Increase in imported dengue, Germany, 2001-2002.Dengue fever dengue fever (dĕng`gē, –gā), acute infectious disease caused by four closely related viruses and transmitted by the bite of the Aedes mosquito; it is also known as breakbone fever and bone-crusher disease. is a reportable disease re·port·a·ble disease n. See notifiable disease. in Germany. Surveillance data from 2001 and 2002 were analyzed and compared to travel patterns. Imported dengue fever increased strongly in this time. Most infections were acquired in Southeast Asia Southeast Asia, region of Asia (1990 est. pop. 442,500,000), c.1,740,000 sq mi (4,506,600 sq km), bounded roughly by the Indian subcontinent on the west, China on the north, and the Pacific Ocean on the east. , specifically Thailand. The 2002 epidemic in Brazil was also reflected in these data. ********** Dengue fever is endemic in many tropical regions worldwide (1,2). The disease is caused by any of four serotypes of dengue virus dengue virus n. A virus of the genus Flavivirus that is the cause of dengue. , a flavivirus. The World Health Organization estimates that 50 million infections and 22,000 dengue-related deaths occur annually, in many countries, the incidence of dengue fever in 2002 increased compared to previous years. The geographic range of dengue dengue or breakbone fever or dandy fever Infectious, disabling mosquito-borne fever. Other symptoms include extreme joint pain and stiffness, intense pain behind the eyes, a return of fever after brief pause, and a characteristic rash. continues to expand, as a recent large outbreak in Australia's Northern Queensland demonstrates (3). Travel to dengue-endemic areas carries the risk of acquiring the disease. Each year, an estimated 3 million German residents spend time in such countries. Country-specific risk for travel-associated dengue fever needs to be monitored to focus pretravel advice. In the absence of data on the true incidence in travelers (including asymptomatic infections and those not coming to medical attention in Germany), cases of symptomatic imported dengue fever diagnosed in Germany indicate temporal and geographic trends in all travel-associated dengue infections. An improved surveillance system for mandatory case reporting of infectious diseases infectious diseases: see communicable diseases. , including dengue, was implemented in Germany in January 2001. Under the Infectious Disease Infectious disease A pathological condition spread among biological species. Infectious diseases, although varied in their effects, are always associated with viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, multicellular parasites and aberrant proteins known as prions. Control Act, German laboratories must notify local public health authorities of test results fulfilling the case definition for acute dengue virus infection, i.e., detection of viral antigen viral antigen n. Abbr. VA An antigen with multiple antigenicities that is protein in nature, strain-specific, and closely associated with the virus particle. or RNA RNA: see nucleic acid. RNA in full ribonucleic acid One of the two main types of nucleic acid (the other being DNA), which functions in cellular protein synthesis in all living cells and replaces DNA as the carrier of genetic , a fourfold or greater increase in antibody titers between acute- and convalescent-phase serum samples, or detection of immunoglobulin (Ig) M antibodies to a dengue virus. The inclusion of positive IgM test results, typically the first laboratory evidence to indicate infection, enhances timeliness of reporting. In most cases, paired serum samples are tested. Local authorities then gather additional information on the patient (clinical signs, demographics, travel destination). If the case definition is fulfilled (clinical dengue plus definitive or probable laboratory evidence), the case is reported through state authorities to the central database at the Robert Koch Institute. The Study We analyzed surveillance data on temporal trends, demographics, and country of infection from January 2001 to December 2002. Using recent air travel data, we calculated relative country-specific dengue fever risks for travelers from Germany. Information on the numbers of air travelers from Germany to foreign destinations in 2002 is available from the Federal Statistical Office (Statistisches Bundesamt, air tourism statistics, 2002), which receives reports on ticketed destinations from all airlines that board passengers at German airports. The Thailand Authority of Tourism provides monthly statistics on the number of visitors arriving