Increase truck tire durability through compound modifications.Today's large track tires increasingly are required to operate at maximum load and extended high speed. These requirements, along with steadily rising tire costs, put a premium on the endurance of these heavy duty tires, both bias and radial radial /ra·di·al/ (ra´de-al) 1. pertaining to the radius of the arm or to the radial (lateral) aspect of the arm as opposed to the ulnar (medial) aspect; pertaining to a radius. 2. ply (mathematics, data) ply - 1. Of a node in a tree, the number of branches between that node and the root. 2. Of a tree, the maximum ply of any of its nodes. . In order to maximize endurance, the following requirements must be met: * Good initial mileage (long wear) accompanied by the very minimum in tread tread injury to the coronet of the horse's hoof by treading on it by the opposite hoof, or by another horse when they are being worked in a team. If the coronary matrix is injured there may be a subsequent crack or deformity. separation. These properties rely heavily on high performance treads and undertreads (or tread base). * Retreadability - a minimum of three to four retreads. To meet this sort of demand, the durability of the undertread, carcass carcass, carcase 1. the body of an animal killed for meat. The head, the legs below the knees and hocks, the tail, the skin and most of the viscera are removed. The kidneys are left in and in most instances the body is split down the middle through the sternum and the vertebral and sidewall side·wall n. 1. A wall that forms the side of something. 2. A side surface of an automobile tire, between the edge of the tread and the wheel rim. Noun 1. components becomes critical. How are these requirements to be accomplished? Simply stated, there are two basic technical areas: * Engineering and design. This, of course, includes optimizing basic tire design, as well as maximizing fabric performance. Discussions in this area are beyond the scope of this article. * Compounding. This area offers a chance to make significant improvements in tire durability, and it is to this area that we shall address ourselves in this article. Through compound, network structure and antidegradant package provides a long-lasting formulation providing a minimum of performance variation during the life of the tire. The network structure is developed through the chemistry of the cure system and antireversion chemistry providing a range of performance levels. Antidegradant blends of various antidegradant chemicals provide various performance attributes including antioxidant antioxidant, substance that prevents or slows the breakdown of another substance by oxygen. Synthetic and natural antioxidants are used to slow the deterioration of gasoline and rubber, and such antioxidants as vitamin C (ascorbic acid), butylated hydroxytoluene , antiozonant, anti-fatigue and long lasting antidegradant capability. Compounding There are five prime considerations in compound design to maximize track tire performance. * Heat build-up build·up also build-up n. 1. The act or process of amassing or increasing: a military buildup; a buildup of tension during the strike. 2. . The results of excessive heat build-up are most often seen in blowouts or tread separations. These failures are reflected very clearly in observing the location of greatest heat development in a tire - the shoulder area. This, the thickest section of the tire, includes both tread and undertread components, as may be seen in a cross-sectional representation. It logically appears that greatest heat development occurs at the mid-section of the shoulder where porosity porosity /po·ros·i·ty/ (por-os´it-e) the condition of being porous; a pore. po·ros·i·ty n. 1. The state or property of being porous. 