 0
Asphyxiation 0 0 0
Poison (include gas) 0 0 0
Explosives 0 0 0
Other 0 0 2
Multiple Weapons 1 0 0
Unknown 2 0 0
None 0 0 9
Total 9 0 22
Grand Total 103 19 61
Sexual
Forcible Assault with Forcible
Sodomy an Object Fondling
Infants
Firearm 0 0 0
Knife/Cutting Instrument 0 0 0
Blunt Object 0 0 0
Motor Vehicle 0 0 0
Personal Weapons (hands,
feet, teeth, etc.) 9 4 40
Fire/Incendiary Device 0 0 0
Drugs/Narcotics/Sleeping
Pills 0 0 0
Asphyxiation 0 0 0
Poison (include gas) 0 0 0
Explosives 0 0 0
Other 1 0 3
Multiple Weapons 1 0 0
Unknown 2 5 15
None 12 4 27
Total 25 13 85
Other Victims
Firearm 0 0 1
Knife/Cutting Instrument 0 0 0
Blunt Object 0 0 0
Motor Vehicle 0 0 0
Personal Weapons (hands,
feet, teeth, etc.) 2 4 21
Fire/Incendiary Device 0 0 0
Drugs/Narcotics/Sleeping
Pills 0 0 0
Asphyxiation 0 0 0
Poison (include gas) 0 0 0
Explosives 0 0 0
Other 0 0 3
Multiple Weapons 0 0 0
Unknown 0 0 5
None 7 1 10
Total 9 5 40
Grand Total 34 18 125
Aggravated Simple Kidnapping/
Assault Assault Abduction Total
Infants
Firearm 121 0 16 140
Knife/Cutting Instrument 34 0 2 37
Blunt Object 48 0 0 50
Motor Vehicle 66 0 3 71
Personal Weapons (hands,
feet, teeth, etc.) 393 1,049 71 1,632
Fire/Incendiary Device 4 0 0 5
Drugs/Narcotics/Sleeping
Pills 7 0 0 12
Asphyxiation 1 0 0 13
Poison (include gas) 1 0 0 1
Explosives 4 0 0 4
Other 93 135 7 254
Multiple Weapons 56 26 7 95
Unknown 164 81 18 310
None 31 113 91 293
Total 1,023 1,404 215 2,917
Other Victims
Firearm 390 0 19 413
Knife/Cutting Instrument 51 0 0 52
Blunt Object 52 0 0 52
Motor Vehicle 132 0 2 136
Personal Weapons (hands,
feet, teeth, etc.) 78 869 32 1,017
Fire/Incendiary Device 0 0 0 0
Drugs/Narcotics/Sleeping
Pills 1 0 0 1
Asphyxiation 0 0 0 0
Poison (include gas) 0 0 0 0
Explosives 2 0 0 2
Other 46 93 2 146
Multiple Weapons 67 22 15 105
Unknown 10 31 10 58
None 10 66 23 126
Total 839 1,081 103 2,108
Grand Total 1,862 2,485 318 5,025
Figure 5.8
Offenses Related to Infant Victimizations, 2001-2003
Number of Offenses
Infant Other-Aged
Crimes Against Persons * Victims Victims
Kidnapping/Abduction 215 103
Forcible Fondling 85 40
Sexual Assault With An Object 13 5
Forcible Sodomy 25 9
Forcible Rape 39 22
Intimidation 223 197
Simple Assault 1,404 1,081
Aggravated Assault 1,023 839
Negligent Manslaughter 19 0
Murder/Nonnegligent Manslaughter 94 9
* Listed according to NIBRS offense categories
Note: Table made from bar graph.
Figure 5.9
Age of Victims Present at Infant Victimizations
Infants 63.4%
Under 24 Hours (neonate) 11.0%
1-6 Days Old 2.9%
7-364 Days Old 49.2%
Adults (18+ years) 24.9%
Preadolescent and Adolescent
Minors (11-17 years) 3.1%
Young Children (1-10 years) 8.6%
Note: Distribution based on 7,843 total victims
Note: Table made from pie chart.
Figure 5.10
Characteristics of Victims, by Age Group of Victim
Percentage of Victims
Average
Age (Years
White Female of Victim
Infants * 74.0 46.6
Young Children 63.5 47.8 4.1
Preadolescent and Adolescent Minors 56.2 69.8 14.8
Adults 65.8 69.6 28.7
* The UCR Program defines infants as less than 1 year old.
Note: Table made from bar graph.
Figure 5.11
Number of Victims, by Injury Sustained
Percentage of Victims
Apparent
Minor Major Multiple
None Injury Injury Injuries
Infants 1,505 800 403 92
Young Children 468 76 6 1
Preadolescent and
Adolescent Minors 131 57 2 1
Adults 793 505 43 9
Note: Table made from bar graph.
Figure 5.13
Characteristics of Offenders, by Age Group of Victim
Percentage of Offenders
Average
Age (Years
White Female of Victim
Infants (All Offenders) 69.5 34.9 26.8
Young Children 78.3 47.5 27.1
Preadolescent and Adolescent Minors 55.2 36.7 25.0
Adults 61.1 23.0 26.9
Note: Table made from bar graph.
Figure 5.14
Percentage of Incidents Cleared
Percentage of Incidents
Exceptional Means Arrests
No Infant Victims in Incident 11.1 36.2
Infant victim in Incident 9.7 41.8
Note: Table made from bar graph.
Figure 5.15
Clearances by Exceptional Means
Percentage of
Clearances by
Exceptional Means
No Infant Infant
Death of offender 2.4 2.6
Prosecution declined 42.2 75.9
Extradition denied 0.3 0.0
Victim refused to cooperate 51.2 18.8
Juvenile/no custody 3.9 2.6
Note: Figure 5.15 reflects the distribution of circumstances
for reported exceptional clearances. Because the reporting
of clearances occurs for the entire incident, the percentages
are based upon incidents that either had no infant or had
at least one infant victim (and possibly additional victims).
Note: Table made from bar graph.
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