from Germany in 2002 (available from http://www.tat.or.th/stat/download.htm), as does the Brazilian Tourist Office tourist office n → oficina de turismo tourist office tourist n → syndicat m d'initiative tourist office tourist n for 2001 (available from http://www.brazil.org.uk/page.php?cid=1195). On the basis of likely month of infection, monthly risk for dengue per 100,000 travelers from Germany to Thailand and Brazil was calculated. Sixty cases meeting the case definition were reported in 2001, and 231 cases were reported in 2002. Case reports rose continuously from 7 cases in the first quarter of 2001 to 82 cases in the second quarter of 2002 (Figure 1). In both years, 55% of cases were male. The median age at infection was 37.5 years (range 20-62 years) in 2001 and 34 years (range 5-71 years) in 2002. Travelers to Thailand (n = 114, median age 31.5 years) were significantly younger than travelers to Brazil (n = 40, median age 40 years) (p < 0.001). Six cases had hemorrhagic Hemorrhagic A condition resulting in massive, difficult-to-control bleeding. Mentioned in: Hantavirus Infections hemorrhagic pertaining to or characterized by hemorrhage. signs, but none fulfilled the World Health Organization case definition for dengue hemorrhagic lever or dengue shock syndrome. No deaths from dengue fever were reported. [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] Information on travel history was available for all cases in 2001 and for 98% of 2002 cases. Overall, 39.4% of infections were acquired in Thailand (2001: 36.1%, 2002: 40.6%). In 2001, stays in Venezuela (8.3%), India (6.6%), and Cambodia (6.6%)--all countries endemic for dengue fever--were also frequently implicated im·pli·cate tr.v. im·pli·cat·ed, im·pli·cat·ing, im·pli·cates 1. To involve or connect intimately or incriminatingly: evidence that implicates others in the plot. 2. . The proportion of cases imported from Brazil rose from 4.9% in 2001 to 15.5% in 2002 (p = 0.05). In the first half of 2002, 25.6% of all cases were associated with travel to Brazil. Cases imported from Thailand peaked in the second and third quarter of 2002. Venezuela contributed 1.7% of cases in 2002, compared to 8.3% in 2001 (p = 0.02). A case of nosocomial nosocomial /noso·co·mi·al/ (nos?o-ko´me-il) pertaining to or originating in a hospital. nos·o·co·mi·al adj. 1. Of or relating to a hospital. 2. dengue virus transmitted by needlestick injury needlestick injury Infection control The unintentional exposure of a health care worker to a needle used in direct Pt management. See Hospital-acquired penetration contacts, Sharps. was observed in a German hospital nurse in 2002 (4). Relatively high country- or area-specific incidence rates among German travelers were noted for Thailand (27.9/100,000 travelers), Brazil (22.8/100,000), South America South America, fourth largest continent (1991 est. pop. 299,150,000), c.6,880,000 sq mi (17,819,000 sq km), the southern of the two continents of the Western Hemisphere. except Brazil (21.1/100,000), the Lesser Antilles Lesser Antilles: see West Indies. (19.1/100,000), the Central American Central America A region of southern North America extending from the southern border of Mexico to the northern border of Colombia. It separates the Caribbean Sea from the Pacific Ocean and is linked to South America by the Isthmus of Panama. mainland south of Mexico (16.3/100,000), the former Indochina (15.2/ 100,000), and Indonesia (14.8/100,000) (Table). The incidence of dengue fever among German travelers to Thailand ranged from 2/100,000 in January and February to >70/100,000 in April (Figure 2). While travel peaks during the winter months, dengue incidence was strongly elevated during the mid-year rainy season and the month preceding it. Numbers of travelers to Brazil were slightly higher from January to March compared to the rest of the year (Figure 3). The incidence of dengue fever showed a distinct peak in February and March, reaching 39/100,000 travelers in March, and was very low from May to December May to December was a BBC sitcom broadcast 1989-1994 on BBC1 and produced by Cinema Verity. It was set in Pinner and revolved around a solicitor Alec Callender, and his younger girlfriend Zoe Angel. . [FIGURES 2-3 OMITTED] Conclusions Some of the steady increase in case reports in early 2001 likely reflects knowledge and acceptance of the recently improved surveillance system among physicians and laboratories who diagnose dengue. The further steep rise in German case reports, particularly during late 2001 and the first half of 2002, corresponds to a surge of local dengue