2. or "blows" first develop. As heat continues to build up, this porosity can lead to either a blowout Blowout The rapid sale of all shares in a new securities offering. See: hot issue. blowout The nearly immediate sale of a new security issue because of great investor demand. See also hot issue. per se, or to an extension of the degradation downward to the tread/undertreadcarcass interface where tread separation may occur. * Heat resistance. Both the curing system and antidegradants are keys to the optimization of this property, which is most critical again in the area of greatest heat build-up. Heat resistance is critical not only for service considerations, but also should be considered an issue when carcasses are retreaded. * Environmental resistance. This property is more dependent upon antidegradant selection, but a proper cure system will give improved heat and oxidation oxidation /ox·i·da·tion/ (ok?si-da´shun) the act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized.ox·idative ox·i·da·tion n. 1. The combination of a substance with oxygen. 2. resistance. The environmental effects are also important to consider when selecting an antidegradant package. * Chipping/chunking resistance. Although this is more of a major problem outside of the U.S., it can still be a factor anywhere road surfaces are not smooth -- as is getting to be the case with the interstate highway Noun 1. interstate highway - one of the system of highways linking major cities in the 48 contiguous states of the United States interstate highway, main road - a major road for any form of motor transport system. This is of great concern in mining and off-the-road applications. * Rubber-brassed steel adhesion adhesion /ad·he·sion/ (ad-he´zhun) 1. the property of remaining in close proximity. 2. the stable joining of parts to one another, which may occur abnormally. 3. . This is of particular importance in radial fires where both the belt and carcass use steel reinforcement in most cases. Cure system, bonding agents and antireversion chemistry are all important factors in compound selection. Aged adhesion results should weigh heavily in cure system selection when finalizing a formulation, especially when long term use and multiple retreads are expected. Each of these areas will be addressed briefly, with suggested Compounding variations to optimize performance. Heat build-up and heat resistance These two subjects complement each other in that most of the compounding approaches for improvements are the same. Thus, these will be considered together for various tire components, where heat build-up is most critica, e.g., the tread and tread base or undertread. Truck tire tread compounding The basic tread formulation used in this study is as follows: Natural rubber 100.0 N-330 carbon black 50.0 Process oil 5.0 Zinc oxide 5.0 Stearic acid 2.0 6 PPD antidegradant 2.0 (Note: The elastomer elastomer (ĭlăs`təmər), substance having to some extent the elastic properties of natural rubber. The term is sometimes used technically to distinguish synthetic rubbers and rubberlike plastics from natural rubber. systems used in radial ply truck tires cover a wide range -- from 100% natural rubber to a variety of combinations, e.g. 70/30 NR/BR, 75/25 NR/SBR, 55/25/20 NR/SBR/BR. However, as long as NR is the predominant elastomer, the principles of compounding used in this NR tread compound will apply.) The objective of this work was to define the effects of cure system modifications. The cure systems evaluated are shown in table 1.
Table 1 - cure systems
Cure system 1 2 3 4 5
Conv. Hi/Lo DTDM HTS BCI-MX
Sulfur 2.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5
TBBS 0.6 1.5 0.6 0.6 0.6
DTDM - - 0.6 - -
HTS - - 2 -
BCI-MX - - - - 0.75
Where: Conv. = conventional cure Hi/Lo = High accelerator/low sulfur (semi-EV system) DTDM DTDM Do The Damn Mission DTDM Deterministic Time Division Multiplexing = DTDM sulfur donor (semi-EV system) HTS HTS Heights HTS Harmonized Tariff System HTS High Throughput Screening (biomolecular assay screening) HTS High-Throughput Screening (Pharmaceutical Industry) HTS Harmonized Tariff Schedule = Post vulcanization vulcanization (vŭl'kənəzā`shən), treatment of rubber to give it certain qualities, e.g., strength, elasticity, and resistance to solvents, and to render it impervious to moderate heat and cold. stabilizer stabilizer: see airplane. (ref. 1) - Hexamethylene-1, 6-bisthiosulfate disodium salt dihydrate BCI-MX = Antireversion agent (ref.2) - 1,3-Bis(citraconimidomethyl)benzene benzene (bĕn`zēn, bĕnzēn`), colorless, flammable, toxic liquid with a pleasant aromatic odor. It boils at 80.1°C; and solidifies at 5.5°C;. Benzene is a hydrocarbon, with formula