Indoor- and outdoor-generated particles: Koenig et al. respond.We appreciate Moshammer's comments and his interest in our research. We have several points to raise in reply. In our article (Koenig et al. 2005), we stated that indoor sources are known to affect airway airway /air·way/ (-wa) 1. the passage by which air enters and leaves the lungs. 2. a device for securing unobstructed respiration. inflammation. We recognized that indoor sources vary greatly and that 19 homes may not provide a sufficient sample size to allow for a robust association. It is true that the children in our study spent substantial time away from home. We now have additional data from a panel of 16 adults (average age of 75 years) who did not commute TO COMMUTE. To substitute one punishment in the place of another. For example, if a man be sentenced to be hung, the executive may, in some states, commute his punishment to that of imprisonment. or leave home regularly; in these adults we found the same coefficient with eNO (exhaled nitric oxide nitric oxide or nitrogen monoxide, a colorless gas formed by the combustion of nitrogen and oxygen as given by the reaction: energy + N2 + O2 → 2NO; m.p. −163.6°C;; b.p. −151.8°C;. ) versus outdoor P[M.sub.2.5] (particulate matter particulate matter n. Abbr. PM Material suspended in the air in the form of minute solid particles or liquid droplets, especially when considered as an atmospheric pollutant. Noun 1. [less than or equal to] 2.5 [micro]m in aerodynamic diameter Drug particles for pulmonary delivery are typically characterized by aerodynamic diameter rather than geometric diameter. The velocity at which the drug settles is proportional to the aerodynamic diameter, da. ) as in the research in question (Jansen et al. 2004). In addition, Ebelt et al. (2005) found lung function decrements only with ambient particles in a group of nonsmoking non·smok·ing adj. 1. Not engaging in the smoking of tobacco: nonsmoking passengers. 2. Designated or reserved for nonsmokers: the nonsmoking section of a restaurant. 54- to 86-year-old adults. These results provide additional evidence of an ambient-only pulmonary effect among individuals who spent relatively little time away from home. Regarding smoking status, one inclusionary criterion for our study was to be a nonsmoker and live with nonsmokers; thus smoking is not an important indoor source of particles in these residences. Children in the Seattle school district do not go home for lunch. However, it is true that our exhaled breath samples were taken 1-2 hr after the commute home (Liu et at. 2003). On average, the time between morning commute and eNO collection was 9 hr; between afternoon commute and breath collection was about 2 hr. We are now looking at the short-term lag structure. Using a polynomial polynomial, mathematical expression which is a finite sum, each term being a constant times a product of one or more variables raised to powers. With only one variable the general form of a polynomial is a0xn+a distributed lag model, we found that P[M.sub.2.5] was associated with the eNO for up to 10-12 hr before the eNO measurement (Mar et at., in press). The authors declare they have no competing financial interests. REFERENCES Ebelt ST, Wilson WE, Brauer M. 2005. Exposure to ambient and nonambient components of particulate matter: a comparison of health effects. Epidemiology 16:396-405. Jansen K, Koenig JQ, Larson TV, Fields C, Mar TF, Stewart J, et al. 2004. Nitric oxide in subjects with respiratory disease Noun 1. respiratory disease - a disease affecting the respiratory system respiratory disorder, respiratory illness adult respiratory distress syndrome, ARDS, wet lung, white lung - acute lung injury characterized by coughing and rales; inflammation of the is associated with PM25 and black carbon in Seattle [Abstract]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 169:A282. Koenig JQ, Mar TF, Allen RW, Jansen K, Lumley T, Sullivan JH, et al. 2005. Pulmonary effects of indoor- and outdoor-generated particles in children with asthma. Environ Health Perspect 113:499-503. Liu L-JS, Box M, Kalman D, Kaufman J, Koenig J, Larson T, et al. 2003. Exposure assessment of particulate matter for susceptible populations in Seattle, WA. Environ Health Perspect 111:909-918. Mar TF, Jansen K, Shepherd K, Lumley T, Larson TV, Koenig JQ. In press. Exhaled nitric oxide in children with asthma and short term PM exposure in Seattle. Environ Health Perspect. Jane Koenig Ryan Mien Tim Larson Sally Liu University of Washington Seattle, Washington  This page is protected from moves until disputes have been resolved on the .The reason for its protection is listed on the protection policy page. E-mail: jkoenig@u.washington.edu |
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