reporting from many dengue-endemic areas and likely reflects a true increase in imported cases. By number of reports of travel-associated infectious diseases, dengue lever is second only to malaria ([approximately equal to] 1,000 cases per year, with a 15% drop in cases from 2001 to 2002) in Germany. A parallel voluntary sentinel surveillance system for imported tropical infections in Germany recorded 78 dengue cases in 2001 and 125 cases in 2002, respectively (5). For this system, sites include infectious disease and tropical medicine tropical medicine, study, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of certain diseases prevalent in the tropics. The warmth and humidity of the tropics and the often unsanitary conditions under which so many people in those areas live contribute to the development and centers, as well as offices of general practitioners specialized in travel medicine. By definition, there is much overlap of cases between the Robert Koch Institute's mandatory reporting mandatory reporting The obligatory reporting of a particular condition to local or state health authorities, as required for communicable disease and substance abuse Infectious disease State boards of health maintain records and collect data resulting from MR of surveillance system, and the voluntary sentinel system. The fact that in 2001 more cases were reported to the sentinel system compared to the institute's surveillance shows that reporting in the latter system was incomplete in its first year. However, completeness of reporting was much improved in 2002. The spectrum of countries of infection reflects both predominating travel destinations and local trends in dengue fever endemicity, with risk for individual travelers high in both popular tourist destinations, such as Thailand or Brazil, as well as some regions visited by smaller numbers of travelers, including some Caribbean islands. Within countries endemic for the disease, dengue risk varies by place, season, and year. Urban areas can have intense and prolonged local epidemics. Introduction of a dengue virus serotype serotype /se·ro·type/ (ser´o-tip) the type of a microorganism determined by its constituent antigens; a taxonomic subdivision based thereon. se·ro·type n. See serovar. v. for which the population lacks immunity can cause particularly high incidence, and climate may have a strong influence on vector populations. Such fluctuations likely influenced German data. The increase in cases from the fourth quarter of 2001 to the first quarter of 2002 is mainly due to cases imported from Brazil. During the first quarter of 2002, the state of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, city, Brazil Rio de Janeiro (rē`ō də zhänā`rō, Port. rē`  thĭ zhənĕē`r recorded an incidence
that was 6.5 times higher than it had been in January through March of
2001. This state alone accounted for almost 50% of the total cases in
Brazil during this period (6), including an urban epidemic in the city
of Rio de Janeiro. Rio draws large numbers of German tourists,
especially during the festival of Carnival, which most likely
contributed to the high number of cases acquired in Brazil in February
and March 2002 (Figure 3). In contrast, the decrease in incidence in
neighboring Venezuela (from 338/100,000 in 2001 [7] to 153/100,000 in
2002 [8]) corresponded to a significant decrease in the percentage of
German travelers who acquired the disease there.The peak in cases imported to Germany in the second and third quarter of 2002 reflects the dengue season in Thailand and other parts of Southeast Asia. In Thailand, the disease is associated with the rainy season, which varies regionally but in most areas starts around April. In mid-April of 2002, an out-of-season outbreak was reported at the island resort of Koh Phangan (9), which may explain the high incidence among German travelers in March and April. Our data highlight the contribution of Southeast Asia as an area where German travelers acquire dengue fever. These findings agree with those from a Swedish case-control study case-control study, n an investigation employing an epidemiologic approach in which previously existing incidents of a medical condition are used in lieu of gathering new information from a randomized population. , which identified travel to the Malay Peninsula Malay Peninsula (məlā`, mā`lā), southern extremity (c.70,000 sq mi/181,300 sq km) of the continent of Asia, lying between the Andaman Sea of the Indian Ocean and the Strait of Malacca on the west and the Gulf of Thailand and the as an independent risk factor for imported