C6H6. Note: The use of a secondary amine amine (əmēn`, ăm`ēn): see under amino group. amine Any of a class of nitrogen-containing organic compounds derived, either in principle or in practice, from ammonia (NH3). based curative curative /cur·a·tive/ (kur´ah-tiv) tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. cu·ra·tive adj. 1. Serving or tending to cure. 2. system such as DTDM has been a concern in the rubber industry for a number of years. However, due to the good balance in processing, curing and heat aging properties by DTDM, it is included in this study for comparative purpose. Table 2 provides a comparison of the curing systems as to processing and curing characteristics. It is seen from the above that both the semi-EV systems provide longer processing safety plus a shorter cure time (or faster cure rate). This is a highly desirable combination of properties in most cases and is characteristic of the use of such systems. Table 2 Cure system Conv. Hi/Lo DTDM HTS BCI-MX Mooney Scorch @ 125 [degrees] C t5,(mins.) 26.5 31.4 40.5 20.4 25.1 Rheometer @ 150 [degrees] C T90, (mins,) 13.4 10.5 12.5 17 13.3 Table 3 lists the unaged and aged properties and also compares the reversion reversion: see atavism. resistance properties of the various systems. Table 3 Cure system Conv. Hi/Lo DTDM Physical properties Stress/strain data Shore `A' hardness 59 59 61 100% modulus (Mpa) 2.19 2.15 2.44 300% modulus (Mpa) 11.36 11.68 12.56 Tensile strength (Mpa) 27.63 28.86 28.86 Elongation (%) 595 593 574 Overcure (10 x t90 @ 150 [degrees] C) Shore `A' hardness 63 64 61 100% modulus (Mpa) 2.03 2.72 2.65 300% modulus (Mpa) 10.92 13.66 13.01 Tensile strength (Mpa) 23.8 26.66 26.35 Elongation (%) 541 498 518 % 100% modulus retained 93 127 109 % Tensile retained 86 92 91 % Elongation retained 91 84 90 Rheometer reversion (mins. to 2 torq. units reduce) Cure @ 150 [degrees] C 29 >60 >60 Cure @ 180 [degrees] C 2.7 3.6 3.9 Cure system HTS BCI-MX Physical properties Stress/strain data Shore `A' hardness 59 60 100% modulus (Mpa) 2.3 2.5 300% modulus (Mpa) 11.2 12.29 Tensile strength (Mpa) 24.93 28.21 Elongation (%) 536 573 Overcure (10 x t90 @ 150 [degrees] C) Shore `A' hardness 63 62 100% modulus (Mpa) 2.81 2.88 300% modulus (Mpa) 12.16 13.17 Tensile strength (Mpa) 24.6 27.50 Elongation (%) 526 550 % 100% modulus retained 122 115 % Tensile retained 99 97 % Elongation retained 98 95 Rheometer reversion (mins. to 2 torq. units reduce) Cure @ 150 [degrees] C >60 >60 Cure @ 180 [degrees] C 9.5 10.5 As expected, the semi-EV cure systems give excellent reversion resistance as measured by modulus See modulo. retention after overcure and rheometer rhe·om·e·ter n. An instrument for measuring the flow of viscous liquids, such as blood. torque reductions. However, the conventional cures may be modified by either the addition of a post-vulcanization stabilizer, HTS, or an antireversion agent such as BCI-NA with no sacrifice in fatigue properties as shown in table 4. Table 4 Cure system Conv. Hi/Lo DTDM Monsanto Fatigue-to-failure (Kilocycles to fail @ 100% strain) Unaged 148 94 80 Overcure(10 x t90 @ 132 107 95 150 [degrees] C) Aged (48 hrs. @ 100 [degrees] C) 81 51 50 Cure system HTS BCI-MX Monsanto Fatigue-to-failure (Kilocycles to fail @ 100% strain) Unaged 170 150 Overcure(10 x t90 @ 150 145 150 [degrees] C) Aged (48 hrs. @ 100 [degrees] C) 100 85 Before aging, the predominantly polysulfide pol·y·sul·fide n. A sulfide compound containing at least two sulfur atoms per molecule. conventional system shows advantage in fatigue. The addition of the post-vulcanization stabilizer enhances the unaged properties. As expected, the use of semi-EV systems reduces fatigue resistance. The heat resistance or aging resistance is demonstrated by the retention of tensile strength tensile strength Ratio of the maximum load a material can support without fracture when being stretched to the original area of a cross section of the material. When stresses less than the tensile strength are removed, a material completely or partially returns to its and elongation elongation, in astronomy, the angular distance between two points in the sky as measured from a third point. The elongation of a planet is usually measured as the angular distance from the sun to the planet as measured from the earth. after two aging periods at 100 [degrees]-C (table 5). Significant improvement in heat aging resistance is clearly seen for the semi-EV systems, which is related to the presence of the higher amounts of di- and mono-sulfidic crosslinks. The addition of either the post-vulcanization stabilizer or the antireversion agent has no significant effect on thermal oxidative ox·i·da·tive adj. Of, relating to, or characterized by oxidation. oxidative, adj having the ability or property to oxidize. oxidative pertaining to or emanating from oxidation. aging. However, these materials are very effective in providing thermal resistance to the vulcanizates, as shown in table 6. Table 5 Cure system Conv. Hi/Lo DTDM Heat aging resistance 24 hrs. @ 100 [degrees] C % Tensile retained 97 97 98 % Elongation retained 81 88 75 48 hrs. @ 100 [degrees] C % Tensile retained 86 93 92 % Elongation retained 86 72 89 72 hrs. @ 100 [degrees] C % Tensile retained 75 89 83 % Elongation retained 71 67 75 Cure system HTS BCI-MX Heat aging resistance 24 hrs. @ 100 [degrees] C % Tensile retained 95 98 % Elongation retained 80 79 48 hrs. @ 100 [degrees] C % Tensile retained 85 87 % Elongation retained 85 84 72 hrs. @ 100 [degrees] C % Tensile retained 73 74 % Elongation retained 69 72 Table 6 Cure system Conv. Hi/Lo DTDM HTS BCI-MX Goodrich flexometer (286/0.225/100 [degrees] C) Unaged: Delta temp. ([degrees] C) 67 69 66 65 79 Time to blow-out (mins.) 8.8 13 18 12 16 Overcure (10 x t90) @ 150 [degrees] C Delta temp. ([degrees] C) 64 42 73 65 50 Time to blow-out (mins.) 48 hrs. @ 100 [degrees] C 10 26 27 19 >30 Delta temp. ([degree] C) 50 25 63 62 36 Time to blow-out (mins.) 16 25 26 17 >30 These data indicate that the semi-EV systems provide good performance. However, both the post-vulcanization stabilizer and the antireversion agent systems are more effective, especially under overcure condition. Table 7 compares the tear properties of these cure systems. The post-vulcanization stabilizer, HTS, appears to be the only system that gives any significant tear improvement. This improvement in tear properties is provided by the nature of the hybrid crosslink which is formed when HTS is used. The hybrid crosslink is composed of polymer-[S.sub.x]-[([CH.sub.2]).sub.6]-[S.sub.x]-polymer linkages. These linkages are resistant to reversion and demonstrate improved strength and tear resistance due to the long and flexible nature of the crosslink -- bimodal bi·mod·al adj. 1. Having or exhibiting two contrasting modes or forms: "American supermarket shopping shows bimodal behavior network theory (ref. 3). Table 7 Cure system Conv. Hi/Lo DTDM Trouser tear test (Break force in Newton) Unaged: 7.4 7.7 8.2 Overcure (10 x t90) @ 100 [degrees] C 2.6 6.7 7.0 Aged (48 hrs, @ 100 [degrees] C) 4.7 1.8 5 Cure system HTS BCI-MX Trouser tear test (Break force in Newton) Unaged: 17 7.5 Overcure (10 x t90) @ 100 [degrees] C 12 3 Aged (48 hrs, @ 100 [degrees] C) 8.7 4.5 Balancing sulfur, accelerator and balanced combinations of HTS and BCI-MX provide the greatest protection against thermal effects (ref. 4). The sulfur/accelerator/HTS cure chemistry provides for an initial network providing a stable network less prone to reversion chemistry. The BCI-MX provides stabilization Stabilization The action undertakes a country when it buys and sells its own currency to protect its exchange value. Actions registered competitive traders undertake by on the NYSE to meet the exchange requirement that 75% of their traded be stabilizing, meaning that sell orders by crosslink compensation when reversion chemistry leads to crosslink scission scis·sion n. 1. A separation, division, or splitting, as in fission. 