dengue (10) and with reports from a European network of institutions of tropical medicine (11). Although nosocomial transmission of the virus in dengue-nonendemic areas is rare, the case detected by our surveillance system clearly shows the potential of bloodborne virus transmission and the need to follow strict hygiene precautions when treating dengue patients. The new infectious disease surveillance system in Germany, based on clinical case definitions and laboratory confirmation, is one of the few national surveillance systems in industrialized in·dus·tri·al·ize v. in·dus·tri·al·ized, in·dus·tri·al·iz·ing, in·dus·tri·al·iz·es v.tr. 1. To develop industry in (a country or society, for example). 2. countries to include dengue lever with a specific case definition. As asymptomatic and mild infections are known to occur, some proportion of infections will escape diagnosis (12,13). Dengue is an important differential diagnosis differential diagnosis n. Determination of which one of two or more diseases with similar symptoms is the one from which the patient is suffering. Also called differentiation. of fever in travelers to endemic areas (12,14). In a German study, travelers who had fever after returning from dengue-endemic areas had dengue antibody seroprevalence rates seroprevalence rates (sir´ōprev´-  lns),n. of 7% (15). As long distance travel expands, increasing numbers of travelers are potentially exposed to dengue viruses and more often exposed sequentially to multiple serotypes of dengue virus, increasing their potential risk for dengue hemorrhagic fever hemorrhagic fever (hĕm'ərăj`ĭk), any of a group of viral diseases characterized by sudden onset, muscle and joint pain, fever, bleeding, and shock from loss of blood. or dengue shock syndrome. Additional serologic se·rol·o·gy n. pl. se·rol·o·gies 1. The science that deals with the properties and reactions of serums, especially blood serum. 2. studies in representative samples of symptomatic and asymptomatic travelers are needed to investigate the risk in defined areas. In its second year, Germany's dengue surveillance demonstrated a rough parallel in the rate of returning travelers with dengue fever and its incidence in the places they had visited. One strength of this study was its analysis of trends on the basis of incidence specific for country of destination. Systematically collected and analyzed surveillance data on imported infections help formulate region-specific travel advice in addition to information on avoiding the vectors of dengue fever.
Table. Regional risk for dengue fever in German travelers, 2002
No. of
travelers flying
Region Country or area in from Germany
Southeast Asia Thailand 347,569
South America Brazil 162,264
South America Colombia, Venezuela, Suriname, 61,739
Trinidad and Tobago, Aruba,
Curacao, Bonair
Central America Lesser Antilles Islands (a) 20,989
Central America Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, 24,564
El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa
Rica, Panama
Southeast Asia Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia 65,963
(Indochina)
Southeast Asia Indonesia 88,053
Africa Ghana 22,900
South Asia India, Sri Lanka 220,169
South America Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia 43,928
Southeast Asia Philippines 54,231
Southeast Asia Malaysia 43,698
Central America Greater Antilles Islands (b) 429,614
Asia Asia, Southeast Asia, Taiwan, No data available
Singapore
Australia and Australia, Pacific Islands No data available
Pacific Islands
Africa Africa, Cape Verde Islands, No data available
Congo
Central America Mexico No data available
Incidence
Mentions of (cases/
destination(s) 100,000 air
among dengue travelers
Region patients from Germany)
Southeast Asia 97 27.9
South America 37 22.8
South America 13 21.1
Central America 4 19.1
Central America 4 16.3
Southeast Asia 10 15.2
Southeast Asia 13 14.8
Africa 3 13.1
South Asia 18 8.2
South America 3 6.8
Southeast Asia 3 5.5
Southeast Asia 2 4.6
Central America 9 2.1
Asia 7 --
Australia and 6 --
Pacific Islands
Africa 3 --
Central America 1 --
Total: 233 (c)
(a) Lesser Antilles: Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados,
Dominica, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Martinique, M. Lucia,
St. Vincent, and Grenadines.
(b)Greater Antilles: Bahamas, Cayman Islands, Dominican
Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Cuba.
(c) A total of 233 destinations were mentioned by 225
patients (6 mentioned 2 destinations, 1 mentioned 3):
5 patients did not provide information about predisease
travel, and 1 case arose in Germany.