2. See cleavage. (ref. 2). Undertread (tread base) compounding The undertread of a truck tire is probably the most significant of any component in terms of the effects related to heat build-up. This is due to the location of the undertread (in the shoulder) and to the fact that a larger volume of a cool running undertread can contribute to overall lower temperatures. Thus, a significant reduction in heat build-up in this tire segment offers a significant potential for tire endurance. There are two potential methods of reducing heat build-up in the undertread area: * Cure system modifications; and * reduced carbon black levels (ref. 5). In order to realize the heat build-up reduction and to retain other desirable properties, the modulus must be maintained. Increased modulus by the use of additional curative was the approach taken in this work (ref. 5) and found to be effective. Significant reduction in heat-up was achieved by 10 parts black reduction and maintained modulus by the use of either a Hi/Lo or DTDM semi-EV cure system. Additionally, use of BCI-MX can also reduce heat build-up while maintaining the level of carbon black usage. Chipping/chunking resistance The tread and undertread compounds have both been found to influence the chipping/chunking resistance of treads. Here again a natural rubber and/or blends of NR with BR, SBR SBR - Spectral Band Replication , etc. usually provide the best resistance to chipping/chunking which can lead to premature tread separations or severe wear, thereby influencing tire durability. More recently, it has been found that large improvements in track tire chipping/chunking resistance result when low levels of a treated cellulose cellulose, chief constituent of the cell walls of plants. Chemically, it is a carbohydrate that is a high molecular weight polysaccharide. Raw cotton is composed of 91% pure cellulose; other important natural sources are flax, hemp, jute, straw, and wood. fiber (ref. 7) are incorporated into the tread and undertread compounds used in a series of 10.00-20 commercial track tires. The only change was the addition of the treated cellulose fiber. The results of the tire tests are summarized in table 8, where losses due to chipping/chunking are greatly reduced with the cellulose fiber.
Table 8 - Chevron curb test results, 2,000 miles
Average no.
Total
Torn tie Torn Torn tearing
bars sipes grooves in.
Truck tire tread, 103.0 82.0 58.0 184.0
control base, control
Truck tire tread, 86.0 73.0 46.0 154.0
0.75% cellulose
fiber
Base, control
Truck tire tread, 74.0 72.0 46.0 137.0
0.75% cellulose
fiber base, 0.75%
cellulose fiber
Total Total
chunking tear Relative
in. chunk in. rating %
Truck tire tread, 69.0 253.0 100.0
control base, control
Truck tire tread, 61.0 215.0 85.0
0.75% cellulose
fiber
Base, control
Truck tire tread, 48.0 185.0 73.0
0.75% cellulose
fiber base, 0.75%
cellulose fiber
Retreadability The endurance of a tire as related to the number of retreads which may be possible depends, for the most part, upon the durability of four tire components. * Undertread. We have already seen the method(s) for obtaining superior performing/durable undertread compounds. Reduced heat build-up and good heat resistance will contribute greatly to this durability. * Belt (brassed steel, in most cases). A number of factors or additives is required to meet this compound's rigid performance criteria: Moderately high sulfur level (compared to treads); adhesion promoters (cobalt Cobalt, town, Canada Cobalt (kō`bôlt), town (1991 pop. 1,470), E Ont., Canada, NE of Sudbury, near Lake Timiskaming. Once a center for cobalt and silver mining, the area is now economically depressed. salts); high antidegradant levels (TMQ TMQ Terminal-Port Queueing (Cisco) TMQ Talking Message Queue , 6PPD (1) (Parallel Presence Detect) The method used by earlier SIMM memory modules to communicate their capacity to the computer. A binary number coming from a parallel set of pins was read by the system, with each pin representing one bit. Contrast with SPD. ) for fatigue life; hydrated hy·drat·ed adj. Chemically combined with water, especially existing in the form of a hydrate. Adj. 1. hydrated - containing combined water (especially water of crystallization as in a hydrate) hydrous silica silica or silicon dioxide, chemical compound, SiO2. It is insoluble in water, slightly soluble in alkalies, and soluble in dilute hydrofluoric acid. Pure silica is colorless to white. filler fill·er 1 n. One that fills, as: a. Something added to augment weight or size or fill space. b. A composition, especially a semisolid that hardens on drying, used to fill pores, cracks, or holes in wood, plaster, as a partial replacement for carbon black to improve adhesion; and bonding agents (resorcinol resorcinol /re·sor·ci·nol/ (re-zor´si-nol) a bactericidal, fungicidal, keratolytic, exfoliative, and antipruritic agent, used especially as a topical keratolytic in the treatment of acne and other dermatoses. donor/ methylene methylene /meth·y·lene/ (meth?i-len) the bivalent hydrocarbon radical —CH2— or CH2dbond. meth·yl·ene n. donor) for improved adhesion before and after aging or extended service life. These also permit other variations (e.g. high amine content) without affecting adhesion during steam and/or salt water exposure. The use of high sulfur levels generally results in poor reversion resistance and thus deterioration de·te·ri·o·ra·tion n. The process or condition of becoming worse. of vulcanizate properties leading to increased heat build-up in the rubber compound. In addition, bonding systems consisting of resorcinol often generate toxicological concerns. Recent developments indicate the possibility of replacing such bonding systems without significantly affecting adhesion. Table 9 presents some data showing that the combination of BCI-MX and HTS could enhance bond strength in addition to providing improved reversion resistance as discussed in the earlier sections. The resistance to reversion and stabilization of the network, especially upon aging, is improved through the use of HTS/BCI-MX combinations. This provides the good retained pull out force for the skim compound, comparable to the resin system. Table 9 - effect of HTS/BCI-MX in steel skim compound NR master 162.9 162.9 162.9 Silica 15.0 - - Resorcinol 2.0 - - HMMM 3.0 - - HTS - - 1.0 BCI-MX - - 0.5 Adhesion to steel data (Pull out force in Newton) Unaged 350 303 325 Heat aged 3 days @ 105 [degrees] C 200 230 210 Steam aged 2 days @ 121 [degrees] C 265 150 245 NR master - NR/100, black/45, zinc oxide/8, stearic ste·ar·ic adj. 1. Of, relating to, or similar to stearin or fat. 2. Of or relating to stearic acid. [French stéarique, from Greek stear, tallow; see acid/1.2, CTP/0.2, TMQ/1, 6PPD/1, DCBS/1, insoluble insoluble /in·sol·u·ble/ (in-sol´u-b'l) not susceptible of being dissolved. in·sol·u·ble adj. Not soluble. sulfur/4. * Carcass. A good, stable and durable carcass compound can be achieved through cure system modifications and the use of high levels of antidegradants, particularly antiozonant/antioxidants such as 6PPD/TMQ, in the carcass skim, that can act as a reservoir (refs. 8 and 9) for the antidegradant supply to the sidewall and tread. Thus, as some antidegradant is depleted de·plete tr.v. de·plet·ed, de·plet·ing, de·pletes To decrease the fullness of; use up or empty out. [Latin d in part of the tire, the reservoir of antidegradant serves to supply the areas of the tire which are depleted of antidegradants. It should be pointed out that antidegradants do seek to establish an equilibrium throughout the tire -- regardless of where they are added. Figures 1 and 2 show the diffusion diffusion, in chemistry, the spontaneous migration of substances from regions where their concentration is high to regions where their concentration is low. Diffusion is important in many life processes. or migration of 6PPD from sidewall to carcass. Varying 6PPD levels in the carcass skim showed clearly the "reservoir" effect, as may be seen in figure 3. These tests were then followed up with tire tests which confirmed the earlier findings. [Figures 1-3 ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] N-phenyl-N'- 1,3-dimethyl-butyl-p-quinonediimine or 6-QDI (ref. 10) is a recently commercialized chemical which shows multifunctional activities in sulfur vulcanizate diene Dienes are hydrocarbons which contain two double bonds. Dienes are intermediate between alkenes and polyenes. Classes Dienes can be divided into three classes:
[Figure 4 ILLUSTRATION OMITTED]
Table 10
1 2 3 4 5
NR master 162.00 162.00 162.00 162.00 162.00
Sulfur 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50
TBBS 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60
6-QDI 0.00 2.00 0.00 4.00 0.00
6-PPD 2.00 0.00 4.00 0.00 2.00
TMQ 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00
6 7 8 9 10
NR master 162.00 162.00 162.00 162.00 162.00
Sulfur 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50
TBBS 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60