Acknowledgments We thank all reporting laboratories and physicians, as well as local and state health departments, for their cooperation in collecting these surveillance data. References (1.) World Health Organization. Dengue and dengue haemorrhagic Adj. 1. haemorrhagic - of or relating to a hemorrhage hemorrhagic fever--Factsheet. Geneva Geneva, canton and city, Switzerland Geneva (jənē`və), Fr. Genève, canton (1990 pop. 373,019), 109 sq mi (282 sq km), SW Switzerland, surrounding the southwest tip of the Lake of Geneva. : The Organization; 2002. (2.) Gubler DJ. Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever. Clin Microbiol Rev 1998;11:480-96. (3.) Banks A. Dengue/DHF update 2003 (19). ProMed. May 8, 2003. Available from: http://www.promedmail.org, archive number: 20030512.1181. (4.) Bauer TM, De With K, Eppinger S, Huzly D, Wagner D, Kern WV. Nosokomiale Ubertragung von Dengue-Fieber. Infection 2003;31(Suppl 1):117. (5.) SIMPID, surveillance of imported infections in Germany [quarterly report in German language]. Report May 2003--Dengue fever 2002. [accessed March 3, 2004] Munich. 2003. Available from: http://www.simpid.de (6.) Barbosa da Silva J Jr, Siqueira JB Jr, Coelho GE, Vilarinhos PT, Pimenta FG Jr. Dengue in Brazil: current situation and prevention and control activities. Epidemiol Bull 2002;23:3-6. (7.) Pan American Health Organization The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) is an international public health agency with 100 years of experience in working to improve health and living standards of the countries of the Americas. It serves as the specialized organization for health of the Inter-American System. . 2001: number of reported cases of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF DHF dihydrofolate or dihydrofolic acid. ), Region of the Americas (by country and subregion sub·re·gion n. A subdivision of a region, especially an ecological region. sub  re ). [accessed March 3, 2004] Available
from: http://www.paho.org/English/HCP/HCT/VBD/dengue-cases-2001.htm(8.) Pan American Health Organization. 2002: number of reported cases of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), Region of the Americas (by country and subregion). [accessed March 3, 2004] Available from: http://www.paho.org/English/HCP/HCT/VBD/dengue-cases-2002.htm (9.) Dengue/DHF Updates 2003 (16). ProMed. April 26, 2003. Available from: http://www.promedmail.org, archive number: 20020426.4039 (10.) Lindback H, Lindback J, Tegnell A, Janzon R, Vene S, Ekdahl K. Dengue fever in travelers to the tropics tropics, also called tropical zone or torrid zone, all the land and water of the earth situated between the Tropic of Cancer at lat. 23 1-2°N and the Tropic of Capricorn at lat. 23 1-2°S. , 1998 and 1999. Emerg Infect Dis 2003;9:438-42. (11.) Jelinek T, Muhlberger N, Harms G, Corachan M, Grobusch MP, Knobloch J, et al. Epidemiology and clinical features of imported dengue fever in Europe: sentinel surveillance data from TropNetEurop. Clin Infect Dis 2002;35:1047-52. (12.) Cobelens FG, Groen J, Osterhaus AD, Leentvaar-Kuipers A, Wertheim-van Dillen PM, Kager PA. Incidence and risk Factors of probable dengue virus infection among Dutch travellers to Asia. Trop Med Int Health 2002;7:331-8. (13.) Potasman I, Srugo I, Schwartz E. Dengue seroconversion seroconversion /se·ro·con·ver·sion/ (-con-ver´zhun) the change of a seronegative test from negative to positive, indicating the development of antibodies in response to immunization or infection. among Israeli travelers to tropical countries. Emerg Infect Dis 1999;5:824-7. (14.) Lopez-Velez R, Perez-Casas C. Vorndam AV, Rigau J. Dengue in Spanish travelers returning from the tropics. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1996;15:823-6. (15.) Jelinek T, Dobler G, Holscher M, Loscher T, Nothdurft HD. Prevalence of infection with dengue virus among international travelers. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:2367 70. Dr. Frank is an infectious disease epidemiologist and geographer at the Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany. Her research interests include enteric enteric /en·ter·ic/ (en-ter´ik) within or pertaining to the small intestine. en·ter·ic adj. 1. Of, relating to, or within the intestine. 2. infections, viral hepatitis viral hepatitis n. Any of various forms of hepatitis caused by a virus. viral hepatitis, n an inflammatory condition of the liver, caused by the hepatitis viruses: A, B, C, delta, E, F, G, or H. , zoonoses Zoonoses Infections of humans caused by the transmission of disease agents that naturally live in animals. People become infected when they unwittingly intrude into the life cycle of the disease agent and become unnatural hosts. , and tropical infections. Address for correspondence: Christina Frank, Robert Koch Institute, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology The Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology[1] is based at Imperial College London and carries out research including the modelling of infectious diseases and molecular epidemiology of pathogens. , Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany; fax: +49-30-4547-3533; email: frankc@rki.de Christina Frank, * Irene Schoneberg, * Gerard Krause, * Hermann Claus, * Andrea Ammon, * and Klaus Stark * * Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany |
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