6-QDI 2.00 0.00 4.00 2.00 2.00
6-PPD 0.00 4.00 0.00 2.00 2.00
TMQ 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 1.00
* Sidewall. The use of proven antidegradants such as 6PPD will function to provide long-term protection of the sidewall from ozone and heat aging. These should, of course, be used along with a good blended micro-crystalline wax. The carcass reservoir of 6PPD and/or the use of bound antidegradant such as 6-QDI adds further to the durability of the sidewall. Conclusions Based upon the results reported herein, it can be concluded that the durability of track tires can be improved through the use of optimized compounding. This is accomplished by reducing the heat build-up and increasing heat resistance in the tread and undertread compounds, while maintaining optimum carcass and sidewall properties through judicious ju·di·cious adj. Having or exhibiting sound judgment; prudent. [From French judicieux, from Latin i use of antidegradants and specialty materials (for adhesion). This increased durability should manifest itself in longer tread life, reduced tread separations and longer retreadability. Acknowledgements "The effect of BIMS BIMS Biomedical Science (educational course/major) BIMS Biobank Information Management System BIMS Butterflies In My Stomach BIMS Branson Interactive Multimedia Services (Branson, MO) structure on the properties of a tire black sidewall compound" is based on a paper given at the October, 1998 Rubber Division meeting. "Carbon black treated with silica in aqueous aqueous /aque·ous/ (a´kwe-us) 1. watery; prepared with water. 2. see under humor. a·que·ous adj. systems for tire tread compounds" is based on a paper given at the April, 1999 Rubber Division meeting. "Increase track tire durability through compound modifications" is based on a paper given at the April, 1999 Rubber Division meeting. "Rubber rollers in today's printing process" is based on a paper given at the April, 1999 Rubber Division meeting. References (1.) G. Anthoine and D.G. Lloyd, Ind Gomma, 29 (8-9), 28-9, 32-3, 36-7, 74 (1985). (2.) R. N. Datta and M.S. Ivany, Rubber World, 212, 24 (1995) (3.) Burak Erman and James E. Mark, "Structures and properties of rubberlike networks," Oxford University Press, 1997, NY, NY, pp. 188-219. (4.) Fred Igantz-Hoover, Otto Maender and Rabin Datta, Rubber Division, ACS (Asynchronous Communications Server) See network access server. Paper #107 "Formulating for optimized properties using reversion resistance chemicals," Oct. 1997. (5.) LA. Walker, J. Elastomers and Plastics, 10, 327, (1978). (6.) Fred Ignatz-Hoover and Rabin Datta, "The use of rubber chemicals to enhance the performance of black filled elastomer blends," presented at Carbon Black World 97, March 1997, San Antonio San Antonio (săn ăntō`nēō, əntōn`), city (1990 pop. 935,933), seat of Bexar co., S central Tex., at the source of the San Antonio River; inc. 1837. , TX. (7.) Flexsys Technical Publication: "Santoweb DX cellulose fibers for improved tearing and chunking chunk n. 1. A thick mass or piece: a chunk of ice. 2. Informal A substantial amount: won quite a chunk of money. 3. A strong stocky horse. resistance in tread and base stocks." (8.) Flexsys Technical Bulletin O/RC-14: "Carcass stock-antidegradant reservoir concept." (9.) J.J. Luecken, B.H. To and G.H. Kuhls, "New considerations in selection of antiozonants for tires," presented at The Plastics & Rubber Technology Convention, Canberra, Australia, October 1-4, 1980. (10.) Fred Ignatz-Hoover, Otto Maender and Ray Lohr, "N-(1,3-dimethybutyl)-N'-phenyl quinone quinone Any member of a class of cyclic organic compounds comprising a six-membered unsaturated ring (see saturation) to which two oxygen atoms are bonded as carbonyl groups (−C=O; see functional group). diimine -- a review of a multifunctional chemical for the rubber industry," presented at the fall meeting of the Rubber Division, Amercian Chemical Society, Cleveland, Ohio "Cleveland" redirects here. For the Cleveland metropolitan area, see . For other uses, see Cleveland (disambiguation). Cleveland is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County, the most populous county in the state. . October 21-24, 1997.3 |
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